FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING

PIEZOELECTRIC

A Project Submitted

By

1. Morshed, Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman, Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman, Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul, Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

Under the Supervision of

Kazi Firoz Ahmed

Assistant Professor American International University - Bangladesh

Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering

Spring Semester 2016-2017 ,

American International University -

Bangladesh
 FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING
PIEZOELECTRIC

A project submitted to the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of the

Engineering Faculty, American International University - Bangladesh (AIUB) in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

1. Morshed, Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman, Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman, Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul, Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering

Spring Semester 2016-2017 ,

American International University -
Bangladesh
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this project is our original work. No part of this work has been

submitted elsewhere partially or fully for the award of any other degree or diploma. Any material
reproduced in this project has been properly acknowledged.

Students names & Signatures

1. Morshed, Mir Md. Newaz

___________________

2. Roman, Khairul Anam

____________________

3. Rahman, Saidur

____________________

4. Mukul, Habibur Rahman

____________________

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 APPROVAL

The Project titled FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING PIEZOELECTRIC has
been submitted to the following respected members of the Board of Examiners of the Faculty of

Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering on by the following students and has been accepted as

satisfactory.

1. Morshed, Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman, Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman, Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul, Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

__________________ _________________
Supervisor External Supervisor
Kazi Firoz Ahmed Shuvra Saha
Assistant Professor Faculty Assistant Professor Faculty

of Engineering of Engineering
American International University- American International University-
Bangladesh Bangladesh

__________________ __________________
Prof. Dr. ABM Siddique Hossain Dr. Carmen Z. Lamagna
Dean Vice Chancellor
Faculty of Engineering American International University-
American International University- Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In First of all we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty for giving us the chance, time,
knowledge and capability to complete this project successfully.

We would like to thank our honorable supervisor Kazi Firoz Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), for his continuous supervision and
support. We are grateful to him for his kind advice. He helped us by giving various ideas and taught
many basics about power electronics.

We would like to acknowledge our respected external Shuvra Saha, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) for his comments on our project.

We would like to thank our honorable Vice chancellor, Dr. Carmen Z Lamagna and our honorable Dean,
Prof. Dr. ABM Siddique Hossain for their inspiration.

Finally, we would like to thank to our respective families for their constant encouragement and support.

1. Morshed, Mir Md. Newaz

2. Roman, Khairul Anam

3. Rahman, Saidur
4. Mukul, Habibur Rahman

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................ I
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................VI
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Historical Background................................................................................................................2
1.2.1. First Generation Applications with Natural Crystals..........................................................................3
1.2.2. Second Generation Applications with Piezoelectric Ceramics............................................................3
1.2.3. Earlier Research..................................................................................................................................4
1.2.4. Recent Research.................................................................................................................................5
1.2.4.1. One of worlds thinnest piezoelectric materials..........................................................................5
1.2.5. State of Art Technology......................................................................................................................6
1.3. Future Scope of This Study.........................................................................................................6
1.3.1. Future Scopes.....................................................................................................................................6
1.3.2. Recommendation................................................................................................................................7
1.4. Limitation of the study................................................................................................................7
1.5. Advantage over Traditional Method...........................................................................................7
1.6. Objective of this Work................................................................................................................7
1.6.1. Primary objectives..............................................................................................................................7
1.6.2. Secondary Objectives.........................................................................................................................8
1.7. Introduction to this Project..........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................................10
THEORETICAL STUDY...............................................................................................................................10
2.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................10
2.2. Properties & Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials...........................................................10
2.2.1. Piezoelectric effect...........................................................................................................................10
2.2.2. Charge Generation............................................................................................................................11
2.2.3. Materials...........................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3.1. Quartz.......................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3.2. Berlinite....................................................................................................................................12
2.2.3.3. Sucrose.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2.3.4. Potassium sodium tartrate.........................................................................................................13
2.2.3.5. Topaz........................................................................................................................................13
2.2.3.6. Tourmaline................................................................................................................................14
2.2.3.7. Lead Titanate............................................................................................................................14

