Fox & McDonald Fluids 9th Edition Solutions Chapter 3

Problem 3.
2
Problem 3.1 [Difficulty: 2]
3.1
Given: Pure water on a standard day

Find: Boiling temperature at (a) 1000 m and (b) 2000 m, and compare with sea level value.
Solution:
We can determine the atmospheric pressure at the given altitudes from table A.3, Appendix A
Elevation
p/p o p (kPa)
The data are (m)
0 1.000 101.3
1000 0.887 89.9
2000 0.785 79.5
We can also consult steam tables for the variation of saturation temperature with pressure:
p (kPa) T sat (C)

70 90.0
80 93.5
90 96.7
101.3 100.0
We can interpolate the data from the steam tables to correlate saturation temperature with altitude:
Elevation
p/p o p (kPa) T sat (C)
(m)
0 1.000 101.3 100.0
1000 0.887 89.9 96.7
2000 0.785 79.5 93.3
The data are plotted here. They

show that the saturation temperature Variation of Saturation Temperature with
drops approximately 3.4C/1000 m. Pressure Sea Level
100
Temperature (C)
1000 m
98
Saturation
96
2000 m
94
92
90
88
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Absolute Pressure (kPa)

Problem 3.2
3.2
Given: Data on flight of airplane
Find: Pressure change in mm Hg for ears to "pop"; descent distance from 8000 m to cause ears to "pop."
Solution:
Assume the air density is approximately constant constant from 3000 m to 2900 m.
From table A.3
kg kg
SL = 1.225 air = 0.7423 SL air = 0.909
3 3
m m
We also have from the manometer equation, Eq. 3.7
p = air g z and also p = Hg g hHg
air air
Combining hHg = z = z SGHg = 13.55 from Table A.2
Hg SGHg H2O
0.909
hHg = 100 m hHg = 6.72 mm
13.55 999
For the ear popping descending from 8000 m, again assume the air density is approximately constant constant, this time at 8000 m.
From table A.3
kg
air = 0.4292 SL air = 0.526
3
m
We also have from the manometer equation
air8000 g z8000 = air3000 g z3000
where the numerical subscripts refer to conditions at 3000m and 8000m.

Hence
air3000 g air3000 0.909

z8000 = z3000 = z3000 z8000 = 100 m z8000 = 173 m
air8000 g air8000 0.526
Problem
Problem3.3
3.4 [Difficulty: 3]
3.3
Given: Boiling points of water at different elevations
Find: Change in elevation
Solution:
From the steam tables, we have the following data for the boiling point (saturation temperature) of water
o
Tsat ( F) p (psia)
195 10.39
185 8.39
The sea level pressure, from Table A.3, is
pSL = 14.696 psia
Hence
Altitude vs Atmospheric Pressure
o
Tsat ( F) p/pSL
15000
195 0.707
185 0.571 12500
Altitude (ft)
10000
Data
Linear Trendline
7500
From Table A.3 z = -39217(p/pSL) + 37029
5000 R2 = 0.999
p/pSL Altitude (m) Altitude (ft)
0.7372 2500 8203 2500
0.6920 3000 9843 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
0.6492 3500 11484
p/pSL
0.6085 4000 13124
0.5700 4500 14765
Then, any one of a number of Excel functions can be used to interpolate

(Here we use Excel 's Trendline analysis)
p/pSL Altitude (ft)

0.707 9303 Current altitude is approximately 9303 ft
0.571 14640
The change in altitude is then 5337 ft
Alternatively, we can interpolate for each altitude by using a linear regression between adjacent data points
p/pSL Altitude (m) Altitude (ft) p/pSL Altitude (m) Altitude (ft)
For 0.7372 2500 8203 0.6085 4000 13124
0.6920 3000 9843 0.5700 4500 14765
Then 0.7070 2834 9299 0.5730 4461 14637
The change in altitude is then 5338 ft

Problem 3.4
3.4
Given: Data on tire at 3500 m and at sea level
Find: Absolute pressure at 3500 m; pressure at sea level
Solution:
At an elevation of 3500 m, from Table A.3:
pSL = 101 kPa patm = 0.6492 pSL patm = 65.6 kPa
and we have pg = 0.25 MPa pg = 250 kPa p = pg + patm p = 316 kPa
At sea level patm = 101 kPa
Meanwhile, the tire has warmed up, from the ambient temperature at 3500 m, to 25oC.
At an elevation of 3500 m, from Table A.3 Tcold = 265.4 K and Thot = ( 25 + 273) K Thot = 298 K
Hence, assuming ideal gas behavior, pV = mRT, and that the tire is approximately a rigid container, the absolute pressure of the
hot tire is
Thot
phot = p phot = 354 kPa
Tcold
Then the gage pressure is
pg = phot patm pg = 253 kPa

Problem 3.5
3.5
Given: Data on system
Find: Force on bottom of cube; tension in tether
Solution:
dp
Basic equation = g or, for constant p = g h where h is measured downwards
dy
The absolute pressure at the interface is pinterface = patm + SGoil g hoil
Then the pressure on the lower surface is (

pL = pinterface + g hL = patm + g SGoil hoil + hL )
4 3
For the cube V = 125 mL V = 1.25 10 m
1
3
Then the size of the cube is d = V d = 0.05 m and the depth in water to the upper surface is hU = 0.3 m
Hence hL = hU + d hL = 0.35 m where hL is the depth in water to the lower surface
2 2
The force on the lower surface is FL = pL A where A = d A = 0.0025 m
(
FL = patm + g SGoil hoil + hL A
)
3 N kg m N s
2
FL = 101 10
2
+ 1000 9.81 ( 0.8 0.5 m + 0.35 m) 0.0025 m
2 3 2 kg m
m m s
FL = 270.894 N Note: Extra decimals needed for computing T later!
For the tension in the tether, an FBD gives Fy = 0 FL FU W T = 0 or T = FL FU W
(
where FU = patm + g SGoil hoil + hU A
)
Note that we could instead compute (
F = FL FU = g SGoil hL hU A ) and T = F W
Using FU
3 N kg m N s
2
FU = 101 10
2
+ 1000 9.81 ( 0.8 0.5 m + 0.3 m) 0.0025 m
2 3 2 kg m
m m s
FU = 269.668 N Note: Extra decimals needed for computing T later!
For the oak block (Table A.1) SGoak = 0.77 so W = SGoak g V
2
kg m 4 3 N s
W = 0.77 1000 9.81 1.25 10 m W = 0.944 N
3 2 kg m
m s
T = FL FU W T = 0.282 N
Problem 3.6
3.6
Given: Data on system before and after applied force
Find: Applied force
Solution:
dp
Basic equation
dy
= g or, for constant (
p = patm g y y0 ) with ( )
p y0 = patm
For initial state p1 = patm + g h and F1 = p1 A = g h A (Gage; F1 is hydrostatic upwards force)
For the initial FBD Fy = 0 F1 W = 0 W = F1 = g h A
For final state p2 = patm + g H and F2 = p2 A = g H A (Gage; F2 is hydrostatic upwards force)
For the final FBD Fy = 0 F2 W F = 0 F = F2 W = g H A g h A = g A ( H h )
2
D
F = H2O SG g ( H h)
4
From Fig. A.1 SG = 13.54
2
kg m 2 N s
F = 1000 13.54 9.81 ( 0.05 m) ( 0.2 0.025) m
m
3 2
s 4 kg m
F = 45.6 N
Problem 3.7
(Difficulty: 1)
3.7 Calculate the absolute pressure and gage pressure in an open tank of crude oil 2.4 below the
liquid surface. If the tank is closed and pressurized to 130 , what are the absolute pressure and gage
pressure at this location.
Given: Location: = 2.4 below the liquid surface. Liquid: Crude oil.
Find: The absolute pressure and gage pressure for both open and closed tank .
Assumption: The gage pressure for the liquid surface is zero for open tank and closed tank. The oil is
incompressible.
Governing equation: Hydrostatic pressure in a liquid, with z measured upward:

= =

The density for the crude oil is:

= 856
3
The atmosphere pressure is:
= 101000
The pressure for the closed tank is:
= 130 = 130000
Using the hydrostatic relation, the gage pressure of open tank 2.4 m below the liquid surface is:

= = 856 3 9.81 2 2.4 = 20100

The absolute pressure of open tank at this location is:
= + = 20100 + 101000 = 121100 = 121.1
The gage pressure of closed tank at the same location below the liquid surface is the same as open tank:

= = 856 3 9.81 2 2.4 = 20100

The absolute pressure of closed tank at this location is:
= + = 20100 + 130000 = 150100 = 150.1

Problem 3.8
(Difficulty: 1)
3.8 An open vessel contains carbon tetrachloride to a depth of 6 and water on the carbon
tetrachloride to a depth of 5 . What is the pressure at the bottom of the vessel?
Given: Depth of carbon tetrachloride: = 6 . Depth of water: = 5 .
Find: The gage pressure at the bottom of the vessel.
Assumption: The gage pressure for the liquid surface is zero. The fluid is incompressible.
Solution: Use the hydrostatic pressure relation to detmine pressures in a fluid.

= =

The density for the carbon tetrachloride is:

= 1.59 103 3 = 3.09
3
The density for the water is:

= 1.0 103 3 = 1.940
3
Using the hydrostatic relation, the gage pressure at the bottom of the vessel is:
= +

= 3.09 3 32.2 2 6 + 1.940 3 32.2 2 5 = 909 2 = 6.25

Problem 3.8
3.9
Given: Properties of a cube floating at an interface
Find: The pressures difference between the upper and lower surfaces; average cube density
Solution:
The pressure difference is obtained from two applications of Eq. 3.7equations:
these
pU = p0 + SAE10 g ( H 0.1 d) pL = p0 + SAE10 g H + H2O g 0.9 d
where pU and pL are the upper and lower pressures, p0 is the oil free surface pressure, H is the depth of the interface, and d
is the cube size
Hence the pressure difference is
p = pL pU = H2O g 0.9 d + SAE10 g 0.1 d (

p = H2O g d 0.9 + SGSAE10 0.1 )
From Table A.2 SGSAE10 = 0.92
2
kg m Ns
p = 999 9.81 0.1 m ( 0.9 + 0.92 0.1) p = 972 Pa
3 2 kg m
m s
For the cube density, set up a free body force balance for the cube
F = 0 = p A W
2
Hence W = p A = p d
2
m W p d p
cube = = = =
3
d g
3 3 d g
d d g
2
N 1 s kg m kg
cube = 972 cube = 991
2 0.1 m 9.81 m N s2 3
m m
Problem
Problem 3.10
3.1 [Difficulty: 2]
3.10
Given: Data on nitrogen tank
Find: Pressure of nitrogen; minimum required wall thickness
Assumption: Ideal gas behavior
Solution:
Ideal gas equation of state: p V = MRT
ft lbf
where, from Table A.6, for nitrogen R = 55.16
lbm R
M R T
= M R T
6
p =
3
Then the pressure of nitrogen is
V
D
2
ft lbf
( 77 + 460) R ft
6
p = 140 lbm 55.16
lbm R 3 12 in
( 2.5 ft)
lbf
p = 3520
2
in
To determine wall thickness, consider a free body diagram for one hemisphere:
2
D
F = 0 = p
4
c D t pD2/4
where c is the circumferential stress in the container
p D
2
p D cDt
Then t= =
4 D c 4 c
2
lbf 2.5 ft in
t = 3520
2 4 3
in 30 10 lbf
t = 0.0733 ft t = 0.880 in
Problem 3.11
(Difficulty: 2)
3.11 If at the surface of a liquid the specific weight is 0 , with and both zero, show that, if
0
= , the specific weight and pressure are given = and = ln 1 + .
+
0

Calculate specific weight and pressure at a depth of 2 assuming 0 = 10.0 and = 2070 .
3

Given: Depth: = 2 . The specific weight at surface of a liquid: 0 = 10.0 .
3
Find: The specific weight and pressure at a depth of 2 .
Assumption:. Bulk modulus is constant
Solution: Use the hydrostatic pressure relation and definition of bulk modulus to detmine pressures in
a fluid.

= =

Definition of bulk modulus

= =

Eliminating dp from the hydrostatic pressure relation and the bulk modulus definition:

= =

Or

=
2
Integrating for both sides we get:

1
= +

At = 0, = 0 so:
1
=
0
1 1
=
0
Solving for , we have:

=

+
0
Solving for the pressure using the hydrostatic relation:

= =

+
0
Integrating both sides we to get:

= ln + +
0
At = 0, = 0 so:

= ln
0
0
= ln + + ln = ln 1 +
0 0
For the specific case
= 2

0 = 10.0
3
= 2070
The specific weight:
2070 106
= = = 10100 3 = 10.1 3

+ 2070 106
0 2000 +
10 103 3

Pressure:
0 2000
= ln 1 + = 2070 106 ln 1 + 10000.0 3 = 20100
2070 106
Problem 3.12
(Difficulty: 2)
3.12 In the deep ocean the compressibility of seawater is significant in its effect on and . If
= 2.07 109 , find the percentage change in the density and pressure at a depth of 10000 meters
as compared to the values obtained at the same depth under the incompressible assumption. Let

0 = 1020 and the absolute pressure 0 = 101.3 .
3

Given: Depth: = 10000 . The density: 0 = 1020 . The absolute pressure: 0 = 101.3 .
3
Find: The percent change in density % and pressure %.
Assumption: The bulk modulus is constant
Solution: Use the relations developed in problem 3.11 for specific weight and pressure for a
compressible liquid:

=

+
0
0
= ln 1 +

The specific weight at sea level is:

0 = 0 = 1020 3 9.81 2 = 10010 3

The specific weight and density at 10000 m depth are
2.07 109
= = = 10520 3
2.07 109 3
+ 10000 +
0 10010
10520
= = 3 = 1072 3
9.81
The percentage change in density is

0 1072 1020
% = = = 5.1 %
0 1020
The gage pressure at a depth of 10000m is:
0 10010 (10000)
= ln 1 + = 101.3 2.07 109 ln 1 + = 102600
2.07 109
The pressure assuming that the water is incompressible is:

= = 1020 9.81 10000 = 100062
3 2
The percent difference in pressure is:
0 102600 100062
% = = = 2.54 %
0 100062
Problem 3.13
3.13
Given: Model behavior of seawater by assuming constant bulk modulus
Find: (a) Expression for density as a function of depth h.

