GROUP NO.

:_________________

SYNOPSIS

AUTO. CAR PARKING

WITH
CONTROL SYSTEM

Submitted by :-

GUIDED BY ________________________
 AIM: - To Design & Develop Auto. Car parking With
Control system.

ABSTRACT

The project here is all about Auto. Car parking With Control
system with latest electronics technology.

Car Parking lot is a cleared area that is more or less

level and is intended for parking vehicles. Usually, the term
refers to a dedicated area that has been provided with a
durable or semi-durable surface.

A parking lot with a diagonal parking pattern designed for

one-way traffic

In most countries where cars are the dominant mode of

transportation, parking lots are a feature of every city and
suburban area. Shopping malls, sports stadiums,
megachurches and similar venues often feature lots of
immense area.
General information

The usual parking lot is paved with asphalt. Some are paved
with concrete. Many are gravel lots. A few of the newer lots
are surfaced with permeable paving materials.

Parking lots have their own special type of engineering.

While parking lots have traditionally been an overlooked
element of development projects by governmental oversight,
the recent trend has been to provide regulations for the
configuration and spacing of parking lots, their landscaping,
and drainage and pollution abatement issues.

Parking lots can be small, with just parking spaces for a few
vehicles, very large with spaces for thousands of vehicles, or
any size in between. Small parking lots are usually near
buildings for small businesses or a few apartments, although
many other locations are possible. Larger parking lots can
be for larger businesses or those with many customers,
institutions such as schools, churches, offices, or hospitals,
museums or other tourist attractions, rest areas, strip malls,
or larger apartment buildings.

Some such businesses, institutions, or other buildings may

have several parking lots if a single large lot cannot
accommodate their parking needs. Large and very large
parking fields can be for stadiums, airports, malls or
shopping centers with multiple businesses, large schools or
universities, convention centers or fair grounds, theaters,
workplaces with many employees such as factories, plants,
etc., or other large institutions. Often several businesses,
offices, apartment buildings, or other institutions may use
one or more parking lots in common for their convenience.

At places where most visitors and employees use their car to

access place, the parking lot usually takes up more land
area than the buildings. This is at least true for shopping
centres and office buildings, unless a multi-storey park is
used.

Parking lots near businesses, buildings, or institutions are

often implicitly understood or explicitly labelled to be for the
use of their respective customers or visitors, often with
special vehicle spaces for the owners and employees.
Parking lots around apartment buildings are often exclusively
intended for parking use of their residents, although
sometimes separate spaces may be provided for visitors.
Such parking for businesses, offices, and residences is often
free to the customers, patrons, or residents.

In most cases, especially in areas where parking is scarce,

one must pay to park in a parking lot. Entry and exit access
is often controlled at these type of lots to ensure those
parking pay the required fee.

In many congested areas where some businesses lack their

own parking areas, there are parking lots where practically
any driver can pay a fee to park. These types of parking lots
are often effectively businesses in themselves. Some
parking lots have parking meters into which coins must be
paid to park in the adjacent space.

Some spaces in a parking lot may be marked as "reserved"

for certain people, including those who are handicapped.
There are often one or more parking spaces for handicapped
people, which may be slightly wider, close to the point of
entry for the corresponding store or building. Vehicles with
handicapped tags may park there, but the non-handicapped
are not allowed to.

Although many parking lots are rectangularly-shaped, there

are parking lots of all sorts of shapes. A parking lot can be in
front or back, on the side of the building it services, or any
combination of these, including all around the building, often
depending on local building codes. In a very large parking
field, it is easy to get lost or have trouble finding one's
vehicle. Such large parking lots often have various sections
marked, for example by numbers or letters, to help identify
the location.

Car park from above

The area in parking lots is organized into parking spaces,

which are generally marked with paint lines for each vehicle
and often contain a turtarrier, and driving lanes in between
so that vehicles can drive into and out of the spaces. The
arrangement of the parking spaces relative to the driving
lanes can feature perpendicular parking spaces, angle
parking, or parallel parking (least common in parking lots,
and usually only for a few spaces), or possibly some
combination of these.