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 2.2.3.8. Lanthanum Gallium Silicate.....................................................................................................15
2.2.3.9. Gallium Phosphate....................................................................................................................15
2.2.3.10. Lithium Niobate........................................................................................................................15
2.2.3.11. Lithium Tantalate......................................................................................................................16
2.2.4. Some Common Applications of Piezoelectric Materials...................................................................16
2.2.4.1. Voltage and Power Sources.......................................................................................................17
2.2.4.2. Sensor.......................................................................................................................................17
2.2.4.3. Actuators..................................................................................................................................18
2.2.4.4. Piezoelectric Motor...................................................................................................................18
2.2.4.5. Photovoltaic..............................................................................................................................19
2.3. The Power and Potential of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting..................................................19
2.4. Summary...................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................21
HARDWARE ANALOGY.............................................................................................................................21
3.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................21
3.2. List of Component....................................................................................................................21
3.2.1. Piezo-Element..................................................................................................................................21
3.2.2. 47F 50V Capacitor.........................................................................................................................22
3.2.3. Inductor............................................................................................................................................23
3.2.4. Diode................................................................................................................................................23
3.2.4.1. Diode Characteristics................................................................................................................24
3.2.5. Wire..................................................................................................................................................24
3.2.6. Resistor.............................................................................................................................................25
3.2.7. PCB board........................................................................................................................................25
3.2.8. Voltage Regulator (LM2576ADJ).....................................................................................................26
3.2.9. LED..................................................................................................................................................26
3.2.10. Rechargeable Battery (12V, 1.2Ah/20HR)........................................................................................27
3.3. Summary...................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................28
WORKING METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................28
4.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................28
4.2. Headings....................................................................................................................................28
4.2.1. Subheading.......................................................................................................................................28
4.2.2. Subheading.......................................................................................................................................28
4.3. Summary...................................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................29
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................29
5.1. Discussions................................................................................................................................29
5.2. Suggestion for future Work.......................................................................................................29
5.2.1. Subheading.......................................................................................................................................29
5.2.2. Subheading.......................................................................................................................................29
5.3. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................29
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................30
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APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................................31
DETAILED EXPLANATION.........................................................................................................................31
APPENDIX B..............................................................................................................................................33
DATASHEET OF THE CHIPS USED IN THE CIRCUIT.....................................................................................33

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 PIERRE CURIE AND JACQUES CURIE..........................................................................2

FIGURE 1.2 GABRIEL LIPPMANN.......................................................................................................2

FIGURE 1.3 SOME FUTURE SCOPES EXAMPLES............................................................................7

FIGURE 2.1 THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT. (A) A PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL WITH NO

APPLIED STRESS OR FIELD. (B) THE STRAIN CHANGES DIRECTION WHEN THE
FIELD IS REVERSED AND THE CRYSTAL IS EXTENDED. (C) THE CRYSTAL IS
STRAIN BY AN APPLIED FORCE WHICH INDUCES POLARIZATION IN THE
CRYSTAL AND GENERATES SURFACE CHARGES....................................................10

FIGURE 2.2 QUARTZ CRYSTALS......................................................................................................12

FIGURE 2.3 BERLINITE CRYSTALS..................................................................................................12

FIGURE 2.4 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE.......................13

FIGURE 2.5 TOPAZ CRYSTAL............................................................................................................13

FIGURE 2.6 TOURMALINE CRYSTAL................................................................................................14

FIGURE 2.7 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LEAD TITANATE......................................................14

FIGURE 2.8 GALLIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTAL.................................................................................15

FIGURE 2.9 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM NIOBATE....................................................16

FIGURE 2.10 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM NIOBATE...............................................16

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FIGURE 2.11 APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS (LIGHTER)..............................17

FIGURE 3.1 PIEZO-ELEMENT............................................................................................................22

FIGURE 3.2 A GENERIC CAPACITOR...............................................................................................22

FIGURE 3.3 A GENERIC INDUCTOR.................................................................................................23

FIGURE 3.4 DIODE...............................................................................................................................24

FIGURE 3.5 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS CURVE...........................................................................24

FIGURE 3.6 A GENERIC WIRE...........................................................................................................25

FIGURE 3.7 A GENERIC RESISTOR...................................................................................................25

FIGURE 3.8 A GENERIC PCB BOARD...............................................................................................26

FIGURE 3.9 A GENERIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM2576............................................................26

FIGURE 3.10 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)................................................................................27

FIGURE 3.11 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY.........................................................................................27

FIGURE 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING PRINCIPLE..........................................................28

FIGURE 4.2 PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER.................................................................................29

FIGURE 4.3 CHARGE CONTROLLER RECTIFIER..........................................................................29

FIGURE 4.4 LOAD................................................................................................................................29

LIST OF TABLES

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 Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 9
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays energy and power are the one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world. As the
demand of energy is increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these sorts of problems is
just to implement the renewable sources of energy. But these renewable energy sources must have to be
adopted in practical manner by keeping an eye on all aspects regarding the research work. So then these
techniques should be applied in order to get the desired output. In case of our project we have used the
technique of power generation through footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can obtained
while walking on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms and these systems can be
install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 10

 Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1. Introduction

In recent scenario, the demand for energy has been increasing at an alarming rate and there has been a
decrease in the availability of energy resources. For sustainable development, the need of the hour is to
develop more efficient, pollution free and renewable energy resources to meet the unending demands.

The depletion of fossil fuel has affected worldwide economics. Some even the recent collapse of few
financial institutions in countries such US and the UK. This shows that we are too dependent to fossil fuel as
a source of electrical power. Besides, fossil fuel as a source of electrical energy has contributed to severe
environment pollution problem. Therefore, an alternative method to produce electricity has to be put in
place.

One of most promising options is to harvest the electric energy from the ambient source. PZT can be used as
a mechanism to transfer ambient energy into electrical energy. This energy can be stored and used to power
up electrical and electronics devices. With the recent advancement in micro scale devices, PZT power
generation can provide a conventional alternative to traditional power sources used to operate certain types
of sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices [6].