(b) Show that result may be written as
= o + bh
(c) Evaluate the constant b
(d) Use results of (b) to obtain equation for p(h)
(e) Determine depth at which error in predicted pressure is 0.01%
5
Solution: From Table A.2, App. A: SGo = 1.025 Ev = 2.42 GPa = 3.51 10 psi
dp
Governing Equations: = g (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)
dh
dp (Definition of Bulk Modulus)

Ev =
d

h
d d g
1 g
Then dp = g dh = Ev or = dh Now if we integrate: d = dh
2 Ev 2 Ev
0

o
o g h Ev o 1
After integrating: = Therefore: = and =
o Ev Ev g h o o o g h
1
Ev
o g h o g h (Binomial expansion may

Now for <<1, the binomial expansion may be used to approximate the density: = 1+ be found in a host of
Ev o Ev sources, e.g. CRC
2 Handbook of
o g Mathematics)
In other words, = o + b h where b =
Ev
Since dp = g dh then an approximate expression for the pressure as a function of depth is:

h
(
g h 2 o + b h )
papprox patm =
0
( o + b h ) g dh papprox patm = 2
Solving for papprox we get:
papprox = patm +
( )
g h 2 o + b h
= patm + o g h +
b g h
2
= patm + o h +
b h
2
g
2 2 2
Now if we subsitiute in the expression for b and simplify, we get:
o g h2
2
o g h o g h

papprox = patm + o h + g = patm + o g h 1 + papprox = patm + o g h 1 +
Ev 2 2 Ev 2Ev

The exact soution for p(h) is obtained by utilizing the exact solution for (h). Thus:
1
E
o g h
d = Ev ln
pexact patm =
v
pexact = patm + Ev ln 1

Subsitiuting for we get:
Ev
o o

o
x
o g h 1 +
x
x 1 +
o g h pexact papprox
If we let x = For the error to be 0.01%: = 1
2 = 1
2 = 0.0001
1 1
Ev Ev ln ( 1 x) ln ( 1 x)
pexact

This equation requires an iterative solution, e.g. Excel's Goal Seek. The result is: x = 0.01728 Solving x for h:
x Ev 3 2 2

5 lbf ft s 12 in slug ft 4
h= h = 0.01728 3.51 10 h = 1.364 10 ft
o g 2 1.025 1.94 slug 32.2 ft ft 2
in lbf s
This depth is over 2.5 miles, so the

incompressible fluid approximation is a
reasonable one at all but the lowest depths
of the ocean.
Problem 3.14
3.14
Given: Cylindrical cup lowered slowly beneath pool surface

Air H
Find: Expression for y in terms of h and H.
Plot y/H vs. h/H.
D y Air Hy
Solution: y
dp
Governing Equations: = g (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)
dh
p V = M R T (Ideal Gas Equation)
Assumptions: (1) Constant temperature compression of air inside cup

(2) Static liquid
(3) Incompressible liquid
First we apply the ideal gas equation (at constant temperature) for the pressure of the air in the cup: p V = constant
2 2
Therefore: p V = pa D H = p D ( H y) and upon simplification: pa H = p ( H y)
4 4
Now we look at the hydrostatic pressure equation for the pressure exerted by the water. Since is constant, we integrate:
p pa = g ( h y) at the water-air interface in the cup.
Since the cup is submerged to a depth of h, these pressures must be equal:
pa H = pa + g ( h y) ( H y) = pa H pa y + g ( h y) ( H y)

Explanding out the right hand side of this expression:

2
0 = pa y + g ( h y) ( H y) = g h H g h y g H y + g y pa y
2 2 pa
g y pa + g ( h + H) y + g h H = 0 y + ( h + H) y + h H = 0
g
2
pa pa
+ ( h + H) + ( h + H) 4 h H
y=
g g
We now use the quadratic equation: we only use the minus sign because y
2 can never be larger than H.
Now if we divide both sides by H, we get an expression for y/H:
2
pa h pa h h
+ + 1 + + 1 4
y
=
g H H g H H H
H 2
The exact shape of this curve will depend upon the height of the cup. The plot below was generated assuming:
pa = 101.3 kPa
H = 1 m
0.8
Height Ratio, y/H
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Depth Ratio, h/H

Problem 3.15
3.15
Given: Data on water tank and inspection cover
Find: If the support bracket is strong enough; at what water depth would it fail
pbaseA
Assumptions: Water is incompressible and static
Cover
Solution:
patmA
dp
Basic equation = g or, for constant p = g h where h is measured downwards
dy
The absolute pressure at the base is pbase = patm + g h where h = 16 ft
The gage pressure at the base is pbase = g h This is the pressure to use as we have patm on the outside of the cover.
2
The force on the inspection cover is F = pbase A where A = 1 in 1 in A = 1 in
F = g h A
2 2
16 ft 1 in
slug ft 2 ft lbf s
F = 1.94 32.2
ft
3
s
2 12 in slug ft
F = 6.94 lbf The bracket is strong enough (it can take 9 lbf).
To find the maximum depth we start with F = 9.00 lbf
F
h=
g A
3 2 2

1 ft 1 s 1 12 in slug ft
h = 9 lbf
1.94 slug 32.2 ft in2 ft lbf s2
h = 20.7 ft
Problem 3.18
3.16
Given: Data on partitioned tank
Find: Gage pressure of trapped air; pressure to make water and mercury levels equal
Solution:
The pressure difference is obtained from repeated application of Eq. 3.7, or in other words, from Eq. 3.8. Starting
from the right air chamber
pgage = SGHg H2O g ( 3 m 2.9 m) H2O g 1 m
(
pgage = H2O g SGHg 0.1 m 1.0 m )
2
kg m Ns
pgage = 999 9.81 ( 13.55 0.1 m 1.0 m) pgage = 3.48 kPa
3 2 kg m
m s
If the left air pressure is now increased until the water and mercury levels are now equal, Eq. 3.8 leads to
pgage = SGHg H2O g 1.0 m H2O g 1.0 m
(
pgage = H2O g SGHg 1 m 1.0 m )
2
kg m Ns
pgage = 999 9.81 ( 13.55 1 m 1.0 m) pgage = 123 kPa
3 2 kg m
m s
Problem 3.17
3.17
Given: Two-fluid manometer as shown
l = 10.2 mm SGct = 1.595 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: Pressure difference
Solution: We will apply the hydrostatics equation.
Governing equations: dp
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)
dh
= SG water (Definition of Specific Gravity)
Assumptions: (1) Static liquid

z
Starting at point 1 and progressing to point 2 we have: d
p1 + water g ( d + l) ct g l water g d = p2
Simplifying and solving for p2 p1 we have:
( )
p = p2 p1 = ct g l water g l = SGct 1 water g l
Substituting the known data:

kg m m
p = ( 1.591 1) 1000 9.81 10.2 mm p = 59.1 Pa
3 2 3
m s 10 mm
Problem 3.18
3.18
Given: Two fluid manometer contains water and kerosene. With both tubes
open to atmosphere, the difference in free surface elevations is known
Ho = 20 mm SGk = 0.82 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: The elevation difference, H, between the free surfaces of the fluids
when a gage pressure of 98.0 Pa is applied to the right tube.
Solution: We will apply the hydrostatics equation.
Governing Equations: dp
dh

When the gage pressure p is applied to the right tube, the water in the
right tube is displaced downward by a distance, l. The kerosene in the p
left tube is displaced upward by the same distance, l.
Under the applied gage pressure p, the elevation difference, H, is:

l
H0 h H
H = Ho + 2 l l
Since points A and B are at the same elevation in the same fluid, their H1
pressures are the same. Initially:
(
pA = k g Ho + H1 ) pB = water g H1 A B A B
Setting these pressures equal:
( )
k g Ho + H1 = water g H1
Solving for H1
k Ho SGk Ho 0.82 20 mm
H1 = = H1 = H1 = 91.11 mm
water k 1 SGk 1 0.82
Now under the applied gage pressure:
( )
pA = k g Ho + H1 + water g l (
pB = p + water g H1 l )
Setting these pressures equal:
1 p
( ) ( ) + H1 SGk Ho + H1
( )
p
SGk Ho + H1 + l = + H1 l l=
water g 2 water g

Substituting in known values we get:
1 m
3 2
N 1 m 1 s kg m
l = 98.0 + [ 91.11 mm 0.82 ( 20 mm + 91.11 mm) ] l = 5.000 mm
2 2 999 kg 9.81 m 2 3
m N s 10 mm
Now we solve for H:
H = 20 mm + 2 5.000 mm H = 30.0 mm
Problem 3.24
3.19
Given: Data on manometer e
Find: Gage pressure at point a
Assumption: Water, liquids A and B are static and incompressible c
Solution: d
dp
Basic equation = g or, for constant p = g h
dy
where h is height difference
Starting at point a p1 = pa H2O g h1 where h1 = 0.125 m + 0.25 m h1 = 0.375 m
Next, in liquid A p2 = p1 + SGA H2O g h2 where h2 = 0.25 m
Finally, in liquid B patm = p2 SGB H2O g h3 where h3 = 0.9 m 0.4 m h3 = 0.5 m
Combining the three equations
( )
patm = p1 + SGA H2O g h2 SGB H2O g h3 = pa H2O g h1 + SGA H2O g h2 SGB H2O g h3
(
pa = patm + H2O g h1 SGA h2 + SGB h3 )
or in gage pressures (
pa = H2O g h1 SGA h2 + SGB h3 )
2
kg m N s
pa = 1000 9.81 [ 0.375 ( 1.20 0.25) + ( 0.75 0.5) ] m
m
3 2
s kg m
3
pa = 4.41 10 Pa pa = 4.41 kPa (gage)
Problem 3.20
(Difficulty: 1)
3.20 With the manometer reading as shown, calculate .
Given: Oil specific gravity: = 0.85 Depth: 1 = 60 . 2 = 30 .
Find: The pressure .
Assumption: Fluids are incompressible
Solution: Use the hydrostatic relation to find the pressures in the fluid

= =

Integrating with respect to z for an incompressible fluid, we have the relation for the pressure difference
over a difference in elevation (h):
Repeated application of this relation yields
= 1 + 2
The specific weight for mercury is:

= 845
3
The pressure at the desired location is

60 30
= 0.85 62.4 3 + 845 3 = 2380 2 = 16.5
12 12
Problem 3.21
(Difficulty: 2)
3.21 Calculate for this inverted U-tube manometer.
Given: Oil specific gravity: = 0.90 Depth: 1 = 65 . 2 = 20 . 3 = 10 .
Find: The pressure difference .
Assume: The fluids are incompressible

= =

Starting at the location of the unknown pressure px, we have the following relations for the hydrostatic
pressure:
1 = 1
1 2 = 3
2 = (1 2 3 )
Adding these three equations together
= (2 + 3 ) 3
The pressure difference is then
(10 + 20) 10
= 62.4 0.9 62.4 3 = 109.2 2 = 0.758
3 12 12
Problem 3.22
(Difficulty: 2)
3.22 An inclined gage having a tube of 3 mm bore, laid on a slope of 1:20, and a reservoir of 25 mm
diameter contains silicon oil (SG 0.84). What distance will the oil move along the tube when a pressure
of 25 mm of water is connected to the gage?
Given: Silicon oil specific gravity: = 0.84. Diameter: 1 = 3 . 2 = 25 .
Depth: = 25 . Slope angle: 1: 20.
Find: The distance of the oil move along the tube.

= =

We have the volume of the oil as constant, so:
or
12 9
= = 2=
2 625
When a pressure of 25 of water is connected with the gage we have:
=

= = 29.8

Using these relations, we obtain, accounting for the slope of the manometer:
9 1
= + = +
202 + 12 625 20 + 12
2
9 1
= + = +
401 625 401

= = 463
9 1
+
625 401
Problem 3.23
3.23
Given: Water flow in an inclined pipe as shown. The pressure difference is

measured with a two-fluid manometer
L = 5 ft h = 6 in SGHg = 13.55 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: Pressure difference between A and B
Solution: We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system.
dh

(3) Gravity is constant
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation we get:
p = g h
Progressing through the manometer from A to B:
pA + water g L sin( 30 deg) + water g a + water g h Hg g h water g a = pB
Simplifying terms and solving for the pressure difference:
( )
p = pA pB = water g h SGHg 1 L sin( 30 deg)

Substituting in values:
2 2
32.2 6 in
p = 1.94
slug ft ft lbf s ft
( 13.55 1) 5 ft sin( 30 deg)
2
p = 1.638 psi
ft
3
s 12 in slugft
12 in
Problem 3.24
3.24
Given: Reservoir manometer with vertical tubes of knowm diameter. Gage liquid is Meriam red oil
D = 18 mm d = 6 mm SGoil = 0.827 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: The manometer deflection, L when a gage pressure equal to 25 mm of

water is applied to the reservoir.
dh

p = g h
Beginning at the free surface of the reservoir, and accounting for the changes in pressure with elevation:
patm + p + oil g ( x + L) = patm
p
Upon simplification: x+L = The gage pressure is defined as: p = water g h where h = 25 mm
oil g
water g h h
Combining these two expressions: x+L = =
oil g SGoil
2
x =
2 2 d
x and L are related through the manometer dimensions: D x = d L L
4 4 D
h 25 mm
Therefore: L= Substituting values into the expression: L =
d
2 6 mm
2
SGoil 1 + 0.827 1 +

D 18 mm
L
(Note: s = which yields s = 1.088 for this manometer.) L = 27.2 mm
h
Problem 3.25
3.25
Given: A U-tube manometer is connected to the open tank filled with water as
shown (manometer fluid is Meriam blue)
D1 = 2.5 m D2 = 0.7 m d = 0.2 m SGoil = 1.75 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: The manometer deflection, l
dh

p = g h
When the tank is filled with water, the oil in the left leg of the manometer is displaced
downward by l/2. The oil in the right leg is displaced upward by the same distance, l/2. D1 d d
Beginning at the free surface of the tank, and accounting for the changes in pressure with
elevation:
D2 c
patm + water g D1 D2 + d + oil g l = patm
l
2
Upon simplification:
D1 D2 + d
water g D1 D2 + d +
l l
= oil g l D1 D2 + d + = SGoil l l =
2 2
SGoil
1
2
2.5 m 0.7 m + 0.2 m

l = l = 1.600 m
1
1.75
2
Problem 3.26
(Difficulty: 2)
3.26 The sketch shows a sectional view through a submarine. Calculate the depth of submarine, y.

Assume the specific weight of the seawater is 10.0 .
3

Given: Atmos. Pressure: = 740 . Seawater specific weight: = 10.0 . All the
3
dimensional relationship is shown in the figure.
Find: The depth .

= =

Using the barometer reading with 760 mm as atmospheric pressure, the pressure inside the submarine is:
840
= 101.3 103 = 111.6 103
760
However, the actual atmosphere pressure is:
740
= 101.3 103 = 98.3 103
760
For the manometer, using the hydrostatic relation, we have for the pressure, where y is the depth of the
submarine:
= + + 200 400
+ 400 200
=

The specific weight for mercury is:

= 133.1
3
So we have for the depth y:

111.6 103 + 133.1 1000 3 0.4 1000 3 0.2 98.3 103
=

1000 3

= 6.45
Problem 3.27
(Difficulty: 1)
3.27 The manometer reading is 6 in. when the tank is empty (water surface at A). Calculate the
manometer reading when the cone is filled with water.
Find: The manometer reading when the tank is filled with water.
Assumption: Fluids are static and incompressible
Solution: Use the hydrostatic relations for pressure
When the tank is empty, we have the equation as:
= 13.57
= = 150 13.57 = 2.04
When the tank is filled with water, we assume the mercury interface moves by :
( + + ) = ( + 2)
(3 + 2.04 + ) = 13.57(0.15 + 2)
Thus
= 0.115
The new manometer reading is:

= + 2 = 0.15 + 2 0.115 = 0.38
Problem 3.30
3.28
Given: Reservoir manometer with dimensions shown. The manometer fluid

specific gravity is given.
5 3
D = in d = in SGoil = 0.827
8 16
Find: The required distance between vertical marks on the scale

corresponding to p of 1 in water.
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - z is positive upwards)
dz


p = g z
h
Beginning at the free surface of the tank, and accounting for the changes in pressure with
elevation:
patm + p oil g ( x + h) = patm x
Upon simplification: p = oil g ( x + h) The applied pressure is defined as: p = water g l where l = 1 in
l
Therefore: water g l = oil g ( x + h) x+h =
SGoil
2
x =
2 2 d
x and h are related through the manometer dimensions: D x = d h h
4 4 D
l 1 in
Solving for h: h= Substituting values into the expression: h =
d
2 0.1875 in
2
SGoil 1 + 0.827 1 +
D 0.625 in
h = 1.109 in
Problem 3.29
3.29
Given: Inclined manometer as shown.

