Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr.

, CED) Columns

LECTURE # 4

1. COLUMNS UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADING:

Lets suppose a load acts on a column at a distance e from plastic centroid as
shown in figure 3. In the figure,
As = Area of compressive steel.
As = Area of tensile steel.
fs = Stress in tensile steel.
fs = Stress in compressive steel.
T = Tensile force in steel.
Cc = Compressive force in concrete.
Cs = Compressive force in steel.
Cc = 0.85 fc b a
Cs = As fs
T = As fs
Now,

P n = Cc + Cs T
Pn 0.85 f c ' b a As ' f s ' As f s .. (1)
Equation (1) is called Load Equation.

To find out moment carrying capacity of the

column we take moment about plastic centroid.

Pu h a h h
x e = Mn = Cc. + Cs. d ' + T. d
2 2 2 2

h d d'
Let, d = d'
2 2
and e = d + e
Considering moment about center line of tension steel,
Pu a
x e = Mn = Cc. d + Cs. d d '
2

Now, considering moment about plastic centroid in terms of d,

1
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns

Pn x e = Mn = Cc. + Cs.[ d d d ]+ T. ( d )

Mn = 0.85 fc b a. + As fs.[ d d d ]+ As fs. ( d ) .. (2)

Equation (2) is called Moment Equation.

Case 1: PURE AXIAL LOAD/CRUSHING FAILURE:

We know that,
P n = Cc + Cs T
But in this case there is pure compression,
so, no tension steel is present
Ast = As + As and Cs = C1 + C2
Pn = 0.85 f c Ac + Ast f y

Pn = 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast ) + Ast f y

Pn = 0.85 fc Ag + ( fy 0.85 fc ) Ast LOAD EQUATION

Mn = 0 MOMENT EQUATION

Case 2: BALANCE FAILURE:

For balanced condition,
a = ab = 1 cb ... (1)
Fitst we need to find cb, in figure comparing c f g and
a b c we get,

If we want to express cb in terms of fy then,

2
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns

Using Es = 200, 000 MPa and rearranging,

600 d
cb =
600 + f y ..... (3)

Using equation (2) in equation (1) we get,

a b = 1

Now, in figure comparing c f g and c d e, we get,

If s < y , then fs = Es. s

If s y , then fs = fy

and for balanced failure we already know that fs = fy

So,

Pn 0.85 f c ' b ab As ' f s ' As f y

LOAD EQUATIONS
If As = As and fs = fy , then

Pn = 0.85 fc b ab

and

MOMENT
a
M n 0.85 f c.b.ab d d b As f s d d d As . f y d EQUATION
2

3
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns

Case 3: PURE FLEXURAL FAILURE:

In this case no axial load is acting is
acting on the column and column just
behaves like a beam. Therefore,
Pn = 0
In figure comparing a b c and c f g, we
get,
0.003 s

c d c
0.003 d 0.003 c s c

0.003 d
c . (1)
0.003 s

Note: In equation (1) value of c can not be found out because even though we know

that s >> y but we dont know the exact value of s . Whereas in case of balance failure

c could be found out as the equation involved y rather than s .

Now, in figure comparing a b c and c d e, we get,

0.003
s
c c d
c d 1
s 0.003
c 1

1c 1 d
s 0.003
1c

a 1d
s 0.003 (2)
a
Now,

Pn 0.85 f c.b.a As f s As f s LOAD EQUATION

For pure flexural failure we know that, fs = fy and Pn = 0, so

4
Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns

0 0.85 f c.b.a As f s As f y . (3)

Assuming, fs = fy and As = As , we get

0 0.85 f c.b.a a0

This means that concrete is not taking any load which is not possible. So, our assumption
is wrong. Therefore, compression steel can not yield at pure flexural failure point.
Now, as s < y , so

fs = Es. s
Using equation (2) in above equation, we get,
a 1d
f s 200, 000 0.003 Es = 200,000 MPa
a

a 1d
f s 600 .. (4)
a
Now, using equation (4) in (3), we get,
a 1d
0 0.85 f c.b.a As 600 As f y .. (5)
a
Equation (5) results in a quadratic equation. We solve above equation for the value of a
and then using equation (4) we find fs.

a
M n 0.85 f c.b.a d d As f s d d d As . f y d MOMENT
2 EQUATION

Now, using the values of a and fs in moment equation we can easily find value of Mn ,
whereas, value of Pn is already known i.e., Pn = 0.