Beruflich Dokumente
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Guest Editors: Mowaffaq Hajja, Peter S. Bullen, Janusz Matkowski, Edward Neuman,
and Slavko Simic
Means and Their Inequalities
International Journal of Mathematics and
Mathematical Sciences
This is a special issue published in International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. All articles are open access articles
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Editorial Board
The editorial board of the journal is organized into sections that correspond to
the subject areas covered by the journal.
Algebra
A. Ballester-Bolinches, Spain Dalibor Froncek, USA Frank C. Sommen, Belgium
P. Basarab-Horwath, Sweden Heinz P. Gumm, Germany Yucai Su, China
Howard E. Bell, Canada P. Haukkanen, Finland Chun-Lei Tang, China
Martin J. Bohner, USA P. E. Jorgensen, USA Ram U. Verma, USA
Tomasz Brzezinski, UK V. R. Khalilov, Russia Dorothy I. Wallace, USA
Stefaan Caenepeel, Belgium Aloys Krieg, Germany Pei Y. Wu, Taiwan
Ral E. Curto, USA Robert H. Redfield, USA Siamak Yassemi, Iran
David E. Dobbs, USA Alexander Rosa, Canada Kaiming Zhao, Canada
Geometry
Teodor Bulboaca, Romania S. M. Gusein-Zade, Russia Misha Rudnev, UK
A. Cavicchioli, Italy Henryk Hudzik, Poland N. Shanmugalingam, USA
Der-Chen Chang, USA R. Lowen, Belgium Zhongmin Shen, China
Christian Corda, Italy Anil Maheshwari, Canada Nistor Victor, USA
M.-E. Craioveanu, Romania Frederic Mynard, USA Luc Vrancken, France
Jerzy Dydak, USA Hernando Quevedo, Mexico
B. Forster-Heinlein, Germany Frdric Robert, France
Mathematical Analysis
Asao Arai, Japan Xianguo Geng, China Songxiao Li, China
Martino Bardi, Italy Attila Gilanyi, Hungary Noel G. Lloyd, UK
Peter W. Bates, USA Jerome A. Goldstein, USA Raul F. Manasevich, Chile
H. Begehr, Germany Narendra K. Govil, USA B. N. Mandal, India
Operations Research
Erik J. Balder, The Netherlands Imed Kacem, France Shey-Huei Sheu, Taiwan
Shih-Pin Chen, Taiwan Yan K. Liu, China Theodore E. Simos, Greece
Tamer Eren, Turkey Wen L. Pearn, Taiwan Frank Werner, Germany
Onesimo H. Lerma, Mexico Mihai Putinar, USA Chin-Chia Wu, Taiwan
The Monotonicity Results for the Ratio of Certain Mixed Means and Their Applications,
Zhen-Hang Yang
Volume 2012, Article ID 540710, 13 pages
Complete Moment Convergence of Weighted Sums for Arrays of Rowwise -Mixing Random Variables,
Ming Le Guo
Volume 2012, Article ID 730962, 13 pages
A Nice Separation of Some Seiffert-Type Means by Power Means, Iulia Costin and
Gheorghe Toader
Volume 2012, Article ID 430692, 6 pages
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2013, Article ID 698906, 1 page
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/698906
Editorial
Means and Their Inequalities
Copyright 2013 Mowaffaq Hajja et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The theory of means has its roots in the work of the Py- arising from forms, making this aspect of the subject of
thagoreans who introduced the harmonic, geometric, and interest to algebraists as well. Extensions of Gausss outstand-
arithmetic means with reference to their theories of music ing discoveries that relate the evaluation of certain elliptic
and arithmetic. Later, Pappus introduced seven other means integrals to iterations of the arithmetic and geometric means
and gave the well-known elegant geometric proof of the that led to the beautiful arithmeticogeometric mean resulted
celebrated inequalities among the harmonic, geometric, and in so many interesting results and lines of research. A quick
arithmetic means. look at the table of contents of the book Pi and the AGM by
Nowadays, the families and types of means that are being J. M. Borwein and P. B. Borwein shows how extensive this
investigated by researchers and the variety of questions that line of research is and also shows that the subject is related to
almost everything.
are being asked about them are beyond the scope of any single
The theory of means has applications in so many other
survey, with the voluminous book Handbook of Means and
diverse fields. Quoting from the preface of the aforemen-
Their Inequalities by P. S. Bullen being the best such reference
tioned book of P. S. Bullen, these include electrostatics, heat
in this direction. The theory of means has grown to occupy a
conduction, chemistry, and even medicine.
prominent place in mathematics with hundreds of papers on This issue contains several papers that pertain to some of
the subject appearing every year. the the aforementioned subjects.
The strong relations and interactions of the theory of One of the papers is an exposition of certain elementary
means with the theories of inequalities, functional equations, aspects of the subject, together with several open problems
and probability and statistics add greatly to its importance. that are within the comprehension of a graduate student. It
Continuous versions of some means and inequalities is hoped that such questions will lead to contributions from
among them tie it with real analysis and the theory of experts and amateurs alike.
integration. The fact that centers of triangles and simplices
Mowaffaq Hajja
can be viewed as means of points in the Euclidean spaces Peter S. Bullen
makes the subject of interest to geometers. Janusz Matkowski
Positivity and copositivity tests in the theory of forms Edward Neuman
naturally give rise to questions on internality tests of means Slavko Simic
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2013, Article ID 689560, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/689560
Research Article
Some Elementary Aspects of Means
Mowaffaq Hajja
Department of Mathematics, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Copyright 2013 Mowaffaq Hajja. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We raise several elementary questions pertaining to various aspects of means. These questions refer to both known and newly
introduced families of means, and include questions of characterizations of certain families, relations among certain families,
comparability among the members of certain families, and concordance of certain sequences of means. They also include questions
about internality tests for certain mean-looking functions and about certain triangle centers viewed as means of the vertices. The
questions are accessible to people with no background in means, and it is also expected that these people can seriously investigate,
and contribute to the solutions of, these problems. The solutions are expected to require no more than simple tools from analysis,
algebra, functional equations, and geometry.
that correspond to the values = 1 and = 1 are nothing but then the function () in (15) is nothing but the number
the harmonic and arithmetic means H and A, respectively. It of elements in the given data set that are different from
is also natural to set , and therefore every element having maximum frequency
1/ in minimizes (15) and is hence a 0 -mean of . Thus the
P0 (1 , . . . , ) = G (1 , . . . , ) = (1 . . . ) , (13) discrete metric gives rise to what is referred to in statistics as
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 3
the mode of . Due to the nonuniqueness of the mode, the with equality if and only if 1 = = = . Thus
discrete metric is not a mean-producing distance. is convex and cannot attain its minimum at more than one
Similarly, the usual metric = 1 defined on R by point. That it attains its minimum follows from the continuity
of (), the compactness of [1 , ], and the obvious fact that
1 (, ) = | | (18) () is increasing on [ , ) and is decreasing on (, 1 ].
If we denote the mean that defines by , then () is the
is not a mean-producing distance. In fact, it is not very diffi- unique zero of
cult to see that if = (1 , . . . , ) is an ordered data set of
even size = 2, then any number in the closed interval
1
[ , +1 ] minimizes sign ( ) , (26)
=1
(19) where sign() is defined to be 1 if is nonnegative and 1
=1
otherwise.
Note that no matter what > 1 is, the two-dimensional
and is therefore a 1 -mean of . Similarly, one can show that
mean arising from is the arithmetic mean. Thus when
if is of an odd size = 2 1, then is the unique 1 -
studying , we confine our attention to the case when the
mean of . Thus the usual metric on R gives rise to what is
number of variables is greater than two. For such , it is
referred to in statistics as the median of .
impossible in general to compute () in closed form.
On the other hand, the distance 2 defined on R by
Problem 2. It would be interesting to investigate comparabil-
2 (, ) = ( )2 (20)
ity among { : > 1}.
is a mean-producing distance, although it is not a metric. In It is highly likely that no two means are comparable.
fact, it follows from simple derivative considerations that the
function 5. Deviation and Sparseness
If is a mean-producing distance on , and if is the
2
( ) (21) associated mean, then it is natural to define the -deviation
=1
D () of a data set = (1 , . . . , ) by an expression like
attains its minimum at the unique point
D () = { ( () , ) : 1 } . (27)
1 Thus if is defined by
= ( ) . (22)
=1
2
(, ) = ( ) , (28)
Thus 2 is a mean-producing distance, and the corresponding
mean is nothing but the arithmetic mean. then is nothing but the arithmetic mean or ordinary
It is noteworthy that the three distances that come to average defined by
mind most naturally give rise to the three most commonly
used means in statistics. In this respect, it is also worth 1 + +
mentioning that a fourth mean of statistics, the so-called = (1 , . . . , ) = , (29)
midrange, will be encountered below as a very natural limiting
distance mean. and D is the (squared) standard deviation (2) given by
The distances 1 and 2 (and in a sense, 0 also) are mem-
bers of the family of distances defined by 2 2
+ +
(2) (1 , . . . , ) = 1 . (30)
(, ) = | | . (23)
In a sense, this provides an answer to those who are puzzled
It is not difficult to see that if > 1, then is a mean-produc-
and mystified by the choice of the exponent 2 (and not any
ing distance. In fact, if = (1 , . . . , ) is a given data set, and
other exponent) in the standard definition of the standard
if
deviation given in the right-hand side of (30). In fact, distance
means were devised by the author in an attempt to remove
() = , (24) that mystery. Somehow, we are saying that the ordinary
=1
average and the standard deviation (2) must be taken
or discarded together, being both associated with the same
then
distance given in (28). Since few people question the
2 sensibility of the definition of given in (29), accepting the
() = ( 1) 0, (25) standard definition of the standard deviation given in (30) as
=1 is becomes a must.
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
It is worth mentioning that choosing an exponent other = (1 , . . . , ) is just another way of saying that the point
than 2 in (30) would result in an essentially different notion (, . . . , ) is a best approximant in of the point (1 , . . . , )
of deviations. More precisely, if one defines () by with respect to the -norm given in (34). Here, a point in
a subset of a metric (or distance) space (, ) is said to be a
best approximant in of if (, ) = min{(, ) :
() 1 + + (31)
(1 , . . . , ) = , }. Also, a subset of (, ) is said to be Chebyshev if every
in has exactly one best approximant in ; see [4, p. 21].
then () and (2) would of course be unequal, but more The discussion above motivates the following definition.
importantly, they would not be monotone with respect to each
other, in the sense that there would exist data sets and Definition 1. Let J be an interval in R and let be a distance
with (2) () > () () and (2) () < () (). Thus the choice on J . If the diagonal (J ) of J defined by
of the exponent in defining deviations is not as arbitrary as (J ) = {(1 , . . . , ) J : 1 = = } (35)
some may feel. On the other hand, it is (27) and not (31) that
is the natural generalization of (30). This raises the following, is Chebyshev (with respect to ), then the -dimensional
expectedly hard, problem. mean on J defined by declaring (1 , . . . , ) = if
and only if (, . . . , ) is the best approximant of (1 , . . . , ) in
Problem 3. Let be the distance defined by (, ) = (J ) is called the Chebyshev or best approximation -mean
| | , and let the associated deviation D defined in (27) or the best approximation mean arising from .
be denoted by D . Is D monotone with respect to D2 for any
=2, in the sense that In particular, if one denotes by the best approximation
-dimensional mean on R arising from (the distance on R
D () > D () D2 () > D2 ()? (32) induced by) the norm , then the discussion above says
that exists for all > 1 and that it is equal to defined
We end this section by introducing the notion of sparse-
in Section 4.
ness and by observing its relation with deviation. If is a
In view of this, one may also define to be the best
mean-producing distance on J, and if is the associated
approximation mean arising from the -norm of , that is,
mean, then the -sparseness S () of a data set =
the norm defined on R by
(1 , . . . , ) in J can be defined by
(1 , . . . , ) = max { : 1 } . (36)
S () = { ( , ) : 1 < } . (33)
It is not very difficult to see that () is nothing but what
It is interesting that when is defined by (28), the standard
is referred to in statistics as the mid-range of . Thus if =
deviation coincides, up to a constant multiple, with the
(1 , . . . , ) is an ordered data set, then
sparsenss. One wonders whether this pleasant property char-
acterizes this distance . 1 +
() = . (37)
2
Problem Set 4. (4-a) Characterize those mean-producing dis-
tances whose associated mean is the arithmetic mean. In view of the fact that cannot be defined by anything like
(4-b) If is as defined in (28), and if is another mean- (23) and is thus meaningless, natural question arises as to
producing distance whose associated mean is the arithmetic whether
mean, does it follow that D and D are monotone with
respect to each other? () = lim () (or equivalently = lim ())
(4-c) Characterize those mean-producing distances for
(38)
which the deviation D () is determined by the sparseness
S () for every data set , and vice versa. for every . An affirmative answer is established in [5,
Theorem 1]. In that theorem, it is also established that
6. Best Approximation Means
lim () (or equivalently lim ()) = ()
It is quite transparent that the discussion in the previous sec-
tion regarding the distance mean , > 1, can be written (39)
in terms of best approximation in , the vector space R
endowed with the -norm defined by for all and all . All of this can be expressed by saying that
is continuous in for (1, ] for all .
