VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT TEST

1. Objectives of the experiment

To investigate the relationships between viscosity and the features such as shear stress, strain rate,
temperature, and time, by performing measurements.

2. Theoretical information

Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of a fluid. This friction occurs when a layer of fluid
moves relative to the other layer. As the friction increases, the so-called shear force which is required
for moving the fluid increases, as well. Shearing occurs when the fluid is physically mixed or
dispersed just as in the cases of spilling, spreading, spraying and mixing. The fluids with high
viscosity require more force for motion than those with low viscosity. Isaac Newton defines viscosity
as follows:

F denotes here the force received by each layer of fluid in the direction of x (N), A is the surface area
of each layer (m2), is the shear stress (N/m2), du/dy is the deformation ratio, and as the
proportionality constant, is defined as the absolute (or dynamic) viscosity. Viscosity can be
expressed in different units. For example, 1 Pa s = 10 P (Poise) and 1 mm Pa s = 1 cP (centipoise).

The fluids of which shear stresses are directly proportional to their deformation rates are named as
Newtonien Fluids. Those of which shear stresses are not directly proportional to their deformation
rates are named as Non-Newtonien Fluids. The fluids which have decreasing viscosity with increasing
deformation rate are called as Pseodoplastic Fluid (shear thinning). Many of the Non-Newtonien
Fluids such as Polymer solutions paper sludges are included by this group. The fluids which have
increasing viscosity with increasing deformation rate are called Dialant Fluid (shear thickening).
Plaster putty can be given as an example. If a fluid behave like a solid material until the threshold
value was exceeded, and also if it exhibits a linear change between shear stress and deformation rate,
it is called Binghamplastic. Tooth paste can be given as an example. Viscosities of some special fluids
are decreased under a constant shear stress over time. That kind of fluid are named as Thixotropic
Fluid.

The viscosity of a given fluid can be measured by using a mechanism which composed of two
interlaced cylinders.

Assuming that and the flow between two cylinders is resembled to a laminar
flow the below equation is derived:
3. Experimental materials and equipments:

The device developed for measuring viscosity

is called as viscosimeter and a model of
Brookfield LVDII +Pro which is schematically
illustrated in the left-side will be used for
measuring. It is digital and computer
controlled. It can be fully controlled from the
computer with its special software, ReoCalc,
and its product development functions can be
utilized. Its measuring range varies by the
spindle type.

a. Spindle types:

Spindle is the part by which the viscosimeter contacts with the fluid and many different models of
spindle are available. By means of the torque arising from the relative movement of the spindle inside
the fluid and by using some parameters related to the spindle geometry, angular velocity and chamber
geometry, viscosity and shear stress velocity gradient can be calculated. The information about the
spindle and related equations will be given. A convenient spindle type and angular velocity should be
selected. Nevertheless, special geometries are required for precision in measurement of suitable fluids.
As cylindrical and disc type, two types of spindle set used in measurements are available.

1) Disc type spindle: Among the current spindles, LV2 and LV3 are involved in this group.
Measurements are recommended in a beaker cup having 600 ml volume. Because such
spindles does not have the parameters related to velocity gradient, and shear stress, they are
only useful for apparent viscosity.
2) Cylindrical type spindle: LV1, LV4, LV2c, LV3c (Cylindrical equivalences of LV2 and
LV3) are involved in this group. Apart from the apparent viscosity, velocity gradient and shear
stress can also be calculated when it is used with its protecting apparatus. Such spindles
should not be used for the Non-Newtonien fluids.

b. UL Adaptor

Measuring the fluids having very low viscosity is more difficult due to sensitivity. This auxiliary
equipment is utilized for pulling down the minimum viscosity that viscosmeter is able to measure. It
makes possible to measure the values between 1 cP and 10 cP. It is composed of a fastening
apparatus, a water jacked, a tube and its special spindle. The Sample with a max volume of 16 ml and
at max 100 C temperature is possible to be measured.
c. Constant temperature bath

Circulating temperature bath of UL Adaptor used with the water jacked gives the opportunity for using
of sample vessels by immersing directly into the bath. Different viscosity values can be measured for
varied temperature ranges.

4. Performing the experiment

1. First of all, an amount of 16 ml fluid sample is needed for tests in which UL adaptor is used.
2. After spilling the liquid into the inner reservoir, the spindle with UL adaptor is immersed into
the reservoir. It should be careful about air bobbles not to form around the spindle geometry.
3. The reservoir and the spindle are mounted to the water jacked and UL System is connected to
the viscometer.
4. Connections between the water jacked and the constant temperature bath are performed. After
the desired temperature is adjusted, it is waited for 30 minutes for the sample to reach also the
desired temperature.
5. The device is turned on after the desired temperature is couth from the value measured by the
probe.
6. Definitely, the device should be reset manually or by the computer, prior to connect with the
spindle
7. After the reset process was ended, the percentage torque read from the device must be max %
1.
8. After the reset process was ended, the connection between the spindle and the device should
be performed very carefully in order to get measurement data from the device. The connection
is made by pushing slightly fixing the tightening shaft of the viscometer and fixing the nut of
the spindle. It should be careful about not applying excessive force.
9. After mounting the spindle, measurements can be initialized by starting the motor of the
device.
10. The viscosity of the fluid can be calculated based on the torque level observed during the
measurement, the rotational speed and the geometrical features of the spindle and UL adaptor;
besides, it can be also informed about the characteristics of the fluid based upon the graphs
representing the relationship between these values.

By means of the viscometer and the temperature bath, it can be observed how the viscosity
changes depending upon the shear stress applied on the fluid, temperature and time. Taking a
value between % 10 and % 90 of device power from the measuring range tables of the used
spindle is significant.
 CALCULATING DRAG FORCE AND DRAG COEFFICIENT

Figure 1. HM225.04 drag force apparatus Speedometer

The below equation was used for computing the drag coefficient of wing profile. For the given , A
and V values, the drag coefficient was obtained by measuring the drag force FD.

(4.1)

In order to obtain the drag force system, the blow equation was used:

(4.1)

where, ID is the distance between the center of gravity of the blade or cylindrical profile and the pin at
point O ( ID has a constant value of 75 mm). IG is the distance from the mass used to balance the
system to the pin positioned at point O, and it varies across different kind ears. The balancing system
is given schematically in Figure 2.
 Figure 2. Balancing system of the device used for drag force calculation

Because of its thinness the drag force of the wire was neglected. FG is the weight of the additional
mass (m) placed in the back part of the ruler to balance the body on the scale arm.

FG = m . g (4.3)

Balancing should be performed with a suitable mass (m) according to the weight of the wing. g is
the gravitational acceleration: 9.81 m/s2 .

The atmospheric pressure was measured as 762 mmHg = 101592 Pa = 1.0026 atm in the CBU
Muradiye Campus . The environmental temperature was 26 C = 299K and the air density was found
as 1.184 kg/m3 by using the following equation:

= P / R.T (4.4)

where R = 287 J/kgK.