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Discover how the famous
dinosaur hunter Barnum Brown
went about CATCHING A
CORYTHOSAURUS
A herd of Dysalotosaurus feed in
Late Jurassic Africa 2002
Baryonyx finds two Polacanthus
2008 frightening away the fish 2004
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DYSALOTOSAl/Rl/S
.
Herds of gazelle-like Dysalotosaurus
pounded the prehistoric plains.
ysalotosaurus was a plant-
eating hypsilophodontid.
The hypsilophodontids were
the most successful family of dinosaurs.
Fossil records show there were
hypsilophodontids on Earth for around
100 million years and that they spread
right across the globe. Compare that with
humans. WeVe only been around for
200,000 years!
ALL IN THE FAMILY
Hypsilophodontids are sometimes called
dinosaur gazelles because they could
sprint very fast, as gazelles do today. A
member of this family, Hypsilophodon,
is reckoned by experts to be one of the
fastest dinosaurs ever. Hypsilophodon
grew between 1.4m and 2.4m long.
Dysalotosaurus was bigger than
Hypsilophodon and probably slower. But
a strong adult Dysalotosaurus could still
outrun most hungry
meat-eaters.
SPEEDY SPRINTERS
Making a dash for
safety was the only way
that a frightened
Dysalotosaurus could
protect itself. It had no
weapons or armour. But
Dysalotosaurus did have
strong hind legs.
MUSCLE POWER .
Dysalotosaurus legs were operated by
powerful muscles at the top, and they
worked rather like a pendulum. The legs
swung backwards and forwards Very
quickly, helping the dinosaur to build up
speed and dash along. FastmoVing deer
and gazelles today have similar legs to
Dysalotosaurus. Like them, the dinosaur
had short thigh bones and long shin bones.
FEET AND TAIL TRICKS
Dysalotosaurus also had strong, sharp-
clawed feet which gripped the ground
securely and helped push it forwards. Its
long tail also helped as it dashed along.
Dysalotosaurus tail would not have trailed
on the ground but would have stood out
behind the dinosaur as it ran. The tail acted
as a balance, rather like a tightrope
vvalkers pole helps someone to balance on a
rope. The stiff tail helped to steady the
dinosaurs body, allowing it to dart from
side to side as it r a n : This would help
Dysalotosazgwus to escape from predators.
 ..
CHEEKY CHEWER
Herols of Dysalotosaurus probably grazeolzfi
on the lush plants that grew between Q

the lakes and rivers of the flood plains. ~45-

NAME: Dysa/otosaurus (_ofi-sal-o-toe-Q-rus)
Dysalotosaurus was an;e;fficient eater, means lost wood reptile -
nipping off tender shpiotsfwith its horny GROUP: dinosaur ~

beak. Then it cheW3?.the'bits to pulp,
g

SIZE: 2.4m long

O

ready for swallowi I idlfD3/salotosaurus bit

2s

O FOOD: plants
off more foodgthan 1. could chew in one go, O LIVED: about l4O million years ago in the Late
it stored thfiextra in itsfroomy cheek Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Period in Atrica
pouches to chew later.
i
O

ON THE PROWL V

Peaceful planteate1;s such as

Like many of tod

Dysalotosaurus

TWO INTO ONE

Dysa/otosaurus is known From just a Few
incomplete skulls and scattered bones found
in Tanzania, East Africa. The tossils look
very like another hypsilophodontid,
called Dryosaurus, trom North America.
Some experts believe that these Finds are
really Dryosaurus bones.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOUf

1994
 Dysalotosaurus or
Dryosaurus?
Experts do not
agree about these
bones found in
Tanzania, East
Africa. The femur
or thigh bone
'
(right) is from the
right leg and is
196mm long.
The bone below is
a vertebra from
the tail.
 TELEOOERAS
Teleoceras was a relative of today's
rhinoceros, but it behaved more like
a hippopotamus. (/7
hinos only live in Africa and
Asia today. But millions of
years ago, there were three
families of rhinos, spread
across the world. Teleoceras fossils have
left}?[ . ? _ 4 m _ _ {

..
been found in Nebraska, USA.