1/ We remark that there is no obvious reason why (38)
(1 , . . . , ) = ( ) . (34) should immediately follow from the well known fact that
=1
lim = (40)
If we denote by = the line in R consisting of the
points (1 , . . . , ) with 1 = = , then to say that for all points in R .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5
Problem Set 5. Suppose that is a sequence of distances on (7-a) Explore how the value of () compares with the
a set that converges to a distance (in the sense that common practice of taking the median of to be the
lim (, ) = (, ) for all , in ). Let . midpoint of the median interval (defined in (42) for
various values of .
(5-a) If is Chebyshev with respect to each , is it
necessarily true that is Chebyshev with respect to (7-b) Is continuous on R ? If not, what are its points of
? discontinuity?
(5-b) If is Chebyshev with respect to each and with
(7-c) Given R , is the convergence of () (as
respect to and if is the best approximant in of
with respect to and is the best approximant decreases to 1) to () monotone?
in of with respect to , does it follow that
The convergence of () (as decreases to 1) to ()
converges to ?
is described in [5, Theorem 4], where it is proved that the
We end this section by remarking that if = is convergence is ultimately monotone. It is also proved in
the -dimensional best approximation mean arising from a [5, Theorem 5] that when = 3, then the convergence is
distance on J , then is significant only up to its values of monotone.
the type (, V), where (J ) and V (J ). Other values It is of course legitimate to question the usefulness of
of are not significant. This, together with the fact that defining the median to be , but that can be left to statis-
ticians and workers in relevant disciplines to decide. It is also
every mean is a best approximation mean arising legitimate to question the path that we have taken the limit
(41) along. In other words, it is conceivable that there exists, in
from a metric, addition to , a sequence of distances on R that converges
makes the study of best approximation means less interesting. to 1 such that the limit , as decreases to 1, of their
Fact (41) was proved in an unduly complicated manner in associated distance means is not the same as the limit of
[6], and in a trivial way based on a few-line set-theoretic . In this case, would have as valid a claim as to being
argument in [7]. the median. However, the naturality of may help accepting
as a most legitimate median.
Problem 6. Given a mean M on J, a metric on J is
constructed in [6] so that M is the best approximation Problem Set 8. Suppose that and , N, are sequences
mean arising from . Since the construction is extremely of distances on a set that converge to the distances
complicated in comparison with the construction in [7], it is and
, respectively (in the sense that lim (, ) =
desirable to examine the construction of in [6] and see what (, ) for all , in , etc.).
other nice properties (such as continuity with respect to the
usual metric) has. This would restore merit to the construc- (8-a) If each , N, is mean producing with corre-
tion in [6] and to the proofs therein and provide raison detre sponding mean , does it follow that is mean
for the so-called generalized means introduced there. producing? If so, and if the mean produced by is
, is it necessarily true that converges to ?
7. Towards a Unique Median
(8-b) If and , N {}, are mean producing
As mentioned earlier, the distance 1 on R defined by (23)
does not give rise to a (distance) mean. Equivalently, the 1- distances with corresponding means and , and
norm 1 on R defined by (34) does not give rise to a if = for all N, does it follow that =
(best approximation) mean. These give rise, instead, to the ?
many-valued function known as the median. Thus, following
the statisticians mode of thinking, one may set
8. Examples of Distance Means
1 () = 1 () = the median interval of
(42) It is clear that the arithmetic mean is the distance mean
= the set of all medians of . arising from the the distance 2 given by 2 (, ) = ( )2 .
From a mathematicians point of view, however, this leaves a Similarly, the geometric mean on the set of positive numbers
lot to be desired, to say the least. The feasibility and naturality is the distance mean arising from the distance G given by
of defining as the limit of as approaches gives
us a clue on how the median 1 may be defined. It is a G (, ) = (ln ln )2 . (43)
pleasant fact, proved in [5, Theorem 4], that the limit of ()
(equivalently of ()) as decreases to 1 exists for every In fact, this should not be amazing since the arithmetic mean
R and equals one of the medians described in (42). This A on R and the geometric mean G on (0, ) are equivalent
limit can certainly be used as the definition of the median. in the sense that there is a bijection : (0, ) R, namely
() = ln , for which G(, ) = 1 A((), ()) for all
Problem Set 7. Let be as defined in Section 4, and let be , . Similarly, the harmonic and arithmetic means on (0, )
the limit of as decreases to 1. are equivalent via the bijection () = 1/, and therefore
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
the harmonic mean is the distance mean arising from the deviation, and if 1 , . . . , are given, then the -deviation
distance H given by mean of 1 , . . . , is defined to be the unique zero of
1 1 2 (1 , ) + + ( , ) . (49)
H (, ) = ( ) . (44)
It is direct to see that (49) has a unique zero and that this zero
The analogous question pertaining to the logarithmic mean does indeed define a mean.
L defined by
Problem 11. Characterize deviation means and explore their
exact relationship with distance means.
L (, ) = , , > 0, (45)
ln ln If is a deviation, then (following [11]), one may define
by
remains open.
Problem 9. Decide whether the mean L (defined in (45)) is (, ) = (, ) . (50)
a distance mean.
Then (, ) 0 and (, ) is a strictly convex function in
9. Quasi-Arithmetic Means for every . The -deviation mean of 1 , . . . , is nothing but
the unique value of at which (1 , ) + + ( , ) attains
A -dimensional mean M on J is called a quasi-arithmetic its minimum. Thus if happens to be symmetric, then
mean if there is a continuous strictly monotone function would be a distance and the -deviation mean would be the
from J to an interval I in R such that distance mean arising from the distance .
M (1 , . . . , ) = 1 (A ( (1 ) , . . . , ( ))) (46)
11. Other Ways of Generating New Means
for all in J. We have seen that the geometric and harmonic If and are differentiable on an open interval J, and if <
means are quasi-arithmetic and concluded that they are are points in J such that () =(), then there exists, by
distance means. To see that L is not quasi-arithmetic, we Cauchys mean value theorem, a point in (, ), such that
observe that the (two-dimensional) arithmetic mean, and
hence any quasi-arithmetic mean M, satisfies the elegant () () ()
functional equation = . (51)
() () ()
M (M (M (, ) , ) , M (M (, ) , )) = M (, ) (47) If and are such that is unique for every , , then we call
the Cauchy mean of and corresponding to the functions
for all , > 0. However, a quick experimentation with a
and , and we denote it by C, (, ).
random pair (, ) shows that (47) is not satisfied by L.
Another natural way of defining means is to take a
This shows that L is not quasi-arithmetic, but does not
continuous function that is strictly monotone on J, and to
tell us whether L is a distance mean, and hence does not
define the mean of , J, =, to be the unique point in
answer Problem 9.
(, ) such that
The functional equation (47) is a weaker form of the
functional equation 1
() = () . (52)
M (M (, ) , M (, )) = M (M (, ) , M (, )) (48)
We call the mean value (mean) of and corresponding to
for all , , , > 0. This condition, together with the
, and we denote it by V(, ).
assumption that M is strictly increasing in each variable,
Clearly, if is an antiderivative of , then (53) can be
characterizes two-dimensional quasi-arithmetic means; see
written as
[8, Theorem 1, pp. 287291]. A thorough discussion of quasi-
arithmetic means can be found in [3, 8]. () ()
() = . (53)
Problem 10. Decide whether a mean M that satisfies the func-
tional equation (47) (together with any necessary smoothness Thus V (, ) = C, (, ), where is the identity function.
conditions) is necessarily a quasi-arithmetic mean. For more on the these two families of means, the reader
is referred to [12] and [13], and to the references therein.
10. Deviation Means In contrast to the attitude of thinking of the mean as the
number that minimizes a certain function, there is what one
Deviation means were introduced in [9] and were further may call the Chisini attitude that we now describe. A function
investigated in [10]. They are defined as follows. on J may be called a Chisini function if and only if the
A real-valued function = (, ) on R2 is called a equation
deviation if (, ) = 0 for all and if (, ) is a strictly
decreasing continuous function of for every . If is a (1 , . . . , ) = (, . . . , ) (54)
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 7
has a unique solution = [1 , ] for every ordered data A form = (1 , . . . , ) is said to be copositive if
set (1 , . . . , ) in J. This unique solution is called the Chisini (1 , . . . , ) 0 for all 0. Copositive forms arise
mean associated to . In Chisinis own words, is said to be in the theory of inequalities and are studied in [14] (and in
the mean of numbers 1 , . . . , with respect to a problem, references therein). One of the interesting questions that one
in which a function of them (1 , . . . , ) is of interest, if the may ask about forms pertains to algorithms for deciding
function assumes the same value when all the are replaced whether a given form is copositive. This problem, in full
by the mean value : (1 , . . . , ) = (, . . . , ); see [14, page generality, is still open. However, for quadratic and cubic
256] and [1]. Examples of such Chisini means that arise in forms, we have the following satisfactory answers.
geometric configurations can be found in [15].
Theorem 2. Let = (1 , . . . , ) be a real symmetric form
()
Problem 12. Investigate how the families of distance, devia- in any number 2 of variables. Let v , 1 , be the
tion, Cauchy, mean value, and Chisini means are related. -tuple whose first coordinates are 1s and whose remaining
coordinates are 0 s.
12. Internality Tests
(i) If is quadratic, then is copositive if and only if 0
According to the definition of a mean, all that is required of a at the two test -tuples
function M : J J to be a mean is to satisfy the internality
property k1() = (1, 0, . . . , 0) , k() = (1, 1, . . . , 1) . (60)
min {1 , . . . , } M (1 , . . . , ) max {1 , . . . , } (55)
(ii) If is cubic, then is copositive if and only if 0 at
for all J. However, one may ask whether it is sufficient, the test -tuples
for certain types of functions M, to verify (55) for a finite,
preferably small, number of well-chosen -tuples. This ques- ()
k = (1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0) , 1 . (61)
tion is inspired by certain elegant theorems in the theory of
copositive forms that we summarize below.
Part (i) is a restatement of Theorem 1(a) in [16]. Theo-
12.1. Copositivity Tests for Quadratic and Cubic Forms. By a rem 1(b) there is related and can be restated as
(real) form in variables, we shall always mean a homoge-
neous polynomial = (1 , . . . , ) in the indeterminates (1 , . . . , ) 0, R,
1 , . . . , having coefficients in R. When the degree of a
form is to be emphasized, we call a -form. Forms of 0 at the 3 -tuples (62)
degrees 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are referred to as linear, quadratic, (1, 0, . . . , 0) , (1, 1, . . . , 1) , (1, 1, 0, . . . , 0) .
cubic, quartic, and quintic forms, respectively.
The set of all -forms in variables is a vector space (over Part (ii) was proved in [17] for 3 and in [18] for all . Two
R) that we shall denote by F() . It may turn out to be an very short and elementary inductive proofs are given in [19].
interesting exercise to prove that the set It is worth mentioning that the test -tuples in (61)
do not suffice for establishing the copositivity of a quartic
{ } form even when = 3. An example illustrating this that
{ : = } (56)
uses methods from [20] can be found in [19]. However, an
{ =1 =1
} algorithm for deciding whether a symmetric quartic form
is a basis, where is the Newton polynomial defined by in variables is copositive that consists in testing at -tuples
of the type
= . (57)
=1 (
, . . . , , 1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0) ,
The statement above is quite easy to prove in the special case (63)
3, and this is the case we are interested in in this paper. 0 , , +
We also discard the trivial case = 1 and assume always that
2. is established in [21]. It is also proved there that if = 3, then
Linear forms can be written as 1 , and they are not the same algorithm works for quintics but does not work for
worth much investigation. Quadratic forms can be written as forms of higher degrees.
2
= 12 + 2 = ( ) + ( 2 ) . (58) 12.2. Internality Tests for Means Arising from Symmetric
=1 =1 Forms. Let F() be the vector space of all real -forms in
variables, and let , 1 , be the Newton polynomials
Cubic and quartic forms can be written, respectively, as
defined in (57). Means of the type
13 + 1 2 + 3 ,
(59) 1/()
M=( ) , (64)
14 + 12 2 + 1 3 + 22 .
8 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
where is a symmetric form of degree , are clearly sym- 1< ( )2 , then is internal if and only
metric and 1-homogeneous, and they abound in the literature. if it is internal at the two test -tuples k() = (1, 1, . . . , 1)
These include the family of Gini means , defined in (8) ()
and k1 = (1, 1, . . . , 1, 0). In the general case, sufficient and
(and hence the Lehmer and Holder means). They also include
the elementary symmetric polynomial and elementary sym- necessary conditions for internality of , in terms of
metric polynomial ratio means defined earlier in (10). the coefficients of and , are found in [23, Theorem 3].