D = 96 mm d = 8 mm
Angle is such that the liquid deflection L is five times that of a regular
U-tube manometer.
Find: Angle and manometer sensitivity.
Governing Equation: dp
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - z is positive upwards)
dz

p = g z
Applying this equation from point 1 to point 2:

p1 g ( x + L sin ( ) ) = p2 x
Upon simplification: p1 p2 = g ( x + L sin ( ) )
2
x = L
2 2 d
Since the volume of the fluid must remain constant: D x = d L
4 4 D
d 2
Therefore: p1 p2 = g L + sin ( )

D d 2
p1incl p2incl g L + sin ( )
Now for a U-tube manometer: p1 p2 = g h Hence: = D
p1U p2U g h
d 2 2 2
L
h d
=
1 8 mm
For equal applied pressures: + sin ( ) = h Since L/h = 5: sin ( ) =
D L D 5 96 mm
= 11.13 deg
L L 5
The sensitivity of the manometer: s= = s=
he SG h SG
Problem 3.33
3.30
Given: Data on inclined manometer
Find: Angle for given data; find sensitivity
Solution:
dp
Basic equation = g or, for constant p = g h where h is height difference
dy
Under applied pressure p = SGMer g ( L sin( ) + x) (1)
From Table A.1 SGMer = 0.827
and p = 1 in. of water, or p = g h where h = 25 mm h = 0.025 m

2
kg m N s
p = 1000 9.81 0.025 m p = 245 Pa
3 2 kg m
m s
Atube 2
= L
d
The volume of liquid must remain constant, so x Ares = L Atube x = L (2)
Ares D
d
2
Combining Eqs 1 and 2 p = SGMer g L sin ( ) + L
D
2

p d
Solving for sin ( ) =
SGMer g L
D
3 2 2
N 1 m 1 s 1 1 kg m 8
1
sin ( ) = 245 = 0.186
s N 76
2 0.827 1000 kg 9.81 m 0.15 m 2
m
= 11 deg
The sensitivity is the ratio of manometer deflection to a vertical water manometer
L 0.15 m
s= = s=6
h 0.025 m
Problem 3.34
3.31
Given: Barometer with water on top of the mercury column, Temperature is

known:
h2 = 6.5 in h1 = 28.35 in SGHg = 13.55 (From Table A.2, App. A) T = 70 F
pv = 0.363 psi (From Table A.7, App. A)
Find: (a) Barometric pressure in psia

(b) Effect of increase in ambient temperature on length of mercury
column for the same barometric pressure: Tf = 85 F
dh

(2) Incompressible liquid Water vapor
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation we get: Water

h2
p = g h
Start at the free surface of the mercury and progress through the barometer to the vapor Mercury
pressure of the water:
h1
patm Hg g h1 water g h2 = pv
(
patm = pv + water g SGHg h1 + h2 )
2 3
lbf s
( 13.55 28.35 in + 6.5 in)
lbf slug ft ft lbf
patm = 0.363 + 1.93 32.2 patm = 14.41
in
2
ft
3
s
2 slug ft 12 in in
2
At the higher temperature, the vapor pressure of water increases to 0.60 psi. Therefore, if the atmospheric pressure
were to remain constant, the length of the mercury column would have to decrease - the increased water vapor would
push the mercury out of the tube!
Problem 3.32
3.32
Given: Water column standin in glass tube

3N
h = 50 mm D = 2.5 mm = 72.8 10 (From Table A.4, App. A)
m
Find: (a) Column height if surface tension were zero.
(b) Column height in 1 mm diameter tube
dh
Fz = 0 (Static Equilibrium)
Assumptions: (1) Static, incompressible liquid

(2) Neglect volume under meniscus
(3) Applied pressure remains constant hc
(4) Column height is sum of capillary rise and pressure
difference h
hp
Assumption #4 can be written as: h = hc + hp
Choose a free-body diagram of the capillary rise portion of the column for analysis:
2 4
Fz = D cos ( ) D g hc = 0 Therefore: hc = cos ( )
4 g D
D
Substituting values:
2
3 N 1 m
3 103 mm
1
2
s 1 1 kg m
hc = 4 72.8 10 hc
m 999 kg 9.81 m 2.5 mm N s2 m

Mg = gV
hc = 11.89 mm
Therefore: hp = h hc hp = 50 mm 11.89 mm hp = 38.1 mm (result for = 0)
For the 1 mm diameter tube:
2
kg m 10 mm
3 2 3
3 N 1 m 1 s 1 1
hc = 4 72.8 10
m 999 kg 9.81 m 1 mm N s2 m hc = 29.71 mm

h = 29.7 mm + 38.1 mm h = 67.8 mm

Problem 3.38
Problem 3.33 [Difficulty :2]
3.33
Fluid 1
Fluid 2
Given: Two fluids inside and outside a tube
Find: (a) An expression for height h 1ghD2/4

(b) Height difference when D =0.040 in for water/mercury
Assumptions: (1) Static, incompressible fluids

(2) Neglect meniscus curvature for column height and
volume calculations
Solution:
A free-body vertical force analysis for the section of fluid 1 height h in the tube below
the "free surface" of fluid 2 leads to Dcos
2 2
D D
F = 0 = p
4
1 g h
4
+ D cos ( )
where p is the pressure difference generated by fluid 2 over height h, p = 2 g h
2 2 2 2
D D D D
Hence p 1 g h = 2 g h 1 g h = D cos ( )
4 4 4 4
4 cos ( )
Solving for h h =
(
g D 2 1 )
For fluids 1 and 2 being water and mercury (for mercury = 375 mN/m and = 140o, from Table A.4), solving for h when
D = 0.040 in
2 3 3

N lbf 0.0254m s 1 ft 12 in 1
slugft
h = 4 0.375 cos ( 140 deg)
m 4.448 N in 32.2 ft 0.040 in 1.94 slug ft ( 13.6 1) lbf s2

h = 0.360 in
Problem 3.34
3.34
Water
Given: Water in a tube or between parallel plates
Find: Height h for each system
Solution:
a) Tube: A free-body vertical force analysis for the section of water height h above the "free surface" in the tube, as
shown in the figure, leads to
2
D
F = 0 = D cos ( ) g h
4
Assumption: Neglect meniscus curvature for column height and volume calculations
4 cos ( )
Solving for h h =
g D
b) Parallel Plates: A free-body vertical force analysis for the section of water height h above the "free surface" between
plates arbitrary width w (similar to the figure above), leads to
F = 0 = 2 w cos() g h w a
2 cos ( )
Solving for h h =
g a
For water = 72.8 mN/m and = 0o (Table A.4), so
N
4 0.0728
m kg m 3
a) Tube h = h = 5.94 10 m h = 5.94 mm
kg m 2
999 9.81 0.005 m N s
3 2
m s
N
2 0.0728
m kg m 3
b) Parallel Plates h = h = 2.97 10 m h = 2.97 mm
kg m 2
999 9.81 0.005 m N s
3 2
m s
Problem 3.35
3.35
p SL = 101 kPa
R = 286.9 J/kg.K
= 999 kg/m3
The temperature can be computed from the data in the figure.

The pressures are then computed from the appropriate equation. From Table A.3
Atmospheric Pressure vs Elevation

1.00000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.10000
0.01000
Pressure Ratio p /p SL
0.00100
Computed
0.00010 Table A.3
0.00001
0.00000
Elevation (km)
Agreement between calculated and tabulated data is very good (as it should be, considering the table data are also computed!)
z (km) T (oC) T (K) p /p SL z (km) p /p SL
0.0 15.0 288.0 m = 1.000 0.0 1.000
2.0 2.0 275.00 0.0065 0.784 0.5 0.942
4.0 -11.0 262.0 (K/m) 0.608 1.0 0.887
6.0 -24.0 249.0 0.465 1.5 0.835
8.0 -37.0 236.0 0.351 2.0 0.785
11.0 -56.5 216.5 0.223 2.5 0.737
12.0 -56.5 216.5 T = const 0.190 3.0 0.692
14.0 -56.5 216.5 0.139 3.5 0.649
16.0 -56.5 216.5 0.101 4.0 0.609
18.0 -56.5 216.5 0.0738 4.5 0.570
20.1 -56.5 216.5 0.0530 5.0 0.533
22.0 -54.6 218.4 m = 0.0393 6.0 0.466
24.0 -52.6 220.4 -0.000991736 0.0288 7.0 0.406
26.0 -50.6 222.4 (K/m) 0.0211 8.0 0.352
28.0 -48.7 224.3 0.0155 9.0 0.304
30.0 -46.7 226.3 0.0115 10.0 0.262
32.2 -44.5 228.5 0.00824 11.0 0.224
34.0 -39.5 233.5 m = 0.00632 12.0 0.192
36.0 -33.9 239.1 -0.002781457 0.00473 13.0 0.164
38.0 -28.4 244.6 (K/m) 0.00356 14.0 0.140
40.0 -22.8 250.2 0.00270 15.0 0.120
42.0 -17.2 255.8 0.00206 16.0 0.102
44.0 -11.7 261.3 0.00158 17.0 0.0873
46.0 -6.1 266.9 0.00122 18.0 0.0747
47.3 -2.5 270.5 0.00104 19.0 0.0638
50.0 -2.5 270.5 T = const 0.000736 20.0 0.0546
52.4 -2.5 270.5 0.000544 22.0 0.0400
54.0 -5.6 267.4 m = 0.000444 24.0 0.0293
56.0 -9.5 263.5 0.001956522 0.000343 26.0 0.0216
58.0 -13.5 259.5 (K/m) 0.000264 28.0 0.0160
60.0 -17.4 255.6 0.000202 30.0 0.0118
61.6 -20.5 252.5 0.000163 40.0 0.00283
64.0 -29.9 243.1 m = 0.000117 50.0 0.000787
66.0 -37.7 235.3 0.003913043 0.0000880 60.0 0.000222
68.0 -45.5 227.5 (K/m) 0.0000655 70.0 0.0000545
70.0 -53.4 219.6 0.0000482 80.0 0.0000102
72.0 -61.2 211.8 0.0000351 90.0 0.00000162
74.0 -69.0 204.0 0.0000253
76.0 -76.8 196.2 0.0000180
78.0 -84.7 188.3 0.0000126
80.0 -92.5 180.5 T = const 0.00000861
82.0 -92.5 180.5 0.00000590
84.0 -92.5 180.5 0.00000404
86.0 -92.5 180.5 0.00000276
88.0 -92.5 180.5 0.00000189
90.0 -92.5 180.5 0.00000130
Problem 3.36
3.36
Given: Atmospheric conditions at ground level (z = 0) in Denver, Colorado are p0 = 83.2 kPa, T0 = 25C.
Pike's peak is at elevation z = 2690 m.
Find: p/p0 vs z for both cases.
Solution:
dp
Governing Equations: = g p = R T
dz
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid

(2) Ideal gas behavior
(a) For an incompressible atmosphere:
z

p = p0 0 g z = p0 1
dp g z
= g p p0 = g dz
R T0
becomes or (1)
dz 0

kg K N s
2
p = 83.2 kPa 1 9.81
m 1
At z = 2690 m 2690 m p = 57.5 kPa
2 287 N m 298 K kg m
s
1
k
= 0
p p
(b) For an adiabatic atmosphere: = const
k p0

1
k 0 g
dp = 0 g dz
dp p 1
= g becomes or dp = dz
dz 1 1
p0
k k
p p0
p k1 k1 k1
k k k 0 g

( )
1 k k
But dp = p p0 hence p p0 = g z
1 k1 k1 1
k k
p p0
p
0
k k
k1 k1
k 1 0
= 1
p p k 1 g z
= 1 g z
k R T0
Solving for the pressure ratio or (2)
p0 k p0 p0

1.4
1.41
1.4 1 kg K N s
2
p = 83.2 kPa 1
m 1
At z = 2690 m 9.81 2690 m p = 60.2 kPa
1.4 2 287 N m 298 K kg m
s
Equations 1 and 2 can be plotted:
Temperature Variation with Elevation

3
510
3
410
Elevation above Denver (m)
3
310
3
210
3
110
Incompressible
Adiabatic
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Pressure Ratio (-)

Problem 3.37
(Difficulty: 2)
3.37 If atmospheric pressure at the ground is 101.3 and temperature is 15 , calculate the
pressure 7.62 above the ground, assuming (a) no density variation, (b) isothermal variation of
density with pressure, and (c) adiabatic variation of density with pressure.
Assumption: Atmospheric air is stationary and behaves as an ideal gas.

= =

(a) For this case with no density variation, we integrate with respect to z from the ground level pressure
p0 to the pressure at any height h. The pressure is
= 0
From Table A.10, the density of air at sea level is

= 1.23
3
Or the specific weight is

= = 1.23 9.81 = 12.07
3 2 3
Thus the pressure at 7.62 km is

= 101.3 12.07 7.62 1000 = 9.63
3
(b) For isothermal condition we have for an ideal gas:

0
= = =
0
Therefore, since = g and g is a constant
0 101.3
= = = 8420 =
0
12.07 3

From the hydrostatic relation we have:
=

=

1
=
0 8420 0
1
ln =
0 8420
Thus the pressure at 7.62 km is
7620
= 8420 = 0.905 = 0.4045
0
= 101.3 0.4045 = 41.0
(c) For a reversible and adiabatic variation of density we have:

= =

Where k is the specific heat ratio
= 1.4
Or, since gravity g is constant, we can write in terms of the specific weight
0
= =
0
Or the specific weight is
1

= 0
0
The hydrostatic expression becomes
1

= 0
0
Separating variables
1/
0
=
0 0 ()1/ 0
Integrating between the limits p=p0 at z=0 and p = p at z = z
1/ 1
1
0 0 =
1 0
Or
1
1 0
=1
0 0
The pressure is then
1.4
1.41
1 0 1 1.4 1 3 7620
12.07
= 0 1 = 101.3 1
0 1.4 101.3 1000
= 35.4
The calculation of pressure depends heavily on the assumption we make about how density
changes.
Problem 3.38
(Difficulty: 2)
3.38 If the temperature in the atmosphere is assumed to vary linearly with altitude so T = T0 - z where
T0 is the sea level temperature and = - dT / dz is the temperature lapse rate, find p(z) when air is taken
to be a perfect gas. Give the answer in terms of p0, a, g, R, and z only.
Assumption: Atmospheric air is stationary and behaves as an ideal gas.
The ideal gas relation is

=

Or in terms of the specific weight, the pressure is

= =

Relating the temperature to the adiabatic lapse rate

= (0 )

Inserting the expression for specific weight into the hydrostatic equation

=
(0 )
Separating variables

=
(0 )
Integrating between the surface and any height z

=
0 0 (0 )
Or
0
=
0 0
In terms of p

= 1
0 0
Problem 3.39
3.39
Given: Door located in plane vertical wall of water tank as shown

a = 1.5 m b = 1 m c = 1 m ps
Atmospheric pressure acts on outer surface of door.
Find: Resultant force and line of action: c y

(a) for ps = patm
y
a
(b) for psg = 0.3 atm
Plot F/Fo and y'/yc over range of ps/patm (Fo is force
determined in (a), yc is y-ccordinate of door centroid).
Solution: We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system. b
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - y is positive downwards)
dy

FR = p dA (Hydrostatic Force on door)

y' FR = y p dA (First moment of force)


