Handout

TECHNIQUES OF
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
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4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Node-Voltage Method ( Nodal Analysis )
4.3 The Mesh-Current Method ( Mesh Analysis )
4.4 Fundamental Loop Analysis
4.5 Fundamental Cutset Analysis
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4.1 Introduction
A circuit consists of b branches and n nodes.
A direct algebraic approach2b method
Example.
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4.1 Introduction
b=6n=4 3 independent equations only (n-1)
KCL
node A I1+I4+I6=0
node BI4+I2+I5=0
node C I3-I5-I6=0
node D I1+I2+I3=0
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4.1 Introduction
KVL
loop ABDAV4+V2V1=0
loop BCDBV5+V3V2=0
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loop ACBAV6V5V4=0 5
4.1 Introduction
Component model (b branches)
V1 = E1 , V4 = R4I4 ,
V2 = R2I2 , V5 = R5I5 ,
V3 = E3 , V6 = R6I6 ,
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4.1 Introduction
Want to find Vk , Ik , K=1,2,3, ,6
There are 2b unknowns.
number of KCL eqsn-1
number of KVL eqsb-(n-1)
number of component modelb
The total number of equations.
n-1+[b-(n-1)]+b=2b
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4.1 Introduction
Just enough information to find the solution.
ProblemToo many variables !!
It is not efficient !
QuestionIs it possible to find an optimal
method with minimum unknowns
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4.1 Introduction
n Nodal analysis is based on a systematic application

of KCL and is a general method.
n Mesh Analysis is based on a systematic application

of KVL and can be used for planar circuits only.
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4.1 Introduction
n Fundamental loop analysis is based on a
systematic application of KVL to the
fundamental loops. It requires the definition of
tree.
n Fundamental cutset analysis is based on a

systematic application of KCL to the
fundamental cutsets. It also requires the
definition of tree.
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4.1 Introduction
n Node: A point where two or more elements join
n Path: A trace of adjoining basic elements with
no elements included more than once

n Branch: A path that connects two nodes
n Essential node: A node where three or more
elements join
n Essential branch: A path that connects two
essential nodes without

passing through an essential
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4.1 Introduction
n Loop: A path whose last node is the same as the

starting node
n Mesh: A loop that does not enclose any other
loops
n Planar circuit: A circuit that can be drawn on a
plane with no crossing branches
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4.1 Introduction
n Example 4.1.1
The nodes are { a , b , c , d , e , f }

The essential nodes are { b , d , e , f }
The branches are { R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , R6 , V7 , R8 }
The essential branches are { R4 , R6 , V7 , R8 ,
R2 R3 , R1 R5 }
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4.1 Introduction
n Example 4.1.1
The meshes are

m1 : b c d e b
m2 : a b e f a
m3 : f e d f
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4.1 Introduction
A graph G is defined as a set: G(B , N , F)
B: set of branches
N: set of nodes
F: a function specifying how a branch is connected.
^
Oriented (directed) graph G ,
if each branch of G is assigned a direction.
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4.1 Introduction
n Example 4.1.2
G ( B, N , F )
B = { b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 , b6 , b7 , b8 }
N={a,b,c,d,e,f}
F = { f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 , f5 , f6 , f7 , f8 }
f1 : a b
f2 : b c
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4.1 Introduction
^
For each oriented graph G one can construct a tree T.
^
A tree T of G is a connected graph which
(a) contains all the nodes.
(b) without forming any loop.
The branches which do not belong to tree T are called links.
Each tree branch defines a unique cutset (or super node) ,

called fundamental cutset.
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4.1 Introduction
Each link together with its unique path connecting the two
nodes of the link defines a unique loop , called
fundamental loop.
A network with b branches , n nodes , and l links will

satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology :
b=l+n-1
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4.1 Introduction
Theorem
Given a connected graph G of n nodes and b
branches, and a tree T of G
n There is unique path along the tree between any
pair of nodes.
n There are n-1 tree branches and b-(n-1) links.
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4.1 Introduction
n Every link of T and the unique tree path between