In view of Theorem 2 of the previous section, it is tempt- However, it is not obvious whether these conditions can be
ing to ask whether the internality of a function M of the type rewritten in terms of test -tuples in the manner done in
described in (64) can be established by testing it at a finite Theorem 3.
set of test -tuples. Positive answers for some special cases of
(64), and for other related types, are given in the following 13. Extension of Means, Concordance
theorem. of Means
Theorem 3. Let , , and be real symmetric forms of degrees The two-dimensional arithmetic mean A(2) defined by
1, 2, and 3, respectively, in any number 2 of nonnegative 1 + 2
variables. Let v() , 1 , be as defined in Theorem 2. A(2) (1 , 2 ) = (67)
2
(i) is internal if and only if it is internal at the two test can be extended to any dimension by setting
()
-tuples: k() = (1, 1, . . . , 1) and V1 = (1, 1, . . . , 1, 0). 1 + +
A() (1 , . . . , ) = . (68)
(ii) / is internal if and only if it is internal at the two test
-tuples: k() = (1, 1, . . . , 1) and V1() = (1, 0, . . . , 0). Although very few people would disagree on this, nobody
can possibly give a mathematically sound justification of the
(iii) If 4, then is internal if and only if it is internal
3
feeling that the definition in (68) is the only (or even the best)
at the test -tuples
definition that makes the sequence () of means harmonious
or concordant. This does not seem to be an acceptable defini-
()
k = (1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0) , 1 . (65) tion of the notion of concordance.
In a private communication several years ago, Professor
Zsolt Pales told me that Kolmogorov suggested calling a
Parts (i) and (ii) are restatements of Theorems 3 and 5 in sequence M() of means on J, where M() is -dimensional,
[16]. Part (iii) is proved in [22] in a manner that leaves a lot to concordant if for every and and every , in J, we have
be desired. Besides being rather clumsy, the proof works for
4 only. The problem for 5, together with other open M(+) (1 , . . . , , 1 , . . . , )
problems, is listed in the next problem set. (69)
= M(2) (M() (1 , . . . , ) , M (1 , . . . , )) .
Problem Set 13. Let , , and be real symmetric cubic forms
of degrees 1, 2, and 3, respectively, in non-negative variables. He also told me that such a definition is too restrictive and
seems to confirm concordance in the case of the quasi-arith-
(13-a) Prove or disprove that 3 is internal if and only if it metic means only.
is internal at the test -tuples
Problem 14. Suggest a definition of concordance, and test it
on sequences of means that you feel concordant. In particular,
()
k = (1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0) , 1 . (66) test it on the existing generalizations, to higher dimensions,
of the logarithmic mean L defined in (45).
(13-b) Find, or prove the nonexistence of, a finite set of
test -tuples such that the internality of / at the -
14. Distance Functions in Topology
tuples in gurantees its internality at all nonnegative Distance functions, which are not necessarily metrics, have
-tuples. appeared early in the literature on topology. Given a distance
(13-c) Find, or prove the nonexistence of, a finite set of function on any set , one may define the open ball (, )
test -tuples such that the internality of at in the usual manner, and then one may declare a subset
the -tuples in guarantees its internality at all non- open if it contains, for every , an open ball (, ) with
negative -tuples. > 0. If has the triangle inequality, then one can proceed in
the usual manner to create a topology. However, for a general
Problem (13-b) is open even for = 2. In Section 6 of [15], distance , this need not be the case, and distances that give
it is shown that the two pairs (1, 0) and (1, 1) do not suffice as rise to a coherent topology in the usual manner are called
test pairs. semimetrics and they are investigated and characterized in
As for Problem (13-c), we refer the reader to [23], [2429]. Clearly, these are the distances for which the family
where means of the type were considered. It is {(, ) : > 0} of open balls centered at forms a local
proved in Theorem 2 there that when has the special form base at for every in .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 9
15. Centers and Center-Producing Distances [12] M. E. Mays, Functions which parametrize means, The Ameri-
can Mathematical Monthly, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 677683, 1983.
A distance may be defined on any set whatsoever. In [13] B. Ebanks, Looking for a few good means, American Mathe-
particular, if is a distance on R2 and if the function () matical Monthly, vol. 119, no. 8, pp. 658669, 2012.
defined by [14] M. Hall, and M. Newman, Copositive and completely positive
quadratic forms, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society, vol. 59, pp. 329339, 1963.
() = (, ) (70)
[15] R. Abu-Saris and M. Hajja, Geometric means of two positive
=1
numbers, Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 9, no.
attains its minimum at a unique point 0 that lies in the 3, pp. 391406, 2006.
convex hull of { 1 , . . . , } for every choice of 1 , . . . , in [16] M. Hajja, Radical and rational means of degree two, Mathe-
matical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 581593,
R2 , then will be called a center-producing distance.
2003.
The Euclidean metric 1 on R2 produces the Fermat-
[17] J. F. Rigby, A method of obtaining related triangle inequalities,
Torricelli center. This is defined to be the point whose distan- with applications, Univerzitet u Beogradu. Publikacije Elek-
ces from the given points have a minimal sum. Its square, trotehnickog Fakulteta. Serija Matematika i Fizika, no. 412460,
2 , which is just a distance but not a metric, produces the pp. 217226, 1973.
centroid. This is the center of mass of equal masses placed at [18] M. D. Choi, T. Y. Lam, and B. Reznick, Even symmetric sextics,
the given points. It would be interesting to explore the centers Mathematische Zeitschrift, vol. 195, no. 4, pp. 559580, 1987.
defined by for other values of . [19] M. Hajja, Copositive symmetric cubic forms, The American
Mathematical Monthly, vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 462466, 2005.
Problem 15. Let , > 1, be the distance defined on R2 by [20] K. B. Stolarsky, The power and generalized logarithmic means,
(, ) = , and let be a triangle. Let = American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 87, pp. 545548, 1980.
(, , ) be the point that minimizes [21] W. R. Harris, Real even symmetric ternary forms, Journal of
Algebra, vol. 222, no. 1, pp. 204245, 1999.
(, ) + (, ) + (, ) [22] R. Abu-Saris and M. Hajja, Internal cubic symmetric forms in
(71) a small number of variables, Mathematical Inequalities & Appli-
= + + . cations, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 863868, 2007.
[23] R. Abu-Saris and M. Hajja, Quadratic means, Journal of Math-
Investigate how , 1, are related to the known triangle ematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 288, no. 1, pp. 299313,
centers, and study the curve traced by them. 2003.
[24] A. V. Arhangelskii, Mappings and spaces, Russian Mathemat-
The papers [30, 31] may turn out to be relevant to this ical Surveys, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 115162, 1966.
problem. [25] F. Galvin and S. D. Shore, Completeness in semimetric spaces,
Pacific Journal of Mathematics, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 6775, 1984.
References [26] F. Galvin and S. D. Shore, Distance functions and topologies,
The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 620623,
[1] T. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, vol. 1, Dover, New 1991.
York, NY, USA, 1981. [27] R. Kopperman, All topologies come from generalized metrics,
[2] T. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, vol. 2, Dover, New American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 8997, 1988.
York, NY, USA, 1981. [28] D. E. Sanderson and B. T. Sims, A characterization and gen-
[3] P. S. Bullen, Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities, vol. eralization of semi-metrizability, The American Mathematical
560, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Monthly, vol. 73, pp. 361365, 1966.
2003. [29] W. A. Wilson, On semi-metric spaces, American Journal of
[4] F. Deutsch, Best Approximation in Inner Product Spaces, Mathematics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 361373, 1931.
Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2001. [30] D. S. Mitrinovic, J. E. Pecaric, and V. Volenec, The generalized
[5] A. Al-Salman and M. Hajja, Towards a well-defined median, Fermat-Torricelli point and the generalized Lhuilier-Lemoine
Journal of Mathematical Inequalities, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2330, 2007. point, Comptes Rendus Mathematiques, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 95100,
1987.
[6] F. B. Saidi, Generalized deviations and best approximation the-
ory, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, vol. 26, [31] P. Penning, Expoints, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, vol. 4, no.
no. 2, pp. 271283, 2005. 1, pp. 1931, 1986.
[7] M. Hajja, Distance and best approximation means, preprint.
[8] J. Aczel and J. Dhombres, Functional Equations in Several Varia-
bles, vol. 31, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1989.
[9] Z. Daroczy, Uber eine Klasse von Mittelwerten, Publicationes
Mathematicae Debrecen, vol. 19, pp. 211217, 1972.
[10] Z. Pales, On the convergence of means, Journal of Mathemat-
ical Analysis and Applications, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 5260, 1991.
[11] Z. Pales, Private Communications.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2013, Article ID 283127, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/283127
Research Article
On Some Intermediate Mean Values
Slavko Simic
Mathematical Institute SANU, Kneza Mihaila 36, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Copyright 2013 Slavko Simic. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We give a necessary and sufficient mean condition for the quotient of two Jensen functionals and define a new class , (, ) of
mean values where , are continuously differentiable convex functions satisfying the relation () = (), R+ . Then we
asked for a characterization of , such that the inequalities (, ) , (, ) (, ) or (, ) , (, ) (, ) hold for
each positive , , where , , , are the harmonic, arithmetic, logarithmic, and identric means, respectively. For a subclass of
with () = , R, this problem is thoroughly solved.
2. Results 3. Proofs
We prove firstly the following 3.1. Proof of Theorem 1. We prove firstly the necessity of the
condition (15).
Theorem 1. Let , 2 () with > 0. The expression Since , (, ) is a mean value for arbitrary , ;
, (, ) represents a mean of arbitrary numbers , if = , we have
and only if the relation (15) holds for .
min {, } , (, ) max {, } . (28)
Remark 2. In the same way, for arbitrary , > 0, + = 1,
Hence
it can be deduced that the quotient
lim , (, ) = . (29)
() + () ( + )
, (, ; , ) := (24)
() + () ( + ) From the other hand, due to lHospitals rule we obtain
represents a mean value of numbers , if and only if (15) () (( + ) /2)
holds. lim , (, ) = lim ( )
() (( + ) /2)
A generalization of the above assertion is the next. 2 () (( + ) /2)
= lim ( ) (30)
2 () (( + ) /2)
Theorem 3. Let , : R be twice continuously
differentiable functions with > 0 on and let = { }, ()
= 1, 2, . . . , = 1 be an arbitrary positive weight sequence. = .
Then the quotient of two Jensen functionals ()
Comparing (29) and (30) the desired result follows.
1 ( ) (1 )
, (, ) := , 2, (25) Suppose now that (15) holds and let < . Since () >
1 ( ) (1 ) 0 [, ] by the Cauchy mean value theorem there exists
(( + )/2, ) such that
represents a mean of an arbitrary set of real numbers
1 , 2 , . . . , if and only if the relation () (( + ) /2) ()
= = . (31)
() = () (26) () (( + ) /2) ()
But,
holds for each .
+
Remark 4. It should be noted that the relation () = () < < , (32)
2
determines in terms of in an easy way. Precisely,
and, since is strictly increasing, () ((+)/2) > 0,
() = () 2 () + + , (27) [, ].
Therefore, by (31) we get
where () := 1 () and and are constants.
+ +
( () ( )) () ( )
Our results concerning the means (, ), R are 2 2
(33)
included in the following. +
( () ( )) .
2
Theorem 5. For the class of means (, ) defined above, the
following assertions hold for each , R+ . Finally, integrating (33) over [, ] we obtain the assertion
from Theorem 1.
(1) The means (, ) are monotone increasing in ;
(2) (, ) (, ) for each 4; 3.2. Proof of Theorem 3. We will give a proof of this assertion
(3) (, ) (, ) (, ) for 3 1; by induction on .
By Remark 2, it holds for = 2.
(4) (, ) (, ) (, ) for 1/2 0;
Next, it is not difficult to check the identity
(5) there is a number 0 (1/12, 1/11) such that (, )
(, ) (, ) for 0 1;
( ) ( )
(6) there is a number 1 (1.03, 1.04) such that (, ) 1 1
(, ) (, ) for 1 2;
1 1
(7) (, ) (, ) (, ) for each 2 5; = (1 ) ( ( ) ( ))
(8) there is no finite such that the inequality (, ) 1 1
(, ) holds for each , R+ . + [(1 ) () + ( ) ((1 ) + )] ,
The above estimations are best possible. (34)
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
1 1 (40)
( ( ) ( ))
1 1
For R, > 0 we have
+ max {, } [(1 ) () + ( )
It is not difficult to check the identity Therefore, by the transformation given above, we get
() () 5
() = . (59) log
3
Hence +1 2 +1 4 6
1 ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) + ( )
=
(, ) 4 log 2 + 1 ( 2 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 4 + (6 )
1 . (64)
1 (, )
1 + ( 1) ( 2) 2 /12 + (4 ) (70)
A calculation gives 4 log 2/ 1.0200. =
1 + ( 2) ( 3) 2 /12 + (4 )
Note also that 1
= 1 + ( ) 2 + (4 ) .
6 3
2 (, ) (, ) . (65)
Similarly,
Therefore, applying the assertion from the part 1, we get
1
= exp ( ((1 + ) log (1 + ) + (1 ) log (1 )))
(, ) (, ), 2; 2
(66) (71)
(, ) (, ), 2. 2 2
= exp ( + (4 )) = 1 + + (4 ) .
2 2
Finally, we give a detailed proof of the part 7.
