Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Zilov, V.G.
V.G. Zilov
May 1 9 7 5
R e s e a r c h M e m o r a n d a are i n f o r m a l p u b l i c a t i o n s
r e l a t i n g t o o n g o i n g o r projected areas of re-
search a t I I A S A . T h e v i e w s expressed are
t h o s e of t h e a u t h o r , and do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y
r e f l e c t t h o s e of I I A S A .
T h i s p a p e r was o r i g i n a l l y p r e p a r e d under t h e t i t l e "Modelling
f o r Management" f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t a N a t e r Research C e n t r e
(U.K. ) Conference on " R i v e r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l " , Oxford,
9 - 1 1 A s r i l , 1979.
The Anokhin Theory o f t h e F u n c t i o n a l System:
Its P r i n c i p a l Provositions, Operational
A r c h i t e c t o n i c and P o s s i b l e A p p l i c a t i o n
i n B i o l o g y and Medicine
V.G. Zilov
A p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e p r e s e n t developments i n b i o l o g y
a n d m e d i c i n e i s t h e wide u s e o f v a r i o u s a n a l y t i c methods
t h a t a c c u m u l a t e g r e a t amounts o f e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . T h i s
t r e n d h a s made u s a c u t e l y aware o f t h e n e c e s s i t y t o system-
a t i z e the f a c t s received, t o reveal the c l e a r r e g u l a r i t i e s ,
and t o c o n c e i v e t h e p r o c e s s e s t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e o r g a n i s m
a s a whole. Such m o t i v a t i o n p r o v i d e s a new a p p r o a c h t o
b i o l o g i c a l and m e d i c a l p r o c e s s e s : a systems approach. It
i s t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a l l f u n c t i o n s o f an o r g a n i s m i n
b o t h normal and p a t h o l o g i c a l s t a t e s from t h e p o i n t o f view
of i t s systemic organization.
A t p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m a p p r o a c h e s have been
proposed i n b i o l o g y f o r s t u d y i n g t h e g e n e r a l p r o c e s s e s o f
an o r g a n i s m , a s w e l l a s t o t h e f u n c t i o n s o f s p e c i f i c o r g a n s ,
e.g. t h e b r a i n , lungs. Such s y s t e m s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have
b e e n made by B e r t a l a n f f y , Rappoport, Mesarovic, Sadovsky,
Ashby, McCulloch, and o t h e r s .
The p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m t h e o r y i s t h a t
i t h e l p s t o a n a l y z e m a i n t e n a n c e mechanisms o f s e p a r a t e homeo-
s t a s i s c o n s t a n t s , a s w e l l a s t h e mechanisms f o r m a i n t a i n i n g
t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e o r g a n i s m a s a whole. T h i s s p e c i a l
a s p e c t o f t h e t h e o r y p e r m i t s s t u d y from a n e n t i r e l y new
a n g l e o f such medical problems a s t h e formation o f s t e a d y
a r t e r i a l hypertension.
The a d v a n t a g e o f a s y s t e m s a p p r o a c h t o s o l v i n g t h e
a r t e r i a l h y p e r t e n s i o n problem becomes c l e a r when w e c o n s i d e r
t h a t most a u t h o r s e m p h a s i z e o n l y o n e l e a d i n g f a c t o r i n t h e
g e n e s i s o f t h i s d i s e a s e . H e r i n g , f o r example, s u p p o s e d
t h a t t h e l e a d i n g f a c t o r i n t h e development o f a r t e r i a l hyper-
tension is a functional disturbance of pressoreceptors i n
vessel walls. G o l d b l a t and h i s c o l l e a g u e s t h o u g h t t h e
l e a d i n g f a c t o r t o be r e n a l t i s s u e h y p o x i a , f o l l o w e d by
a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e r h e n i n e a n g i o t e n s i n e complex. I n 1973,
Gayton e t a l . saw t h e i m b a l a n c e o f l i q u i d s i n t h e o r g a n i s m
a s t h e l e a d i n g r o l e i n a r t e r i a l hypertension formation.
According t o t h e f u n c t i o n a l system t h e o r y , t h e l e v e l
of a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e , which i s n e c e s s a r y f o r maintenance of
i m p o r t a n t v i t a l f u n c t i o n s o f t h e o r g a n i s m , i s r e a l i z e d by
t h e s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a l system. This system s e l e c t i v e l y
u n i t e s c e n t r a l a s w e l l a s p e r i p h e r a l a p p a r a t u s e s t o main-
t a i n t h e l e v e l o f a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e which i s n e e d e d f o r
n o r m a l o r g a n i s m l i f e . Any d e v i a t i o n s i n a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e
i n r e s p o n s e t o p h y s i c a l , e m o t i o n a l , o r i n t e r n a l ( e. g .
h o r m o n a l f a c t o r s ) s t i m u l i , a r e n o r m a l i z e d by t h e a c t i v i t y
o f t h e whole s y s t e m , t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e l f - r e g u l a t i o n .