its nodes constitute a unique loop, called the
fundamental loop associated with the link.
n Every tree branch of T together with some links
defines a unique cut set of G, called the

fundamental cut set associated with the tree branch.
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4.1 Introduction
^
Example 4.1.3 G (B , N , F) , b=8 , n=5
B={b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8}
N={N1 N2 N3 N4 N5}
F=[f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8]T
f1: N4 N1
f2: N1 N2
f3: N2 N3
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4.1 Introduction
Example 4.1.4 Fundamental loops :
T={b2 b3 b5 b8}
tree branches b2 , b3 , b5 , b8
no. of tree branches = n-1=4
L={b1 , b4 , b6 , b7}
links b1 , b4 , b6 , b7 no. of
links = b-(n-1)
= 8-(5-1)
=4
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4.1 Introduction
Example 4.1.4
Fundamental loops :
For l1: N1N5N4N1
For l4: N4N5N1N2N3N4
For l6: N5N1N2N5
For l7: N5N1N2N3N5
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4.1 Introduction
Example 4.1.5 Fundamental cutsets :
Cut set of b8 = {b8 , b1 , b4}
Cut set of b8 = {b2 , b6 , b7 , b4}
Cut set of b8 = {b5 , b1 , b6 , b7 ,

b4}
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4.1 Introduction
Example 4.1.5
n=5 , b=8
T2 = {b5 , b6 , b7 , b8}
Fundamental cut sets :

Choose tree branch current direction as
reference. Cut only one tree branch.
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4.1 Introduction
Example 4.1.5
Set of links = {b1 , b2 , b3 ,b4}
Fundamental loops :
Loop of b1 = N1 N5 N4 N1
Loop of b2 = N 2 N 5 N 1 N 2
Loop of b3 = N 3 N 5 N 2 N 3
Loop of b4 = N 4 N 5 N 3 N 4
Choose link current as loop

current. Contain only one link.
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4.2 The Node-Voltage Method
For Linear Resistive Circuits (Example)

n KCL
n KVL
n Component Model (Ohms Law)
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n Instead of using branch voltages and branch currents
as unknowns, one can choose nodal voltages as
unknowns. Only n-1 nodal voltages are required.
n Each branch voltage can be obtained from nodal voltages
and the corresponding branch currents can be calculated
by its component model.
n KVL is automatically satisfied.
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n One need only find the independent KCL

equationsand the component model is used to
express the branch current in terms of nodal
voltages.
Ge = Is
n Any unknown can be calculated once the nodal

voltage vector is solved.
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Case 1. Containing current source only
(A) independent current source by inspection
(B) with dependent current source express the

controlling parameter in terms of nodal
voltages
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Case 2. Containing voltage source (VS)
(A) VS contains datum node
trivial case
(B) VS does not contain datum node
by supernode concept
(C) for dependent VS
express the controlling parameter in terms
of nodal voltages
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Example 4.2.1. (Case 1A) (Basic Case)
3
Step 1
1 4 Select a node as datum
node and choose nodal
2 variables e1 , e2 , e3 as
unknowns
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3 Step 2
1 4
Apply KCL to n-1 nodes,
use ohms law to express
the branch currents in
2 terms of nodal voltages
i
leaving
k =0
node 1: i1 i2 3A = 0
node 2 : + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0
node 3 : + i1 i4 + 4A = 0
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Use ohms law
node 1 :
( e1 e3 ) + ( e1 e2 ) 3A = 0 3
3 1
node 2 :
( e2 e1 ) + ( e2 0 ) + ( e2 e3 ) = 0 1 4
1 2 4
( e e1 ) + ( e3 e2 ) + 4A = 0
+ 3
node 3 : 2
3 4
1 1
1 + 3 1
3 e 3A
1
1 1 + 1 + 1 1
e2 = 0
2 4
4
e 4 A
1 1 1 1 3
3
3 4
+
4
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e1 I s1
( G jk ) e2 = G e = I s 2 = I s

e I
3 s3
G : conduction matrix
Gkk : sum of the conductances connected to node k
Gkj=Gjk : negative of the sum of conductances directly
k j
connecting nodes k and j , k
ek : nodal voltage of the kth node
Isk : sum of independent current sources entering to node k
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Example 4.2.2. (Case 1B)
1