Large parking lots have multiple lanes with rows of parking

spaces between each one. Except for rather small lots, the
location of the parking spaces for each vehicle are usually
indicated with pavement markings or lines, similar to center
lines on streets. A very common arrangement in large
parking lots is angle parking for two rows of vehicles
between driving lanes, with the parked vehicles facing front
to front between the two rows. At the sides of the parking lot,
other driving lanes connect these lanes perpendicularly so
that a vehicle can drive into and out of the parking lot at
designated locations.

Diagram of example parking lot layout with angle parking

as seen from above. White arrows show direction of allowed
travel in each lane (for right-hand-drive countries; vice versa
in left-hand-drive countries). Several parking spaces closest
to the building entrance are reserved for the handicapped.
Cars of various colors are shown parked in some of the
spaces. The obtusely pointed end indicates the front end of
each car.

There may be speed limits, stop signs and crosswalks for

pedestrians in large parking lots. Tall overhead lights may
illuminate some parking lots at night.

Most spaces in normal parking lots available to the public

are sized for vehicles about the size of a car. The spaces are
usually arranged assuming the vehicle can back out of the
parking space. In many rest areas on highways, long parking
spaces are also available for trucks or other vehicles with
trailers, into which they can enter at one end and leave at
the opposite end to avoid potentially cumbersome reverse
driving.
Parking lot in Manhattan with capacity tripled by double lifts

A common arrangement in paid parking lots is to have a

vehicle entry point with a cross gate where an entering driver
presses a button to take a stub with the entry time and to
open the cross gate for access to the lot. When leaving, the
driver would pay at an exit point according to how much time
was spent in the lot as determined from the stub.

In order to keep unauthorized people from parking in lots,

towing crews sometimes patrol parking lots after business
closing hours, especially at night, to tow away vehicles which
should not be parked there. After snowfalls in winter,
vehicles with snow plows often clear snow from parking lots,
usually after business closing hours and often during the
night.

In response the worldwide intelligent transport system

initiative, Parking Guidance and Information systems have
been developed for use in urban areas. These systems use
variable-message signs to direct drivers to car parks with
available spaces.

Much of the above discussion also applies to large parking

garages and multi-level parking areas.
Environmental considerations

Runoff handling

Parking lots have certain characteristics that set them apart

from roadways in terms of their engineering and operating
requirements. The first is that they often cover large
contiguous areas with impermeable paving surface. This
means that virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that
falls becomes runoff. The parking lot must be built to
effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff
has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or
even sanitary sewers. However, most larger municipalities
now require retention basins to catch runoff to reduce the
stress on sewer systems or streamways.

Water pollution

Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with

concentrated spots of pollutants such as motor oil. While
motor vehicles on roadways may drip oil, they do so over a
large area. Oil drips on parking lots are concentrated enough
that they can have a deleterious effect on the water quality of
the runoff. Other pollutants, even brake-lining dust, rust
particles, and other particulate materials that settle on the
parking lot surface, can be a similar problem. Therefore, an
important second function of the retention basin for parking
lots is to act as a temporary storage impoundment to allow
particulate materials to settle out and to slow or even prevent
the release of other pollutants into waterways.

In some places, the water is not channeled into retention

basins, but into dry wells.

Alternative paving

An alternative solution today is to use permeable paving

surfaces, such as brick, stone, special paving blocks, or tire-
tread woven mats. The intent of these is to allow rain to soak
into the ground through the spaces inherent in the parking lot
surface. The ground then may become contaminated in the
surface of the parking lot, but this tends to stay in a small
area of ground, which effectively filters water before it seeps
away. This can however create problems if contaminants
seep into groundwater, especially where there is
groundwater abstraction 'downstream' for potable water
supply.

Landscaping

An underground car park

Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in

parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of
trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred
shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot
providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees
because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lot.
However, parking lots represent significant heat islands and,
indeed, heat sinks in urban areas. The heat from paved
areas in urban zones has been shown to even have the
power to change the weather locally. By providing trees or
other means of shading parking lots, the heat and glare
resulting from them can be significantly reduced.