Energy harvesting usually means the conversion of natural energy sources into usable electrical energy, such
as, solar, thermal, wind or vibration energy, etc. In the last few years, scientists and engineers have struggled
to realize the energy harvesting from ambient vibration energy using a piezoelectric device, which generates
electrical charges at the surface due to applied a strain/stress/force. It is well known that mechanical energy
is one of the important source of energies that can be recycled in our surroundings. The sources of
mechanical energy can be a vibrating structure, or a moving object. The main challenges to generate
electrical energy for low power electronic devices are i) nature of mechanical vibration and mode of linking
with piezoelectric structure, ii) finding the suitable cost-effective piezoelectric materials, and iii) storing
electrical charges/energy more efficiently. To recover ambient vibrations surrounding a system, the
piezoelectric based energy harvester is generally used.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 11

1.2. Historical Background

The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by the brothers Pierre Curie and
Jacques Curie. They combined their knowledge of piezoelectricity with their understanding of the
underlying crystal structures that gave rise to piezoelectricity to predict crystal behavior, and demonstrated
the effect using crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium
tartrate tetra-hydrate). Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibited the most piezoelectricity.

Figure 1.1 Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie [1]

The Curies, however, did not predict the converse piezoelectric effect. The converse effect was
mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic principles by Gabriel Lippmann in 1881.The
Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the converse effect, and went on to obtain quantitative
proof of the complete reversibility of electro-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals.

Figure 1.2 Gabriel Lippmann [2]

For the next few decades, piezoelectricity remained something of a laboratory curiosity. More work was
done to explore and define the crystal structures that exhibited piezoelectricity. This culminated in 1910
with the publication of Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Textbook on Crystal Physics),

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 12

 which described the 20 natural crystal classes capable of piezoelectricity, and rigorously defined the
piezoelectric constants using tensor analysis.

1.2.1. First Generation Applications with Natural Crystals

The success of sonar stimulated intense development activity on all kinds of piezoelectric devices,
both resonating and non-resonating. Some examples of this activity include:
Megacycle quartz resonators were developed as frequency stabilizers for vacuum-tube oscillators,
resulting in a ten-fold increase in stability [5].
A new class of materials testing methods was developed based on the propagation of ultrasonic
waves. For the first time, elastic and viscous properties of liquids and gases could be determined
with comparative ease, and previously invisible flaws in solid metal structural members could be
detected. Even acoustic holographic techniques were successfully demonstrated [5].
Also, new ranges of transient pressure measurement were opened up permitting the study of
explosives and internal combustion engines, along with a host of other previously unmeasurable
vibrations, accelerations, and impacts [5].
In fact, during this revival following World War I, most of the classic piezoelectric applications with
which we are now familiar (microphones, accelerometers, ultrasonic transducers, bender element
actuators, phonograph pick-ups, signal filters, etc.) were conceived and reduced to practice. It is
important to remember, however, that the materials available at the time often limited device
performance and certainly limited commercial exploitation [5].

1.2.2. Second Generation Applications with Piezoelectric Ceramics

During World War II, in the U.S., Japan and the Soviet Union, isolated research groups working on
improved capacitor materials discovered that certain ceramic materials (prepared by sintering
metallic oxide powders) exhibited dielectric constants up to 100 times higher than common cut
crystals. Furthermore, the same class of materials (called ferroelectrics) were made to exhibit
similar improvements in piezoelectric properties. The discovery of easily manufactured
piezoelectric ceramics with astonishing performance characteristics naturally touched off a revival
of intense research and development into piezoelectric devices [5].

The advances in materials science that were made during this phase fall into three categories:
Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 13
 a) Development of the barium titanate family of piezoceramics and later the lead zirconate
titanate family.
b) The development of an understanding of the correspondence of the perovskite crystal
structure to electro-mechanical activity.
c) The development of a rationale for doping both of these families with metallic impurities
in order to achieve desired properties such as dielectric constant, stiffness, piezoelectric
coupling coefficients, ease of poling, etc.

1.2.3. Earlier Research

In contrast to the "secrecy policy" practiced among U.S. piezoceramic manufacturers at the outset of
the industry, several Japanese companies and universities formed a "competitively cooperative"
association, established as the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, in 1951. This
association set an organizational precedent for successfully surmounting not only technical
challenges and manufacturing hurdles, but also for defining new market areas [5].
Beginning in 1965 Japanese commercial enterprises began to reap the benefits of steady applications
and materials development work which began with a successful fish-finder test in 1951. From an
international business perspective, they were "carrying the ball," i.e., developing new knowledge,
new applications, new processes, and new commercial market areas in a coherent and profitable way.
Persistent efforts in materials research had created new piezoceramic families which were
competitive with Vernitron's PZT, but free of patent restrictions. With these materials available,
Japanese manufacturers quickly developed several types of piezoceramic signal filters, which
addressed needs arising in television, radio, and communications equipment markets; and
piezoceramic igniters for natural gas/butane appliances.
As time progressed, the markets for these products continued to grow, and other similarly valuable
ones were found. Most notable were audio buzzers (smoke alarms, TTL compatible tone generators),
air ultrasonic transducers (television remote controls and intrusion alarms) and SAW filter devices
(devices employing Surface Acoustic Wave effects to achieve high frequency signal filtering).
By comparison to the commercial activity in Japan, the rest of the world was slow, even declining.
Globally, however, there was still much pioneering research work taking place as well as device
invention and patenting.