WATER LIFE
Teleoceras was a relative of todays rhino,
MORSEFAMS
.
NAME: Te/eoceras (E-lee-oh-fl-as) means
but was closer in shape to todays hippo.
This bulky planteater had a long, barrel- long and horned
GROUP: mammal
shaped body and very short, stumpy legs. SIZE: 4m long
It W a s difficult for Teleoceras to Walk FOOD: plants
because its body was so close to the LIVED: about 40 to l0 million years ago in the
ground. In fact, it probably spent much of Late Eocene to Early Miocene in North America
the time living in and under water.
HAIRY NOSE
USEFUL HORN Many early rhinos had horns. But these
Teleoceras had a short, cone-shaped horn often looked more fearsome than they
on its nose. The plant- Were. Most W e r e just made of matted hair.
eater could have
 DIADEOT
Diadectes was a prehistoric puzzle. . - s .

I,

Was it an amphibian? Or was it

perhaps a reptile? ,
mphibians can live on land
and in Water. So can reptiles.
But most amphibians lay
l<
A

jelly-like eggs in Water, While 3m 1

reptiles can lay hard-shelled eggs on land.

SKULL SOLUTION
Diadectes skeleton looked like a reptiles.
And the huge creature was able to move
NAME: Diadecfes (dy-a-Q-tees) means
about on land. But experts now believe
that Diadectes was an amphibian because fhrough bifer
GROUP: amphibian .

of the shape of its skull. SIZE: 3m long

A

FOOD: plants, shellfish

EARLY VEGETARIAN LIVED: about 270 million years ago, in the
Diadectes W a s one of the biggest land Early Permian Period in Texas, USA
animals alive in the Early Permian, more
than 270 million years ago. It may even
have been the earliest landliving FISHY FOOD
vertebrate (animal with a backbone) that Experts believe Diadectes may have eaten
had plants as part of its diet. shellfish, too. Perhaps it cracked them/it
open with its strong jaws andtee . in
.
'
ii5
4
.g.,
V.
DINOSAUR SAFARI

TRIASSIC
EUROPE
SOUTHERN
Imagine you could travel about 210
million years back in time. Look around
you. Nothing looks the same as
today. You a r e in a Triassic landscape!

ur safari begins on the shore of a

vast landmass. All the continents
of the world are joined together in

~ I

one great continent called Pangaea. A

huge inlet of the surrounding ocean almost
cuts this landmass in two. This inlet is
called the Tethys Sea, and you are now
standing on its northwestern shore.

AN UNFINISHED CONTINENT
Europe has not been completed yet. Only
half of it exists. In the continent to the
north of you lie mountains. This region
will eventually become northern Europe.
To your south there is nothing but sea.
Vast banks of mud and sand a r e building
up on the bed of the Tethys Sea. These will
gradually turn into rocks and be squeezed
up as the mountains we call the Alps.
HOT SHORELINE
You a r e close to the Equator. It is hot and
dry. A paddle in the sea seems a good idea,
but the water is warmer than you are!
Dust and sand from the northern plateaus
have blown across, forming deserts. The
sea currents build up huge sandbars along
the coast. Your route will take you along
this coast towards the east.
A DRY SEA BED
As you travel, you leave the mountains
behind. A great plain stretches north
across the continent. In the Permian
Period, and the earlier part of the Triassic,
there was a Vast inland sea here. The sea
spread northwards from the Tethys right
across Europe. It reached to the are a that
will one day become the North Sea and the
British Isles. Now that sea has dried up,
leaving dazzling lakes of salt.
STREAMS CARRY STONES
Here and there, streams flow from the
surrounding mountains, topping up the
lakes. The streams carry small boulders
and pebbles. These are beginning to build
up to form rocky slopes around the plain.

1.998
 mountains

streams

arid plain

; on this Salt Pan

A
T:is posiitiion of
itoclax/.

BEASTS OF THE SEA Perhaps part of the landscape

on your walk will look like this
The land seems dry and barren. But to oasis today.
the south the sea is full of life. You can
spot coil-shelled ammonites and other
shellfishes washed up along the shore.
Nothosaurs have slunk up on the beach to
lay their eggs. Related to the ancestors of
plesiosaurs, these 3mlong reptiles have
webbed feet and a fin on their tail.