(2) Incompressible fluid
We will obtain a general expression for the force and line of action, and then simplify for parts (a) and (b).
Since dp = g dh it follows that p = ps + g y
Now because patm acts on the outside of the door, psg is the surface gage pressure: p = psg + g y
c+ a c+ a
FR =

p dA =

p b dy = psg + g y b dy = b psg a +
( )
g 2
(
a + 2 a c ) ( 1)
c c 2
c+ a
1
1
y' FR =

y p dA Therefore: y' =
FR

y p dA =
FR
(
y psg + g y b dy )
c
b psg g 3
( c + a) c + ( c + a) c
2 2 3
Evaluating the integral: y' =
FR 2 3
Simplifying: y' =
b psg 2
(
a + 2 a c + )
g 3
a + 3 a c ( a + c) ( 2)
FR 2 3
For part (a) we know psg = 0 so substituting into (1) we get: Fo = (

g b 2 )
a + 2 a c
2
2
N s
9.81 1 m ( 1.5 m) + 2 1.5 m 1 m
1 kg m 2
Fo = 999 Fo = 25.7 kN
2 3 2 kg m
m s
g b 3
Substituting into (2) for the line of action we get: y' = a + 3 a c ( a + c)
3 Fo
2
N s
( 1.5 m) + 3 1.5 m 1 m ( 1.5 m + 1 m)
1 kg m 1 1 3
y' = 999 9.81 1 m
3 3 2 3 N kg m
m s 25.7 10
y' = 1.9 m
For part (b) we know psg = 0.3 atm . Substituting into (1) we get:
1.013 10 N
5
N s
2
FR = 1 m 0.3 atm ( 1.5 m) + 2 1.5 m 1 m
1 kg m 2
1.5 m + 999 9.81
2 2 3 2 kg m
m atm m s
FR = 71.3 kN
Substituting into (2) for the line of action we get: 999

kg
9.81
m
5 3 2 2
1 m
0.3 atm 1.013 10 N ( 1.5) 2 + 2 1.5 1 m2 + m s 3 3 N s
( 1.5) + 3 1.5 1 ( 1.5 + 1) m
2
2 3 kg m
y' =
m atm
3
71.3 10 N
y' = 1.789 m
The value of F/Fo is obtained from Eq. (1) and our result from part (a):

b psg a + (
g 2 )

a + 2 a c 2 psg
F
= 2 = 1+
Fo g b 2
(
a + 2 a c) g ( a + 2 c)
2
a
For the gate yc = c + Therefore, the value of y'/yc is obtained from Eqs. (1) and (2):
2
(
psg 2
a + 2 a c) +
g 3
a + 3 a c ( a + c)
y'
=
2 b
(a + 2 a c) + g a3 + 3 a c (a + c) = 2 b 2
psg 2 3
(a + 2 a c)
yc FR ( 2 c + a) 2 3 ( 2 c + a) b p a + g 2
sg
2
Simplifying this expression we get:
(
psg 2
a + 2 a c + )
g 3
a + 3 a c ( a + c)
y' 2 2 3
=
yc ( 2 c + a)
psg a + (
g 2
a + 2 a c )
2
Based on these expressions we see that the force on the gate varies linearly with the increase in surface pressure, and that the line of
action of the resultant is always below the centroid of the gate. As the pressure increases, however, the line of action moves closer to
the centroid.
Plots of both ratios are shown below:
Force Ratio vs. Surface Pressure

40
30
Force Ratio F/Fo
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Surface Pressure (atm)
Line of Action Ratio vs. Surface Pressure

1.05
1.04
Line of Action Ratio y'/yc
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Surface Pressure (atm)

Problem 3.40
3.40
Discussion: The design requirements are specified except that a typical floor height is about 12 ft, making the total required lift
about 36 ft. A spreadsheet was used to calculate the system properties for various pressures. Results are presented on the next page,
followed by a sample calculation. Total cost dropped quickly as system pressure was increased. A shallow minimum was reached in
the 100-110 psig range. The lowest-cost solution was obtained at a system pressure of about 100 psig. At this pressure, the reservoir
of 140 gal required a 3.30 ft diameter pressure sphere with a 0.250 in wall thickness. The welding cost was $155 and the material cost
$433, for a total cost of $588. Accumulator wall thickness was constrained at 0.250 in for pressures below 100 psi; it increased for
higher pressures (this caused the discontinuity in slope of the curve at 100 psig). The mass of steel became constant above 110 psig.
No allowance was made for the extra volume needed to pressurize the accumulator. Fail-safe design is essential for an elevator to be
used by the public. The control circuitry should be redundant. Failures must be easy to spot. For this reason, hydraulic actuation is
good: leaks will be readily apparent. The final design must be reviewed, approved, and stamped by a professional engineer since the
design involves public safety. The terminology used in the solution is defined in the following table:
Symbol Definition Units
p System pressure psig
Ap Area of lift piston in2
Voil Volume of oil gal
Ds Diameter of spherical accumulator ft
t Wall thickness of accumulator in
Aw Area of weld in2
Cw Cost of weld $
Ms Mass of steel accumulator lbm
Cs Cost of steel $
Ct Total Cost $
A sample calculation and the results of the system simulation in Excel are presented below.
D S2
p
4
D S t
Results of system simulation:
Problem 3.41
3.41
Given: Geometry of gate
Find: Force FA for equilibrium

h
H = 25 ft
FA
A
R = 10 ft y y
B z x
Solution:
dp

Basic equation FR = p dA = g Mz = 0
dh
Ixx
or, use computing equations FR = pc A y' = yc + where y would be measured
A yc from the free surface
Assumptions: static fluid; = constant; patm on other side; door is in equilibrium
Instead of using either of these approaches, we note the following, using y as in the sketch

Mz = 0 FA R = y p dA with p = g h (Gage pressure, since p =

patm on other side)
1
FA = y g h dA with dA = r dr d and y = r sin ( ) h = Hy
R

R
g H R 2
3 4
1 R
Hence FA = g r sin ( ) ( H r sin ( ) ) r dr d = sin ( ) sin ( ) d
R 0 0
0
R 3 4
g 2 H R R 2 H R R
3 4 2 3
FR = = g
R 3 8 3 8
2
25 ft ( 10 ft) ( 10 ft)
slug ft 2 2 3 lbf s 4
Using given data FR = 1.94 32.2 FR = 7.96 10 lbf
3 2 3 8 slug ft
ft s
Problem 3.42
(Difficulty: 2)
3.42 A circular gate 3 in diameter has its center 2.5 below a water surface and lies in a plane
sloping at 60. Calculate magnitude, direction and location of total force on the gate.
Find: The direction, magnitude of the total force .
Assumptions: Fluid is static and incompressible
Solution: Apply the hydrostatic relations for pressure, force, and moments, with y measured from the
surface of the liquid:

= =

For the magnitude of the force we have:
A free body diagram of the gate is
The pressure on the gate is the pressure at the centroid, which is yc = 2.5 m. So the force can be
calculated as:

= = 999 3 9.81 2 2.5 (3 )2 = 173200 = 173.2
4
The direction is perpendicular to the gate.
For the location of the force we have:

= +

The y axis is along the plate so the distance to the centroid is:
2.5
= = 2.89
sin 60
The area moment of inertia is
4
= = (3 )4 = 3.976 4
64 64
The area is
2
= = (3 )2 = 7.07 2
4 4
So
3.976 4
= 2.89 + = 2.89 + 0.1946 = 3.08
7.07 2 2.89
The vertical location on the plate is
3
= sin 60 = 3.08 = 2.67
2
The force acts on the point which has the depth of 2.67 .
Problem 3.43
(Difficulty: 2)
3.43 For the situation shown, find the air pressure in the tank in psi. Calculate the force exerted on the
gate at the support B if the gate is 10 wide. Show a free body diagram of the gate with all the forces
drawn in and their points of application located.
Solution: Apply the hydrostatic relations for pressure and force, and the static relation for moments:

= =

The specfic weight for water is:

= 62.4
3
The pressure of the air equals that at the surface of the water in the tank. As shown by the manometer,
the pressure at the surface is less than atmospheric due to the three foot head of water. The gage
pressure of the air is then:

= = 62.4 3 3 = 187.2 2

A free body diagram for the gate is

For the force in the horizontal direction, we have:

1 = = 62.4 3 (6 10 ) = 11230
3

2 = = 187.2 (8 10 ) = 14980
2
With the momentume balance about hinge we have:

= 1 2 = 11230 6 8 14980 4 = 0
2
So the force exerted on B is:
= 933
Problem 3.44
(Difficulty: 3)
3.44 What is the pressure at A? Draw a free body diagram of the 10 ft wide gate showing all forces and
locations of their lines of action. Calculate the minimum force necessary to keep the gate closed.
Given: All the parameters are shown in the figure.
Find: The pressure . The minimum force necessary to keep the gate closed.

= =

The specfic weight of the water is:

= 62.4
3
The gage pressure at A is given by integrating the hydrostatic relation:

= = = 0.9 62.4 3 6 = 337 2

The horizontal force F1 as shown in the figure is given by the pressure at the centroid of the submerged
area (3 ft):

1 = = 0.9 62.4 3 (6 10 ) = 10110
3
The vertical force F2 is given by the pressure at the depth of the surface (4 ft)

2 = = 337 (4 10) = 13480
2
The force F1 acts two-thirds of the distance down from the water surface and the force F2 acts at the
centroid..
Taking the moments about the hinge:
1 6 2 2 + 4 = 0
So we have for the force at the support:

10110 6 + 13480 2
= = 21900
4
Problem 3.52
3.45
Given: Geometry of plane gate
Find: Minimum weight to keep it closed

L=3m
h
y
L/2
dF
W
w=2m
Solution:
dp

Basic equation FR = p dA = g MO = 0
dh
Ixx
or, use computing equations FR = pc A y' = yc +
A yc
Assumptions: static fluid; = constant; patm on other side; door is in equilibrium
Instead of using either of these approaches, we note the following, using y as in the sketch
L

MO = 0 W cos ( ) = y dF
2

We also have dF = p dA with p = g h = g y sin ( ) (Gage pressure, since p = patm on other side)
2
2

Hence W= y p dA = y g y sin ( ) w dy
L cos ( ) L cos ( )
L
2 2 g w tan( ) 2 2 2
W=

y p dA = y dy = g w L tan( )
L cos ( ) L 0 3
2
2 kg m 2 N s
Using given data W = 1000 9.81 2 m ( 3 m) tan( 30 deg) W = 68 kN
3 m
3
s
2 kg m
Problem 3.46
3.46
Given: Gate geometry
Find: Depth H at which gate tips
Solution:
This is a problem with atmospheric pressure on both sides of the plate, so we can first determine the location of the
center of pressure with respect to the free surface, using Eq.3.11c (assuming depth H)
Ixx 3
w L L
y' = yc + and Ixx = with yc = H
A yc 12 2
where L = 1 m is the plate height and w is the plate width
3 2
y' = H +
L w L
= H +
L L
Hence
2 L
12 w L H
2 L
12 H
2 2
But for equilibrium, the center of force must always be at or below the level of the hinge so that the stop can hold the gate in
place. Hence we must have
y' > H 0.45 m
2
Combining the two equations H +
L L
H 0.45 m
2
12 H
L

2
2 2
L L 1 m ( 1 m)
Solving for H H + H + H 2.17 m
12 0.45 m
2 L 2
12
1 m
0.45 m
2 2
Problem 3.47
3.47
Given: Geometry of lock system

Ry
Find: Force on gate; reactions at hinge Rx
Solution:
dp

Basic equation FR = p dA = g
dh FR
or, use computing equation FR = pc A
Assumptions: static fluid; = constant; patm on other side

The force on each gate is the same as that on a rectangle of size
W
h = D = 10 m and w =
2 cos ( 15 deg) Fn

FR = p dA = g y dA but dA = w dy

h 2
g w h
Hence FR = g y w dy =
0 2
2
h g w h
Alternatively FR = pc A and FR = pc A = g yc A = g h w =
2 2
2
1 kg m 34 m 2 N s
Using given data FR = 1000 9.81 ( 10 m) FR = 8.63 MN
2 m
3
s
2 2 cos ( 15 deg) kg m
For the force components Rx and Ry we do the following
w FR
Mhinge = 0 = FR Fn w sin ( 15 deg) Fn = Fn = 16.7 MN
2 2 sin ( 15 deg)
Fx = 0 = FR cos ( 15 deg) Rx = 0 Rx = FR cos ( 15 deg) Rx = 8.34 MN
Fy = 0 = Ry FR sin ( 15 deg) + Fn = 0 Ry = Fn FR sin ( 15 deg) Ry = 14.4 MN
R = ( 8.34 MN , 14.4 MN) R = 16.7 MN

Problem 3.48
(Difficulty: 2)
3.48 Calculate the minimum force necessary to hold a uniform 12 gate weighing
500 closed on a tank of water under a pressure of 10 . Draw a free body of the gate as part of
your solution.
Find: The minimum force to hold the system.

= =


The gage pressure of the air in the tank is:

= 10 = 1440
2
This produces a uniform force on the gate of

1 = = 1440 (12 12 ) = 207360
2
This pressure acts at the centroid of the area, which is the center of the gate. In addition, there is a force
on the gate applied by water. This force is due to the pressure at the centroid of the area. The depth of
the centroid is:
12
= sin 45
2
The force is them
12
2 = = 62.4 sin 45 12 12 = 38123
3 2
The force F2 acts two-thirds of the way down from the hinge, or = 8 .
Take the moments about the hinge:

sin 45 + 1 + 2 8 12 = 0
2 2
Thus
500 6 sin 45 + 207360 6 + 38123 8
= = 128900
12
Problem 3.49
(Difficulty: 2)
3.49 Calculate magnitude and location of the resultant force of water on this annular gate.
Find: Resultant force of water on this annular gate.

= =

= =

The pressure is determined at the location of the centroid of the area
= 1 + 1.5 = 2.5
2
= (2 12 ) = ((3 )2 (1.5 )2 ) = 5.3014 2
4 4

= 999 3 9.81 2 2.5 5.3014 2 = 129900 = 129.9

The y axis is in the vertical direction. For the location of the force, we have:

= +

Where:
= 2.5
(24 14 )
= = ((3 )4 (1.5 )4 ) = 3.7276 4
64 64
3.7276 4
= + = 2.5 + = 2.78
2.5 5.3014 2
So the force acts on the depth of = 2.78 .

Problem 3.50
(Difficulty: 2)
3.50 A vertical rectangular gate 2.4 wide and 2.7 high is subjected to water pressure on one side,
the water surface being at the top of the gate. The gate is hinged at the bottom and is held by a
horizontal chain at the top. What is the tension in the chain?
Given: The gate wide: = 2.4 . Height of the gate: = 2.7 .
Find: The tension in the chain.