We have to prove that (, ) (, ) for 5. Since Hence,
(, ) is monotone increasing in , it is sufficient to prove
that the inequality 1 1
( ) = ( 5) 2 + (4 ) , (72)
6
5 (, ) (, ) (67)
and this expression is positive for > 5 and sufficiently
holds for each , R+ . small, that is, sufficiently close to .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 7
Acknowledgment
The author is indebted to the referees for valuable sugges-
tions.
References
[1] K. B. Stolarsky, Generalizations of the logarithmic mean,
Mathematics Magazine, vol. 48, pp. 8792, 1975.
[2] B. C. Carlson, The logarithmic mean, The American Mathe-
matical Monthly, vol. 79, pp. 615618, 1972.
[3] T. P. Lin, The power mean and the logarithmic mean, The
American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 81, pp. 879883, 1974.
[4] P. A. Hasto, Optimal inequalities between Seifferts mean and
power means, Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 4753, 2004.
[5] Z.-H. Yang, Sharp bounds for the second Seiert mean in terms
of power mean, http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.5494.
[6] G. H. Hardy, J. E. Littlewood, and G. Polya, Inequalities,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1978.
[7] S. Simic, On logarithmic convexity for differences of power
means, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2007,
Article ID 37359, 8 pages, 2007.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2012, Article ID 540710, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/540710
Research Article
The Monotonicity Results for the Ratio of
Certain Mixed Means and Their Applications
Zhen-Hang Yang
Power Supply Service Center, Zhejiang Electric Power Company, Electric Power Research Institute,
Hangzhou 310014, China
Copyright q 2012 Zhen-Hang Yang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We continue to adopt notations and methods used in the papers illustrated by Yang 2009, 2010
to investigate the monotonicity properties of the ratio of mixed two-parameter homogeneous
means. As consequences of our results, the monotonicity properties of four ratios of mixed
Stolarsky means are presented, which generalize certain known results, and some known and new
inequalities of ratios of means are established.
1. Introduction
Since the Ky Fan 1 inequality was presented, inequalities of ratio of means have attracted
attentions of many scholars. Some known results can be found in 214. Research for the
properties of ratio of bivariate means was also a hotspot at one time.
In this paper, we continue to adopt notations and methods used in the paper 13, 14
to investigate the monotonicity properties of the functions Qif i 1, 2, 3, 4 defined by
g1f p; a, b
Q1f p : ,
g1f p; c, d
g2f p; a, b
Q2f p : ,
g2f p; c, d
1.1
g3f p; a, b
Q3f p : ,
g3f p; c, d
g4f p; a, b
Q4f p : ,
g4f p; c, d
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
where
g1f p g1f p; a, b : Hf p, q Hf 2k p, q , 1.2
g2f p g2f p; a, b : Hf p, p m Hf 2k p, 2k p m , 1.3
g3f p g3f p; a, b : Hf p, 2m p Hf 2k p, 2m 2k p , 1.4
g4f p g4f p; a, b : Hf pr, ps Hf 2k p r, 2k p s , 1.5
1pq
fap , bp
Hf p, q; a, b , if pq p q / 0,
faq , bq
1.6
ap fx ap , bp ln a bp fy ap , bp ln b
Hf p, p; a, b exp , if p q /
0,
fap , bp
where fx x, y and fy x, y denote first-order partial derivatives with respect to first and
second component of fx, y, respectively.
If limy x fx, y exits and is positive for all x R , then further define
1/p
fap , bp
Hf p, 0; a, b , 0, q 0,
if p /
f1, 1
1/q
faq , bq 1.7
Hf 0, q; a, b , if p 0, q /
0,
f1, 1
and Hf p, q; a, a a.
Remark 1.2. Witkowski 17 proved that if the function x, y fx, y is a symmetric and
first-order homogeneous function, then for all p, q Hf p, q; a, b is a mean of positive numbers
a and b if and only if f is increasing in both variables on R . In fact, it is easy to see that the
condition fx, y is symmetric can be removed.
If Hf p, q; a, b is a mean of positive numbers a and b, then it is called two-parameter
homogeneous mean generated by f.
p
q a bp 1/pq
, if pq p q / 0,
p aq bq
L1/p ap , bp , if p
/ 0, q 0,
Sp,q a, b 1.8
L1/q aq , bq , 0, p 0,
if q /
I 1/p ap , bp , if p q /
0,
ab, if p q 0,
p p 1/pq
a b
q,
, if p /
Gp,q a, b aq bq 1.9
1/p p p
Z a , b , if p q,
2 ln f x, y
I I x, y ln f x, y xy ln f xy ,
xy
2.1
xI
J J x, y x y x y xIx .
x
x 3
T3 x, y : xyxIx ln , where I ln f xy , x at , y bt . 2.2
y
T t : ln f at , bt , 0
t/ 2.3
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
has well properties see 15, 16. And it has shown in 14, 3.4, 16, Lemma 4 the relation
among T t, Jx, y and T3 x, y:
T t t3 T3 x, y , where x at , y bt , 2.4
1 3
T t Ct3 J x, y , where C xy x y ln x ln y > 0. 2.5
y
x
T3 x, y T3 , 1 T3 1, . 2.6
y x
Now, we observe the monotonicities of ratio of certain mixed means defined by 1.1.
Proof. Since fx, y > 0 for x, y R R , so T t is continuous on p, q or q, p for
p, q R, then 2.13 in 13 holds. Thus we have
1 1
1 1 1 1
ln g1f p ln Hf p, q ln Hf 2k p, q T t11 dt T t12 dt, 2.7
2 2 2 0 2 0
where
t12 tp 1 tq, t11 t 2k p 1 tq. 2.8
1 1
1 1
ln g1f p tT t12 dt tT t11 dt
2 0 2 0
1
1 1 1
tT |t12 |dt tT |t11 |dt by13, 2.7 2.9
2 0 2 0
1 |t12 |
1
t T vdv dt,
2 0 |t11 |
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5
and then
ln Q1f p ln g1f p; a, b ln g1f p; c, d
1 |t12 |
1 1 1 |t12 |
t T vdv dt t T v; c, ddv dt
2 0 |t11 | 2 0 |t11 |
1 |t12 | 2.10
|t11 |
T v; a, b T v; c, ddv
t|t12 | |t11 | dt
0 |t12 | |t11 |
1
: t|t12 | |t11 |h|t11 |, |t12 |dt,
0
where
y
T v; a, b T v; c, ddv
x , if x
/ y,
h x, y : yx 2.11
T x; a, b T x; c, d, if x y.
Since T3 1, u strictly increase decrease with u > 1 and decrease increase with 0 < u < 1,
2.4 and 2.6 together with b/a > d/c 1 yield
and therefore hx, y > <0 for x, y > 0. Thus, in order to prove desired result, it suces to
determine the sign of |t12 | |t11 |. In fact, if q 0, k 0, then for t 0, 1
t2 t2 q1 t kt > 0, if p > k,
|t12 | |t11 | 12 11 4t pk 2.13
|t12 | |t11 | t12 t11 < 0, if p < k.
It follows that
> <0, if p > k,
ln Q1f p 2.14
< >0, if p < k.
Theorem 2.2. The conditions are the same as those of Theorem 2.1. Then, for any a, b, c, d > 0 with
b/a > d/c 1 and fixed m, k with k 0, k m 0, but m, k are not equal to zero at the same time,
Q2f is strictly increasing (decreasing) in p on k, and decreasing (increasing) on , k.
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
The monotonicity of Q2f is converse if k 0 and k m 0, but m, k are not equal to zero at
the same time.
1 1
ln g2f p ln Hf p, p m ln Hf 2k p, 2k p m
2 2
1 1 2.15
1 1
T t22 dt T t21 dt,
2 0 2 0
where
t22 tp 1 t p m , t21 t 2k p 1 t 2k p m . 2.16
and then
ln Q2f p ln g2f p; a, b ln g2f p; c, d
1 |t22 | 1 |t22 |
1 1
T v; a, bdv dt T v; c, ddv dt
2 0 |t21 | 2 0 |t21 | 2.18
1
1
|t22 | |t21 |h|t21 |, |t22 |dt,
2 0
where hx, y is defined by 2.11. As shown previously, hx, y > <0 for x, y > 0 if T3 1, u
strictly increase decrease with u > 1 and decrease increase with 0 < u < 1; it remains to
determine the sign of |t22 | |t21 |. It is easy to verify that if k 0 and k m 0, then
t2 t2 k m1 t > 0, if p > k,
|t22 | |t21 | 22 21 4 pk 2.19
|t22 | |t21 | |t22 | |t21 | < 0, if p < k.
Thus, we have
> <0, if p > k,
ln Q2f p 2.20
< >0, if p < k.
Theorem 2.3. The conditions are the same as those of Theorem 2.1. Then, for any a, b, c, d > 0 with
b/a > d/c 1 and fixed m > 0, 0 k 2m, Q3f is strictly increasing (decreasing) in p on k,
and decreasing (increasing) on , k.
The monotonicity of Q2f is converse if m < 0, 2m k 0.
1 1
ln g3f p ln Hf p, 2m p ln Hf 2k p, 2m 2k p
2 2
1 1 2.21
1 1
T t32 dt T t31 dt,
2 0 2 0
where
t32 tp 1 t 2m p , t31 t 2k p 1 t 2m 2k p . 2.22
1 1 |t32 |
1
1
ln g3f p 2t 1 T t32 T t31 dt 2t 1 T v; a, bdv dt.
2 0 2 0 |t31 |
2.23
Hence,
where hx, y is defined by 2.11. It has shown that hx, y > <0 for x, y > 0 if T3 1, u
strictly increase decrease with u > 1 and decrease increase with 0 < u < 1, and we have
also to check the sign of 2t 1|t32 | |t31 |. Easy calculation reveals that if m > 0, 0 k 2m,
then
t232 t231
2t 1|t32 | |t31 | 2t 1
|t32 | |t31 |
tk 1 t2m k
42t 12 pk 2.25
|t32 | |t31 |
> 0, if p > k,
< 0, if p < k,
8 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
which yields
> <0, if p > k,
ln Q3f p 2.26
< >0, if p < k.
Theorem 2.4. The conditions are the same as those of Theorem 2.1. Then, for any a, b, c, d > 0 with
b/a > d/c 1 and fixed k, r, s R with r s / 0, Q4f is strictly increasing (decreasing) in p on
k, and decreasing (increasing) on , k if kr s > 0.
The monotonicity of Q4f is converse if kr s < 0.
1 r
s,
T pt dt, if r /
ln Hf pr, ps r s s 2.27
T pr , if r s.
The case r s /
0 has no interest since it can come down to the case of m 0 in Theorem 2.2.
Therefore, we may assume that r / s. We have
ln g4f p ln Hf pr, ps Hf 2k p r, 2k p s
r r 2.28
1 1 1 1
T pt dt T 2k p t dt,
2rs s 2rs s
and then
r r
1 1
1 1
ln g4f p tT pt dt tT 2k p t dt
2rs s 2rs s
r 2.29
1 1
t T pt T 2k p t .
2rs s
Note that T t is even see 13, 2.7 and so tT pt T 2k pt is odd, then make use
of Lemma 3.3 in 13, ln g4f p can be expressed as
|r|
1 r s
ln g4f p t T pt T 2k p t dt
2 |r| |s| |s|
2.30
1 r s |r| |t42 |
t T vdv dt,
2 |r| |s| |s| |t41 |
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 9
where
t42 pt, t41 2k p t. 2.31
Hence,
ln Q4f p ln g4f p; a, b ln g4f p; c, d
|r| |t42 |
1 rs
t T v; a, b T v; c, d dv dt
2 |r| |s| |s| |t41 | 2.32
|r|
1 rs
t|t42 | |t41 |h|t41 |, |t42 |dt,
2 |r| |s| |s|
where hx, y is defined by 2.11. We have shown that hx, y > <0 for x, y > 0 if T3 1, u
strictly increase decrease with u > 1 and decrease increase with 0 < u < 1, and we also
have
sgn|t42 | |t41 | sgn t242 t241 sgnk sgn p k . 2.33
It follows that
sgn Q4f p sgnr s sgnk sgn p k sgn h|t41 |, |t42 |
> <0, if kr s > 0, p > k,
< >0, if kr s > 0, p < k, 2.34
< >0, if kr s < 0, p > k,
> <0, if kr s < 0, p < k.
3. Applications
As shown previously, Sp,q a, b HL p, q; a, b, where L Lx, y is the logarithmic mean.
Also, it has been proven in 14 that T3 1, u < 0 if u > 1 and T3 1, u > 0 if 0 < u < 1. From the
applications of Theorems 2.12.4, we have the following.