WATCH OUT e NOTHOSAURS ABOUT!

The nothosaurs long jaws are full of
vicious, fishcatching teeth, and can be
used as dangerous Weapons. Warily,
you skirt round these fierce-looking
creatures and continue your journey
along the Triassic shore. What other
surprises will the journey have in store?

1999
FLYING HIGH
For a long time, the only signs of life along
the desolate shore are the pterosaurs.
They soar and wheel on the air currents,
settling to feed on the washedup bodies of
dead sea creatures. The biggest creatures
washed up on the shore are the placodonts
like Placodus. It looks like a newt, but is
as big as you! Its short, heavy jaws and big
blunt teeth are ideal for crushing the
shellfishes on-which it lives.
IN THE WATER ,
Hidden from view, in the water, are some
of the earliest ichthyosaurs, such as
Mixosaurus. Long and slender, but without
the fish-like tail of the later ichthyosaurs,
they dive through the spray, hunting for
the fishes they live on.
SPONGE REEF
Just off shore, the waves are breaking on a
reef a barrier of rock built up by living
things. Todays reefs in tropical waters are
made of coral. The Triassic reefs, however,
have been built up from sponges.
DESERT LIFE
Ahead, through the shimmer of heat and
shifting sand, you see hills. Limestone cliffs
rise up before you. Despite the dryness,
plants seem to flourish here, especially in
the moist streams. And where there is
vegetation, there must be animals too! You
soon spot a herd of Plateosaurus. They are
browsing on the tree ferns and any other
plants they can find. They can r e a r up on
their hind legs to reach the succulent
leaves at the tops of the trees.
ROCK-POOL FEEDERS
On the rocks at the foot of the nearest
cliffs you see long, waving necks, like
tentacles. They belong to a small group of
Tanystropheus, a strange, lizard-like
animal. They sit in the hot sun, dipping
their long necks into the rock pools to find
the fishes and shellfishes they feed on.
TRACK MAKER REVEALED
You scramble over rocks and find yourself
in a sandy cove. On the sand is a set of
strange footprints. They look a bit like the
marks of human hands, but with the
thumb to the outside. Scientists call these
footprints Cheirotherium (hand beast),
and for a long time they had no idea what
kind of animal made them. But look! You
suddenly see the creature that made them.
.~~
CROC IN CAVE
The crocodilelike animal called
Ticinosuchus is the hand beast. It
scampers away from you, dodging up the
rubble at the base of the cliff and
disappears into a cave.
SHELTER FROM THE STORM
Suddenly, the sky grows dark. A chill wind
swirls up from the sea. A black cloud
covers the sun. The rain starts. You dodge
into a cave to escape, making sure its not
the one in which the Ticinosuchus is
hiding. You dont want to meet a 3mlong
meateater in the dark! The cave is full of
tiny lizard-like Macrocnemus. They scuttle
over the rotting seaweed, catching insects.
Once the rain stops, you can continue on
your Triassic
"
safari.
1
1' Thesle a r e iust a few of the creatures
%'you might meet on a walk along a
Triassic shore. There have not been
many dinosaurs on this safari. The
time When dinosaurs a r e commsgyis
come.
j e t to
 W

[V

nsafirs, such

danger; _
bysalofasaurufi
V
Affhe first hint of
fits!-meving dinosaurs will be off.
I$t5H$y are not taken by surprise, they
L
is id be able to outrun most meat-eaters. Their
V

powerful hind legs will carry them away from

less speedy attgckers.
 / .
off /)

A hungry Baryonyx is
furious to discover two
Polacanthus disturbing
its favourite fishing
ground. It raises its
heavy-clawed arms and
shows its dagger-like
teeth to frighten them
away.Although well-
protected, the two plant-
eaters decide to allow
Baryonyx to dine alone.
 '

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 ino-grqph: elociruptor
On rare occasion fund a
O O C l O

T
.IS gives us lots of clues about what
. Q

dinosa r skeleton.
perfectly preserv dSCIGHTISE th ..creature looked like.