= =

= =

Where hc is the depth at the centroid

2.7
= = 1.35
2
= = 2.4 2.7 = 6.48 2

= 999 3 9.81 2 1.35 6.48 2 = 85.7

The y axis is in the vertical direction. For the location of the force, we have:
2
= 2.7 = 1.8
3
Taking the momentum about the hinge:
= 0
0.9
= = 85.7 = 28.6
2.7
Problem 3.58
3.51
Given: Window, in shape of isosceles triangle and hinged at the top is located in
the vertical wall of a form that contains concrete.
a = 0.4 m b = 0.3 m c = 0.25 m SGc = 2.5 (From Table A.1, App. A)
Find: The minimum force applied at D needed to keep the window closed.
Plot the results over the range of concrete depth between 0 and a.
dh

FR = p dA (Hydrostatic Force on door)

y' FR = y p dA (First moment of force)

M = 0 (Rotational equilibrium)
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid b

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface and on the h
outside of the window. d
w a
Integrating the pressure equation yields: p = g ( h d) for h > d
p=0 for h < d
where d = ac d = 0.15 m D dA

Summing moments around the hinge: FD a + h p dA = 0

a a
1 1 g
FD = h p dA = h g ( h d) w dh = h ( h d) w dh
a a d a d
h a
w ah b
From the law of similar triangles: = Therefore: w = ( a h)
b a a FD
dF = pdA
a a
g g b 3
h + ( a + d) h a d h dh
b 2
Into the expression for the force at D: FD = h ( h d) ( a h) dh =
a a 2
d a d
Evaluating this integral we get:
FD =
(
g b a d

4 4
+
) (
3
( a + d) a d
3

)
a d a d
2 2

( ) and after collecting terms:
2 4 3 2
a
2 1 d 1 d d 1 d d
4 3 2
FD = g b a 1 + 1 + 1 1 ( 1)
4 a 3 a a 2 a a
kg 3 kg d 0.15
The density of the concrete is: = 2.5 1000 = 2.5 10 = = 0.375
3 3 a 0.4
m m
Substituting in values for the force at D:
2
9.81 0.3 m ( 0.4 m) 1 ( 0.375) + ( 1 + 0.375) 1 ( 0.375)
0.375 2 N s
1 ( 0.375)
3 kg m 2 1 4 1 3
FD = 2.5 10
m
3 2
s 4 3 2 kg m
To plot the results for different values of c/a, we use Eq. (1) and remember that d = ac FD = 32.9 N
d c
Therefore, it follows that = 1 In addition, we can maximize the force by the maximum force
a a
(when c = a or d = 0):
2 FD 1 d 1
4
d d 1 d
3
d
2
Fmax = g b a + =
1 1 g b a
= 12 1 + 1 + 1 1
2
and so
4 3 12 Fmax 4 a 3 a a 2 a a
1.0
0.8
Force Ratio (FD/Fmax)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0
Concrete Depth Ratio (c/a)

Problem 3.52
3.52
lbf
Given: Plug is used to seal a conduit. = 62.4
3
ft
Find: Magnitude, direction and location of the force of water on the plug.
= (Hydrostatic Pressure - y is positive downwards)
dh
FR = pc A (Hydrostatic Force)
Ixx
y' = yc + (Location of line of action)
A yc

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts on the outside of the plug.
2
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = h FR = pc A = hc D
4
lbf 2 4
FR = 62.4 12 ft ( 6 ft) FR = 2.12 10 lbf
3 4
ft
4
D 2 2
4 64 D ( 6 ft)
For a circular area: Ixx = D Therefore: y' = yc + = yc + y' = 12 ft +
64 2 16 yc 16 12 ft
D yc
4
y' = 12.19 ft
The force of water is to the right and

perpendicular to the plug.
Problem 3.53
3.53
Given: Circular access port of known diameter in side of water standpipe of

known diameter. Port is held in place by eight bolts evenly spaced
around the circumference of the port.
Center of the port is located at a know distance below the free surface of
the water.
d = 0.6 m D = 7 m L = 12 m
Find: (a) Total force on the port

(b) Appropriate bolt diameter
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - y is positive downwards)
dh
F
= (Normal Stress in bolt) h
A
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid L

d
(3) Force is distributed evenly over all bolts
(4) Appropriate working stress in bolts is 100 MPa
(5) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water and on
outside of port. D
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = g h

2
2 kg m 2 N s
The resultant force on the port is: FR = pc A = g L d FR = 999 9.81 12 m ( 0.6 m)
4 3 2 4 kg m
m s
FR = 33.3 kN
FR 2 2
To find the bolt diameter we consider: = where A is the area of all of the bolts: A = 8 db = 2 db
A 4
1
2
2 FR FR
Therefore: 2 db = Solving for the bolt diameter we get: db =
2
1
2
1 m
2 3
10 mm
db = 3
33.3 10 N
1
db = 7.28 mm
2 100 10 N
6 m

Problem 3.54
3.54
Given: Gate AOC, hinged along O, has known width;

Weight of gate may be neglected. Gate is sealed at C.
b = 6 ft
Find: Force in bar AB
dh
Ixx
y' = yc + (Location of line of action)
A yc
Mz = 0 (Rotational equilibrium)

(2) Incompressible fluid FAB
L1
outside of gate
(4) No resisting moment in hinge at O
(5) No vertical resisting force at C h1
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = g h L1

F1
L2
The free body diagram of the gate is shown here:
F1 is the resultant of the distributed force on AO
F2 is the resultant of the distributed force on OC
x2
FAB is the force of the bar F2
Cx is the sealing force at C
First find the force on AO: F1 = pc A1 = g hc1 b L1

2
slug ft lbf s
F1 = 1.94 32.2 6 ft 6 ft 12 ft F1 = 27.0 kip
ft
3
s
2
slugft
3 2
Ixx b L1 L1 ( 12 ft)
2
h'1 = hc1 + = hc1 + = hc1 + h'1 = 6 ft + h'1 = 8 ft
A hc1 12 b L1 hc1 12 hc1 12 6 ft
2
slug ft lbf s
Next find the force on OC: F2 = 1.94 32.2 12 ft 6 ft 6 ft F2 = 27.0 kip
3 2 slug ft
ft s
FAB
Since the pressure is uniform over OC, the force acts at the centroid of OC, i.e., x'2 = 3 ft
L1
Summing moments about the hinge gives: ( ) (

FAB L1 + L3 F1 L1 h'1 + F2 x'2 = 0 ) h1
L1
F1
Solving for the force in the bar: FAB =
(
F1 L1 h'1 F2 x'2 ) L2
L1 + L3
x2
F2
27.0 10 lbf ( 12 ft 8 ft) 27.0 10 lbf 3 ft
1 3 3
Substituting in values: FAB =
12 ft + 3 ft
FAB = 1800 lbf Thus bar AB is in compression

Problem 3.55
3.55
Given: Geometry of gate
Find: Force at A to hold gate closed y D
h
Solution:
y
dp
Basic equation = g Mz = 0
dh FR
FA
Ixx 3
w L
Computing equations FR = pc A y' = yc + Ixx =
A yc 12
Assumptions: Static fluid; = constant; patm on other side; no friction in hinge
For incompressible fluid p = g h where p is gage pressure and h is measured downwards
The hydrostatic force on the gate is that on a rectangle of size L and width w.
FR = pc A = g hc A = g D + sin ( 30 deg) L w
Hence
L
2
2
9.81 1.5 + sin ( 30 deg) m 3 m 3 m
FR = 1000
kg m 3 N s
FR = 199 kN
3 2 2 kg m
m s
Ixx
The location of this force is given by y' = yc + where y' and y are measured along the plane of the gate to the free surface
A yc c
D L 1.5 m 3 m
yc = + yc = + yc = 4.5 m
sin ( 30 deg) 2 sin ( 30 deg) 2
Ixx 3 2 2
w L 1 1 L ( 3 m)
y' = yc + = yc + = yc + = 4.5 m + y' = 4.67 m
A yc 12 w L yc 12 yc 12 4.5 m
MH = 0 = FR y'
D
Taking moments about the hinge FA L
sin ( 30 deg)
y' D 4.67 1.5

FA = FR
FA = 199 kN
sin ( 30 deg) sin ( 30 deg) FA = 111 kN
L 3
Problem 3.56
3.56
Given: Various dam cross-sections
Find: Which requires the least concrete; plot cross-section area A as a function of
Solution:
For each case, the dam width b has to be large enough so that the weight of the dam exerts enough moment to balance the
moment due to fluid hydrostatic force(s). By doing a moment balance this value of b can be found
a) Rectangular dam
Straightforward application of the computing equations of Section 3-5 yields
D 1 2
FH = p c A = g w D = g D w
2 2 FH
D
Ixx 3
D w D 2
y' = y c + = + = D y mg
A y c 2 D 3
12 w D
2 O
D
so y = D y' = b
3
Also m = cement g b D w = SG g b D w
b
Taking moments about O
M 0. = 0 = FH y + m g
2
1 g D2 w D = b ( SG g b D w)
so
2 3 2
D
Solving for b b=
3 SG
2
D
The minimum rectangular cross-section area is A = b D =
3 SG
2 2
D D 2
For concrete, from Table A.1, SG = 2.4, so A= = A = 0.373 D
3 SG 3 2.4
b) Triangular dams
FV x
Instead of analysing right-triangles, a general analysis is made, at the end of D
FH
which right triangles are analysed as special cases by setting = 0 or 1.
Straightforward application of the computing equations of Section 3-5 yields y

m 1g m 2g
O
D 1 2
FH = p c A = g w D = g D w b
2 2 b
Ixx 3
D w D 2
y' = y c + = + = D
A y c 2 D 3
12 w D
2
D
so y = D y' =
3
b D
b = b 1
1 2
Also FV = V g = g w = g b D w x = ( b b ) +
2 2 3 3
For the two triangular masses
2
b = b 1
1 1
m1 = SG g b D w x 1 = ( b b ) +
2 3 3
1 2
m2 = SG g ( 1 ) b D w x2 = b ( 1 )
2 3
Taking moments about O
M0. = 0 = FHy + FVx + m1gx1 + m2gx2

g D w + g b D w b 1 ...
1 2 D 1
so =0
2 3 2 3
1
+ SG g b D w b 1
2 1
+ SG g ( 1 ) b D w b ( 1 )
2
2 3 2 3
D
Solving for b b=
(3 2) + SG(2 )
For a right triangle with the hypotenuse in contact with the water, = 1 , and
D D
b= = b = 0.477 D
3 1 + SG 3 1 + 2.4
b D 2 2
The cross-section area is A= = 0.238 D A = 0.238 D
2
For a right triangle with the vertical in contact with the water, = 0, and
D D
b= = b = 0.456 D
2 SG 2 2.4
b D 2 2
The cross-section area is A= = 0.228 D A = 0.228 D
2
2 2
b D D D
For a general triangle A= = A=
2
2 (3 2) + SG(2 ) 2 (3 2) + 2.4(2 )
2
D
The final result is A=
2
2 4.8 + 0.6
The dimensionless area, A /D 2, is plotted
Alpha A /D 2
0.0 0.2282 Dam Cross Section vs Coefficient
0.1 0.2270
Dimensionless Area A /D 2
0.240
0.2 0.2263
0.238
0.3 0.2261
0.4 0.2263 0.236
0.5 0.2270
0.234
0.6 0.2282
0.7 0.2299 0.232
0.8 0.2321 0.230
0.9 0.2349
0.228
1.0 0.2384
0.226
Solver can be used to
0.224
find the minimum area
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Alpha A /D 2 Coefficient
0.300 0.2261
From the Excel workbook, the minimum area occurs at = 0.3

2
D 2
Amin = A = 0.226 D
2
2 4.8 + 0.6 0.3 0.3
The final results are that a triangular cross-section with = 0.3 uses the least concrete; the next best is a right triangle with the
vertical in contact with the water; next is the right triangle with the hypotenuse in contact with the water; and the cross-section
requiring the most concrete is the rectangular cross-section.
Problem 3.57
3.57
Given: Geometry of dam
Find: Vertical force on dam
Assumptions: (1) water is static and incompressible

(2) since we are asked for the force of the water, all pressures will be written as gage
Solution:
dp
Basic equation: = g
dh
For incompressible fluid p = g h where p is gage pressure and h is measured downwards from the free surface
The force on each horizontal section (depth d and width w) is
F = p A = g h d w (Note that d and w will change in terms of x and y for each section of the dam!)
Hence the total force is (allowing for the fact that some faces experience an upwards (negative) force)
FT = p A = g h d w = g d h w
Starting with the top and working downwards
2
slug ft lbf s
FT = 1.94 32.2 3 ft [ ( 3 ft 12 ft) + ( 3 ft 6 ft) ( 9 ft 6 ft) ( 12 ft 12 ft) ]
ft
3
s
2 slug ft
4
FT = 2.70 10 lbf The negative sign indicates a net upwards force (it's actually a buoyancy effect on the three middle sections)
Problem 3.58
3.58
Given: Parabolic gate, hinged at O has a constant width.

1
b = 2 m c = 0.25 m D = 2 m H = 3 m
Find: (a) Magnitude and line of action of the vertical force on the gate due to water
(b) Horizontal force applied at A required to maintain equilibrium
(c) Vertical force applied at A required to maintain equilibrium
dh
Mz = 0 (Rotational equilibrium)

Fv = p dAy (Vertical Hydrostatic Force)

x' Fv = x dFv (Location of line of action)

FH = pc A (Horizontal Hydrostatic Force)
Ixx
h' = hc + (Location of line of action)
A hc

y
(2) Incompressible fluid x
outside of gate B
h FV
FH
x
Ox Oy
(a) The magnitude and line of action of the vertical component of hydrostatic force:
D D D D
c c c c
Fv =

p dA y =
0

g h b dx =
0

g ( D y) b dx =
0
( 2 )
g D c x b dx = g b
0
( D c x2) dx

3 3 3
2 2 2
2 g b D
Evaluating the integral: Fv = g b
D 1 D
= ( 1)
1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
c c c
1
3
2 2
Fv =
2
999
kg m 1 m N s
9.81 2 m ( 2 m)
2
Substituting values: Fv = 73.9 kN
3
m
3
s
2 0.25 kg m
1 1

To find the line of action of this force: x' Fv = x dFv Therefore, x' = x dFv = x p dAy
Fv Fv
D D
c c
Using the derivation for the force: x' =
1

2 (
x g D c x b dx = )
g b

3
D x c x dx ( )
Fv 0 Fv 0
g b D D c D
2 2
g b D
Evaluating the integral: x' = = Now substituting values into this equation:
Fv 2 c 4 c Fv 4 c
2
kg m 1 1 1 2 1 N s
x' = 999 9.81 2 m
( 2 m) m x' = 1.061 m
3 2 3 N 4 0.25 kg m
m s 73.9 10
To find the required force at A for equilibrium, we need to find the horizontal force of the water on the gate and its
line of action as well. Once this force is known we take moments about the hinge (point O).
2
D D D
FH = pc A = g hc b D = g b D = g b since hc = Therefore the horizontal force is:
2 2 2
2 2
kg m ( 2 m) N s
FH = 999 9.81 2 m FH = 39.2 kN
3 2 2 kg m
m s
To calculate the line of action of this force:
Ixx 3
D b D 1 2 D D 2 2
h' = hc + = + = + = D h' = 2 m h' = 1.333 m
A hc 2 12 b D D 2 6 3 3
y
Now we have information to solve parts (b) and (c): x FA
(b) Horizontal force applied at A for equilibrium: take moments about O:
h FV H
Fv x' + FH ( D h') D FH
FA H Fv x' FH ( D h') = 0 Solving for FA FA =
H x
Ox Oy
1 1
FA = [ 73.9 kN 1.061 m + 39.2 kN ( 2 m 1.333 m) ] FA = 34.9 kN
3 m
(c) Vertical force applied at A for equilibrium: take moments about O:

y L
FA
FA L Fv x' FH ( D h') = 0 Fv x' + FH ( D h') x
Solving for FA FA =
L
D h FV
FH
H 1
L is the value of x at y = H. Therefore: L = L = 3 m m L = 3.464 m
c 0.25 x
Ox Oy
1 1
FA = [ 73.9 kN 1.061 m + 39.2 kN ( 2 m 1.333 m) ] FA = 30.2 kN
3.464 m
Problem 3.74
3.59
Given: Open tank as shown. Width of curved surface b = 10 ft
Find: (a) Magnitude of the vertical force component on the curved surface
(b) Line of action of the vertical component of the force
= (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards)
dh

x

FRy
L
x' Fv = x dFv (Moment of vertical force)
y
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid x
(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water
and on outside of wall 1
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = h We can define along the surface h = L R x ( 2 2 ) 2
We also define the incremental area on the curved surface as: dAy = b dx Substituting these into the force equation we get:
R