Corollary 3.1. Let a, b, c, d > 0 with b/a > d/c 1. Then, the following four functions are all
strictly decreasing (increasing) on k, and increasing (decreasing) on , k:
i Q1L is defined by
Sp,q a, bS2kp,q a, b
Q1L p , 3.1
Sp,q c, dS2kp,q c, d
for fixed q 0, k 0, but q, k are not equal to zero at the same time,
10 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
for fixed m, k with k 0 and k m 0, but m, k are not equal to zero at the same
time,
iii Q3L is defined by
Sp,2mp a, bS2kp,2m2kp a, b
Q3L p , 3.3
Sp,2mp c, dS2kp,2m2kp c, d
Remark 3.2. Letting in the first result of Corollary 3.1, q k yields Theorem 3.4 in 13 since
Sp,k S2kp,k Sp,2kp . Letting q 1, k 0 yields
Ga, b Sp,1 a, bSp,1 a, b La, b
Q1L < < Q1L 0 . 3.5
Gc, d Sp,1 c, dSp,1 c, d Lc, d
Inequalities 3.5 in the case of d c were proved by Alzer in 21. By letting q 1, k 1/2
from Q1L 1/2 > Q1L 1 > Q1L 2, we have
Aa, b Ga, b La, bIa, b Aa, bGa, b
> > . 3.6
Ac, d Gc, d Lc, dIc, d Ac, dGc, d
Remark 3.3. Letting in the second result of Corollary 3.1, m 1, k 0 yields Cheung and Qis
result see 23, Theorem 2. And we have
Ga, b Sp,p1 a, bSp,p1 a, b La, b
Q2L < < Q2L 0 . 3.7
Gc, d Sp,p1 c, dSp,p1 c, d Lc, d
Remark 3.4. In the third result of Corollary 3.1, letting k m also leads to Theorem 3.4 in 13.
Put m 1/2, k 1/4. Then from Q3L 1/4 > Q3L 1/2, we obtain a new inequality
He1/2 a, b La, bI1/2 a, b
> . 3.8
He1/2 c, d Lc, dI1/2 c, d
Remark 3.5. Letting in the third result of Corollary 3.1, k 1/2 and r, s 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1,
and we deduce that all the following three functions
Lp a, bL1p a, b Ip a, bI1p a, b Ap a, bA1p a, b
p , p , p ,
Lp c, dL1p c, d Ip c, dI1p c, d Ap c, dA1p c, d
3.10
are strictly decreasing on 1/2, and increasing on , 1/2, where Lp L1/p ap , bp , Ip
I 1/p ap , bp , and Ap A1/p ap , bp are the p-order logarithmic, identric exponential, and
power mean, respectively, particularly, so are the functions Lp L1p , Ip I1p , Ap A1p .
4. Other Results
Let d c in Theorems 2.12.4. Then, Hf p, q; c, d c and T t; c, c 0. From the their
proofs, it is seen that the condition T3 1, u strictly increases decreases with u > 1 and
decreases increases with 0 < u < 1 can be reduce to T v > <0 for v > 0, which is
equivalent with J x yxIx < >0, where I ln fxy , by 2.4. Thus, we obtain critical
theorems for the monotonicities of gif , i 1 4, defined as 1.21.5.
If f is defined on R2 \ {x, x, x R }, then T t may be not continuous at t 0, and
2.13 in 13 may not hold for p, q R but must be hold for p, q R . And then, we easily
derive the following from the proofs of Theorems 2.12.4.
12 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Theorem 4.2. Suppose that f: R2 \ {x, x, x R } R is a symmetric, first-order homogenous
and three-time dierentiable function and J x yxIx < >0, where I ln fxy . Then for
b the following four functions are strictly increasing (decreasing) in p on k, 2k and
a, b > 0 with a /
decreasing (increasing) on 0, k:
i g1f is defined by 1.2, for fixed q, k > 0;
ii g2f is defined by 1.3, for fixed m, k with k > 0 and k m > 0;
iii g3f is defined by 1.4, for fixed m > 0 and 0 k 2m;
iv g4f is defined by 1.5, for fixed k, r, s > 0.
Disclosure
This paper is in final form and no version of it will be submitted for publication elsewhere.
References
1 E. F. Beckenbach and R. Bellman, Inequalities, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1961.
2 W. L. Wang, G. X. Li, and J. Chen, Some inequalities of ratio of means, Journal of Chendu University
of Science and Technology, vol. 1988, no. 6, pp. 8388, 1988.
3 J. Chen and Z. Wang, The Heron mean and the power mean inequalities, Hunan Bulletin of Mathe-
matics, vol. 1988, no. 2, pp. 1516, 1988 Chinese.
4 C. E. M. Pearce and J. Pecaric, On the ration of Logarithmic means, Anzeiger der Osterreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, vol. 131, pp. 3944, 1994.
5 C. P. Chen and F. Qi, Monotonicity properties for generalized logarithmic means, Australian Journal
of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 1, no. 2, article 2, 2004.
6 F. Qi, S. X. Chen, and C. P. Chen, Monotonicity of ratio between the generalized logarith- mic means,
Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 559564, 2007.
7 F. Qi and S. X. Chen, Complete monotonicity of the logarithmic mean, Mathematical Inequalities and
Applications, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 799804, 2007.
8 E. Neuman and J. Sandor, Inequalities for the ratios of certain bivariate means, Journal of Mathe-
matical Inequalities, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 383396, 2008.
9 C. P. Chen, The monotonicity of the ratio between generalized logarithmic means, Journal of Mathe-
matical Analysis and Applications, vol. 345, no. 1, pp. 8689, 2008.
10 C. P. Chen, Stolarsky and Gini means, RGMIA Research Report Collection, vol. 11, no. 4, article 11,
2008.
11 C. P. Chen, The monotonicity of the ratio between Stolarsky means, RGMIA Research Report Collec-
tion, vol. 11, no. 4, article 15, 2008.
12 L. Losonczi, Ratio of Stolarsky means: Monotonicity and comparison, Publicationes Mathematicae,
vol. 75, no. 1-2, article 18, pp. 221238, 2009.
13 Z. H. Yang, Some monotonictiy results for the ratio of two-parameter symmetric homogeneous func-
tions, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2009, Article ID 591382, 12
pages, 2009.
14 Z. H. Yang, Log-convexity of ratio of the two-parameter symmetric homogeneous functions and an
application, Journal of Inequalities and Special Functions, no. 11, pp. 1629, 2010.
15 Z. H. Yang, ON the homogeneous functions with two parameters and its monotonicity, Journal of
Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 6, no. 4, article 101, 2005.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 13
Research Article
Refinements of Inequalities among
Difference of Means
Copyright q 2012 Huan-Nan Shi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In this paper, for the dierence of famous means discussed by Taneja in 2005, we study the Schur-
geometric convexity in 0, 0, of the dierence between them. Moreover some inequalities
related to the dierence of those means are obtained.
1. Introduction
In 2005, Taneja 1 proved the following chain of inequalities for the binary means for a, b
R2 0, 0, :
where
ab
Aa, b ,
2
Ga, b ab,
2ab 1.2
Ha, b ,
ab
2
a b Aa, b Ga, b
N1 a, b ,
2 2
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
aab b 2Aa, b Ga, b
N3 a, b ,
3 3
a b a b 1.3
N2 a, b ,
2 2
a2 b2
Sa, b .
2
The means A, G, H, S, N1 and N3 are called, respectively, the arithmetic mean, the geometric
mean, the harmonic mean, the root-square mean, the square-root mean, and Herons mean.
The N2 one can be found in Taneja 2, 3.
Furthermore Taneja considered the following dierence of means:
Theorem A. The dierence of means given by 1.4 is nonnegative and convex in R2 0,
0, .
Further, using Theorem A, Taneja proved several chains of inequalities; they are
refinements of inequalities in 1.1.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 3
1 1 1
MSA a, b MSH a, b MAH a, b MSG a, b MAG a, b, 1.5
3 2 2
1 1 1
MAH a, b MN2 N1 a, b MN2 G a, b MAG a, b MAN2 a, b, 1.6
8 3 4
4
MSA a, b MSN2 a, b 4MAN2 a, b, 1.7
5
3
MSH a, b 2MSN1 a, b MSG a, b, 1.8
2
3 2
MSA a, b MSN3 a, b MSN1 a, b. 1.9
4 3
For the dierence of means given by 1.4, we study the Schur-geometric convexity of
dierence between these dierences in order to further improve the inequalities in 1.1. The
main result of this paper reads as follows.
Theorem I. The following dierences are Schur-geometrically convex in R2 0, 0, :
1
DSHSA a, b MSH a, b MSA a, b,
3
1 1
DAHSH a, b MAH a, b MSH a, b,
2 3
DSGAH a, b MSG a, b MAH a, b,
1
DAGSG a, b MAG a, b MSG a, b,
2
1
DN2 N1 AH a, b MN2 N1 a, b MAH a, b,
8
1
DN2 GN2 N1 a, b MN2 G a, b MN2 N1 a, b,
3
1.10
1 1
DAGN2 G a, b MAG a, b MN2 G a, b,
4 3
1
DAN2 AG a, b MAN2 a, b MAG a, b,
4
4
DSN2 SA a, b MSN2 a, b MSA a, b,
5
4
DAN2 SN2 a, b 4MAN2 a, b MSN2 a, b,
5
DSN1 SH a, b 2MSN1 a, b MSH a, b,
3
DSGSN1 a, b MSG a, b 2MSN1 a, b,
2
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
3
DSN3 SA a, b MSN3 a, b MSA a, b, 1.11
4
2 3
DSN1 SN3 a, b MSN1 a, b MSN3 a, b.
3 4
The proof of this theorem will be given in Section 3. Applying this result, in Section 4,
we prove some inequalities related to the considered dierences of means. Obtained
inequalities are refinements of inequalities 1.51.9.
i x is said to be majorized by y in symbols x y if ki1 xi ki1 yi for k
n
n
1, 2, . . . , n 1 and i1 xi i1 yi , where x1 xn and y1 yn are
rearrangements of x and y in a descending order.
ii Rn is called a convex set if x1 y1 , . . . , xn yn for every x and y ,
where and 0, 1 with 1.
iii Let Rn . The function : R is said to be a Schur-convex function on if
x y on implies x y. is said to be a Schur-concave function on if and
only if is Schur-convex.
Definition 2.3 see 4, 20. i The set Rn is called symmetric set, if x implies P x
for every n n permutation matrix P .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5
ii The function : R is called symmetric if, for every permutation matrix P ,
P x x for all x .
Lemma 2.4 see 15. Let Rn be a symmetric and geometrically convex set with a nonempty
interior 0 . Let : R be continuous on and dierentiable in 0 . If is symmetric on and
ln x1 ln x2 x1 x2 0 0 2.1
x1 x2
ab 1 2ab
1 , 2.2
2a2 b2 2 a b2
ab ab 3
, 2.3
2a2 b2 a b2 4
3 ab a b 5 ab
2 2 a b
. 2.4
2 a b 4 a b2
Proof. It is easy to see that the left-hand inequality in 2.2 is equivalent to a b2 0, and
the right-hand inequality in 2.2 is equivalent to
2a2 b2 a b a b2 4ab
, 2.5
2a2 b2 2a b2
that is,
a b2 a b2
. 2.6
2a2 b2 2a2 b2 a b 2a b2
2 a2 b2 2a2 b2 a b 2 a2 b2 a b2 2a b2 , 2.7
2a2 b2 a b a b2
. 2.8
2a2 b2 4a b2
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Since
2a2 b2 a b 2 a2 b2 a b2
2a2 b2 2a2 b2 2a2 b2 a b
2.9
a b2
,
2a2 b2 a b 2a2 b2
2 a2 b2 a b 2a2 b2 4a b2 , 2.10
that is,
a b 2a2 b2 2 a2 b2 4ab , 2.11
a b 2a2 b2 2 a2 b2 2 a2 b2 4ab , 2.12
9 1 2t 1 25 t4 5t2
1 . 2.14
4 2 2 4t 16 1 2t4 21 2t2
Lemma 2.6 see 16. Let a b, ut ta 1 tb, vt tb 1 ta. If 1/2 t2 t1 1 or
0 t1 t2 1/2, then
ab ab
, ut2 , vt2 ut1 , vt1 a, b. 2.17
2 2
we have
whence
DSHSA a, b DSHSA a, b
: ln a ln b a b
a b
3.3
1 2ab 2 ab
a bln a ln b .
2 3a b2 3 2a2 b2
1 2ab 2 ab
0, 3.4
2 3a b2 3 2a2 b2
which implies 0 and, by Lemma 2.4, it follows that DSHSA is Schur-geometrically convex
in R2 .
2 For
1 1 ab ab 1 a2 b2 3.5
DAHSH a, b MAH a, b MSH a, b .
2 3 4 3a b 3 2
8 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
we have
and then
DSHSA a, b DSHSA a, b
: ln a ln b a b
a b
3.8
ab 1 2ab
a bln a ln b .
2a2 b2 2 a b2
we have
DAGSG a, b 1 b a
1 ,
a 2 2 ab 2a2 b2
3.10
DAGSG a, b 1 a b
1 ,
b 2 2 ab 2a2 b2
and then
DSHSA a, b DSHSA a, b
: ln a ln b a b
a b
3.11
ab
a bln a ln b 1 .