Parking standards

A sign at the entrance to an underground car park warning

drivers of the minimum height clearance

Many municipalities have established minimum numbers of

parking spaces as part of zoning, depending on the floor
area in a store, or the number of bedrooms in an apartment
complex. Minimum spacing standards are also set for
parallel, pull-in, or diagonal parking, depending on what
types of vehicles are allowed to park in the lot or a particular
section of it. At least one entity prohibits backing in to certain
spaces. More recently with the drive to sustainable
communities, authorities in the UK have moved to maximum
standards to discourage car use and other negative
environmental consequences associated with parking lots.
Technology Used:-

The reed switch is an electrical switch operated by

an applied magnetic field. It was invented at Bell Telephone
Laboratories in 1936 by W. B. Elwood. It consists of a pair of
contacts on ferrous metal reeds in a hermetically sealed
glass envelope. The contacts may be normally open, closing
when a magnetic field is present; normally closed and
opening when a magnetic field is applied; or one normally
open and one normally closed.

The switch may be actuated by a coil, making a reed relay[1],

or by bringing a magnet near to the switch.

Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed
switch will go back to its original position.

Description

The reed switch contains two magnetizable and electrically

conductive metal reeds which have end portions separated
by a small gap when the switch is open. The reeds are
hermetically sealed in opposite ends of a tubular glass
envelope.

A magnetic field (from an electromagnet or a permanent

magnet) will cause the contacts to pull together, thus
completing an electrical circuit.[2] The stiffness of the reeds
causes them to separate, and open the circuit, when the
magnetic field ceases. Another configuration contains a non-
ferrous normally-closed contact that opens when the ferrous
normally-open contact closes. Good electrical contact is
assured by plating a thin layer of precious metal over the flat
contact portions of the reeds; low-resistivity silver is more
suitable than corrosion-resistant gold in the sealed envelope.
There are also versions of reed switches with mercury
"wetted" contacts. Such switches must be mounted in a
particular orientation otherwise drops of mercury may bridge
the contacts even when not activated.

Since the contacts of the reed switch are sealed away from
the atmosphere, they are protected against atmospheric
corrosion. The hermetic sealing of a reed switch make them
suitable for use in explosive atmospheres where tiny sparks
from conventional switches would constitute a hazard.

One important quality of the switch is its sensitivity, the

amount of magnetic energy necessary to actuate it.
Sensitivity is measured in units of Ampere-turns,
corresponding to the current in a coil multiplied by the
number of turns. Typical pull-in sensitivities for commercial
devices are in the 10 to 60 AT range.

In production, a metal reed is inserted in each end of a glass

tube and the end of the tube heated so that it seals around a
shank portion on the reed. Infrared-absorbing glass is used,
so an infrared heat source can concentrate the heat in the
small sealing zone of the glass tube. The thermal coefficient
of expansion of the glass material and metal parts must be
similar to prevent breaking the glass-to-metal seal. The glass
used must have a high electrical resistance and must not
contain volatile components such as lead oxide and
fluorides. The leads of the switch must be handled carefully
to prevent breaking the glass envelope.
Uses

In addition to their use in reed relays, reed switches are

widely used for electrical circuit control, particularly in the
communications field. Reed switches actuated by magnets
are commonly used in mechanical systems as proximity
switches as well as in door and window sensors in burglar
alarm systems and tamperproofing methods; however they
can be disabled by a strong, external magnetic field. Reed
switches were formerly used in the keyboards for computer
terminals, where each key had a magnet and a reed switch
actuated by depressing the key; cheaper switches are now
used. Speed sensors on bicycle wheels use a reed switch to
actuate briefly each time a magnet on the wheel passes the
sensor.
APPLICATIONS:

Recording & Monitoring Auto. Car parking With Control

system.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

PCB
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 12V/500mA
VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805
RECTIFIER DIODES 1N4001
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
TRANSISTER BC 558.
TRANSISTER BC 547.
DPDT SWITCH
LDR.
IC - 4049.
IC 555.
IC 817.
D.C. MOTOR 9V.
SENSING ELECTRODES
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
PVC WIRES
PCB
LEDs
PF 104.