Analogously, i n t h e c a s e of a d e c r e a s e i n a r t e r i a l
b l o o d p r e s s u r e , t h e p r e s s o r mechanisms a r e a c t i v a t e d t o
normalize t h e l e v e l of blood pressure.
W i t h s u c h p o w e r f u l s e l f - r e g u l a t o r y mechanisms f o r
m a i n t a i n i n g a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e , i t becomes c l e a r t h a t u n d e r
n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s it w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e f o r an o r g a n i s m t o
m a i n t a i n e i t h e r s t e a d y a r t e r i a l h y p e r t e n s i o n or c o n s t a n t
h y p o t e n s i o n . B u t WHO s t a t i s t i c s show t h a t m i l l i o n s o f
people throughout t h e world s u f f e r from h y p e r t e n s i o n . What
f a c t o r s , t h e n , c a n d i s r u p t t h e s e s e l f - r e g u l a t i n g mechanisms?
E x p e r i m e n t s c a r r i e d o u t by Anokhin a n d o t h e r s showed
t h a t one o f t h e l e a d i n g c a u s e s i n t h e d i s t u r b a n c e o f s e l f -
r e g u l a t i n g mechanisms i s u n i n t e r r u p t e d , n e g a t i v e e m o t i o n a l
i n f l u e n c e s , e . g . emotions of r a g e , f e a r , melancholy. In
these emotional s t a t e s t h e e x c i t a t i o n , s t a r t i n g a t t h e
l e v e l of l i m b i c - r e t i c u l a r b r a i n s t r u c t u r e s , s p r e a d s t o t h e
b r a i n c o r t e x i n ascending and descending d i r e c t i o n s , v i a
t h e a u t o n o m i c n e r v o u s s y s t e m and t h e h o r m o n a l - h y p o - p h y s i c a l
a p p a r a t u s . T h e s e mechanisms i n c r e a s e t h e l e v e l o f a r t e r i a l
pressure. Under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e d e p r e s s i v e mecha-
nisms f o r s e l f - r e g u l a t e d a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e a r e no l o n g e r
s u f f i c i e n t t o resist t h e p o w e r f u l p r e s s o r i n f l u e n c e s on
b l o o d v e s s e l s . The a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e s o n l y when
the negative emotional e x c i t a t i o n s cease. I f they continue
i n prolonged c o n f l i c t s i t u a t i o n s , c o n s t a n t a r t e r i a l hyper-
tension can r e s u l t .
E x p e r i m e n t s d o n e i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y show t h e r o l e o f
u n i n t e r r u p t e d n e g a t i v e e m o t i o n a l e x c i t a t i o n s which i n d u c e
steady a r t e r i a l hypertension i n r a b b i t s . The e l e c t r i c a l
s t i m u l a t i o n of t h e ventro-medial hypothalamic a r e a i n
r a b b i t s w i t h c h r o n i c a l l y i m p l a n t e d e l e c t r o d e s was i n a l l
c a s e s f o l l o w e d by a n e m o t i o n a l r e a c t i o n of f e a r . These
a n i m a l s were t h e n p l a c e d i n s p e c i a l s t a n d s and g i v e n
uninterrupted s t i m u l a t i o n of negative emotional sites f o r
many h o u r s .
These e x p e r i m e n t s h e l p e d u s t o model a n a c u t e e m o t i o n a l
stress i n a c o n f l i c t s i t u a t i o n . W e a l s o recorded blood
p r e s s u r e i n t h e a r t e r i a f e m o r a l i s and r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s ,
and made e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m s and e l e c t r o m y o g r a m s .
However, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o emphasize t h a t t h e r e a r e
some p e c u l i a r i t i e s i n c o n s t a n t s which form h o m e o s t a s i s .
But i n t h e s e c a s e s , t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e
f u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m p r a c t i c a l l y r e m a i n s t h e same.
L e t us a n a l y z e o t h e r c o n s t a n t s o f t h e i n t e r n a l s t a t e
o f t h e o r g a n i s m , f o r example, t h e l e v e l o f n u t r i t i o u s sub-
s t a n c e s i n t h e b l o o d . The f u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m m a i n t a i n i n g
t h i s c o n s t a n t o r f i n a l a d a p t i v e r e s u l t h a s t h e same s t r u c t u r e .