4
1 e2
e1 e3
ix 1
1
5A 3 2ix
2
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Step 1 Same as Example 1
1 + 4 1 4 e1 5 A

1 1 + 2 + 3 3 e2 = 0
4 3 3 + 4 e3 2ix

Step 2 express -2ix in terms of nodal voltages
2ix = 2
( e1 e2 )
1
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Step 3 Move the unknowns to the left hand side of the equation
5 1 4 e1 5 1

4
1 6 3 e2 = 0
4 + 2 3 2 3 + 4 e 0 1
3
1
1
3
Ge = I s
2
Note : G matrix is no longer symmetric.
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Example 4.2.3. (Case 2A) (trivial case)
3 Step 1
Select datum node .
1 4
choose nodal voltages
e1 , e2 , e3
2 5 Step 2
KCL eqs.
e1=10V , already known
Need 2 KCL eqs. only!
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node 1 : e1 = 10V 3
e2 10 e2 0 e2 e3
node 2 : + + = 4 A 1 4
1 2 4
e 10 e3 e2 e3
node 3 : 3 + + = 4A 2 5
3 4 5
1 1 1
1 + 2 + 4 10 4
4 e2
= 10
1 1 1 1 e3 + 4
+ + 3
4 3 4 5
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Example 4.2.4. (Case 2B) (supernode)
n1413
1 independent nodal voltages
4
1
1 voltage source
1 1 Only 2 unknowns are needed.

2 3
Say , choose ea & eb
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Node a : ( ea eb ) + ( ea ec ) 4 = 1A 5 A LL (1)
Let the current through the voltage source be ix .
Node b : ( eb ea ) + eb ( 2 ) + ix = 0
Node c : ix + ec ( 3 ) + ( ec ea ) 4 = 5 A
( eb ea ) + eb ( 2 ) + ec ( 3) + ( ec ea ) 4 = 5 A LL ( 2 )
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Which is the KCL equation written for the

supernode including nodes b and c .
From the known voltage source , one can get
ec = eb 5V LLLLLLLLLLL ( 3)
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Substituting (3) into (1) & (2)
( ea eb ) + ( ea eb + 5) 4 = 4 LLLL ( 4 )
( eb ea ) + 2eb + 3 ( eb 5) + ( eb 5 ea ) 4 = 5 ( 5)
From eqs.(4) and (5)
5 5 ea 20 4
=
5 10 eb 15 + 20 + 5
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Example 4.2.5 (Case 2C)
1
n-1=4-1=3, nodal voltages
3
1 There is one (dependent)
2vx
ea eb 2 ec
vx voltage source.
1
1A 1 2A Only two unknown are needed.
4
Say ,choose eb and ec.
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For the supernode containing nodes a and b:
eb(1) + (eb-ec)2 + (ea-ec)3 = 1A + 2A (1)
For node c:
(ec-eb)2 + ec(4) + (ec-ea)3 = 0 ....(2)
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46
Express the controlling parameters in terms of nodal

voltages. 1

3
2vx = 2(eb-ec) 2vx
1

ea eb 2 ec
vx
1
1A 2A
Also, for the known voltage source 1 4
ea = 2vx + eb = 2(eb-ec) + eb
= 3eb-2ec .(3)
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Substituting (3) into (1) and (2) yields
eb + 2(eb-ec) + (3eb-2ec-ec)3 = 3A .(4)
(ec-eb)2 + 4ec + (ec-3eb+2ec)3 = 0 .(5)
1
12 -11 eb 3A 3

-11 15 e = 0 1
c ea
2vx
eb 2

ec
vx
1
1A 1 2A
4
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node-to-branch incidence matrix Aa
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
B
A C A 1 1 0 0 0
2 3
0 -1 1 0 1
5
1
4 B
D C 0 0 -1 1 0
D -1 0 0 -1 -1
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1 if branch i-k leaves node i

-1 if branch i-k enters node k
Aa={aik}, aik=
0 if branch i-k is not
incident with node i and k

