1.

Quality Control
the observation techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality.
2. Quality Assurance
ISO 9000:2000 defines Quality Assurance as 'providing confidence that requirements will
be met'. - It can also be defined as 'the planned and systematic activities put in place to
ensure quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled'.
3. Min distance between two weld joints in pressure piping
20 mm or 3 times thickness whichever is greater
4. Bridge tack requirement
Bridge tacks (located above the root area) are acceptable but such
tack

must be made completely within the weld groove and shall be

completely
removed prior to completion of the weld.
5 ITP is the minimum requirement of the activities for quality control and inspection of the
field construction work. This Inspection and Testing Plan outline the extent of witness
inspection and its reporting.
6 Quality plan
Quality Assurance Plan
A detailed plan setting forth the process that will be used to measure supplier
performance; defines what the organization must do to ensure that the supplier has
performed in accordance with the performance standards.

PQR
The Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) documents what occurred during welding the
test coupon and the results of testing of the coupon. As a minimum, the PQR shall
document the essential variables and other specific information identified in Article II for
each process used during welding the test coupon and the results of the required testing.

1. WPS
A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is a written document that provides
direction to the welder or welding operator for making production welds in
accordance with Code requirements.

2. Essential variable

A variable used in the welding process that, if changed, will affect the mechanical properties of the
finished weld.If a change is made in any essential variable, requalification of the procedure is
required. e.g. Material thickness range, Material Group
etc.
3. Non essential variable
A variable used in the welding process that, if changed, will not affect the mechanical properties of the
finished weld. If
a change is made in a nonessential variable, the procedure need only be revised
or amended to address the nonessential variable change

4. supplementary essential variable

Are variables that have an affect on the impact properties of a joint. They are
classed as Non-Essential if impact testing is not required

When notch toughness is required by the construction code, the supplementary essential
variables become additional essential variables and a change requires requalification of the
procedure.
5. P number

These assignments are based essentially on comparable base metal characteristics,

such as composition, weldability, brazeability and mechanical properties, where this
can logically be done.

6. A number

A-number represents as-welded chemical composition. Refer to ASME Sec. IX QW-442 for A-
numbers listing

7. F number

F-number is mainly a representative of ease of use of a specific welding rod

8. Preheat requirement for both sides of the joint

75 mm

9. Source of hydrogen in smaw

Moisture, hydrogen content in base metal, coated electrodes
10. Why back purging doing in ss welding

The back purge for stainless steel and nickel alloys shall reduce the
oxygen level below 0.05%. An oxygen analyzer should be used to
determine the oxygen content inside the pipe during purging. If more
than 20 joints are to be welded at the same time then minimum of 10%
of the total joints shall be analyzed. The below formula is used to

achieve the required purging time:

PT = (V/PGFR) X 4
where:
PT = purging time, hr
V = volume of pipe section to be purged, ft
PGFR = purging gas flow rate, ft/hr
Pre heat requirements

Preheat shall be in accordance with the ASME B31.3 and this Standard. For
materials not covered by the Code or this Standard, the preheat shall be as
specified in the approved welding procedure.
12.2 The minimum preheat shall not be less than the greater of the
following:
a) 10C.
b) The required or recommended preheat listed in ASME B31.3.