1.2.4. Recent Research

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 The field of piezoelectricity has pioneered the exploration high strain piezoelectric single crystals,
new high transition temperature morphotropic phase boundaries, high strain polymer piezoelectric,
copper metallization for piezoelectric fuel injectors and thin flim piezoelectric for micro
electromechanical system (MEMS).
1.1.1.1. One of worlds thinnest piezoelectric materials

In July 2014, the M.D. Anderson Chair Professor and mechanical engineering department
chairman at the University of Houston Cullen College of Engineering, Pradeep Sharma, and his
doctoral student, Matthew Zelisko, in collaboration with scientists at Rice University and
University of Washington, have identified one of the thinnest possible piezoelectric materials on
the planet graphene nitride. The material measures just one atomic layer, which is about one-
thousand times thinner than a single strand of human hair. Interestingly, the material isn't
supposed to be piezoelectric at all. But the simulation and calculation showed it should be
piezoelectric.
Experimental collaborators at Rice University, led by engineering professor Pulickel Ajayan,
fabricated the graphene nitride sheet devices. Another group of collaborators, led by Professor
Jiangyu Li at the University of Washington in Seattle, tested the material using a state of the art
apparatus and proved it was, indeed, piezoelectric [7].
The reason for graphene nitride's unexpected piezoelectricity that pure graphene with triangular
holes can effectively become piezoelectric. Through this latest research it was that any
semiconducting material can be made piezoelectric by cutting triangle holes pointing in the same
direction on the material.
Another unique factor about graphene nitride's piezoelectricity is that the material can be stacked
on top of itself (one atomic layer on top of another) without losing its piezoelectricity. Most other
atomically thin materials with piezoelectric properties don't maintain their piezoelectricity when
stacked [7].

1.2.5. State of Art Technology

Over the past two decades, several advances have been made in micro machined sensors and
actuators. As the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has advanced, a clear need for
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 the integration of materials other than silicon and its compounds into micro machined transducers
has emerged. Piezoelectric materials are high energy density materials that scale very favorably upon
miniaturization and that has led to an ever-growing interest in piezoelectric films for MEMS
applications. At this time, piezoelectric aluminum-nitride-based film bulk acoustic resonators
(FBAR) have already been successfully commercialized. Future innovations and improvements in
inertial sensors for navigation, high-frequency crystal oscillators and filters for wireless applications,
micro actuators for RF applications, chip-scale chemical analysis systems and countless other
applications hinge upon the successful miniaturization of components and integration of
piezoelectric and metals into these systems.

1.3. Future Scope of This Study

This system can harvest a little amount of electrical energy from mechanical energy so there is lots of scopes
to develop the system in future. Any energy harvesting system are built in different way which is necessary
in different situation. With the help of future research, it can be possible that this harvesting system can be
the heart and soul of green energy.

1.3.1. Future Scopes

Some important future scopes are given below-

This idea can be implemented in the floors of crowded places as footpaths, railway platforms
etc.
Also this floors will be useful if they are implemented in gyms, in tread mills and other
machines.
Other useful places where this idea may be implemented is dance floors.

Figure 1.3 Some future scopes examples [3]

Stairs can be also used for production of energy by mere walking.

This principle can also be employed in construction of inverters which can be used in case of
power cuts.
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 1.3.2. Recommendation

As the system is able harvest only a small amount of energy, a hybrid system can introduce. For
storing the energy super capacitors can be used instead of batteries.

1.4. Limitation of the study

There are some limitations such as there is no water protection for the system. Fast charging feature could be
added for rapid harvesting. If the active rectifier and boost converter circuit could be introduced in a single
form it would become more efficient.

1.5. Advantage over Traditional Method

Generally, this type of harvesting system is made of diodes. This system is advantageous over conventional
ways. We investigated the previous journal paper and thesis books and found some advantages with
traditional method for harvesting purpose.

1.6. Objective of this Work

Main task of this project to introduce a harvesting system which will convert the mechanical energy into
electrical energy and harvesting it in an efficient way.

1.6.1. Primary objectives

Primary objective of this system is to convert the wasted mechanical energy into electrical energy.

1.6.2. Secondary Objectives

The secondary objective of this system is to store the electrical energy into a battery in an efficient
way for load purpose.