An oriented graph G can be represented by its
incident matrix Aa in computer
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Consider the general case
Example 4.2.5 b=5 , n=4
node to branch incidence matrix
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6
Aa = a 1 1 1 0 0 0
b 0 -1 0 1 0 1
c 0 0 -1 0 1 -1
d -1 0 0 -1 -1 0
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Reduced node to branch incidence matrix
If node d is chosen as datum node
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Since each branch voltage can be expressed in terms of
nodal voltages
V1 = ea 0 , Let
V2 = ea eb VbT =[V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 ]
V3 = ea ec eT =[ea eb ec ]
V4 = eb 0 Then
V5 = ec 0 V b = N T e (1)
V3 = eb ec
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KCL, N Ib=0.(2)
I bT = [ I 1 I2 I3 I4 I 5 I6 ]
KVL, automatically satisfied

Example, loop abd
v2 + v4 v1 = 0
(ea eb ) + (eb 0) (ea 0) = 0
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General computer model
I k = I sk + (Vk Vsk ) Gk
1
Gk =
Rk
K = 1, 2,.........., b
using matrix notation
( )
I b = I s + [G ] Vb Vs .......... ( 3)
where I = [ I s1 I s 2 LL I sb ]
T
s
VsT = [Vs1 Vs 2 LLVsb ]

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Multiply both sides of (3) by N
0 = N I s + N [G ] (Vb -Vs ) .................( 4 )
substitute (1) into
0 = N I s + N [G ]N T e - N [G ]Vs
N [G ] N T e = N [G ]Vs - N I s ,
AX = b
A = N[G]N T
b = N[G]Vs - NI s
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4.3 The Mesh Current Method
(a) Another general method for analyzing planar

circuits.
(b) A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a

plane with no branches crossing one
anotherotherwise , it is nonplanar.
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(c) A mesh in a planar circuit is a loop that does not

contain any other loop within it.
(d) Instead of choosing branch currents as unknown

variables , one can choose mesh currents as
unknown variables to reduce the number of
equations which must be solved simultaneously.
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Example 4.3.1 :
mesh currents
i1 : mesh A B E F A
i2 : mesh B C D E B
i3 : mesh E D G H E
i4 : mesh F E H K F
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(e) If the mesh currents are known , then any branch
current can be obtained from mesh currents and
the corresponding branch voltage can be obtained
from the component model directly.
(f) For a planar circuit consists of b branches and n
nodes, one can have b-(n-1) l independent
meshes , where l is the number of links.
(g) KCL is automatically satisfied.
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Mesh Analysis Method
Step 1Assign mesh currents, i1, i2, il
as unknowns.
Step 2Apply KVL to each mesh and use Ohms
law to express the voltages in terms of the
mesh currents.
Step 3Solve the algebraic equation
A x= b
and find the desired answer.
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Examples:
Case 1Planar circuits with voltage sources
(A) Only independent voltage sources.
by inspection.
(B) With dependent voltages sources.
Need one more step, namely
express the controlling parameter in
terms of the mesh currents.
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Case 2Planar circuits with current sources
(A) Independent current source exist only
in one mesh.
Trivial case.
(B) Independent current source exists
between two meshes.
Use supermesh concept
(C) With dependent current source
Need one more step, namely express
the controlling parameter in terms of
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the mesh currents. 63

Example 4.3.2Case 1A(Basic case)
2 4 10V
b=7 , n =6
l = 7-(6-1) = 2
5V
1 5
3
Choose i1 & i2 mesh currents.
mesh 1KVL , i1 1 + i1 2 + 5V + (i1 - i2 ) 3 = 0

mesh 2KVL , (i2 -i1 ) 3 + ( - 5) + i2 4 + 10V + i2 5 = 0
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Rearrange the above equations
1+2+3 -3 i1 -5V