T h e r e a r e s p e c i a l r e c e p t o r s which a r e s e n s i t i v e t o t h e
changes of n u t r i t i o u s substances i n t h e blood ( p e r i p h e r a l
and c e n t r a l ) , s p e c i a l a p p a r a t u s e s o f t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s
s y s t e m which p e r f o r m r e g u l a t i n g f u n c t i o n s , and c o n c r e t e
e f f e c t o r a l mechanisms. A t t h i s s t a g e o f s y s t e m m a i n t e n a n c e
o f t h e c o n s t a n t s o f n u t r i t i o u s s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e b l o o d , it
i s p o s s i b l e t o n o t i c e some d i f f e r e n c e i n comparison w i t h
e f f e r e n t components o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m ' s maintenance
of a r t e r i a l pressure. I n t h e l a t t e r case, t h e l e v e l of
a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e i n t h e b l o o d i s p r o v i d e d by t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n
o f p r e s s i v e and d e p r e s s i v e f a c t o r s , e x c e p t i o n a l l y by t h e
i n t r i n s i c f a c t o r s of t h e organism. For r e g u l a t i o n of t h e
l e v e l of n u t r i t i o u s substances i n t h e blood, e x t e r n a l
mechanisms a r e a l s o o f i m p o r t a n c e - - i . e . t h e behavior of a
man o r an a n i m a l i n i t s e n v i r o n m e n t , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e
maintenance o f t h i s i m p o r t a n t c o n s t a n t o f h o m e o s t a s i s . The
f u n c t i o n a l system theory a l s o c o n t r i b u t e s g r e a t l y t o t h e
r e v e l a t i o n o f c o n c r e t e human and animal b e h a v i o r a l mechanisms
which, a s w e know, l e a d t o t h e achievement o f t h e f i n a l
a d a p t i v e r e s u l t o f an organism i n a c o n c r e t e s i t u a t i o n .
The o p e r a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l system f o r
t h e g e n e r a l b e h a v i o r of man and a n i m a l s must e x p l a i n t h e
e n s u i n g q u e s t i o n s : a ) what r e s u l t must be r e c e i v e d ? b ) when
must it b e r e c e i v e d ? c ) what mechanisms must p r o v i d e t h i s
r e s u l t ? and d ) how i s t h e s y s t e m informed a b o u t t h e s u f f i -
ciency of t h e r e s u l t received?
The answers t o most o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s c a n b e g i v e n i n
t h e f i r s t s t a g e of t h e f u n c t i o n a l system, t h e s t a g e o f
a f f e r e n t s y n t h e s i s . The f o l l o w i n g p r o c e s s e s can be chosen
a t t h i s stage:
1) A l l kinds of information a r e u n i t e d i n t h e
c e n t r a l n e r v o u s system forming t h e b a s i s f o r
d e c i s i o n making. I t i n c l u d e s d o m i n a t i n g
m o t i v a t i o n ( s o c i a l and b i o l o g i c a l f o r man),
memory, s i t u a t i o n a l and t r i g g e r a f f e r e n t a t i o n s .
F u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m s t h e o r y , u s e d a s a method f o r a n a l y z i n g
s e l f - r e g u l a t i n g a d a p t a t i o n s o f an o r g a n i s m u n d e r p a t h o l o g i c a l
conditions, helped t o formulate t h e p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e s of
compensation o f d i s r u p t e d f u n c t i o n s . I t r e v e a l e d t h e
mechanisms o f compensatory a d a p t a t i o n s i n s u r g i c a l o p e r a t i o n s ,
s u c h a s t o t a l a b l a t i o n o f a l u n g , where t h e p r o c e s s o f
compensation embraces such e x e c u t i v e a p p a r a t u s e s of t h e
r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n a l system a s t h e h e a r t , hemocytes,
s a t u r a t i o n o f e r y t h r o c y t e w i t h haemoglobins, b u f f e r p r o p e r t i e s
of b l o o d , and o t h e r s . A t t h e same t i m e , key mechanisms o f
t h e f u n c t i o n a l system a d a p t a t i o n and r e s i s t e n c e under extreme
conditions w e r e revealed.
Many y e a r s o f r e s e a r c h on t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
o f b a r o c e p t o r s of t h e a o r t i c a r c h and mechanisms f o r m i n g
e m o t i o n a l stresses now p e r m i t s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l
s y s t e m t h e o r y i n t h e p a t h o g e n e s i s o f t h e n e u r o t i c form o f
h y p e r t e n s i o n d i s e a s e . Here I would l i k e o n c e more t o draw
y o u r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e problem o f h y p e r t e n s i o n d i s e a s e .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e WHO b u l l e t i n , d e a t h s from c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
d i s e a s e s i n developed c o u n t r i e s t a k e t h e f i r s t p l a c e . Thus,
t h e p r o b l e m o f t r e a t m e n t and p r e v e n t i o n o f h y p e r t e n s i o n
d i s e a s e i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l , and may b e a s u i t a b l e t o p i c f o r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n IIASA.