1.7. Introduction to this Project

Energy demand is increasing day by day worldwide and near future it will be near to impossible spend
electricity for any usage other than essential purpose. This study will help and enthuse the future researchers

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 17

who are willing to develop any electrical energy harvesting system. This whole book is subdivided into 5
chapters all in one its actually a model book for.
Chapter 1
This is based on the whole scenario of the harvesting system. By reviewing some journal, the history of this
types of research are demonstrating on this chapter. Earlier research and present research investigation is an
important part of this chapter. Future scopes have made this chapter wealthy in structure. Main objectives
and limitation also described in this chapter.
Chapter 2
This is based on the theoretical study, mainly the characteristics of the piezoelectric materials are described
in this chapter. Also the generation of electricity and the general application is described in this chapter. The
detailed overlook on piezoelectricity have made this chapter successful.
Chapter 3
This chapter is about the description of the hardware. Which types of component are used in the project and
their ratings is described in this chapter. Advantages of those component over other component are also
described here.
Chapter 4
This chapter describes working principle of the prototype harvesting system. Equipment wise working
principle and application of every equipment is described. Whole prototype model is described here.
Chapter 5
This chapter describes the whole project objectives and thoroughly discussion about the project. In this
project. This model achieved primary (electrical energy harvesting) and secondary objective (efficiently
compare to compare to conventional way) successfully. In this chapter also discuss about the suggestion of
future work. By improving protection system, capacity and hybrid system.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 18

 Chapter 2

Theoretical Study

2.1. Introduction

This chapter describes about piezoelectric materials and their properties. Different types of piezoelectric
materials are described in this chapter. From the theoretical studies one can able to know about making
different way of harvesting and give the proper overview of a design.

2.2. Properties & Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials

2.2.1. Piezoelectric effect

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 Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate electric charge in response to
mechanical pressure or stress. One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is
reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of
electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of
stress when an electric field is applied). When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical
stress, a shifting of the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which then
results in an external electrical field. When reversed, an outer electrical field either stretches or
compresses the piezoelectric material [1].

Figure 2.1 The piezoelectric effect. (a) A Piezoelectric crystal with no applied stress or field. (b)
The strain changes direction when the field is reversed and the crystal is extended. (c) The crystal is
strain by an applied force which induces polarization in the crystal and generates surface charges. [4]

2.2.2. Charge Generation

Normally, the charges in a piezoelectric crystal are exactly balanced, even if they're not
symmetrically arranged. The effects of the charges exactly cancel out, leaving no net charge on the
crystal faces. If any stress or pressure applied upon the crystal, the force the charges out of balance,
the effects of the charges no longer cancel one another out and net positive and negative charges
appear on opposite crystal faces. By applying stress or pressure upon the crystal produces a voltage
across its opposite faces and that is known as piezoelectricity [1].
The importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of polarization, when applying a mechanical
stress. This might either be caused by a reconfiguration of the dipole-inducing surrounding or by re-
orientation of molecular dipole moments under the influence of the external stress. Piezoelectricity is
generated in a variation of the polarization strength, its direction or both, with the details depending
on:
The orientation of charge within the crystal
Crystal symmetry
The applied mechanical stress [3].

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 The change in stress appears as a variation of surface charge density upon the crystal faces, i.e. as a
variation of the electric field extending between the faces caused by a change in dipole density in the
bulk. For example, a 1 cm3 cube of quartz with 2 kN (500 lbf) of correctly applied force can produce
a voltage of 12500 V.

2.2.3. Materials

There are both naturally occurred and laboratory synthesized materials. Some are described briefly
here: -
1.1.1.2. Quartz

Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. Its crystal
structure is a continuous framework of SiO4 siliconoxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being
shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2 [11].

Figure 2.2 Quartz crystals [5]

1.1.1.3. Berlinite

Berlinite (AlPO4) is a rare phosphate mineral. It has the same crystal structure as quartz with a
low temperature poly type iso structural with quartz and a high temperature poly type iso
structural with quartz. Berlinite can vary from colorless to greyish or pale pink and has
translucent crystals [12].

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 Figure 2.3 Berlinite crystals [6]

1.1.1.4. Sucrose

Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring carbohydrate found in many plants and plant parts.
Sucrose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. The molecule is a
disaccharide combination of the mono-saccharides glucose and fructose with the formula
C12H22O11.

1.1.1.5. Potassium sodium tartrate

Potassium sodium tartrate tetra-hydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric
acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
Potassium sodium tartrate and mono-potassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to
exhibit piezoelectricity [13]. This property led to its extensive use in "crystal" gramophone
(phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics
boom of the mid-20th Century.

Figure 2.4 Molecular Structure of Potassium sodium tartrate [7]

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 22

 1.1.1.6. Topaz

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.
Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by
pyramidal and other faces [14].

Figure 2.5 Topaz crystal [8]

1.1.1.7. Tourmaline

Tourmaline is a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminum,
iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is classified as a semiprecious stone
and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors.

Figure 2.6 Tourmaline crystal [9]

1.1.1.8. Lead Titanate

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 Lead (II) titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PbTiO3. It is the lead salt
of titanic acid. Lead (II) titanate is a yellow powder that is insoluble in water. At high
temperatures, lead titanate adopts a cubic perovskite structure. At 760 K, the material undergoes
a second order phase transition to a tetragonal perovskite structure which exhibits ferro
electricity. Lead titanate is one of the end members of the lead zirconate titanate system, which is
technologically one of the most important ferroelectric and piezoelectric ceramics [17].