-3 3+4+5 i2 5-10
[ R ik ] i @ R i = VS 2 4 10V
i : mesh current vector 5V
1 5
VS : sourse voltage vector 3
R : resistance matrix
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Rkk = sum of all the resistances in mesh k
Rik = sum of the resistances between meshes i and

k and the algebraic sign depends on the
relative direction of meshes i and k , plus
(minus)sign for same(opposite) direction.
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Example 4.3.3Case 1B
IO
10 24
Step 1. Choose mesh
24V 4 currents i1, i2, i3
Step 2. Same as example 1
12 4IO
10+12 -10 -12 i1 24

-10 10+4+24 -4 i2 0
-12 -4 4+12 i3 -4I0
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Step 3. Express Io in terms of mesh currents Io=i1-i2
Substitute into the above mesh equations
10+12 -10 -12 i1 24

-10 10+4+24 -4 i2 0
-12+4 -4-4 4+12 i3 0
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i1 = 2.25A
i2 = 0.75A
IO
10 24
i3 = 1.5A
24V 4
IO = i1 - i2 = 1.5A
12 4IO
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Example 4.3.4Case 2A
3 b= 6, n=4
l= 6-(4-1)=3
Step 1. Choose mesh
4 5
currents i1, i2, i3
10V 6 5A
Step 2. For case 2A
i3=-5A, answer
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KVL for mesh 1 3
(i1 - i2 ) 4 + (i1 - i3 ) 6 = 10V

KVL for mesh 2 4 5
i2 3 + (i2 - i3 ) 5 + (i2 - i1 ) 4 = 0
10V 6
Substitute i3 = -5A into KVL equations
5A
(i1 - i2 ) 4 + (i1 + 5) 6 = 10V

i2 3 + (i2 + 5) 5 + (i2 - i1 ) 4 = 0
4+6 -4 i1 10-30

-4 3+5+4 i2 -25
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Example 4.3.5Case 2B (Supermesh concept)
6 10 Step 1. Choose mesh currents

i1 , i2
2
20V
Step 2. Algebraic solution
4
approach
vx 6A
Assume the voltage across
the current source is v x
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KVL for mesh 1 6 10
i1 6 + (i1 - i2 ) 2 + (-v x ) = 20V

2
KVL for mesh 2 20V

4
v x + (i2 - i1 ) 2 + i2 10 + i2 4 = 0 vx 6A
Add two KVL equations

i1 6 + i2 10 + i2 4 = 20V.......(A)
This is the KVL equation for the supermesh!
Need one more equation form the current source
6A = i2 - i1................................(B)
From (A) and (B) , one can get the solution.
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Example 4.3.6Case 2C
Step1: choose i1, i2, i3, i4 mesh currents.
There are two current sources , one is independent
and the other is dependent. And the number of
unknowns can be reduced by 2 , namely only two
2 equations are required.
i1
5A 4 2 I0
+
6 i2 3I0 i3 8 i4 10V
-
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Step2: We can write KVL equations for mesh 4
and the supermesh as indicated in Fig.
mesh 4: (i4 - i3)*8 + i4*2 = -10 V (A)
supermesh: i2*6 + i1*2 + i3*4 + (i3-i4)*8 = 0 (B)
2
i1
5A 4 2 I0
+
6 i2 3I0 i3 8 i4 10V
-
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For two current sources, we can get two equations

to eliminate two unknowns
5A = i2-i1 => i2=i1+5 (C)

3I0 = i2-i3 = i1+5-i3 => i3 = i1+5-3I0 (D)
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For this case with dependent source, we need one
more step, namely to express the controlling
parameter Io in terms of mesh currents.
I0 = -i 4 (E)
Substitute (C), (D), and (E) into (A) and (B) :

[i4 (i1 + 5 + 3i4)]*8 + i4*2 = -10
(i1 + 5)*6 + i1*2 + (i1 + 5 + 3i4)*4 + [(i1 + 5 + 3i4) - i4]*8=0
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Equivalently
-8 -14 i1 = 30
28 36 i4 -90
i1 = -7.5 A
i2 = -2.5 A
i3 = 3.93 A
i4 = 2.143 A
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(i) General Case
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6
mesh1 -1 1 0 1 0 0
mesh2 0 -1 1 0 -1 0
mesh3 0 0 0 -1 1 1
outer mesh 1 0 -1 0 0 -1
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Mik = 1 (-1) if branch k is included in mesh i and the
branch current direction is in the same
(opposite) direction as the mesh current.
Mik = 0 if branch k is not included in mesh i.
Reduced mesh to branch matrix M
-1 1 0 1 0 0
M= 0 -1 1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 -1 1 1
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KCL is automatically satisfied
KVL
MV B = 0 (A)
VB = [ v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 ] T
v1
v
-1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0
0 -1 1 v3
0 -1 0 = 0
0 0 0 -1 1 1 v4 0
v5

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v6 81
-v1 + v2 + v4 = 0 : KVL for mesh 1

-v2 + v3 v5 = 0 : KVL for mesh 2
-v4 + v5 + v6 = 0 : KVL for mesh 3
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The branch currents can be expressed in terms of

mesh currents
IB = MTJ (B)
IB [ i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 ]T
J = [ j1 j2 j3 ]T
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i1 = -j1 i4 = j1-j3
i2 = j1-j2 i5 = -j2+j3
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i3 = j2 i6 = j3 84
ik
A B
+ vk -
vk = ESK + (ik - Isk) RK

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In matrix form
VB = [R]IB + ES - [R]IS (C)
[R] = diag [R1 R2 Rb] branch resistance matrix
ES = [ES1 ES2 ESb]T branch voltage source vector
IS = [IS1 IS2 ISb]T branch current source vector
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Multiply M on both sides of (C) and use relation (A) to

get
0 = MVB = M[R] IB + M ES M[R]IS (D)
Substitute (B) into (D)

M[R]MTJ = M[R]IS MES
AX = b
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(j) Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Both methods provide a systematic way of analyzing

a complex network.
Which method should be chosen for a particular problem?
The choice is based on two considerations.
(1)First consideration: choose the method which
contains minimum number of unknowns that
requires simultaneous solution.
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(1) First consideration: choose the method which
contains minimum number of unknowns that
requires simultaneous solution.
For a circuit contains b branches, n nodes,
among them there are mv voltage sources
and mi current sources, including dependent
source, then the number of unknowns to be
solved simultaneously is
n-l-mv : for nodal analysis
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b-(n-1)-mi : for mesh analysis 89
(2)Second consideration: Depends on the solution

required, if nodal voltages are required, it may be
expedient to use nodal analysis. If branch or mesh
currents are required it may be better to use mesh
analysis.
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n Two other variations besides nodal and mesh
analysis are introduced, namely the fundamental
loop analysis and the fundamental cutset analyses.
n They are useful for understanding how to write
the state equation of a circuit.
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Theorem
Given an oriented graph G of n nodes and b

branches, and a tree T of G, then
1. Between any pair of nodes there is a unique path

along the tree.
2. There are n-1 tree branches and b-n+1 links.
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Theorem
3. Every link of T and the corresponding unique tree

path between its two terminals constitute a unique
loop, called the fundamental loop associated with
this link.
4. Every tree branch of T together with some links
defines a unique cutset of G, called the
fundamental cutset associated with this tree
branch.
C.T. Pan 93
Given the oriented

graph G of n (= 4) nodes
and b (= 6) branches.
C.T. Pan 94
I2
Step 1
J2 Pick an arbitrary tree T.
I4 I6
`
Number the links from 1
J1 J3 to l and then tree branches
I1 I5 I3 from l +1 to b.
C.T. Pan 95

Step 2
Choose link currents J1, J2, J3 as unknowns
and adopt each link current direction as the
reference of the corresponding fundamental
loop current.
Write down KVL equations for the l
fundamental loops.
C.T. Pan 96
V1
V
Loop1 1 0 0 -1 -1 0 2 0
V3
Loop2 0 1 0 -1 0 -1 = 0
V4 0
Loop3 0 0 1 0 1 -1 V5

V6
branch voltage vector VBT @ [V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 ]
branch current vector I B @ [ I1 I6 ]
T
I2 I3 I4 I5
In matrix form L VB = 0 .................... ( A)

C.T. Pan 97

Step 3 KCL
If every branch current is formed by linear combination of
loop currents, then KCL will be satisfied automatically.
I1 = J 1
I2 = J2
I3 = J 3
In matrix form
I4 = - J1 - J 2 I B = LT J .............. ( B )
I5 = - J1 + J 3
I6 = - J 2 - J 3
J T = [ J1 J2 J 3 ] Link current vector

C.T. Pan 98
Step 4 Component model
branch k
k sk
k
sk
Vk = ( I k - I sk ) Rk + Vsk , k = 1, 2,LL , b
or VB = [ R ] ( I B - I s ) + Vs .................... ( C )
C.T. Pan

Multiply (C) by L matrix and substitute (A) and (B)
L VB = L [ R ] I B - L [ R ] I s + L Vs
0 = L [ R ] LT J - L [ R ] I s + L Vs
L [ R ] LT J = L [ R ] I s - L Vs
Z J @ es ............... ( D )
[R] diagonal matrix

Z l l matrix, called loop impedance matrix
es equivalent loop voltage source vector
C.T. Pan
Step 5
Solve equation (D) and calculate IB and VB.
Note that
1. Link currents are used as the unknowns.
2. The number of links is the same as that of the
mesh currents. Because they are all optimal
methods in terms of using minimum number of
unknown current variables.
C.T. Pan 101

3. The resulting circuit loop equations depend on
the choice of a tree.
4. Compared with mesh analysis, the fundament
loop analysis is more general, i.e. not restricted
to planar circuits, but requires defining a tree.
C.T. Pan 102

Use the same example as an demonstration.
2
Given the oriented graph G.
+ e1 - b + e3 -
Step 1
a c Pick a tree T. Number the
4 + 6
e2
links from 1 to l and then
5
1
- 3 tree branches from l +1 to b.
C.T. Pan 103

Step 2
Choose the tree branch voltages e1, e2, e3 as
unknowns and adopt the tree branch current as the
reference direction of the associated fundamental
cutset. Write down KCL equations for the n-1
fundamental cutsets.
Cutset 1 for branch 4 i4 + i1 + i2 = 0

Cutset 2 for branch 5 i5 + i1 - i3 = 0
Cutset 3 for branch 6 i6 + i2 + i3 = 0
C.T. Pan 104
In matrix form
i1
i
1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0
1 0 -1 0 1 0 i3
= 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 i4 0
i5

i6
C I B = 0 .................... ( A)
C.T. Pan 105

Step 3 KVL
Every branch voltage can be expressed in terms of
the tree branch voltages.
In matrix form
VB = C T e ....................... ( B )
eT = e1 e2 e3
Tree branch voltage vector
C.T. Pan 106

Step 4 Component model
branch k
I k = Gk (Vk - Vsk ) + I sk , k = 1, 2, 3,L , b

In matrix form
I B = [G ] (VB - Vs ) + I s ................... ( C )
C.T. Pan 107

From (A), (B) and (C)
C I B = C [G ]VB - C [G ]Vs + C I s
0 = C [G ] C T e - C [G ]Vs + C I s
C [G ] C T e = C [G ]Vs - C I s
Y e @ J s ....................... ( D )
Y cutset admittance matrix
[G] diagonal conductance matrix
Js cutset current source vector
C.T. Pan 108
Step 5
Solve equation (D) and calculate IB and VB.
Note that
1. Tree branch voltages are used as unknowns.
2. The number of tree branches is the same as that
of the nodal analysis. Because they are all
optimal methods in terms of using minimum
number of unknown voltages.
C.T. Pan 109

3. The resulting cutset equations depend on the
choice of a tree..
4. Compared with nodal analysis, the fundament
loop method requires defining a tree.
C.T. Pan 110

Summary
Table 1 Comparison of Nodal and Fundamental Cutset Analyses
Fundamental
Methods Nodal Analysis
Cutset Analysis
KCL NI B = 0 CI B = 0
KVL VB = N T e VB = C T et
Component Model I B = I S + [G ](VB VS ) I B = I S + [G ](VB VS )
Ax = b Ax = b
Equation to be Solved A = N [G ]N T
A = C[G ]C T
b = N [G ]VS NI S b = C[G ]VS CI S
x=e x = et
e : node voltage vector
C.T. Pan et : tree branch voltage vector 111
Summary
Table 2 Comparison of Mesh and Fundamental Loop Analyses
Fundamental
Methods Nodal Analysis
Cutset Analysis
KCL IB = M T Jm I B = LT J
KVL MVB = 0 LVB = 0
Component Model VB = ES + [ R]( I B I S ) VB = VS + [ R ]( I B I S )
Ax = b Ax = b
A = M [ R]M T
A = L[ R ]LT
Equation to be Solved
b = M [ R]I S MES b = L[ R ]I S LVS
x = Jm x=J
Jm : mesh current vector
C.T. Pan 112
J : link current vector
Summary
An interesting and practical circuit
[Problem 4.16]
R R R R
vo
v1 v2 v3 vn
C.T. Pan 113
Summary
By using node-voltage method:
Choose node b as the datum node .
Then
vo v1 vo v2 vo v3 v v
+ + + ... + o n = 0
R R R R
n vo = (v1 + v2 + v3 + ... + vn )
1 n
vo = vk
n k =1
C.T. Pan 114
Summary
It is an averaging circuit used to find the average

value of n voltages.
Note that there is a common node and all resisters
are equal , called sharing bus method.
C.T. Pan 115
Summary
nObjective 1 : Understand and be able to use the
node-voltage method to solve a
circuit.
nObjective 2 : Understand and be able to use the
mesh-current method to solve a
circuit.
nObjective 3 : Be able to decide whether the node-
voltage method or the mesh current
method is preferred approach to
solving a particular circuit.
C.T. Pan 116
Summary
nObjective 4 : Understand how a circuit is stored in
a computer and some basic graph
theory.
nObjective 5 : Understand the basic principle of
fundamental loop analysis.
nObjective 6 : Understand the basic principle of
fundamental cutset analysis.
C.T. Pan 117
Summary
n Problem : 4.9
4.17
4.24
4.31
4.39
4.43
n Due within one week.
C.T. Pan 118

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TECHNIQUES OF

Component model (b branches)

n Nodal analysis is based on a systematic application

n Mesh Analysis is based on a systematic application

n Fundamental cutset analysis is based on a

no elements included more than once

n Essential node: A node where three or more

essential nodes without

n Loop: A path whose last node is the same as the

plane with no crossing branches

The nodes are { a , b , c , d , e , f }

The meshes are

F: a function specifying how a branch is connected.

The branches which do not belong to tree T are called links.

Each tree branch defines a unique cutset (or super node) ,

A network with b branches , n nodes , and l links will

n Every link of T and the unique tree path between

defines a unique cut set of G, called the

For l1: N1N5N4N1

For l4: N4N5N1N2N3N4

For l6: N5N1N2N5

For l7: N5N1N2N3N5

Cut set of b8 = {b8 , b1 , b4}

Cut set of b8 = {b3 , b4 , b7}

Cut set of b8 = {b2 , b6 , b7 , b4}

Cut set of b8 = {b5 , b1 , b6 , b7 ,

Fundamental cut sets :

Cut set of b5 = {b1 , b2 , b5}

Choose link current as loop

For Linear Resistive Circuits (Example)

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

n One need only find the independent KCL

n Any unknown can be calculated once the nodal

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

(A) independent current source by inspection

(B) with dependent current source express the

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

Step 2 express -2ix in terms of nodal voltages

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

Note : G matrix is no longer symmetric.

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

Let the current through the voltage source be ix .

Which is the KCL equation written for the

From the known voltage source , one can get

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

Express the controlling parameters in terms of nodal

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

1 if branch i-k leaves node i

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

KVL, automatically satisfied

VsT = [Vs1 Vs 2 LLVsb ]

4.2 The Node-Voltage Method

(a) Another general method for analyzing planar

(b) A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a

4.3 The Mesh Current Method

(c) A mesh in a planar circuit is a loop that does not

(d) Instead of choosing branch currents as unknown

4.3 The Mesh Current Method