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Commentary: For buildings that include multiple parts and/or lean-tos, i.e., more than one shape,
VISION checks the low-rise geometry limits on the first listed shape. However, mixing of wind design
options is not permitted all shapes of the same job will use the same wind option.
Simplified method Method 1 Simplified Procedure is not used due to its many limitations compared to
the variety of building configurations normally processed by BlueScope.
1
Either method allows for eave height to be used as a mean roof height when roof slope is less than 10.
Commentary: This common wall condition should not be confused with the shielding effect (ASCE7 Sec.
6.5.2.1) which pertains to the situations where parts or a whole structure is shielded from the wind exposure
by detached nearby buildings (i.e.- not connected) and structures, or other terrain features. These effects are
accounted for through the selection of the Surface Roughness Category (Wind Exposure).
A building envelope is defined by ASCE7 Chapter 6 as: Cladding, roofing, exterior walls, glazing, door
assemblies, window assemblies, skylight assemblies, and other components enclosing the building. By this
definition, buildings that have common walls inside the overall building envelope are not considered exterior
walls and therefore need not be designed for pressures/suctions originating from velocity wind pressures from
outside the building envelope. This condition is not considered shielding.
Where higher wind loads are justified the user has an option to select a higher importance factor.
a) The majority of BlueScope buildings have a low structural period with a frequency greater than
1 Hz (f 1 Hz, i.e., T<1 sec.); therefore, the rigid diaphragm provisions would apply here,
as shown in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12.2.1.
b) For all practical applications, the approximate gust effect factor (=0.85) given in Section 6.5.8.1
should be used, which is only few percent different from the calculated value.
iii. Horizontal wind calculated per the low-rise procedure is generally lower; therefore, when frame
lateral deflection is a concern, the low-rise method should be selected.
i. Along the windward wall the wind load distribution is uniform for the low-rise calculation
method. For the all-heights method the wind loading distribution is parabolic, with slightly
higher wind in the higher elevations. The parabolic distribution does not apply to the lowest
4.5 m above ground.
iv.
Commentary: Vision is using simple rectangular distribution of wind loads, which is conservative.
ii. The all-heights method does not use the interior and end zones for walls.
e) Distribution of wind loads on the MWFRS roofs stepped as follows (transverse cases):
i. For the all-heights method, the peak values are applied at the leading eave, with one or more
zones of lower coefficients applied towards the back of the roof.
ii. For the low-rise method, a similar rule applies; however there are only two zones. The higher
load zone is the shorter of 2.5 h or the windward half of the roof, and the lower wind zone is
everything else (roof).
Example: The following shows how the all-heights wind cases are applied to BlueScope systems on a
typical gabled building. The Case numbers refer to design cases shown in ASCE 7 Figure 69:
Given: (H = B = L) > 18 m; L/B = 1; = 10; h/L=1
Commentary: ASCE 7 Figure 6-9 Cases 2 & 4 with torsional effects are not automated in VISION. For
each load case above there will be two cases in VISION due to +/ internal pressure.
Commentary: Instead of full automation for torsional cases, VISION will show a message when building
height (eave height or mean roof height, depending on the roof slope) exceeds 9 m and the selected roof
type is other than one of the standard BlueScope metal roofs.
Torsional wind loading is an item on the Designers check list and must be manually entered into Vision if
needed.
H. PARAPETS
H1. Main Wind Force-Resisting System
The combined net pressure on the parapet (front and back) is determined per ASCE 7 Section
6.5.12.2.4, where Combined refers to the sum of external and internal pressure coefficients.
Figure 4 explains the application of the combined coefficients. Note that the combined net pressure
coefficients (GCpn) have been lowered about 16% when compared to the 2002 edition of this standard.
Load Case A combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the front surface of the parapet
with the negative edge or corner zone2 roof pressure to the back surface.
Load Case B combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the back of the parapet surface
with the applicable negative wall pressure to the front surface.
2
Roof pressure reduction per Note 5 in ASCE 7 Figure 6-11B (or Note 7 in Figure 6-17) is available for qualifying
parapets. The same roof suction load would apply to the back side of the parapet (loading case A).
I. OPEN BUILDINGS
Open Buildings are defined as buildings having each wall at least 80% open.
I1. Free Roofs
If all walls are fully open (100%), and the building conforms to one of the geometries shown in ASCE 7
Figure 6-18 A thru D, the building becomes a free roof structure. Note that ASCE 7 is silent about
other, non-free-roof open buildings.
Limits of applicability: ASCE 7 free roof provisions apply only to buildings that satisfy the ratio
0.25h/L1.0. Note that h refers to the building mean roof height (there is no eave height option for
the low pitched roofs) and the dimension L refers to the building width (dimension perpendicular to ridge
in all cases) as defined in ASCE 7 Figure 6-18D. If the h/L ratio is not satisfied pick the rational approach
marked in VISION as Open All Heights.
Free roof structures with sheeted gables are also covered under the same provisions of ASCE 7 Section
6.5.13.2, as long as the roof slope does not exceed 5. The Code treats fascia panels as inverted
parapets, where the contribution of loads on the fascia to the MWFRS are calculated using Section
6.5.12.2.4 with qp equal to qh".
ASCE 7 selection of free roof wind coefficients is depended on the air flow under the roof. There are two
options:
a) Clear wind flow - the space under the roof is clear by ASCE 7 definition (less than 50%
blockage).
b) Obstructed wind flow - if the building does not qualify as clear. Vision will run BOTH sets of
coefficients, for both clear and obstructed conditions as separate load cases since both cases
are expected during the lifetime of the structure. This option often yields larger wind loads.
Commentary:
1) VISION neither checks nor reports when the h/L ratio is out of range wind enclosure is users responsibility!
2) For the obstructed wind flow VISION uses a consolidated set of coefficients for simplicity (longitudinal
MWFRS and C&C, which represents the envelope of all applicable ASCE 7 wind loads). See Table 1 and Table
2 for consolidated coefficients used by VISION.
3) VISION coefficient reporting is consistent, regardless of a design method or wind enclosure option; therefore,
the reported coefficient is always a product G*Cp where G is the gust factor (0.85 for open buildings).
4) In VISION, selection of All heights wind method is not used with Free Roofs.
At eave canopies attached to free roofs receive the same wind loads (coefficients) as the roof plane they
are attached to.
With either free roof option, the minimum wind as defined in Section L is the only requirement for the
building bracing system.
I2. Open All Heights (Not a Free Roof)
MWFRS loads for open buildings are calculated as follows:
In the transverse direction ( to ridge) the wind loads are applied along the frame rafters using
the all heights roof coefficients per ASCE 7 Figure 6-6. For Open buildings the internal
pressure coefficients GCpi = 0.0. Similarly, if any portion of the sidewall is sheathed the all
heights wall coefficients will be used with zero internal pressure and the loads applied along
the sheathed portions of the affected members only.
In the longitudinal direction (|| to ridge), ASCE 7 provides limited criteria for the application of
wind loads on MWFRS. The use of the minimum wind load defined in Section L is adequate for
all cases.
Note about MBMA bare frame wind loads - not used by VISION:
For wind pressures on the bare frames, or on clad surfaces on the endwalls, the 2010 Supplement to the
2006 MBMA MBS Manual recommends the method developed by researchers at the University of Western
Ontario in 2008. Based on wind tunnel studies on multiple building configurations, the researchers developed
a procedure for assessing drag wind loads on multiple bay open structures, taking into consideration wind
azimuth, frame span, solidity ratio and number of frames.
The 2010 method is more accurate and less conservative than the method shown in the 2006 MBMA Manual
(or earlier editions) the older method was not applicable for design of steel frames in buildings with any roofing
attached. It is expected that the new method will become part of the ASCE 7 wind loads, after 2010 Edition.4)
In VISION, selection of All heights wind method is not used with Free Roofs.
Commentary: In VISION the reduction factor is reported combined with the Components and Cladding
coefficients (since the roof interior wind load is not affected by this exception).
K. PARTITION LOADS
See DP 1.2.3 for the application of partition loads.
Commentary: For MWFRS the minimum wind load of 48 DaN/m2 applied to the wall area can be verified via
frame reactions. In cases when the total horizontal wind load is less than 48 DaN/m2 VISION will increase
both the windward and the leeward wind coefficients proportionally, until the minimum wind load requirement
is satisfied. This proportioning method is used for transverse and longitudinal MWFRS.
For open buildings the minimum wind load is applied as an independent load case (MW load
type) to each of the four walls. Note that sidewall cases include an addition line load which
accounts for the minimum wind applied to the vertical projection of the roof plane (above eave).