Figure 2.7 Molecular Structure of Lead Titanate [10]

1.1.1.9. Lanthanum Gallium Silicate

LGS is a piezoelectric material with no phase transitions up to its melting point of 1470 C.
Single crystal LGS can be grown via the Czochralski method, in which crystallization is initiated
on a rotating seed crystal lowered into the melt followed by pulling from the melt. The growth
atmosphere is usually argon or nitrogen with up to 5% of oxygen. The use of oxygen in the
growth environment is reported to suppress gallium loss from the melt; however, too high an
oxygen level can lead to platinum (crucible material used for the melt) dissolution in the melt.
The growth of LGS is primarily along the z direction. Currently the 3-inch (76 mm) langasite
boules produced commercially have growth rates of 1.5 to 5 mm/h. The quality of the crystals
tends to improve as the growth rate is reduced [18].

1.1.1.10. Gallium Phosphate

Gallium phosphate (GaPO4 or gallium orthophosphate) is a colorless trigonal crystal with a

hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale. GaPO4 is isotopic with quartz, possessing very similar
properties, but the silicon atoms are alternately substituted with gallium and phosphorus, thereby

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 24

 doubling the piezoelectric effect. GaPO4 has many advantages over quartz for technical
applications, like a higher electromechanical coupling coefficient in resonators, due to this
doubling. Contrary to quartz, GaPO4is not found in nature. Therefore, a hydrothermal process
must be used to synthesize the crystal.

Figure 2.8 Gallium phosphate Crystal [11]

1.1.1.11. Lithium Niobate

Lithium niobate is a colorless solid insoluble in water. It has a trigonal crystal system, which
lacks inversion symmetry and displays ferro-electricity, Pockels effect, piezoelectric effect,
photo-elasticity and nonlinear optical polarizability. Lithium niobate has negative uniaxial
birefringence which depends slightly on the stoichiometry of the crystal and on temperature. It is
transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5200 nanometers [20].

Figure 2.9 Molecular Structure of Lithium niobate [12]

1.1.1.12. Lithium Tantalate

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), is a crystalline solid which possesses unique optical, piezoelectric
and pyro-electric properties which make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors
such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and detection, surface acoustic wave applications,
Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 25
 cell phones and possibly pyro-electric nuclear fusion. Considerable information is available from
commercial sources about this salt [21].

Figure 2.10 Molecular Structure of Lithium niobate [13]

2.2.4. Some Common Applications of Piezoelectric Materials

Currently, industrial and manufacturing is the largest application market for piezoelectric devices,
followed by the automotive industry. Strong demand also comes from medical instruments as well as
information and telecommunications. The global demand for piezoelectric devices was valued at
approximately US$14.8 billion in 2010. The largest material group for piezoelectric devices is
piezocrystal, and piezo-polymer is experiencing the fastest growth due to its low weight and small
size.

1.1.1.13. Voltage and Power Sources

In cigarette lighter by pressing a button causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit a piezoelectric

crystal, there by producing a high voltage. Most types of gas burners and ranges have a built-in
piezo based injection system. [2]

Figure 2.11 Applications of Piezoelectric Materials (Lighter) [14]

A piezoelectric transformer is a type of AC voltage multiplier. This type of transformer uses

acoustic coupling instead of magnetic coupling between input and output. An input voltage is

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 26

 applied across a short length of a bar of piezoceramic material such as PZT, creating an
alternating stress in the bar by the inverse piezoelectric effect and causing the whole bar to
vibrate. The vibration frequency is chosen to be the resonant frequency of the block, typically in
the 100 kilohertz to 1 megahertz range. A higher output voltage is then generated across another
section of the bar by the piezoelectric effect. Step-up ratios of more than 1,000:1 have been
demonstrated. An extra feature of this transformer is that, by operating it above its resonant
frequency, it can be made to appear as an inductive load, which is useful in circuits that require a
controlled soft start. These devices can be used in DCAC inverters to drive cold cathode
fluorescent lamps. Piezo transformers are some of the most compact high voltage sources.

1.1.1.14. Sensor

The principle of operation of a piezoelectric sensor is that a physical dimension, transformed into
a force, acts on two opposing faces of the sensing element. The detection of pressure variations in
the form of sound is the most common sensor application, which is seen in piezoelectric
microphones and piezoelectric pickups for electrically amplified guitars. Piezoelectric sensors in
particular are used with high frequency sound in ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging and
industrial nondestructive testing [3]

1.1.1.15. Actuators

As very high electric fields correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this width
can be changed with better than m precision, making piezo crystals the most important tool for
positioning objects with extreme accuracy. Multilayer piezoelectric layers thinner than 100 m
will allow high electric fields with voltage around 150 V. These piezoelectric materials are used
within two kinds of actuators: direct piezo actuators and Amplified piezoelectric actuators. While
direct actuator stroke is generally lower than 100 m, amplified piezo actuators can reach
millimeter strokes [4].