1

( )
R
Fv =

0
2
2
2 ( )
p dAy = L R x b dx = b
0
L R x dx = b R L R
2 2

4
Fv = 62.4 10 ft 4 ft 10 ft 4 ft
lbf 3
Fv = 17.12 10 lbf (negative indicates downward)
ft
3 4

To find the line of action of the force: x' Fv =

x dFv where dFv = b L ( 2 2
R x dx )

( x ) dx = ( L x x ) dx
R R
x' Fv 1 2 2 1 2 2
Therefore: x' = = x b L R R x
0 0
b R L R R L R
Fv
4 4
2
L R R =
2 1 3 4 R
=
L R 4 R

4 1 L R
Evaluating the integral: x' =
R ( 4 L R) 2 3 R ( 4 L R) 2 3 4 L R 2 3
4 4 ft

10 ft 4 ft
Substituting known values: x' = x' = 2.14 ft
4 10 ft 4 ft 2 3
Problem 3.76
3.60
Given: Dam with cross-section shown. Width of dam

b = 160 ft
Find: (a) Magnitude and line of action of the vertical force component on the dam
(b) If it is possible for the water to overturn dam
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards from
dh free surface)




Ixx
h' = hc + (Line of action of vertical force)
y
hc A
Mz = 0 (Rotational Equilibrium) A
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid x FV h

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts at free surface of water FH
and on outside of dam y
B
Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = g h x
B x Bx

Into the vertical force equation: Fv = p dAy = g h b dx = g b ( H y) dx
x x
A A
2
B 10 ft
From the definition of the dam contour: x y A y = B Therefore: y = and xA = + 1 ft xA = 2.11 ft
xA 9 ft
xB
H B dx = g b H x x B ln xB A
Into the force equation: Fv = g b ( B A) Substituting known values:
x A
x xA A
A
2
Fv = 1.94
slug
32.2
ft
160 ft 9 ft ( 7.0 ft 2.11 ft) 10 ft ln
2 7.0 1 lbf s 5
Fv = 2.71 10 lbf
ft
3
s
2 2.11 1 slug ft

x' Fv = x dFv where

dFv = g b H
B
To find the line of action of the force: dx Therefore:
x A
xB xB
x' Fv 1
x' = =

x g b H
B 1

H x B x dx
dx =
Fv Fv x A xB A x A
x
A ( )
H xB xA B ln
xA A
xA

H 2 xB A
xB xA B xB xA B A ln
( )
2

2 xA A
Evaluating the integral: x' =
Substituting known values we get:
xB A
( )
H xB xA B ln
x
A A
9 ft 2 ( 2 2 )
7 2.11 ft 10 ft ( 7 2.11) ft 10 ft 1 ft ln
2 2 71

x' =
2 2.11 1 x' = 4.96 ft
9 ft ( 7 2.11) ft 10 ft ln
2 71

2.11 1
To determine whether or not the water can overturn the dam, we need the horizontal force and its line of action:
2
H g b H
FH = pc A = g H b =
2 2
2
1 slug ft lbf s 2 5
Substituting values: FH = 1.94 32.2 160 ft ( 9 ft) FH = 4.05 10 lbf
2 3 2 slug ft
ft s
Ixx 3
H b H
For the line of action: h' = hc + where hc = A = H b Ixx =
hc A 2 12
3
H b H 2 1 H H 2 2
Therefore: h' = + = + = H h' = 9 ft h' = 6.00 ft
2 12 H b H 2 6 3 3
Taking moments of the hydrostatic forces about the origin:

5 5 5
Mw = FH ( H h') Fv x' Mw = 4.05 10 lbf ( 9 6) ft 2.71 10 lbf 4.96 ft Mw = 1.292 10 lbf ft
The negative sign indicates that this is a clockwise moment about the origin. Since the weight of the dam will also contribute a clockwise
moment about the origin, these two moments should not cause the dam to tip to the left.
Therefore, the water can not overturn the dam.
Problem 3.61
(Difficulty: 2)
3.61 The quarter cylinder is 10 long. Calculate magnitude, direction, and location of the resultant
force of the water on .
Assumptions: Fluid is incompressible and static
Find: The resultant force.
Solution: Apply the hydrostatic relations for pressure as a function of depth and for the location of
forces on submerged objects.
A freebody diagram for the cylinder is:
The force balance in the horizontal direction yields thathorizontal force is due to the water pressure:
Where the depth is the distance to the centroid of the horizontal area (8 + 5/2 ft):
5
= = 62.4 8 + (5 10 ) = 32800
3 2
= 32800
The force in the vertical direction can be calculated as the weight of a volume of water that is 8 ft + 5 ft =
13 ft deep less the weight of water that would be in the quarter cylinder. This force is then:

= = 62.4 3 13 (5 10 ) 62.4 3 (5 )2 (10 ) = 28308
4
The total resultant force is the vector sum of the two forces:
= 2 + 2 = (32800 )2 + (28308 )2 = 43300
The angle with respect to the horizontal is:

28308
= tan1 = tan1 = 40.9
32800
So the force acts on the quarter cylinder surface point at an angle of = 40.9 with respect to the
horizontal.
Problem 3.62
(Difficulty: 2)
3.62 Calculate the magnitude, direction (horizontal and vertical components are acceptable), and line of
action of the resultant force exerted by the water on the cylindrical gate 30 long.
Find: The resultant forces.
The horizontal force is calculated as:
Where the depth is the distance to the centroid of the horizontal area (5 ft):

= = 62.4 5 (10 30 ) = 93600
3
= 93600
The force in the vertical direction can be calculated as the weight of a volume of water that is 10 ft deep
less the weight of water that would be in the quarter cylinder. This force is then:
= =

= 62.4 10 (10 30 ) 62.4
3 3

10 (10 30 ) (10 )2 30 = 147000
4
The total resultant force is the vector sum of the two forces:
= 2 + 2 = (93600 )2 + (147000 )2 = 174200
The direction can be calculated as:

147000
= tan1 = tan1 = 57.5
93600
Problem 3.63
(Difficulty: 2)
3.63 A hemispherical shell 1.2 in diameter is connected to the vertical wall of a tank containing water.
If the center of the shell is 1.8 below the water surface, what are the vertical and horizontal force
components on the shell? On the top half of the shell?
Find: The resultant forces.
A free body diagram of the system is
The force in the horizontal direction can be calculated using the distance to the centroid (1.8 m) as:
1
= = 9.81 3 1.8 (1.2 )2 = 19.97
4
The force in the vertical direction is the buoyancy force due to the volume displaced by the shell:
1 1
= = 9.81 (1.2 )3 = 4.44
3 2 6
For the top shell, the horizontal force acts at:
4 0.6
= 1.8 = 1.545
3
The horizontal force on the top half of the shell is then:

= = 9.81 3 1.545 (1.2 )2 = 8.57
8
The vertical force on the top half of the shell is the buoyancy force:
1 1
= = 9.81 3 1.8 (1.2 )2 9.81 3 (1.2 )3 = 7.77
8 4 6
Problem 3.64
3.64
Given: Gate geometry
Find: Force on stop B

x y
D R/2 4R/3
Solution: FV
dp W1
Basic equations = g A
dh R FH W2
FB WGate y
MA = 0 x
Weights for computing FV

F1
Assumptions: static fluid; = constant; patm on other side
For incompressible fluid p = g h where p is gage pressure and h is measured downwards
We need to compute force (including location) due to water on curved surface and underneath. For curved surface we could integrate
pressure, but here we use the concepts that FV (see sketch) is equivalent to the weight of fluid above, and FH is equivalent to the force on
a vertical flat plate. Note that the sketch only shows forces that will be used to compute the moment at A
For FV FV = W1 W2
2
with kg m N s
W1 = g w D R = 1000 9.81 3 m 4.5 m 3 m W1 = 397 kN
3 2 kg m
m s
2 2
R kg m 2 N s
W2 = g w = 1000 9.81 3 m ( 3 m) W2 = 208 kN
4 m
3 2
s 4 kg m
FV = W1 W2 FV = 189 kN
R 4 R W1 R W2 4 R
with x given by FV x = W1 W2 or x=
2 3 Fv 2 Fv 3
397 3 m 208 4
x = 3 m x = 1.75 m
189 2 189 3
Ixx
For FH Computing equations FH = pc A y' = yc +
A yc
Hence R
FH = pc A = g D w R
2
2
FH = 1000
kg
9.81
m
4.5 m
3 m N s
3 m 3 m FH = 265 kN
m
3
s
2 2 kg m
The location of this force is
Ixx 3 2
y' = yc +
R w R
= D +
1 R
= D +
R
A yc 2
w R D
R
12 D
12 2 R
2 2
2
3 m ( 3 m)
y' = 4.5 m + y' = 3.25 m
12 4.5 m
2 3 m

2
The force F1 on the bottom of the gate is F1 = p A = g D w R
2
kg m N s
F1 = 1000 9.81 4.5 m 3 m 3 m F1 = 397 kN
3 2 kg m
m s
For the concrete gate (SG = 2.4 from Table A.2)
2 2
R kg m 2 N s
WGate = SG g w = 2.4 1000 9.81 3 m ( 3 m) WGate = 499 kN
4 3 2 4 kg m
m s
R 4 R
Hence, taking moments about A FB R + F1 WGate FV x FH [ y' ( D R) ] = 0
2 3
4 x [ y' ( D R) ] 1
FB = WGate + FV + FH F
3 R R 2 1
4 1.75 [ 3.25 ( 4.5 3) ] 1

FB = 499 kN + 189 kN + 265 kN 397 kN
3 3 3 2
FB = 278 kN
Problem 3.80
3.65
Given: Cylindrical weir as shown; liquid is water
Find: Magnitude and direction of the resultant force of the water on the weir
dh free surface)

dFR = p dA (Hydrostatic Force)

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts on free surfaces and on the
first quadrant of the cylinder
Using the coordinate system shown in the diagram at the right: h1 y

x
D1

h2
D2
FRx = FR i = p dA i = p cos ( + 90 deg) dA = p sin( ) dA

FRy = FR j = p dA j = p cos ( ) dA Now since dA = L R d it follows that

3 3
2 2

FRx = p L R sin ( ) d and FRy = p L R cos ( ) d
0 0
Next, we integrate the hydrostatic pressure equation: p = g h Now over the range 0 h1 = R ( 1 cos ( ) )
3
Over the range h2 = R cos ( )
2
Therefore we can express the pressure in terms of and substitute into the force equations:
3 3
2 2

FRx = p L R sin ( ) d = g R ( 1 cos ( ) ) L R sin ( ) d g R cos ( ) L R sin ( ) d
0 0
3
2
2 2
FRx = g R L ( 1 cos ( ) ) sin ( ) d g R L cos ( ) sin ( ) d
0
3
2
2 2 1 3 2
FRx = g R L ( 1 cos ( ) ) sin ( ) d cos ( ) sin ( ) d = g R L 2 = g R L
2 2
0
2
3 kg m 2 N s
Substituting known values: FRx = 999 9.81 ( 1.5 m) 6 m FRx = 198.5 kN
2 3 2 kg m
m s
Similarly we can calculate the vertical force component:
3 3
2 2

FRy = p L R cos ( ) d = g R ( 1 cos ( ) ) L R cos ( ) d g R cos ( ) L R cos ( ) d
0
0
3
2
2 2
( cos ( ) ) d = g R L +
2 3 3 2
FRy = g R L ( 1 cos ( ) ) cos ( ) d = g R L
2 4 2 4
0
2
3 kg m 2 N s
Substituting known values: FRy = 999 9.81 ( 1.5 m) 6 m FRy = 312 kN
4 3 2 kg m
m s
Now since the weir surface in contact with the water is a circular arc, all elements dF of the force, and hence the line of action of the
resultant force, must pass through the pivot. Thus:
2 2
Magnitude of the resultant force: FR = ( 198.5 kN) + ( 312 kN) FR = 370 kN
= atan
312 kN
The line of action of the force: = 57.5 deg
198.5 kN
Problem 3.82
3.66
Given: Curved surface, in shape of quarter cylinder, with given radius R and width w; water stands to depth H.
R = 0.750 m w = 3.55 m H = 0.650 m
Find: Magnitude and line of action of (a) vertical force and (b) horizontal force on the curved
surface
dh free surface)




Ixx
h' = hc + (Line of action of horizontal force)
hc A
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid dF

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts on free surface of the
water and on the left side of the curved surface R H
h
From the geometry: h = H R sin ( ) y = R sin ( ) x = R cos ( ) dA = w R d x

FV dF
1 = asin
H
1 = asin
0.650
1 = 1.048 rad
R 0.750 h
R FH H
y
Therefore the vertical component of the hydrostatic force is:

1
Fv = p dA y = g h sin ( ) dA = g ( H R sin ( ) ) sin ( ) w R d
0

( )

1 1 sin 2 1
Fv = g w R H sin ( ) R ( sin ( ) ) d = g w R H 1 cos 1
( ( )) R 2
2

0 4
2
Fv = 999
kg
9.81
m
3.55 m 0.750 m 0.650 m ( 1 cos ( 1.048 rad) ) 0.750 m
1.048 sin ( 2 1.048 rad) N s

m
3
s
2 2 4 kg m
Fv = 2.47 kN
To calculate the line of action of this force:
1
2

H sin ( ) cos ( ) R ( sin ( ) ) cos ( ) d
2
x' Fv = R cos ( ) g h sin ( ) dA = g w R
0
Evaluating the integral: x' Fv = g w R sin 1 sin 1

( ( )) ( ( ))
2 H 2 R 3
Therefore we may find the line of action:
2 3
x' Fv g w R
2
H 3
( ( )) ( ( )) ( )
2 R 0.650
x' = = sin 1 sin 1 Substituting in known values: sin 1 =
Fv Fv 2 3 0.750
kg m 2 1 0.650 m 0.650 2 0.750 m 0.650 3 N s2

1
x' = 999 9.81 3.55 m ( 0.750 m)
2.47 10 N 2 0.750 0.750 kg m
3 2 3 3
m s
x' = 0.645 m
2
H g H w
For the horizontal force: FH = pc A = g hc H w = g H w =
2 2
2
1 kg m 2 N s
FH = 999 9.81 ( 0.650 m) 3.55 m FH = 7.35 kN
2 3 2 kg m
m s
Ixx 3
w H
For the line of action of the horizontal force: h' = hc + where Ixx = A = w H Therefore:
hc A 12
Ixx 3
w H 2 1
H H H 2 2
h' = hc + = + = + = H h' = 0.650 m h' = 0.433 m
hc A 2 12 H w H 2 6 3 3
Problem 3.67
3.67
Given: Canoe floating in a pond
Find: What happens when an anchor with too short of a line is thrown from canoe
Solution:
Governing equation:
FB = w gVdisp = W
Before the anchor is thrown from the canoe the buoyant force on the canoe balances out the weight of the canoe and anchor:
FB1 = Wcanoe + Wanchor = w gVcanoe1
The anchor weight can be expressed as