There were no stickin -out ears on

Velociraptor- just a d pression (sunken
area) behind the iaw 5f,..l
A
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so

ngIe/
.s, .
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2 _x.>=

in the neck show

that t e neck
war
held l "1 9"Cef Th curve of t e ribs The vertebrae in the
"l W W back Shun that the
hurt ib-
ca e was qui back was: slightly
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na row. arched upwards.

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Velocirapt s eyes were

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,
aird-like. T ere was n at
much musc e on the f ce,
***F h '
/
have looked very much like J
the skull.

The shap of the fror t /

ribs and t e front pant G" W e ' lhe
of the ches bone show Cl" b5 5lW
mh e_$h]de,,. where the horry
Hades ere place claw was attached. 5
/
The claw woul have bee \:
the same shap as the bo e,
but much bigg r.
c
2006' x
 what VeIociraptors skin looked
lile rveel-clinosaurikin-have E?
be ut not of Velociraptor. Some arti ~ 5
show it with lizard-like skin, s o m have 4'
ev n shown it covered with feather ! No ri2c3

~--e nowswhateeltou|=/elo =
w s either. A 'lists can use their
im gination!

~r:a;v,;s.j5.w.'-'1
ft-~x' n3'?-7?"*'

T Bony struts (ept the

-r:Iil stiff and straight.
I.'. inosaur tra ckways
hardly ever I$l1OW the
n1ark of a tc il
lauching the ground.

Joints of the forelimbs show that the ea 1

arms were folded up when or rest, like {:_:;:
the wings of a bird. I ,
V
\\ 3,/.

Fingers were held together {/4 \

when at rest.

\
hape of the hips show that the I gs were
h ld straight underneatl , not sticki g out at
the side like a lizard. .3
__
Ankle knee ioints show th usually
anjle was bent, but the a kle was
the kn
held straight.

As in mos1 running a 1imals, the thigh bone is \

W

short, whi e the other leg bones are long. The

strong leg muscles were :oncentrated around t e
thigh bone. The r e s t ol the leg w a s worked by
L

thin tendons. This meant that the lower leg w s ~

;
light and could be m aved quick . Q

2007
 V
maeamass dinasaur name:
anthe trail of an Vex!-raordinctry
tmwwddmmwmai

gariy diaesaur
V

f hunters faced great

_
pmhlems. They had no
j madam mdachizzery to help them
, cefleat theirdpriae fessils. One of the
A

a
beat~knawaco11ectora was the
American Barnum Brown. In 1910,
he designed a special boat and
braved rapids to track down
a mystery fossil.

V
LUCKY BREAK L

_Barnum:Brown struck lucky early

dinVhisataree1'.VIn 1902, just five

T3. years after joining the American

~

"j MuseumofNatura} History in New

V
V

[[ York,he discovered the

V

Barnum Brown
7 E' WorIds
_ first-kI710Wn

j:V:,7_y7'f13"'1,7?/iJ:S%(d}(,l.,,7'd?.:S rex,
in
VdVeasjtem Montana,USA. j
M

Thisswas the beginning V

Brown rworkedfl at He
Vof his career asakeen
V

Monfana, USA, around} ihef

M
L
*

f dinosaur hunter. A few

_
V

Missouri River. in, I902, he

years later, when
V
k

discovered the world?s first-V U

Vstrangefossils were
d

ever T-rex skeleion there. line

spotted sticking out of
the cliffs in Alberta,
the following years, he found a

.
more T-rex remains and two
V

Canada, Brown headed skeletons of the duck-billed

north to investigate. dinosaur, Anatosaurus.

2008
V
 Using Cory!-hosaurus fossils,
\
like the one-,Barnum Brown
. found (aboire) as cl guide,
,\
\

experts have worked out

how it may have loolceil
when alive (right). ;

that Barnum
Brown began
looking for fossils
in Montana because
of a paperweight?

Yes. William T.Hornaolay, Director of

the New York Zoological Society,
hunted buttalo in Montana. He
brought back a fossil and used it as
a paperweight. Brown saw that it
was the horn of a Triceratops, and
realised Montana was a Fossil site.
 REE BEER RWER VALLEY
he first known
Aitrertasaarus, a giant
tyrannesaar, had been
discsvered Red Deer
River Valley in Alberta.
And that was where the
aiiif fossiis had been
sighted. Barnum Brawn
decided the best way to
reach the fessils was by
sailing down the river on
a specially-tbuilt barge.

Lifting fossils with Cl special crane

that used ropes and pulleys.
BARNUMI5 3ARGE
Barnum Brown and the
members of his expedition
could sail close to the fossils,
then moor the barge and
step ashore. But the
expedition had to brave
rough Water rapids and
attacks by huge swarms of
mosquitoes to reach the
fossils embedded high up in
the rocky river canyon.

Honss-mmwn mnos

V
,_ "
and his team
madeaiispecialgicrane with
Woodenybeams, to lift the
g heavy fossils on to horse-
l

drawn Carts; These carts

transported the fossils to the
V -localrailway station. The i

journey took several days. And

it was many more days before
the precious fossils arrived at
the museum in New York,
thousands of kilometres away.

2010
 IJOUBLE GJSCOVERY
In 1912, Barnum Brown excavated the first
Cezyibeesares fossils from the riverside
reeks. fie was thrilled to find that they
belonged ta a new species of dinosaur that L

had not been found before. Two years later, THE GREAT DINOSAUR RUSH
he discovered a more complete fossil of the As We 05 Corythosavrvs, Barnum Brown
S a m g dingsaufl 11; was 3 be3_ufifu}}y discovered many other dinosaurs in Red
Deer River Valley. His success started a
pregerved Skeleton: with just the tail tip
we are we
::::t:.;3;?,:;:;t;:::7:,i;;*::::;::':
his three sons. They collected tor the
FLASIER PRQTECTION
Canadian Geological Survey, and were
The huge skeleton was almost 8111 long.
very successful, too.
Its fragile bones had to be protected with
plaster jackets to prevent them from
crumbling. Many of the bones were still
embedded in great chunks of rock, and had
to be carefully eased out.
HELMET LIZARD
Barnum Brown named his
dinosaur Corythosaurus, or
helmet lizard, because of
the extraordinary crested
shape of its head. The huge
plant-eater was one of the
strangest-looking dinosaurs
that had ever been
discovered. Experts now
believe that Corythosaurus
could make bellowing

_ noises by pushing air
3;

Another skeleton challenge for

_
Vi
~

Barnum
Brwa"'~. r back ofitsthroat
V

T
~
,

through the huge crest. iV

V

VCOMPLETE PICTURE SHOW-STOPPER -

c
T
s

L
The bones of the skeleton discovered in The giant skeleton Barnum Brown andhis
1914 were slightly crushed, but in their team had discovered was carefully pieced
original positions. The shape of the huge together again by experts. Years ofwork V

creature was clear to see. The dinosaur were needed before the skeleton was
had been dead for about 78 million years, finished. It is still one of the most
but, incredibly, its fossilized skeleton had spectacular and popular fossil exhibits at
been preserved almost complete. the American Museum of Natural History.

2011
 HIs'ronv IN PICTURES
41

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 improve aedeitestyaur f

knowledge

N - r raiske<?i9*?*""iC:iri
*

. - r
(1
makes their bite pOI0hOU alilirs

Fascinating facts
to read and
\ may have done
Tvr8"9"-
helps kill their prev. same.
the

10 fun questions
to answer!

0
a)
In the Triassic, the only
continent was called:
Uniterre .
\
S
b) Euramerasia
c) Pangaea

9_

Lizard-like Tanystropheus Dysalotosaums escaped
had a Very long: predators by:
a) running, away
a) neck ,
b) hiding In caves
b) to
c) swimming underwater Compgognafhus
claw was:
a) cow-sized
b) chicken-sized
C ) elephanhsized
Teleoceras was related Barnum Brown reached
to today's: Corythosaurus by:
a) rhinoceros a) bicycle
bl l"lPPPlmU5 bllflkeY What did Baryonyx eat as
c) whale c) barge - *

well as meat?
a) fruit and nuts
b) leaves
c ) fish

Dinosaur hunter Barnum

Brown was inspired by:
a) a local circus
0 A,.;.,ae,,P,.e,.yx fived gn
what is now:
q) Germany
bl G P-"Pe""el9ll' b) Canada
c) his Aunt Agatha c) Disney World

2014
 DEIIVOGALERIX Mark in more lines to give you the
Begin by pencilling in the basic shape
of the animal in the middle of the position of the the head and legs.
paper. Deinogalerix is a hairy hedgehog and These are just guidelines so you can pencil
its shape is roughly that of a long, low house. them in roughly at this stage.

Now you can begin to put in the Finish Deinogalerix by drawing .in the
_j details of Deinogalerix face. In our legs and tail. Colour it as you imagine
picture it is snarling fiercely and showing its a meat-eating prehistoric hedgehog would
sharp, pointed front teeth. look! Dont forget details such as its Whiskers.

Deinagalerixawaps G T
p

hunfeirgfeeding an small
, . flizqrds and mammals father
~ i
than 1-heirisecfsanclewormsi
i

today's hedgehogs eat;

i
i;wMmuwmmem.
Ty;;li_n-olyi~'gi1_ic_xl-rei1*7~i><) mieonsfierrible
c
l to L

1 it

. lieolgebogbo
y

UpGROUF:imurrimol

If 5.I.ZE..ic:1boul35cm7lorg s
LIVED: about l0 million years ago
.
T

2016
Would dinos be
any use as
Work animals?
Find out in
TIME
DETECTIVE.
L e a r n who ate
the trees in
PREHISTORIC
WORLD.

I AN
LORBIS
A
PLAy &
LEARN
COLLECTION

Keep your
DINOSAURS! safe
Three fascinating SHM
I SNV

01
Keep your copies safe and neat with these creatures in
fantastic binders. IDENTIKIT DVI

Your binders have been designed to look good at home or at school. Each is and 31H

sturdy and hardwearing it even has a Wipeclean cover and holds 13 HISTORY IN PICTURES
issues. Youll Want to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again
for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So dont let your copies go 3-D GALLERY
missing; keep them in your own set of binders. GIANTS OF THE PAST SNOISIO

DINOSAURS!
binders are n o w
available and cost
just 4.95
(including 1 p&p).
Please refer to the
information on the
inside front cover
or telephone 0424
755755 for details.
=1
n'z
PICTURE CREDITS: Front cover: Graham Rosewame. D:
Neg Nos 37243, T8552, l8547, i9488, l9493,
18502 Courtesy Department Library Services,
American Museum of Natural History 2008T, 2009TL, H;
20l0T,C,B, 201 I; M Long/The Natural History
Mueum, London 201STR; The Natural History Musem, 0's
London l995TR, 2008B; Zeta i999BR.
Artwork: Wendy Bramaii/WLAA 2000-l ; re
R.Budden/WLAA I996, 1997; Mike Dorey 2012-I3;
John Francis/Bernard Thornton Artists 2009; Janos W1
Marffy I998-99; Bob Mathias 2016T; Deidre McHale tr:
BC; Nick Pike/WLAA; 2002-3 James.Rohins 2006-7,
20l 6B; Graham Rosewarne I993, I994-95; Steve
White 20045.
re
rot
 In recent years a fossil of
the chicken-sized dinosaur
The answer is, almost certainly Compsognathus became
yea. Palaeontologists have the subject of detailed
begun to piece together the insect { investigation for just
*

world during the time of dinosaurs. this reason. It was

Their work suggests that there was noted that around the
a profusion of insect types living then the fossil there was alarge
and that they would have been just the number of small circular,
same sort of nuisance as they are today. and in some cases almost *"
spherical, objects. These looked
uncannily like eggs!
We cannot prove this
absolutely, but there
is now very strong
suspicion that the tiny
Compsognathus may

Well, I well have been a
.~ suppose the female. And that after
\
answer is, why not? death, the animals
Any tall object, rotting and swollen
provided that it is body eventually
in Contact with the burst as it was being J
\\ Earth, will buried by
'
fr conduct and sediment. The
attract lightning eggs were
during a storm. If expelled into
a brachiosaur was the sediment
out in the to be fossilized
" caught
open during a and found
storm, then it would centuries
be a most likely target. later.