1.1.1.16. Piezoelectric Motor

Because very high voltages correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this
crystal width can be manipulated with better-than-micrometer precision, making piezo crystals an

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 27

 important tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy, making them perfect for use in
motors, such as the various motor series offered by Nano motion.
Regarding piezoelectric motors, the piezoelectric element receives an electrical pulse, and then
applies directional force to an opposing ceramic plate, causing it to move in the desired direction.
Motion is generated when the piezoelectric element moves against a static platform (such as
ceramic strips).
The characteristics of piezoelectric materials provided the perfect technology upon which Nano
motion developed our various lines of unique piezoelectric motors. Using patented piezoelectric
technology, Nano motion has designed various series of motors ranging in size from a single
element (providing 0.4Kg of force) to an eight element motor (providing 3.2Kg of force). Nano
motion motors are capable of driving both linear and rotary stages, and have a wide dynamic
range of speed, from several microns per second to 250mm/sec and can easily mount to
traditional low friction stages or other devices. The operating characteristics of Nano motion
motor provide inherent braking and the ability to eliminate servo dither when in a static position.

1.1.1.17. Photovoltaic

The efficiency of a hybrid photovoltaic cell that contains piezoelectric materials can be increased
simply by placing it near a source of ambient noise or vibration. The effect was demonstrated
with organic cells using zinc oxide nanotubes. The electricity generated by the piezoelectric
effect itself is a negligible percentage of the overall output. Sound levels as low as 75 decibels
improved efficiency by up to 50%. Efficiency peaked at 10 kHz, the resonant frequency of the
nanotubes. The electrical field set up by the vibrating nanotubes interacts with electrons
migrating from the organic polymer layer. This process decreases the likelihood of
recombination, in which electrons are energized but settle back into a hole instead of migrating to
the electron-accepting ZnO layer.

2.3. The Power and Potential of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

There has been considerable development in applications utilizing piezoelectric innovations, alongside
advances in ultra-low power electronics, meaning energy harvesting is no longer viewed as being a
potentially unreliable source of energy transfer, capable of only low power output.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 28

While alternative energy harvesting technologies are available, such as thermoelectric or electromagnetic
energy, some have a reputation for unreliability and are not always capable of providing the consistent
source of energy needed.
Piezoelectric energy can be harvested by converting mechanical vibrations into an electrical charge, or by
placing a material under significant strain through heavy pressure. These harvesters generate electricity
based on the amount of force used in compressing or deforming a material, as well as the amount and type
of deformation on the materials crystal structure and the speed or frequency of compressions or vibrations
to the material. The potential for piezoelectric energy harvesting is therefore much greater than alternative
energy harvesting technologies, with the components capable of delivering up to 70 per cent of their charge.
While quartz and ferroelectric crystals, such as tourmaline and Rochelle salt, are good examples of
piezoelectric materials, ceramic lead zirconate titanate, more commonly known as PZT. It is most
widelyused piezoelectric material used for energy harvesting. A key advantage of PZT materials is that they
can be optimized to suit specific applications through their ability to be manufactured in any shape or size.
Furthermore, PZT materials are resilient, chemically inert and resistant to high temperatures and other
atmospheric pressures, all key benefits considering the greatest opportunity for piezoelectric energy
harvesting is in industrial applications. PZT products can be deformed repeatedly to generate energy and
power devices, with typical applications being sensors and industrial equipment.

2.4. Summary

Through this chapter we have learned about properties and characteristics of piezoelectric materials and its
feasibility. Also the various way of harvesting power from piezoelectricity was also being learned.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 29

 Chapter 3

Hardware Analogy
3.1. Introduction

This chapter is based on hardware introducing. The name of equipment and working purpose of equipments
that we use in our project are introduced in this chapter.

3.2. List of Component

Overall apparatus used in this project is given below-

1. Piezo-Element
2. 47F 50V Capacitor
3. Inductor
4. Diode
5. Wire
6. Resistor
7. PCB board
8. Voltage Regulator (LM2576ADJ)

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 30

 9. LED
10. Rechargeable Battery (12V, 1.2Ah/20HR)

3.2.1. Piezo-Element

Piezo element was chosen in this project for its capability to convert mechanical stress into
electrical energy. Piezo elements come in handy when one need to detect vibration or a knock. It
can use for tap or knock sensors pretty easily by reading the voltage on the output. Piezo element
can also be used for a very small audio transducer.

Figure 3.1 Piezo-Element [15]

3.2.2. 47F 50V Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field.
In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating
material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the
plates, and is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also depends
on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates. Electrolytic capacitor has polarity
i.e. they have fixed positive and negative terminal.
In this project, we used the electrolytic capacitor in charging circuit. In our experiment, From the
half wave rectifier we got dc output. Electrolytic capacitor is suitable for dc only. So for storing the
charge, we used the electrolytic capacitor (47F 50V) in charging circuit.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 31

 Figure 3.2 A Generic Capacitor [16]

3.2.3. Inductor

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists
changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually
wound into a coil. Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as long as current flows. The
inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil. Inductance also depends on the
radius of the coil and on the type of material around which the coil is wound. An inductor blocks AC
while allowing DC because it resists a change in current. The inductors help to smooth out the
rectified utility AC, providing pure, battery-like DC.
So, for the smooth DC output in charging circuit we used inductor.\

Figure 3.3 A Generic Inductor [17]

3.2.4. Diode

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 32

 A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode.
Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. Main
functions. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.
In this project we have used the diode for half wave rectification of AC voltage which is generated
by piezoelectric sensor and for passing current in one direction.