Wanchor = a gVa
so the initial volume displaced by the canoe can be written as
Wcanoe a
Vcanoe1 = + Va
w g w
After throwing the anchor out of the canoe there will be buoyant forces acting on the canoe and the anchor. Combined, these buoyant
forces balance the canoe weight and anchor weight:
FB2 = Wcanoe + Wanchor = w gVcanoe2 + w gVa
Wcanoe Wa
Vcanoe 2 = + Va
w g w g
Using the anchor weight,
Wcanoe a
Vcanoe 2 = + Va Va
w g w
Hence the volume displaced by the canoe after throwing the anchor in is less than when the anchor was in the canoe, meaning that the
canoe is floating higher.
Problem 3.68
3.68
Given: Cylinder of mass M, length L, and radius R is hinged along its length and immersed in an incompressilble liquid to depth
Find: General expression for the cylinder specific gravity as a function of =H/R needed to hold
the cylinder in equilibrium for ranging from 0 to 1.
= g (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards from free surface)
dh


H = R
M = 0 (Rotational Equilibrium)

dFV
Assumptions: (1) Static fluid h dF
(2) Incompressible fluid dFH
(3) Atmospheric pressure acts on free surface of the liquid.
The moments caused by the hydrostatic force and the weight of the cylinder about the hinge need to balance each other.
dFv = dF cos ( ) = p dA cos ( ) = g h w R d cos ( )
Now the depth to which the cylinder is submerged is H = h + R ( 1 cos ( ) )
Therefore h = H R ( 1 cos ( ) ) and into the vertical force equation:
dFv = g [ H R ( 1 cos ( ) ) ] w R cos ( ) d = g w R ( 1 cos ( ) ) cos ( ) d

2 H
R
dFv = g w R ( 1) cos ( ) + ( cos ( ) ) d = g w R ( 1) cos ( ) +

2 2 2 1 + cos ( 2 )
d
2
Now as long as is not greater than 1, the net horizontal hydrostatic force will be zero due to symmetry, and the vertical force is:

max max RH
Fv =

1 dF v =
0
2 dFv where (
cos max = ) R
= 1 or max = acos ( 1 )
max
max
2
( 1) cos ( ) + 1 + 1 cos ( 2 ) d
Fv = 2 g w R Now upon integration of this expression we have:
2 2
0
2
Fv = g w R acos ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )
The line of action of the vertical force due to the liquid is through the centroid of the displaced liquid, i.e., through the center of the cylinde
2 c
The weight of the cylinder is given by: W = M g = c V g = SG R w g where is the density of the fluid and SG =

The line of action of the weight is also throught the center of the cylinder. Taking moment about the hinge we get:
Mo = W R Fv R = 0 or in other words W = Fv and therefore:
2 2 1
SG R w g = g w R acos ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) SG = acos ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )

0.6
0.4
Specific Gravity, SG
0.2
0
0 0.5 1
alpha (H/R)
Problem *3.89
3.69
Given: Hydrometer as shown, submerged in nitric acid. When submerged in

water, h = 0 and the immersed volume is 15 cubic cm.
SG = 1.5 d = 6 mm
Find: The distance h when immersed in nitric acid.
Governing Equations: Fbuoy = g Vd (Buoyant force is equal to weight of displaced fluid)

Taking a free body diagram of the hydrometer: Fz = 0 M g + Fbuoy = 0
Fbuoy
Solving for the mass of the hydrometer: M= = V d
g
When immersed in water: M = w V w When immersed in nitric acid: M = n Vn
Since the mass of the hydrometer is the same in both cases: w Vw = n Vn
2
When the hydrometer is in the nitric acid: Vn = Vw d h n = SG w
4
Therefore: w Vw = SG w Vw d h
2
Solving for the height h:
4
Vw = SG Vw
2 2
d h Vw ( 1 SG) = SG d h
4 4
3
h = Vw
SG 1 4
h = 15 cm
1.5 1

3 4 10 mm
h = 177 mm
SG d2 1.5 ( 6 mm) cm
2
Problem 3.70
(Difficulty: 2)
3.70 A cylindrical can 76 in diameter and 152 high, weighing 1.11 , contains water to a depth
of 76 . When this can is placed in water, how deep will it sink?
Find: The depth it will sink.
Solution: Apply the hydrostatic relations:
Pressure as a function of depth
Buoyancy force:
A free body diagram on the can is
We have the force balance equation in the vertical direction as:
= 0
The buoyancy force can be calculated as:

= = 9810 (0.076 )2 = 44.50
3 4
We also have:
= 1.11

= = 9810 (0.076 )3 = 3.38
3 4
Thus making a force balance for which the net force is zero at equilibrium
44.50 = 1.11 + 3.38 = 4.49
= 0.1009 = 100.9
So this can will sink to depth of 100.9 .

Problem 3.71
(Difficulty: 1)
3.71 If the 10 long box is floating on the oil water system, calculate how much the box and its
contents must weigh.
Find: The weight of the box and its contents.
Buoyancy force:
The force balance equation in the vertical diretion:
= 0
= +
Thus

= 0.8 62.4 3 2 8 10 + 62.4 3 1 8 10 = 12980

So the box and its contents must weigh:
= 12980
Problem 3.72
(Difficulty: 2)

3.72 The timber weighs 40 and is held in a horizontal position by the concrete 150 anchor.
3 3
Calculate the minimum total weight which the anchor may have.
Find: The minimum total weight the anchor may have.
Buoyancy force:
For the buoyancy force we have:
=
6 6
= 62.4 (20 ) = 312
3 12 12
The weight of the timber is:
=
6 6
= 40 3 (20 ) = 200
12 12
At the horizontal position we take moments about the pivot:

+ = 0
2 2
1 1 1
= = (312 200) = 56
2 2 2
=
The weight of the anchor is:
The buoyancy force on the anchor is:
= 56
56
= = 0.64 3

150 3 62.4 3

So the weight is:

= = 150 0.64 3 = 96
3
Problem *3.90
3.73
Given: Data on sphere and weight
Find: SG of sphere; equilibrium position when freely floating

T
Solution: FB
Basic equation FB = g V and Fz = 0 Fz = 0 = T + FB W
V
where T = M g M = 10 kg FB = g W = SG g V
2
W
V M 1
Hence M g + g SG g V = 0 SG = +
2 V 2
3
m 1 1
SG = 10 kg + SG = 0.9
1000 kg 3 2
0.025 m
2
Weight SG g V kg m N s N
The specific weight is = = = SG g = 0.9 1000 9.81 = 8829
Volume V 3 2 kg m 3
m s m
For the equilibriul position when floating, we repeat the force balance with T = 0
FB W = 0 W = FB with FB = g Vsubmerged
2
h
From references (trying Googling "partial sphere volume") Vsubmerged = ( 3 R h)
3
1 1
3 3
R =
3 V
R =
3 3
where h is submerged depth and R is the sphere radius 0.025 m R = 0.181 m
4 4
2
h 2 3 SG V
Hence W = SG g V = FB = g ( 3 R h) h ( 3 R h) =
3
3
2 3 0.9 .025 m 2
h ( 3 0.181 m h) = h ( 0.544 h) = 0.0215

This is a cubic equation for h. We can keep guessing h values, manually iterate, or use Excel's Goal Seek to find h = 0.292 m
Problem *3.91
3.74
Given: Specific gravity of a person is to be determined from measurements of weight in air and the met weight when
totally immersed in water.
Find: Expression for the specific gravity of a person from the measurements.
Governing Equation: Fbuoy = g Vd (Buoyant force is equal to weight of displaced fluid)

Fnet
Taking a free body diagram of the body: Fy = 0 Fnet M g + Fbuoy = 0
Fbuoy
Fnet is the weight measurement for the immersed body.
Fnet = M g Fbuoy = M g w g Vd However in air: Fair = M g
Fair Fnet Mg
Therefore the weight measured in water is: Fnet = Fair w g Vd and Vd =
w g
Now in order to find the specific gravity of the person, we need his/her density:
(Fair Fnet)
( )

Fair = M g = g Vd = g Simplifying this expression we get: Fair = F Fnet
w g w air

Fair =
w4C
( Fair Fnet) = (F Fnet)
SG
Now if we call the density of water at 4 deg C w4C then:
w SGw air

w4C
Fair
Solving this expression for the specific gravity of the person SG, we get: SG = SGw
F air Fnet
Problem
Problem *3.93
3.75 [Difficulty: 2]
3.75
Given: Geometry of steel cylinder
Find: Volume of water displaced; number of 1 kg wts to make it sink
Solution:
kg
The data is For water = 999
3
m
For steel (Table A.1) SG = 7.83
For the cylinder D = 100 mm H = 1 m = 1 mm
D 2 4 3
The volume of the cylinder is Vsteel = + D H Vsteel = 3.22 10 m
4
The weight of the cylinder is W = SG g Vsteel
2
kg m 4 3 N s
W = 7.83 999 9.81 3.22 10 m W = 24.7 N
3 2 kg m
m s
At equilibium, the weight of fluid displaced is equal to the weight of the cylinder
Wdisplaced = g Vdisplaced = W
3 2
W m s kg m
Vdisplaced = = 24.7 N Vdisplaced = 2.52 L
g 999 kg 9.81 m 2
N s
To determine how many 1 kg wts will make it sink, we first need to find the extra volume that will need to be dsiplaced
Vdisplaced
Distance cylinder sank x1 = x1 = 0.321 m
D 2

4
Hence, the cylinder must be made to sink an additional distance x2 = H x1 x2 = 0.679 m
2
D
We deed to add n weights so that 1 kg n g = g x2
4
2
D x2 kg 2 1 N s
2
n= = 999 ( 0.1 m) 0.679 m n = 5.33
4 1 kg m
3 4 1 kg kg m
Hence we need n = 6 weights to sink the cylinder

Problem 3.76
(Difficulty: 2)
3.76 If the timber weights 670 , calculate its angle of inclination when the water surface is 2.1
above the pivot. Above what depth will the timber stand vertically?
Find: Above what depth will the timber stand vertically.
Buoyancy force:
The buoyancy force is:

= = 0.152 0.152 9810 = 226.7 ()
3
Take the moment about pivot we have:

= 0.5 3.6 cos cos = 0
2

670 0.5 3.6 cos 226.7 cos = 0
2
Soving this equation we have:
= 3.26
The angle when water surface = 2.1 is:

2.1
= sin1 = 40.1
3.26
We have the following relation:

=
sin
Substitute in to the momentum we have:

670 0.5 3.6 226.7 =0
2sin sin
If the timber is vertically, we have:
= 90
sin 90 = 1
So we have:

670 0.5 3.6 226.7 = 0
2
Solving this equation we have:
= 3.26
When the water surface is = 3.26 , the timber will stand vertically.
Problem 3.77
(Difficulty: 2)
3.77 The barge shown weights 40 and carries a cargo of 40 . Calculate its draft in freshwater.
Find: The draft, where the draft is the depth to which the barge sinks.
Buoyancy force:
For the barge floating in water we have the buoyancy force as:
= =
The weight of the barge is:
2000
= (40 + 40) = 80 = 160000

The volume of water displaced is then:
160000
= = = 2564 3

62.4 3

The volume in terms of the draft d is:

5
= = 40 + 40 + 2 20 = 800 + 12.5 2
8 2
Thus we have the relation:
800 + 12.5 2 = 2564

Solving this equation we have for the draft:
= 3.06
Problem
Problem *3.94
3.78
Given: Experiment performed by Archimedes to identify the material conent of King

Hiero's crown. The crown was weighed in air and in water.
Find: Expression for the specific gravity of the crown as a function of the weights in water and air.
Governing Equations: Fb = g Vd (Buoyant force is equal to weight of displaced fluid)

(2) Incompressible fluid Ww
Taking a free body diagram of the body: Fz = 0 Ww M g + Fb = 0
Ww is the weight of the crown in water.

Mg
Fb
Ww = M g Fbuoy = M g w g Vd However in air: Wa = M g
Therefore the weight measured in water is: Ww = Wa w g Vd
Wa Ww M M w g Wa
so the volume is: Vd = Now the density of the crown is: c = = =
w g Vd Wa Ww Wa Ww w
c Wa Wa
Therefore, the specific gravity of the crown is: SG = = SG =
w Wa Ww Wa Ww
Note: by definition specific gravity is the density of an object divided by the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius, so the measured
temperature of the water in the experiment and the data from tables A.7 or A.8 may be used to correct for the variation in density of the
water with temperature.
Problem *3.96
3.79
Given: Balloons with hot air, helium and hydrogen. Claim lift per cubic foot of 0.018, 0.066, and 0.071 pounds force per cubic f
for respective gases, with the air heated to 150 deg. F over ambient.
Find: (a) evaluate the claims of lift per unit volume

(b) determine change in lift when air is heated to 250 deg. F over ambient.
Governing Equations: L = a g V g g V (Net lift force is equal to difference in weights of air and gas)
p = R T (Ideal gas equation of state)

L g
The lift per unit volume may be written as: LV =
V
( )
= g a g = a g 1 now if we take the ideal gas equation and
a
L Ra Ta Ra Ta
we take into account that the pressure inside and outside the balloon are equal: = a g 1 = a 1
V
Rg Tg R g T g
lbf ft lbf
At standard conditions the specific weight of air is: a = 0.0765 the gas constant is: Ra = 53.33 and Ta = 519 R
3 lbm R
ft
ft lbf lbf 53.33 lbf

For helium: Rg = 386.1 Tg = Ta and therefore: LVHe = 0.0765 1 LVHe = 0.0659
lbm R ft
3 386.1 ft
3
ft lbf lbf 53.33 lbf

For hydrogen: Rg = 766.5 Tg = Ta and therefore: LVH2 = 0.0765 1 LVH2 = 0.0712
lbm R ft
3 766.5 ft
3
For hot air at 150 degrees above ambient:

lbf 519 lbf
Rg = Ra Tg = Ta + 150 R and therefore: LVair150 = 0.0765 1 LVair150 = 0.0172
3 519 + 150 3
ft ft
The agreement with the claims stated above is good.
For hot air at 250 degrees above ambient:

lbf 519 lbf
Rg = Ra Tg = Ta + 250 R and therefore: LVair250 = 0.0765 1 LVair250 = 0.0249
3 519 + 250 3
ft ft
LVair250
= 1.450 Air at T of 250 deg. F gives 45% more lift than air at T of 150 deg.F!
LVair150
Problem 3.80
Problem *3.98 [Difficulty: 3]
3.80
Given: Data on hot air balloon Fbuoyancy
Find: Maximum mass of balloon for neutral buoyancy; mass for initial acceleration of 2.5 ft/s2.
Assumptions: Air is treated as static and incompressible, and an ideal gas Whot air
Solution:
y
Basic equation FB = atm g V and Fy = M ay
Wload
Hence Fy = 0 = FB Whotair Wload = atm g V hotair g V M g for neutral buoyancy
V patm

1
( )
1
M = V atm hotair =
R Tatm Thotair

2

12 in
lbm R

3
M = 320000 ft 14.7
lbf 1 1
M = 4517 lbm
in
2 ft 53.33 ft lbf ( 48 + 460) R ( 160 + 460) R
Initial acceleration ( ) (
Fy = FB Whotair Wload = atm hotair g V Mnew g = Maccel a = Mnew + 2 hotair V a )
Solving for Mnew (atm hotair) g V Mnew g = (Mnew + 2 hotair V) a
Mnew = V
(atm hotair) g 2 hotair a = V patm g 1

1

2 a
a+g a+g
Tatm Thotair Thotair
2 2
lbf 12 in lbm R
32.2
3
Mnew = 320000 ft 14.7
s 1 1 2 2.5 1 ft

2 ft 53.33 ft lbf ( 2.5 + 32.2) ft
2
in ( 48 + 460) ( 160 + 460) ( 160 + 460) s
R
Mnew = 1239 lbm
To make the balloon move up or down during flight, the air needs to be heated to a higher temperature, or let cool (or let in ambient air).
Problem 3.81
(Difficulty: 2)
3.81 The opening in the bottom of the tank is square and slightly less than 2 on each side. The
opening is to be plugged with a wooden cube 2 on a side.
(a) What weight should be attached to the wooden cube to insure successful plugging of the hole?