2a2 b2
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 9
ab
1 0, 3.12
2a2 b2
1
DN2 N1 AH a, b MN2 N1 a, b MAH a, b
8
a b a b 1 1 1 ab 2ab
a b ab ,
2 2 4 2 8 2 ab
3.13
we have
DN2 N1 AH a, b 1 ab 1 b a b 1/2
a
a 4 a 2 4 22
1 b 1 1 2b2
,
4 4 ab 8 2 a b2
3.14
DN2 N1 AH a, b 1 ab 1 a b a b 1/2
b 4 b 2 4 2 2
1 a 1 1 2a2
,
4 4 ab 8 2 a b2
and then
DN2 N1 AH a, b DN2 N1 AH a, b
ln a ln b a b
a b
3.15
1 ab a b 5 ab
a bln a ln b
.
4 2 a b 2 ab 4 a b2
6 For
1
DN2 GN2 N1 a, b MN2 G a, b MN2 N1 a, b
3
3.17
ab ab 2 a b a b
,
4 6 3 2 2
we have
DN2 GN2 N1 a, b 1 b 1 ab 1 a b a b 1/2
,
a 4 12 ab 6 a 2 6 2 2
3.18
DN2 GN2 N1 a, b 1 a 1 ab 1 a b a b 1/2
,
b 4 12 ab 6 b 2 6 2 2
and then
DN2 GN2 N1 a, b DN2 GN2 N1 a, b
ln a ln b a b
a b
a b a b 1/2
1 a b ab ab
ln a ln b a b
4 6 2 12 2 3.19
1 3 ab a b
a bln a ln b
.
6 2 2 a b 2 ab
By 2.4 we infer that 0, which proves that DN2 GN2 N1 is Schur-geometrically convex in
R2 .
7 For
1 1
DAGN2 G a, b MAG a, b MN2 G a, b
4 3
3.20
ab 1 1 a b a b
ab ,
8 12 3 2 2
we have
DAGN2 G a, b 1 b ab a b
,
a 8 24 ab 12 2a 12 2a b
3.21
DAGN2 G a, b 1 a ab a b
,
b 8 24 ab 12 2b 12 2a b
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 11
and then
DAGN2 G a, b DAGN2 G a, b
ln a ln b a b
a b
a b a b a b a b
a b
ln a ln b
8 12 2 12 2a b 3.22
a bln a ln b 2 ab a b
1
.
8 3 2 a b 2 ab
From 2.4 we have 0, and, consequently, by Lemma 2.4, we obtain that DAGN2 G is
Schur-geometrically convex in R2 .
8 In order to prove that the function DAN2 AG a, b is Schur-geometrically convex in
2
R it is enough to notice that
1
DAN2 AG a, b MAN2 a, b MAG a, b 3DAGN2 G a, b. 3.23
4
9 For
4
DSN2 SA a, b MSN2 a, b MSA a, b
5
3.24
a b 1 a2 b2 1
a b 2a b,
2 5 2 5
we have
DSN2 SA a, b 1 a 1 ab a b
,
a 2 5 2a2 b2 5 2a 5 2a b
3.25
DSN2 SA a, b 1 b 1 ab a b
,
b 2 5 2a2 b2 5 2b 5 2a b
12 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
and then
DSN2 SA a, b DSN2 SA a, b
ln a ln b
a b
a b a b
a b a b aa b ba b
2 2
1
ln a ln b
2 5 2a b 5
2 2 2 2 5 2a b
a bln a ln b 5 ab ab a b
.
5 2 2 a2 b2 a b ab
3.26
5 ab ab a b 5 3
2 0, 3.27
2 a b
2 2 a b ab 2 2
so 0, which proves that the function DSN2 SA a, b is Schur-geometrically convex in R2 .
10 One can easily check that
a2 b2 a b 2ab 3.29
DSN1 SH a, b 2MSN1 a, b MSH a, b ab
2 2 ab
12 For
3
DSGSN1 a, b MSG a, b 2MSN1 a, b
2
3.31
1 a b
2 2
a b ab ,
2 2
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 13
we have
DSGSN1 a, b 1 b a
1 ,
a 2 2 ab 2a2 b2
3.32
DSGSN1 a, b 1 a b
1 ,
b 2 2 ab 2a2 b2
and then
DSGSN1 a, b DSGSN1 a, b
ln a ln b a b
a b
3.33
a bln a ln b ab
1 .
2 2a2 b2
By the inequality 2.2 we get that 0, which proves that DSGSN1 is Schur-
geometrically convex in R2 .
13 It is easy to check that
1
DSN3 SA a, b DAGSG a, b, 3.34
2
1
DSN1 SN3 a, b DAGSG a, b. 3.35
6
4. Applications
Applying Theorem I, Lemma 2.6, and Definition 2.2 one can easily prove the following.
14 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Theorem II. Let 0 < a b. 1/2 t 1 or 0 t 1/2, u at b1t and v bt a1t . Then
1 1 1
MSA a, b MSH a, b MSH u, v MSA u, v MSH a, b
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
MAH a, b MAH u, v MSH u, v MAH a, b
2 2 3 2
4.1
1 1 1 1
MSG a, b MSG u, v MAH u, v MSG a, b
2 2 2 2
1
MAG a, b MAG u, v MSG u, v MAG a, b,
2
1 1
MAH a, b MN2 N1 a, b MN2 N1 u, v MAH u, v MN2 N1 a, b
8 8
1 1 1
MN2 G a, b MN2 G u, v MN2 N1 u, v MN2 G a, b
3 3 3
4.2
1 1 1 1
MAG a, b MAG u, v MN2 G u, v MAG a, b
4 4 3 4
1
MAN2 a, b MAN2 u, v MAG u, v MAN2 a, b,
4
4 4 4 4
MSA a, b MSN2 a, b MSN2 u, v MSN2 u, v MSN2 a, b
5 5 5 5
4.3
4
4MAN2 a, b 4MAN2 u, v MSN2 u, v 4MAN2 a, b,
5
MSH a, b 2MSN1 a, b 2MSN1 u, v MSH u, v 2MSN1 a, b
4.4
3 3 3 3
MSG a, b MSG u, v MSG u, v MSG a, b,
2 2 2 2
3 3 3
MSA a, b MSN3 a, b MSN3 u, v MSA u, v MSN3 a, b
4 4 4
4.5
2 2 3 2
MSN1 a, b MSN1 u, v MSN3 u, v MSN1 a, b.
3 3 4 3
Remark 4.1. Equation 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 are a refinement of 1.5, 1.6, 1.7,
1.8, and 1.9, respectively.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. The
first author was supported in part by the Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing
Municipal Commission of Education KM201011417013.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 15
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14 H.-N. Shi, S.-H. Wu, and F. Qi, An alternative note on the Schur-convexity of the extended mean
values, Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 219224, 2006.
15 X. M. Zhang, Geometrically Convex Functions, Anhui University Press, Hefei, China, 2004.
16 H.-N. Shi, Y.-M. Jiang, and W.-D. Jiang, Schur-convexity and Schur-geometrically concavity of Gini
means, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 266274, 2009.
17 Y. Chu, X. Zhang, and G. Wang, The Schur geometrical convexity of the extended mean values,
Journal of Convex Analysis, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 707718, 2008.
18 K. Guan, A class of symmetric functions for multiplicatively convex function, Mathematical
Inequalities & Applications, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 745753, 2007.
19 H.-N. Shi, M. Bencze, S.-H. Wu, and D.-M. Li, Schur convexity of generalized Heronian means
involving two parameters, Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2008, Article ID 879273, 9 pages,
2008.
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1990.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2012, Article ID 730962, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/730962
Research Article
Complete Moment Convergence of Weighted Sums
for Arrays of Rowwise -Mixing Random Variables
Ming Le Guo
School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
Copyright q 2012 Ming Le Guo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The complete moment convergence of weighted sums for arrays of rowwise -mixing random
variables is investigated. By using moment inequality and truncation method, the sucient
conditions for complete moment convergence of weighted sums for arrays of rowwise -mixing
random variables are obtained. The results of Ahmed et al. 2002 are complemented. As an
application, the complete moment convergence of moving average processes based on a -mixing
random sequence is obtained, which improves the result of Kim et al. 2008.
1. Introduction
Hsu and Robbins 1 introduced the concept of complete convergence of {Xn }. A sequence
{Xn , n 1, 2, . . .} is said to converge completely to a constant C if
P |Xn C| > < , > 0. 1.1
n1
Moreover, they proved that the sequence of arithmetic means of independent identically
distributed i.i.d. random variables converge completely to the expected value if the variance
of the summands is finite. The converse theorem was proved by Erdos 2. This result has
been generalized and extended in several directions, see Baum and Katz 3, Chow 4, Gut
5, Taylor et al. 6, and Cai and Xu 7. In particular, Ahmed et al. 8 obtained the following
result in Banach space.
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
sup|ani | O nr , for some r > 0,
i1
1.2
|ani | On , for some 0, r.
i1
Theorem B. Let EX1 0, 1 p < 2 and r p. Suppose that E|X1 |r |X1 | log1 |X1 | < .
Then
n
r/p21/p 1.3
n E Xi n1/p
< , > 0.
n1
i1
The main purpose of this paper is to discuss again the above results for arrays of
rowwise -mixing random variables. The author takes the inspiration in 8 and discusses
the complete moment convergence of weighted sums for arrays of rowwise -mixing random
variables by applying truncation methods. The results of Ahmed et al. 8 are extended to -
mixing case. As an application, the corresponding results of moving average processes based
on a -mixing random sequence are obtained, which extend and improve the result of Kim
and Ko 9.
For the proof of the main results, we need to restate a few definitions and lemmas for
easy reference. Throughout this paper, C will represent positive constants, the value of which
may change from one place to another. The symbol IA denotes the indicator function of A;
x indicates the maximum integer not larger than x. For a finite set B, the symbol B denotes
the number of elements in the set B.
Lemma 1.3. Let the sequence {Xn , n 1} of random variables be stochastically dominated by a
random variable X. Then for any p > 0, x > 0
E|Xn |p I|Xn | x C E|X|p I|X| x xp P {|X| > x} , 1.5
Definition 1.4. A real-valued function lx, positive and measurable on A, for some A > 0,
is said to be slowly varying if limx lx/lx 1 for each > 0.
By the properties of slowly varying function, we can easily prove the following lemma.
Here we omit the details of the proof.
Lemma 1.5. Let lx > 0 be a slowly varying function as x , then there exists C (depends only
on r) such that
k
i Ckr 1 lk n1 nr ln Ckr 1 lk for any r > 1 and positive integer k,
ii Ckr 1 lk nk nr ln Ckr 1 lk for any r < 1 and positive integer k.
The following lemma will play an important role in the proof of our main results. The
proof is due to Shao 10.
Lemma 1.6. Let {Xi , 1 i n} be a sequence of -mixing random variables with mean zero. Suppose
2
that there exists a sequence {Cn } of positive numbers such that E k m
ik 1 Xi Cn for any k 0, n
1, m n. Then for any q 2, there exists C Cq, such that
q
k j
E max q/2 q
Xi C Cn E max |Xi | . 1.7
1jn k 1ik n
ik 1
Lemma 1.7. Let {Xi , 1 i n} be a sequence of -mixing random variables with i1 1/2 i < ,
then there exists C such that for any k 0 and n 1
2
k n
k n
E Xi C EXi2 . 1.8
ik 1 ik 1
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
2
k n
k n
E Xi EXi2 2 EXi Xj
ik 1 ik 1 k 1i<jk n
k n 1/2 1/2
EXi2 4 1/2 j i EXi2 EXj2
ik 1 k 1i<jk n
1.9
k n
k n1 k n
EXi2 2 1/2 j i EXi2 EXj2
ik 1 ik 1 ji 1
n
k n
1 4 1/2
i EXi2 .
i1 ik 1
2. Main Results
Now we state our main results. The proofs will be given in Section 3.
Theorem 2.1. Let {Xni , i 1, n 1} be an array of rowwise -mixing random variables with EXni
0, {Xni } X and m1
1/2
m < . Let lx > 0 be a slowing varying function, and {ani , i 1, n
1} be an array of constants such that
sup|ani | O nr , for some r > 0,
i1
2.1
|ani | On , for some 0, r.
i1
a If 1 > 0 and there exists some > 0 such that /r 1 < 2, and s
max1 1/r, , then E|X|s l|X|1/r < implies
k
2.2
n lnE sup ani Xni < ,
> 0.
n1
k1 i1
k
1 2.3
n lnE sup ani Xni < , > 0.
n1
k1 i1
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5
Remark 2.2. If 1 < 0, then E|X| < implies that 2.2 holds. In fact,
k
n lnE sup ani Xni
n ln |ani |E|Xni | n ln
n1
k1 i1
n1 i1 n1
2.4
C
n lnE|X| n ln < .
n1 n1
Therefore, from 2.5, we obtain that the complete moment convergence implies the complete
convergence, that is, under the conditions of Theorem 2.1, result 2.2 implies
k
n lnP sup ani Xni > < ,
2.6
n1
k1 i1
k
1
n lnP sup ani Xni > < . 2.7
n1
k1 i1
1 if 1 > 0 and there exists some > 0 such that /r 1 < 2, and s
max1 1/r, , then E|X|s l|X|1/r < implies
2.8
n lnE ani Xni < ,
> 0,
n1
i1
1 2.9
n lnE ani Xni < , > 0.
n1
i1
Corollary 2.5. Let {Xni , i 1, n 1} be an array of rowwise -mixing random variables with
EXni 0,{Xni } X and m1
1/2
m < . Suppose that lx > 0 is a slowly varying function.
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
k
2.10
np21/t
lnE max Xni n1/t
< , > 0.
1kn
n1 i1
k
11/t 2.11
n lnE max Xni n1/t
< , > 0.
1kn
n1 i1
Corollary 2.6. Suppose that Xn i ai n Yi , n 1, where {ai , < i < } is a sequence of
real numbers with |ai | < , and {Yi , < i < } is a sequence of -mixing random variables
with EYi 0, {Yi } Y and m1
1/2
m < . Let lx be a slowly varying function.
n
r/t21/t 2.12
n lnE Xi n1/t
< , > 0.
n1
i1
n
11/t 2.13
n lnE Xi n1/t
< , > 0.
n1
i1
Remark 2.7. Corollary 2.6 obtains the result about the complete moment convergence of
moving average processes based on a -mixing random sequence with dierent distributions.
We extend the results of Chen et al. 12 from the complete convergence to the complete
moment convergence. The result of Kim and Ko 9 is a special case of Corollary 2.6 1.
Moreover, our result covers the case of r t, which was not considered by Kim and Ko.
sup|ani | nr , |ani | n . 3.1
i1 i1
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 7
Let Snk x ki1 ani Xni I|ani Xni | nr x for any k 1, n 1, and x 0. First note that
E|X|s l|X|1/r < implies E|X|t < for any 0 < t < s. Therefore, for x > nr ,
k
1 r 1 r r
x n supE|Snk x| x n supE ani Xni I |ani Xni | > n x EXni 0
k1 k1
i1
E|ani Xni |I |ani Xni | > nr x E|ani X|I |ani X| > nr x
i1 i1 3.2
|ani |E|X|I|X| > x n E|X|I|X| > x
i1
Hence, for n large enough we have supk1 E|Snk x| < /2nr x. Then
k
n lnE sup ani Xni
n1
k1 i1
k
n ln
P sup ani Xni x dx
n1
k1 i1
k
r 3.3
n r
ln P sup ani Xni n x dx
n1 nr
k1 i1
r
C n r
ln P sup|ani Xni | > n x dx
n1 nr i
r
C r
n ln P sup|Snk x ESnk x| n x dx : I1 I2 .
n1 nr k1 2
Noting that > 1, by Lemma 1.5, Markov inequality, 1.6, and 3.1, we have
I1 C nr ln P |ani Xni | > nr x dx
n1 nr i1
C nr ln nr x1 E|ani Xni |I |ani Xni | > nr x dx
n1 nr i1
C n ln x1 E|X|I|X| > xdx
n1 nr
kr 1
C n
ln x1 E|X|I|X| > xdx
n1 kn kr
8 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
k
C n ln k1 E|X|I|X| > kr C k1 E|X|I|X| > kr n ln
n1 kn k1 n1
C k lkE|X|I|X| > kr CE|X|1 1 /r l |X|1/r < .
k1
3.4
Now we estimate I2 , noting that m1 1/2 m < , by Lemma 1.7, we have
2
m
m
r r
sup E ani Xni I |ani Xni | n x E ani Xni I |ani Xni | n x
1m< i1 i1
3.5
r
C Ea2ni Xni
2
I |ani Xni | n x .
i1
By Lemma 1.6, Markov inequality, Cr inequality, and 1.5, for any q 2, we have
r
P sup|Snk x ESnk x| n x Cnrq xq Esup|Snk x ESnk x|q
k1 2 k1
q/2
Cnrq xq Ea2ni Xni
2
I |ani Xni | nr x E|ani Xni |q I |ani Xni | nr x
i1 i1
q/2
rq q
r
3.6
Cn x Ea2ni X 2 I |ani X| n x Cnrq xq E|ani X|q I |ani X| nr x
i1 i1
q/2
r
C P |ani X| > n x C P |ani X| > nr x
i1 i1
: J1 J2 J3 J4 .
So,
I2 nr ln J1 J2 J3 J4 dx. 3.7
n1 nr
From 3.4, we have n1 n
r
ln nr J4 dx < .
For J1 , we consider the following two cases.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 9
If s > 2, then EX 2 < . Taking q 2 such that q r/2 < 1, we have
r
n ln J1 dx
n1 nr
q/2
q 3.8
C n r rq
ln x a2ni dx
n1 nr i1
C nr rq lnnqr/2 nrq 1 C n qr/2 ln < .
n1 n1
If s 2, we choose s such that 1 /r < s < s. Taking q 2 such that qr/21 /r
s < 1, we have
r
n ln J1 dx
n1 nr
q/2
s 1 2s s
q r
C n r rq
ln x |ani ||ani | E|ani X| |X| I |ani X| n x dx
n1 nr i1
3.9
q/22s
C nr rq lnnq/2 nqr/2s 1 x q
nr x dx
n1 nr
C n qr/21 /rs ln < .
n1
So, n1nr ln nr J1 dx < .
Now, we estimate J2 . Set Inj {i 1 | nj 1r < |ani | njr }, j 1, 2, . . .. Then
j1 Inj N, where N is the set of positive integers. Note also that for all k 1, n 1,
n |ani | |ani |
i1 j1 iInj
3.10
r
rq
Inj n j 1 nr Inj j 1 k 1rqr .
j1 jk
Hence, we have
Inj j rq Cn r krrq . 3.11
jk
10 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Note that
r
n ln J2 dx
n1 nr
C n r rq
ln xq E|ani X|q I |ani X| nr x dx
n1 nr j1 iInj
k 1r
rq
r
C n r rq
ln Inj nj xq E|X|q I |X| x j 1 dx
n1 j1 kn kr
rq
r
C nr rq ln Inj nj krq 11 E|X|q I |X| k 1r j 1
n1 j1 kn
3.12
k 1j 11
C nr ln krq 11 Inj j rq E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn j1 i0
2k 11
C nr ln krq 11 Inj j rq E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn j1 i0
k 1j 1
rq
C nr
ln k rq 11
Inj j E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn j1 i2k 1
: J2 J2 .
Taking q 2 large enough such that rq r < 1, for J2 , by Lemma 1.6 and 3.11, we
get
2k 11
J2 C nr ln krq 11 n r E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn i0
2k 11
k
C krq 11 E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r n ln
k1 i0 n1
2k 11
C k rq r lk E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
k1 i0
C C E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r k rq r lk
i3 ki/2
C C i rq r 1 liE|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r C CE|X|1 1/r l |X|1/r < .
i3
3.13
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 11
For J2 , we obtain
j 1k 1
J2 C nr ln krq 11 Inj j rq E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn j1 i2k 1
C nr ln krq 11 E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r Inj j rq
n1 kn i2k 1 jik 11 1
C nr ln krq 11 nr ir1q kr1q E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
n1 kn i2k 1
3.14
r
k
C k1 ir1q E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1 n ln
k1 i2k 1 n1
C k lk ir1q E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r
k1 i2k 1
C i 1 rrq E|X|q I ir < |X| i 1r CE|X|1 1/r l |X|1/r < .
i4
So n1 n
r
ln nr J2 dx < . Finally, we prove n1 n
r
ln nr J3 dx < . In fact, noting
1 a/r < s < s and qr/21 /r s < 1, using Markov inequality and 3.1, we
get
q/2
rs s s
r
n ln J3 dx C nr
ln n x E|ani X| dx
n1 nr n1 nr i1
qrs /2 rs 1q/2 q/2
C nr
lnn n n xs q/2 dx
n1 nr
C nr rq/2 q/2 lnnrs q/2 1 C n qr/21 /2s ln < .
n1 n1
3.15
Thus, we complete the proof in a. Next, we prove b. Note that E|X|1 /r < implies that
3.2 holds. Therefore, from the proof in a, to complete the proof of b, we only need to
prove
1r r
I2 C n ln P sup|Snk x ESnk x| n x dx < . 3.16
n1 nr k1 2
12 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
1 r
C n ln x2 Ea2ni X 2 I |ani X| nr x dx C CE|X|1 /r l |X|1/r < . 3.17
n1 nr i1
I2 C n1r ln n2r x2 E|Sxn ESxn |2 dx
n1 nr
C n1 r ln x2 Ea2ni Xni
2
I |ani Xni | nr x dx
n1 nr i1
C n1 r ln x2 Ea2ni X 2 I |ani X| nr x dx 3.18
n1 nr i1
C n1r ln P |ani X| > nr x dx
n1 nr i1
C n1 r ln x2 Ea2ni X 2 I |ani X| nr x dx C < .
n1 nr i1
k
3.19
ani Xni sup ani Xni .
i1
k1 i1
Proof of Corollary 2.5. By applying Theorem 2.1, taking p 2, ani n1/t for 1 i n,
and ani 0 for i > n, then we obtain 2.10. Similarly, taking 1, ani n1/t for 1 i n,
and ani 0 for i > n, we obtain 2.11 by Theorem 2.1.
Proof of Corollary 2.6. Let Xni Yi and ani n1/t nj1 ai j for all n 1, < i < .
Since |ai | < , we have supi |ani | On1/t and i |ani | On
11/t
. By applying
Corollary 2.4, taking r/t 2, r 1/t, 1 1/t, we obtain
n
r/t21/t
n lnE Xi n1/t
n lnE a X < , > 0.
n1
i1 n1
i ni ni
3.20
Acknowledgment
The paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China no. 11271020
and 11201004, the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education no. 211077, the Natural
Science Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province KJ2012ZD01, and the
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation no. 10040606Q30 and 1208085MA11.
References
1 P. L. Hsu and H. Robbins, Complete convergence and the law of large numbers, Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 33, pp. 2531, 1947.
2 P. Erdos,
On a theorem of hsu and robbins, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol. 20, pp. 286291,
1949.
3 L. E. Baum and M. Katz, Convergence rates in the law of large numbers, Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society, vol. 120, pp. 108123, 1965.
4 Y. S. Chow, On the rate of moment convergence of sample sums and extremes, Bulletin of the Institute
of Mathematics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 177201, 1988.
5 A. Gut, Complete convergence and ces`aro summation for i.i.d. random variables, Probability Theory
and Related Fields, vol. 97, no. 1-2, pp. 169178, 1993.
6 R. L. Taylor, R. F. Patterson, and A. Bozorgnia, A strong law of large numbers for arrays of rowwise
negatively dependent random variables, Stochastic Analysis and Applications, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 643
656, 2002.
7 G. H. Cai and B. Xu, Complete convergence for weighted sums of -mixing sequences and its
application, Journal of Mathematics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 419422, 2006.
8 S. E. Ahmed, R. G. Antonini, and A. Volodin, On the rate of complete convergence for weighted sums
of arrays of banach space valued random elements with application to moving average processes,
Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 185194, 2002.
9 T. S. Kim and M. H. Ko, Complete moment convergence of moving average processes under
dependence assumptions, Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 839846, 2008.
10 Q. M. Shao, A moment inequality and its applications, Acta Mathematica Sinica, vol. 31, no. 6, pp.
736747, 1988.
11 W. F. Stout, Almost Sure Convergence, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1974.
12 P. Y. Chen, T. C. Hu, and A. Volodin, Limiting behaviour of moving average processes under -
mixing assumption, Statistics & Probability Letters, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 105111, 2009.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2012, Article ID 597490, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/597490
Research Article
On Huygens Inequalities and the Theory of Means
Jozsef
Sandor
Department of Mathematics, Babes-Bolyai University, Strada Kogalniceanu no. 1,
400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
By using the theory of means, various refinements of Huygens trigonometric and hyperbolic
inequalities will be proved. New Huygens type inequalities will be provided, too.
1. Introduction
The famous Huygens trigonometric inequality see e.g., 13 states that for all x 0, /2
one has
The hyperbolic version of inequality 1.1 has been established recently by Neuman
and Sandor 3:
Let a, b > 0 be two positive real numbers. The logarithmic and identric means of a and
b are defined by
ba
L La, b : b; La, a a,
for a /
ln b ln a
1/ba 1.3
1 bb
I Ia, b : b; Ia, a a,
for a /
e aa
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
ab
P P a, b : for a
/ b, P a, a a. 1.4
2 arcsina b/a b
Let
ab
A Aa, b : , G Ga, b ab,
2
1.5
1 1
H Ha, b 2
a b
denote the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means of a and b, respectively. These means
have been also in the focus of many research papers in the last decades. For a survey of
results, see, for example, 46. In what follows, we will assume a /
b.
Now, by remarking that letting a 1 sin x, b 1 sin x, where x 0, /2, in
P, G, and A, we find that
sin x
P , G cos x, A 1, 1.6
x
3AG 2 1
P> 3 HA, A, G. 1.7
2G A A G
sinh x
L , G 1, A cosh x, 1.9
x
3AG 2 1
L> 3 HG, G, A. 1.10
2A G G A
2. First Improvements
b.
Suppose a, b > 0, a /
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 3
3AG
P > HL, A > HA, A, G, 2.1
2G A
3AG
L > HP, G > HG, G, A. 2.2
2A G
Proof. The inequalities P > HL, A and L > HP, G have been proved in paper 7 see
Corollary 3.2. In fact, stronger relations are valid, as we will see in what follows.
Now, the interesting fact is that the second inequality of 2.1, that is, 2LA/L A >
3AG/2GA becomes, after elementary transformations, exactly inequality 1.10, while the
second inequality of 2.2, that is, 2P G/P G > 3AG/2AG becomes inequality 1.7.
3AG
2.3
3
P> A2 G > ,
2G A
3AG
2.4
3
L > G2 A > .
2A G
Proof. The first inequality of 2.3 is proved in 6, while the first inequality of 2.8 is a well-
known inequality due to Leach and Sholander 8 see 4 for many related references. The
second inequalities of 2.3 and 2.4 are immediate consequences of the arithmetic-geometric
inequality applied for A, A, G and A, G, G, respectively.
Remark 2.3. By 2.3 and 1.6, we can deduce the following improvement of the Huygens
inequality 1.1:
sin x 3 cos x
> 3 cos x > , x 0, . 2.5
x 2 cos x 1 2
sinh x 3 cosh x
3
> cosh x > , x > 0. 2.6
x 2 cosh x 1
sinh x 2P 3 cosh x
> > , x > 0. 2.6
x P 1 2 cosh x 1
We note that the first inequality of 2.5 has been discovered by Adamovic and
Mitrinovic see 3, while the first inequality of 2.6 by Lazarevic see 3.
Now, we will prove that inequalities 2.2 of Theorem 2.1 and 2.4 of Theorem 2.2
may be compared in the following way.
Proof. We must prove the second inequality of 2.7. For this purpose, we will use the inequal-
ity see 6:
2A G
P< . 2.8
3
This implies G/P > 3G/G 2A, so 1/21 G/P > 2G A/G 2A.
Now, we will prove that
2G A 3 G 2.9
> .
G 2A A
2x 1
> 3 x. 2.10
x2
Note. The Referee suggested the following alternative proof: since P < 2A G/3and the
3
harmonic mean increases in both variables, it suces to prove stronger inequality A2 G >
H2A G/3, G which can be written as 2.9.
Remark 2.5. The following refinement of inequalities 2.6 is true:
sinh x 2P 3 cosh x
3
> cosh x > > , x > 0. 2.11
x P 1 2 cosh x 1
Proof. A computer computation shows that 2.13 is true for x 4. Now put x a3 in 2.13.
By taking logarithms, the inequality becomes
a3 1
fa 2 ln 9 ln a 3 ln2a 1 > 0. 2.14
2
As 42 4 3 2 3 2 22 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 > 0, we getthat f a > 0 for
3 3 3
a 4. This means that fa > f 4 > 0, as the inequality is true for a 4.
3 3 3
So
1 A 3 A
2.19
1 < .
2 L G
3
This immediately gives HL, A > A2 G.
sin x 2L 3 cos x
> > 3 cos x > , 2.20
x L 1 2 cos x 1
which is a refinement, in this case, of inequality 2.5 .
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
3. Further Improvements
Theorem 3.1. One has
AG 3AG
3.1
3
P> A2 G >
LA > > ,
L 2G A
AG 3AG
3.2
3
L > GP > G2 A > > .
P 2A G
Proof. The inequalities P > LA and L > GP are proved in 10. We will see, that further
refinements of these inequalities are true. Now, the second inequality of 3.1 follows by the
first inequality of 2.3, while the second inequality of 3.2 follows by the first inequality of
2.4. The last inequality is in fact an inequality by Carlson 11. For the inequalities on AG/P,
we use 2.3 and 2.8.
Proof. The first two inequalities of 3.5 one followed by the first inequality of 3.1 and the
fact that Gx, y > Hx, y with x L, y A.
Now, the inequality HA, L > AL/I may be written also as
AL
I> , 3.7
2
so 3.5 is proved.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 7
The first two inequalities of 3.6 have been proved by the author in 5. Since I > P
see 14 and by 3.2, inequalities 3.6 are completely proved.
Proof. In 3.12, we have to prove the first three inequalities, the rest are contained in 3.5.
The first inequality of 3.12 is proved in 6. For the second inequality, put A/G t > 1
By taking logarithms, we have to prove that
t1 t2
gt 4 ln 3 ln ln t > 0. 3.14
2 3
The third inequality of 3.12 follows by Carlsons relation L < 2G A/3 see 11.
The first inequality of 3.13 is proved in 9, while the second one in 15. The third
inequality follows by I > 2A G/3 see 12, while the fourth one by relation 2.9. The
fifth one is followed by 2.3.
Remark 3.6. The first three inequalities of 3.12 oer a strong improvement of the first
inequality of 3.1; the same is true for 3.13 and 3.2.
A G 2 3AA G A2G A
3 3AG 4.1
P> A > > > ,
2 5A G 2A G 2G A
3 A G 2 3GA G G2A G 3AG 4.2
L> G > > > .
2 5G A 2G A 2A G
Proof. The first inequalities of 4.1, respectively, 4.2 are the first ones in relations 3.12,
respectively, 3.13.
Now, apply the geometric mean-harmonic mean inequality:
3 3
3
xy2 3
xyy > ,
1 1 1 1 2 4.3
x y y x y
for x A, y A G/2 in order to deduce the second inequality of 4.1. The last two
inequalities become, after certain transformation,
The proof of 4.2 follows on the same lines, and we omit the details.
Theorem 4.2. For all x 0, , one has
2
x
sin x 4 tan > 3x. 4.5
2
x
sinh x 4 tanh > 3x. 4.6
2
Remarks 4.3. By 4.1, inequality 4.5 is a refinement of the classical Huygens inequality 1.1:
x
2 sin x tan x > sin x 4 tan > 3x. 4.3
2
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 9
x
2 sinh x tanh x > sinh x 4 tanh > 3x. 4.4
2
We will call 4.5 as the second Huygens inequality, while 4.6 as the second hyper-
bolic Huygens inequality.
In fact, by 4.1 and 4.2 refinements of these inequalities may be stated, too.
The inequality P > A2G A/2A G gives
sin x 2 cos x 1
> , 4.7
x cos x 2
or written equivalently:
sin x 3
> 2, x 0, . 4.8
x cos x 2 2
Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to Professor Edward Neuman for his support and discussions on this
topic. He also thanks the Referee for a careful reading of the paper and a new proof of
Theorem 2.4.
References
1 C. Huygens, Oeuvres Completes 18881940, Societe Hollondaise des Science, Haga, Gothenburg.
2 J. S. Sandor and M. Bencze, On Huygens trigonometric inequality, RGMIA Research Report
Collection, vol. 8, no. 3, article 14, 2005.
3 E. Neuman and J. Sandor, On some inequalities involving trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
with emphasis on the Cusa-Huygens, Wilker, and Huygens inequalities, Mathematical Inequalities &
Applications, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 715723, 2010.
4 J. Sandor, On the identric and logarithmic means, Aequationes Mathematicae, vol. 40, no. 2-3, pp.
261270, 1990.
5 J. Sandor, On refinements of certain inequalities for means, Archivum Mathematicum, vol. 31, no. 4,
pp. 279282, 1995.
6 J. Sandor, On certain inequalities for means. III, Archiv der Mathematik, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 3440, 2001.
7 E. Neuman and J. Sandor, On the Schwab-Borchardt mean, Mathematica Pannonica, vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 253266, 2003.
8 E. B. Leach and M. C. Sholander, Extended mean values. II, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and
Applications, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 207223, 1983.
9 J. Sandor, On certain inequalities for means. II, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol.
199, no. 2, pp. 629635, 1996.
10 E. Neuman and J. Sandor, On the Schwab-Borchardt mean. II, Mathematica Pannonica, vol. 17, no. 1,
pp. 4959, 2006.
11 B. C. Carlson, The logarithmic mean, The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 79, pp. 615618, 1972.
12 J. Sandor, A note on some inequalities for means, Archiv der Mathematik, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 471473,
1991.
13 H. Alzer, Two inequalities for means, La Societe Royale du Canada, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1116, 1987.
14 H. J. Seiert, Ungleichungen fur einen bestimmten Mittelwert, Nieuw Arch, Wisk, vol. 13, no. 42,
pp. 195198, 1995.
15 J. Sandor, New refinements of two inequalities for means, submitted.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2012, Article ID 430692, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/430692
Research Article
A Nice Separation of Some Seiffert-Type Means by
Power Means
Copyright q 2012 I. Costin and G. Toader. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Seiert has defined two well-known trigonometric means denoted by P and T. In a similar
way it was defined by Carlson the logarithmic mean L as a hyperbolic mean. Neuman and
Sandor completed the list of such means by another hyperbolic mean M. There are more known
inequalities between the means P, T, and L and some power means Ap . We add to these
inequalities two new results obtaining the following nice chain of inequalities A0 < L < A1/2 <
P < A1 < M < A3/2 < T < A2 , where the power means are evenly spaced with respect to their
order.
1. Means
A mean is a function M : R2 R , with the property
1/p
ap bp
Ap a, b , 0;
p/ 1.3
2
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
ii the geometric mean G, defined as Ga, b ab, but verifying also the property
ab
Pa, b 1
, b;
a/ 1.5
2 sin a b/a b
ab
Ta, b , a
/ b; 1.6
2 tan1 a b/a b
ab
Ma, b 1
, b;
a/ 1.7
2 sinh a b/a b
qap bp 1/pq
, pq p q /0
paq bq
p 1/ap bp
1 aa
, p q
/0
Sp,q a, b ep bb 1.8
p
1/p
ap bp
, 0, q 0
p/
pln a ln b
ab, p q 0.
The mean A1 A is the arithmetic mean and the mean S1,0 L is the logarithmic
mean. As Carlson remarked in 5, the logarithmic mean can be represented also by
ab
La, b 1
; 1.9
2 tanh a b/a b
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 3
thus the means P, T, M, and L are very similar. In 3 it is also proven that these means can
be defined using the nonsymmetric Schwab-Borchardt mean SB given by
b2 a2
, if a < b
cos1 a/b
SBa, b 1.10
a2 b2
, if a > b
cosh1 a/b
It is known that the family of power means is an increasing family of means, thus
Of course, it is more dicult to compare two Stolarsky means, each depending on two
parameters. To present the comparison theorem given in 8, 9, we have to give the definitions
of the following two auxiliary functions:
|x| y
, x/y
k x, y xy
signx, x y,
2.3
L x, y , x > 0, y > 0
l x, y
0, x 0, y 0, xy 0.
holds true if and only if pq r s, and (1) lp, q lr, s if 0 minp, q, r, s, (2) kp, q kr, s
if minp, q, r, s < 0 < maxp, q, r, s, or (3) lp, q lr, s if maxp, q, r, s 0.
We need also in what follows an important double-sided inequality proved in 3 for
the Schwab-Borchardt mean:
a 2b
2.5
3
ab2 < SBa, b < , b.
a/
3
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Being rather complicated, the Seiert-type means were evaluated by simpler means,
first of all by power means. The evaluation of a given mean M by power means assumes the
determination of some real indices p and q such that Ap < M < Aq . The evaluation is optimal
if p is the the greatest and q is the smallest index with this property. This means that M cannot
be compared with Ar if p < r < q.
For the logarithmic mean in 10, it was determined the optimal evaluation
as it was shown in 3. Moreover in 12 it was determined the optimal evaluation
To prove the full interlacing property of power means, our aim is to show that A3/2 can be put
between M and T. We thus obtain a nice separation of these Seiert-type means by power
means which are evenly spaced with respect to their order.
3. Main Results
We add to the inequalities 2.11 the next results.
are satisfied.
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5
Proof. First of all, let us remark that A3/2 S3,3/2 . So, for the first inequality in 3.1, it is
sucient to prove that the following chain of inequalities
A2 2A
M< < S3,1 < S3,3/2 3.2
3
is valid. The first inequality in 3.2 is a simple consequence of the property of the mean M
given in 1.11 and the second inequality from 2.5. The second inequality can be proved by
direct computation or by taking a 1 t, b 1 t, 0 < t < 1 which gives
1 t2 2 3 t2 3.3
< ,
3 3
which is easy to prove. The last inequality in 3.2 is given by the comparison theorem of the
Stolarsky means. In a similar way, the second inequality in 3.1 is given by the relations
S3,3/2 < S4,1 3
AA22 < T. 3.4
The first inequality is again given by the comparison theorem of the Stolarsky means. The
equality in 3.4 is shown by elementary computations, and the last inequality is a simple
consequence of the property of the mean T given in 1.11 and the first inequality from 2.5.
x x
1
< A3/2 1 x, 1 x < , 3.5
sinh x tan1 x
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the anonymous referee for oering them a simpler proof for their
results.
References
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pp. 253266, 2003.
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8792, 1975.
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Complexity, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1987.
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
7 B. C. Carlson, Algorithms involving arithmetic and geometric means, The American Mathematical
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