Figure 3.4 Diode [18]

1.1.1.18. Diode Characteristics

Three important characteristic of a diode are first of all the forward voltage drops. Under a
forward bias condition this should be about .7 volts. Then there is the reverse voltage drop. In the
reverse, when we reverse bias the diode the depletion layer widens and usually the applied
voltages are felt across the diode.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 33

 Figure 3.5 Diode Characteristics Curve [19]

3.2.5. Wire

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity.

Figure 3.6 A Generic Wire [20]

3.2.6. Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as
a transistor.

Figure 3.7 A Generic Resistor [21]

3.2.7. PCB board

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 34

 A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated on to a non-
conductive substrate. Components (e.g. capacitors, resistors or active devices) are generally soldered
on the PCB.

Figure 3.8 A Generic PCB board [22]

3.2.8. Voltage Regulator (LM2576ADJ)

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage

regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops.
Pin Configuration-
1. VIN
2. Output
3. Ground
4. Feedback

5. ON /OFF

Figure 3.9 A generic voltage regulator LM2576 [23]

3.2.9. LED

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 35

 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric
current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic,
occurring at a single wavelength.

Figure 3.10 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) [24]

3.2.10. Rechargeable Battery (12V, 1.2Ah/20HR)

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical battery
which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, while a non-rechargeable
or primary battery is supplied fully charged, and discarded once discharged.
In this project for storing electrical energy we have used a rechargeable battery of 12V. Its capacity is
1.2Ah/20HR.

Figure 3.11 Rechargeable Battery [25]

3.3. Summary

This chapter was about the components which were used in the project. Almost all the equipment is
available in the local market.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 36

 Chapter 4

Working Methodology
4.1. Introduction

In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running
on the footstep. The technology is best on a principal called the piezoelectric effect. These sensors are used
to generate electrical charge from having pressure and strain applied to them. By walking to the
piezoelectric material is from vibration to the source. And this energy can be converted into electrically.

4.2. Working Principle

Piezoelectric Charge Storage

Transducer controller Device
Rectifier (Battery)

Load DC-DC
Converter (Buck
Converter)

Figure 4.1 Block diagram of working principle

4.2.1. Piezoelectric Transducer

The mechanical stress is converted into electrical energy through transducer. In this project we have
used one transducer pads for the conversion which contains 36 piezo elements and all of them are
connected in parallel with the half-wave rectifier.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 37

 Figure 4.2 Piezoelectric Transducer [27]

4.2.2. Charge Controller Rectifier

This portion was built for convert AC output into DC. And to minimize the power dissipation in that
process. We have successfully converted the Ac to Dc with our goal.

Figure 4.3 Charge Controller Rectifier

4.2.3. Storage Device (Battery)

Rechargeable battery is used for harvesting the generated output.

4.2.4. DC-DC Converter (Buck Converter)

This portion of the system was for bucking the rectified output as required.

4.2.5. Load

The output that we get from DC-DC converter is used to run various DC loads.

Figure 4.4 Load

4.3. Hardware Price

Table 4.1 Unit Component price list

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 38
 Product Name Model Price (TK)
Piezo element 60
Capacitor 47F, 50V 5
Inductor 8
Diode 2
Wire 10
Resistor 3
PCB board 400
Voltage Regulator LM2576ADJ 75
LED 5
Rechargeable Battery() RL1212 400

4.4. Summary

This chapter demonstrates to the working principle of the harvesting system. After this chapter we should
understand about the charge control rectifier, DC-DC buck converter and how those circuit harvest electrical
energy from mechanical energy and the procedure of charge storage to run various DC loads.

Chapter 5

Discussions and Conclusions

5.1. Introduction

Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 39

In this chapter, data from experimental setup will be analyzed and compound with existing theoretical
results determined by other researchers. Detailed calculations of how much energy was harvested from the
circuit will be shown and will be discussed. Further we will see the limitations of the project and how these
limitations can be eliminated in future works will be proposed. And finally an overall conclusion of the
project will be given and how much of the initial goals of this project were achieved.
5.2. Discussion

Start writing here

5.2.1. Subheading

Start writing here

5.2.2. Subheading

Start writing here

5.3. Conclusions

Start writing here

REFERENCES

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[3] A-L. Annala, I. Oy, and U. Friedrich, "Passive Long Distance Multiple Accesses UHF RFID System",
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 [4] M. Chiaberge, A. Tonoli, G. Botto,M. De Giuseppe, S. Carabelli, and F.Maddaleno
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 [13] Piezoeletricity [online] .Available:www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf3205.pdf:
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Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1