The wood weighs 40 ,
3
(b) What upward force must be exerted on the block to lift it and allow water to drain from the tank?
Find: The weight of the block and the force needed to lift it
Buoyancy force:
(a) Because the wood bottom surface is in the atmosphere so the pressure on the bottom surface is
zero in this case and there is no buoyancy force. The force acting on the wood cube in the
vertical direction is:
= +

= 1 + = 62.4 5 2 2 + 40 (2 )3 = 1568
3 3
The direction of is downward. So we do not need any weight attached to the wood cube.
(b) To lift the block, we need a force larger than , so we have:
= 1568
Problem 3.82
(Difficulty: 2)
3.82 A balloon has a weight (including crew but not gas) of 2.2 and a gas-bag capacity of 566 3 . At
the ground it is (partially) inflated with 445 of helium. How high can this balloon rise in the U.S
standard atmosphere if the helium always assumes the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere?
Find: How high this balloon will rise.
Buoyancy force:
At the sea level, for helium we have:
= 101.3
= 288

= 2076.8

According to the ideal gas law:

101.3
= = = 0.1694 3
2076.8
288

= = 0.1694 3 9.81 2 = 1.662 3

The volume of the helium is:
445
= = = 268 3

1.662 3

The buoyancy force is calculated by:
The weight of the whole balloon is:

= 2.2 +
We have the following table as (the helium always has the same temperature and pressure as the
atmosphere):
Altitude Pressure Temperature (3 )

(km) (kPa) (K) 3 () () ()
6 47.22 249.2 497 6.46 0.445 3.21 2.65

8 35.70 236.3 566 5.14 0.402 2.91 2.60
10 26.50 223.4 566 4.04 0.317 2.29 2.52
When the maximum volume of the helium is reached, the volume will become a constant for helium.
Equilibrium is reached as:
At 8 we have:
= 0.31
At 10 we have:
= 0.23
With the interpolation we have the height for equilibrium as:

0.31
= 8 + 2 = 9.15
0.31 + 0.23
Problem
Problem *3.100
3.83
Given: A pressurized balloon is to be designed to lift a payload of mass M to an altitude of 40 km, where p = 3.0 mbar
and T = -25 deg C. The balloon skin has a specific gravity of 1.28 and thickness 0.015 mm. The gage pressure of
the helium is 0.45 mbar. The allowable tensile stress in the balloon is 62 MN/m2
t
Find: (a) The maximum balloon diameter
(b) The maximum payload mass
D
Governing Equations: Fbuoy = g Vd (Buoyant force is equal to mass

of displaced fluid)
p = R T (Ideal gas equation of state) M

Assumptions: (1) Static, incompressible fluid
(2) Static equilibrium at 40 km altitude D t
The diameter of the balloon is limited by the allowable tensile stress in the skin:
D 2p/4
2 4 t
F = D p D t = 0 Solving this expression for the diameter: Dmax =
4 p
2
3 6 N 1 bar m Fbuoyant
Dmax = 4 0.015 10 m 62 10 Dmax = 82.7m
2 3 5
m 0.45 10 bar 10 N
z
To find the maximum allowable payload we perform a force balance on the system: M bg
Fz = Fbuoy M He g M b g M g = 0 a g Vb He g Vb s g Vs M g = 0
Mg
( )
3
Solving for M: M = a He Vb s Vs The volume of the balloon is: Vb = D
6
( )
2 3 2
The volume of the skin is: Vs = D t Therefore, the mass is: M= a He D s D t
6
pa 5
3 kg K 1 10 N 3 kg
The air density: a = a = 3.0 10 bar a = 4.215 10
Ra T 287 N m ( 273 25) K 2 3
bar m m
p 4 kg
Repeating for helium: He = He = 6.688 10
R T 3
m
3 kg 3 3 kg 2 3
The payload mass is: M = ( 4.215 0.6688) 10 ( 82.7 m) 1.28 10 ( 82.7 m) 0.015 10 m
6 3 3
m m
M = 638 kg
Problem
Problem*3.102
3.84
Given: Glass hydrometer used to measure SG of liquids. Stem has diameter D=5 mm, distance between marks on stem is
d=2 mm per 0.1 SG. Hydrometer floats in kerosene (Assume zero contact angle between glass and kerosene).
Find: Magnitude of error introduced by surface tension.
D = 5 mm
(3) Zero contact angle between ethyl alcohol and glass
d=
The surface tension will cause the hydrometer to sink h lower into the liquid. Thus for y 2 mm/0.1 SG
this change:
Fz = Fbuoy F = 0 F
Kerosene
2
The change in buoyant force is: Fbuoy = g V = g D h
4
F B
The force due to surface tension is: F = D cos( ) = D
2 g D h
Thus, g D h = D Upon simplification: =
4 4
4
Solving for h: h = From Table A.2, SG = 1.43 and from Table A.4, = 26.8 mN/m
g D
3 2
3 N m s 1 kg m 3
Therefore, h = 4 26.8 10 h = 1.53 10 m
m 1430 kg 9.81 m 3 2
5 10 m s N
3 0.1
So the change in specific gravity will be: SG = 1.53 10 m SG = 0.0765
3
2 10 m
From the diagram, surface tension acts to cause the hydrometer to float lower in the liquid. Therefore, surface tension results in an
indicated specific gravity smaller than the actual specific gravity.
Problem
Problem*3.103
3.85 [Difficulty:4]
3.85
Given: Sphere partially immersed in a liquid of specific gravity SG.
Find: (a) Formula for buoyancy force as a function of the submersion depth d
(b) Plot of results over range of liquid depth

(3) Atmospheric pressure acts everywhere
d
R
We need an expression for the displaced volume of fluid at an arbitrary h
depth d. From the diagram we see that: max
d = R 1 cos max( ( )) at an arbitrary depth h: h = d R ( 1 cos( ) ) r = R sin( ) d
Rsin
So if we want to find the volume of the submerged portion of the sphere we calculate:
max
max 2 max 2 2 3 3
Vd = r dh = R ( sin( ) ) R sin( ) d = R ( sin( ) ) d Evaluating the integral we get:

0 0 0
( cos( ) ) 3
2 3 1 2
3
d
cos( max) + ( ) 1 +
max d d
Vd = R
3
Now since: cos max = 1 we get: Vd = R 1
3 3 R 3 R R 3
3 1 2
3
Thus the buoyant force is:
Fbuoy = w SG g R 1
d
1 +
d
3 R R 3
If we non-dimensionalize by the force on a fully submerged sphere:
3 1 3 1 2
Fbuoy 3 3
1 1 + 2 Fd = 1 1 +
d d d d
Fd = =
4 3 4 3 R R 3 4 3 R R 3
w SG g R
3
1.0
Force Ratio Fd
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Submergence Ratio d/R

Problem *3.106
3.86
Given: Data on sphere and tank bottom

y FB
FU
Find: Expression for SG of sphere at which it will float to surface;
minimum SG to remain in position x
Assumptions: (1) Water is static and incompressible

(2) Sphere is much larger than the hole at the bottom of the tank
Solution: FL
W
Basic equations FB = g V and Fy = FL FU + FB W
2 2
where FL = p atm a FU = p atm + g ( H 2 R) a

4 3 2
FB = g Vnet Vnet = R a 2 R
3
4 3
W = SG g V with V= R
3
Now if the sum of the vertical forces is positive, the sphere will float away, while if the sum is zero or negative the sphere will stay
at the bottom of the tank (its weight and the hydrostatic force are greater than the buoyant force).
Fy = p atm a p atm + g ( H 2 R) a + g R 2 R a SG g R
2 2 4 3 2 4 3
Hence
3 3
Fy = g ( 1 SG ) R H a
4 3 2
This expression simplifies to
3
4 3
ft lbf s
2 2
Fy = 1.94
slug
32.2
ft
( 1 0.95) 1 in
ft
2.5 ft 0.075 in
3 2 3 12 in 12 in slug ft
ft s
Fy = 0.012 lbf Therefore, the sphere stays at the bottom of the tank.
Problem *3.108
3.87
Given: Data on boat

Floating Sinking
H = 8 ft
Find: Effective density of water/air bubble mix if boat sinks
Solution: h = 7 ft
Basic equations FB = g V and Fy = 0
We can apply the sum of forces for the "floating" free body = 60 o
Fy = 0 = FB W where FB = SGsea g Vsubfloat
2
2 h L h
Vsubfloat = h
1
L = SGsea = 1.024 (Table A.2)
2 tan tan( )
2
SGsea g L h
Hence W= (1)
tan( )
We can apply the sum of forces for the "sinking" free body
2
1 2 H L H
Fy = 0 = FB W where FB = SGmix g Vsub Vsubsink = H L =
2 tan tan( )
2
SGmix g L H
Hence W= (2)
tan( )
2 2
SGsea g L h SGmix g L H
Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2 W= =
tan( ) tan( )
2 2
SGmix = SGsea 7
h
SGmix = 1.024 SGmix = 0.784
H 8
slug slug
The density is mix = SGmix mix = 0.784 1.94 mix = 1.52
3 3
ft ft
Problem
Problem *3.112
3.88
Given: Steel balls resting in floating plastic shell in a bucket of water
Find: What happens to water level when balls are dropped in water
Solution: Basic equation FB = Vdisp g = W for a floating body weight W
When the balls are in the plastic shell, the shell and balls displace a volume of water equal to their own weight - a large volume
because the balls are dense. When the balls are removed from the shell and dropped in the water, the shell now displaces only a
small volume of water, and the balls sink, displacing only their own volume. Hence the difference in displaced water before and
after moving the balls is the difference between the volume of water that is equal to the weight of the balls, and the volume of the
balls themselves. The amount of water displaced is significantly reduced, so the water level in the bucket drops.
Wplastic + Wballs
Volume displaced before moving balls: V1 =
g
Wplastic
Volume displaced after moving balls: V2 = + Vballs
g
Wballs SGballs g Vballs

Change in volume displaced V = V2 V1 = Vballs = Vballs
g g
(
V = Vballs 1 SG balls )
Hence initially a large volume is displaced; finally a small volume is displaced (V < 0 because SGballs > 1)
Problem 3.89
Problem *3.113 [Difficulty: 4]
3.89
Open-Ended Problem Statement: A proposed ocean salvage scheme involves pumping air
into bags placed within and around a wrecked vessel on the sea bottom. Comment on the practicality of
this plan, supporting your conclusions with analyses.
Discussion: This plan has several problems that render it impractical. First, pressures at the sea bottom
are very high. For example, Titanic was found in about 12,000 ft of seawater. The corresponding pressure
is nearly 6,000 psi. Compressing air to this pressure is possible, but would require a multi-stage compressor
and very high power.
Second, it would be necessary to manage the buoyancy force after the bag and object are broken loose from
the sea bed and begin to rise toward the surface. Ambient pressure would decrease as the bag and artifact
rise toward the surface. The air would tend to expand as the pressure decreases, thereby tending to increase
the volume of the bag. The buoyancy force acting on the bag is directly proportional to the bag volume, so
it would increase as the assembly rises. The bag and artifact thus would tend to accelerate as they approach
the sea surface. The assembly could broach the water surface with the possibility of damaging the artifact
or the assembly.
If the bag were of constant volume, the pressure inside the bag would remain essentially constant at the
pressure of the sea floor, e.g., 6,000 psi for Titanic. As the ambient pressure decreases, the pressure
differential from inside the bag to the surroundings would increase. Eventually the difference would equal
sea floor pressure. This probably would cause the bag to rupture.
If the bag permitted some expansion, a control scheme would be needed to vent air from the bag during the
trip to the surface to maintain a constant buoyancy force just slightly larger than the weight of the artifact in
water. Then the trip to the surface could be completed at low speed without danger of broaching the surface
or damaging the artifact.

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Problem 3.

Given: Pure water on a standard day

p (kPa) T sat (C)

The data are plotted here. They

Absolute Pressure (kPa)

Given: Data on flight of airplane

p = air g z and also p = Hg g hHg

air8000 g z8000 = air3000 g z3000

where the numerical subscripts refer to conditions at 3000m and 8000m.

air3000 g air3000 0.909

Given: Boiling points of water at different elevations

Find: Change in elevation

The sea level pressure, from Table A.3, is

pSL = 14.696 psia

Then, any one of a number of Excel functions can be used to interpolate

p/pSL Altitude (ft)

The change in altitude is then 5337 ft

Then 0.7070 2834 9299 0.5730 4461 14637

The change in altitude is then 5338 ft

Given: Data on tire at 3500 m and at sea level

Find: Absolute pressure at 3500 m; pressure at sea level

pSL = 101 kPa patm = 0.6492 pSL patm = 65.6 kPa

and we have pg = 0.25 MPa pg = 250 kPa p = pg + patm p = 316 kPa

At sea level patm = 101 kPa

Then the gage pressure is

pg = phot patm pg = 253 kPa

Given: Data on system

Find: Force on bottom of cube; tension in tether

The absolute pressure at the interface is pinterface = patm + SGoil g hoil

Then the pressure on the lower surface is (

Hence hL = hU + d hL = 0.35 m where hL is the depth in water to the lower surface

FL = 270.894 N Note: Extra decimals needed for computing T later!

For the tension in the tether, an FBD gives Fy = 0 FL FU W T = 0 or T = FL FU W

FU = 269.668 N Note: Extra decimals needed for computing T later!

For the oak block (Table A.1) SGoak = 0.77 so W = SGoak g V

Given: Data on system before and after applied force

Find: Applied force

For initial state p1 = patm + g h and F1 = p1 A = g h A (Gage; F1 is hydrostatic upwards force)

For the initial FBD Fy = 0 F1 W = 0 W = F1 = g h A

For final state p2 = patm + g H and F2 = p2 A = g H A (Gage; F2 is hydrostatic upwards force)

For the final FBD Fy = 0 F2 W F = 0 F = F2 W = g H A g h A = g A ( H h )

From Fig. A.1 SG = 13.54

Governing equation: Hydrostatic pressure in a liquid, with z measured upward:

The pressure for the closed tank is:

= + = 20100 + 101000 = 121100 = 121.1

= + = 20100 + 130000 = 150100 = 150.1

Given: Depth of carbon tetrachloride: = 6 . Depth of water: = 5 .

Find: The gage pressure at the bottom of the vessel.

Solution: Use the hydrostatic pressure relation to detmine pressures in a fluid.

Governing equation: Hydrostatic pressure in a liquid, with z measured upward:

The density for the water is:

Given: Properties of a cube floating at an interface

pU = p0 + SAE10 g ( H 0.1 d) pL = p0 + SAE10 g H + H2O g 0.9 d

Hence the pressure difference is

p = pL pU = H2O g 0.9 d + SAE10 g 0.1 d (

Given: Data on nitrogen tank

Find: Pressure of nitrogen; minimum required wall thickness

Assumption: Ideal gas behavior

Find: The specific weight and pressure at a depth of 2 .

Assumption:. Bulk modulus is constant

Governing equation: Hydrostatic pressure in a liquid, with z measured upward:

Integrating for both sides we get: