Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of upland tomato growers towards

organic farming: The case of Liliw Farmers Marketing Cooperative (Lufamco) in

Barangay Kanlurang Bukal, Liliw Laguna

Bagunu, John Rowel P.

BS Human Ecology, Major in Social Technology

November 14, 2016

1
A rough thesis proposal in partial fulfillment of SDS 200: Thesis on Social Technology
as advised by Professor Carla Edith G. Jimea
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

the real gains will only be made by harnessing the innovative potential of entrepreneurs who
will develop the innovative business solutions to deal with the environmental challenges

Cohen, B. & Winn, M, I. (2007)

Environmental degradation is one of the reasons why premature death occurs. It

is estimated that up to 234 times in most cases, death is caused by the increase in

natural disasters globally. Hence, it is ideal to achieve the sustainable development

goals of 2030 (UNEP, 2016). According to the United Nations 2005, economic

development is one of the main reasons why environmental degradation occurs.

Additionally, there is a common conception that businesses and many industries cause

environmental degradation (Cohen and Winn, 2007). Even though some countries have

achieved economic development and improved the standard of living, there is a direct

negative impact in the environment (Dean and McMullen 2007). Mission and vision of

industries strive towards the betterment of the people. However, environmental

conservation has been neglected (Volery, 2002). It is time to change the perception of

entrepreneurs and remodel them to be the agent of solving environmental problems

(Schaper, 2002).

The Philippines has a vast amount of arable land in the upland area. Around 60

percent of a massive 30 million hectares of land is arable. However, deforestation is a

serious problem the country is facing. Way back in 1998 around 52,681 hectares of land

lost its productivity because of deforestation and soil erosion. Another unfortunate reality

the country is facing is that some areas in the uplands are considered dangerous

because numerous rebel groups are hiding hence unsuitable for farming usage.

(Partap, 2004).

Upland farming has the potential of bringing increase in economic development

while sustaining environmentally friendly practices which can conserve the resources

available. However, what is happening in the grass roots is that upland resources are

continuously being depleted because of illegal logging, wood extraction, expansion of

non-sustainable farms and environmental degrading farming techniques (Fortenbacher

and Alave, 2014).

While the Philippines has a large potential in upland farming, these opportunities

are not used. In order to increase job security, alleviate poverty and mitigate

environmental degradation, the use of ecopreneurship concepts is needed. It is true that

entrepreneurship is the key in increasing the standard of living of many Filipinos.

However, it should not come with the cost of harming the environment. Awareness and

concern for the environment should integrated with entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurs in the Philippines can be categorized into three: Those who are

already practicing green techniques; those who are converting their business to be

environmental friendly; and those who are partially environmental friendly to avoid suit.

Ecopreneurship is derived from two words, Ecological and Entrepreneurship

(Schaltegger, 2005). Having a more holistic view and concern for the environment over
profit will improve the management of resources. As Mahatmi Gandhi stated, The world

has enough for everyone's need, but not enough for everyone's greed. Nurturing young

entrepreneurs to have the concept of ecopreneurship will improve the environments

status.

The most common used tomato in the Philippines is the diamante. It is a hybrid

tomato breed with very high heat tolerance that offers high crop yield in hot weather

conditions. It bears a weight of 40 gram when harvested and it is round. (East West

Seed Philippines) Using organic farming regime tomatoes grown were still resistant to

pest and diseases. Also, there is very minimal difference in size between organic

tomatoes and traditional grown tomatoes. Organic tomatoes raised from bio fertilizer

and soil conditioner proved to produce double the yield amount compared to untreated

tomatoes with chemical fertilizers. Contrary to the belief of small farmers, treated plants

from organic regime with the use of bio organic fertilizer and soil conditioner proves to

grow faster because of the microorganisms that are beneficial to the plant digestion of

nutrients. Tomatoes produced traditionally had the highest amount of production cost

with 22,000 php per hectare compared with organic tomatoes with the use of bio

organic fertilizer was only around 14,450 php per hectare (Ortuoste 2006).

Lufamco started being a cooperative last 2010 until in the present time. It was

named Liliw upland farmers marketing cooperative. Before being a cooperative, they

were an association named Liliw Upland farmers association from 2000-2010. They are

practicing reforestation in the uplands and converted to crop production in an organic

regime. Being a member of the cooperative, they were able to have their own nursery

on their backyard. (Arvesu, 2016).

 Integration of ecopreneurship with upland farming envisions a sustainable

farming. Hence it is important to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of

ecopreneurship with upland farmers. This is why this study will be done to find out the

benefits of ecopreneurship with the residents of Barangay Kanluran, Bukal, Liliw Laguna

Ecopreneurship will pave way in developing sustainable livelihoods, more

environment friendly practices and develop new products to address environmental

degradation.

This paper will focus on ecopreneurship in upland farming since the Philippines is

an agricultural country. Awareness of entrepreneurs in environmental concerns will be

studied and their role as Entrepreneurs in solving environmental degradation.

Statement of the Problem

This study will attempt to answer the question:

What are the Knowledge, attitude and practices of upland farmers in eco-

preneurship and its impact on growing tomatoes?

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the socio-economic profile of the upland tomato growers?

2. What are the characteristics of the LUFAMRCO organic tomato farmers

and their practices(tomato plantation, maintenance, harvesting and

marketing)
3. What are the factors affecting organic tomato production
4. What are the key drivers that motivates the farmers to engage in organic

farming of tomato?
 5. What are the areas of growth in organic tomato production?

Objectives of the study

This study will aim to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of upland

farmers and its impacts on growing organic tomato

Specifically it will aim to:

1. Describe the socio-demographic profile and socio-economic profile of the

upland tomato growers.

2. Characterize the LUFAMRCO organic tomato farmers and their knowledge

attitudes and practices in organic tomato farming. (tomato plantation,

maintenance, harvesting and marketing)

3. Discuss the factors affecting organic tomato production
4. Identify key drivers towards farmers engagement on organic tomato

production
5. Recommend the areas of growth in organic tomato production

Significance of the study

Normally, entrepreneurs are seen as the solution to alleviate poverty globally.

The increasing number of population in the Philippines makes people vulnerable to

poverty. Hence, even the current administration has a strong advocacy towards SME

and new innovative business ideas are encouraged to produce employment to many

Filipinos.

Entrepreneurs mainly focus on the improvement of the economy. From giving out

employment from programmers, doctors, to construction workers, people around the

globe perceives the importance of entrepreneurship. Investors also hold the key in
providing a good national income for the government. Wherein, the profit made by the

government is spent in different sectors that needs help and developing more human

capital. By improving the quality of life of different sectors, people tends to focus more in

their work rather than their problems hence a direct positive impact to economic growth.

Encouraging entrepreneurs in practicing green or environment friendly methods

will make an impact on improving the economy without harming the environment.

This study will focus on upland farming. Identifying the knowledge, attitudes, and

practices of upland farmers will be important in looking for their perceived needs. By

doing this, they will be encouraged in practicing environment-friendly practices and

contribute to sustainable development.

The results of this study can be used by the national government to aid them in

advocating environment friendly practices in upland farming. Additionally, the data

results can be used for the formulation of policy in line with upland farming. By

understanding the situation of the upland farmers, their felt needs and concerns can be

considered when formulating government programs and policies.

Scope and limitations of the study

The study will be limited to the upland farmers whose land are situated directly in

Liliw, Laguna. Time constraints and financial capability may have an effect in conducting

this study. If there is more time frame or other people to collaborate with, more places

with upland farming should be included in the study.

 The study is limited on the acceptability of farmers to answer the questionnaires

that will be provided. The time of farmers will also be considered, since they may or may

not be available during a particular time.

The study will also be limited on number of residents in Liliw, Laguna who are

willing to participate in answering the questionnaire. The population of Liliw, Laguna is

large hence sampling of data will be done.

 CHAPTER 2

Environmental Problems

Environmental problems have been a long issue that many countries have

tackled. According to OECD 2009 reduction of carbon emission and improvement of

water quality in bodies of water had a positive trend however it is insufficient. Hence

alternative solutions are sought. Climate change, water quality problems and change in

bio diversity are pressing matters that needs to be addressed and paid attention to. The

Philippines does not belong to those super power countries which emits large amounts

of carbon however we do have a role in the reduction of carbon emission. Studies have

been made to determine sectors practicing environmental friendly advocacy and

actions. (Quicoy, 2015).

Climate Change

Climate change is the continuous and abnormal increase in overall temperature

in the world. It is also called global warming which is the direct effect of human action in

using fossil fuels and carbon emission. (Panda 2016). It is a detrimental problem which

is only given thought and accepted recently by the public. Natural disaster has

increased because of climate change and it has taken a toll on us. Increased death

caused by natural disasters is being seen worldwide. Since then, many environmentalist

fighting for their advocacy in mitigating carbon emission and minimizing the losses have

emerged (Molk 2016).

 Global warming does not only affect temperature but also soil erosion and water

quality degradation. (Ambrose, 1997). According to Maxwell and Blashki 2016, climate

change poses a threat in human health and nutrition due to disruption of bio diversity

and ecological system which is the foundation of human needs. It affects the lives of

people in many ways. Also, the risk it imposes can be categorized into immediate and

direct risks, indirect risks, deferred and diffuse risks, and risks associated with conflict

and refugee flows.

Water quality

Water is considered as life. It is one of the primary necessity to life. Drinking or

potable water is only around 3% of the worlds total supply of water (Islam and Huda

2016). Fresh water is our source of various aquaculture. This consists of food that we

usually order such as fish, shrimps, lobsters, shells and sea weeds.(Wang, Ju, Qi,

Dong, Liu; et al 2012). Unfortunately, it is very much vulnerable to pollution. Improper

waste management such as direct discharge of residual waste from industry contributes

largely to water pollution (Islam and Huda 2016).

Soil Erosion
 Soil erosion is very apparent in lands that are arable. It can be seen as soil

nutrient depletion and increased soil acidity. Increased soil acidity are mostly evident on

farmers who uses large amounts of inorganic fertilizers (Dougil, et al 2002).

Characteristics

Organizations

Farmer organizations has a very large contribution in economic development.

They provide jobs and opportunities for farmers who have no resources to have access

on land, water, seeds and other necessity for farming (FAO, 2007). Organizations

established by farmers drives them to have better care for their commodities and their

sense of ownership helps them promote developmental agenda on their own.

Additionally, such organizations help farmers establish bargaining abilities for them to

reduce their overhead (Hellin et al., 2007; Wennink et al., 2007).

Organizations help farmers who have low capacity in terms of financial and

technicality to understand modern technologies as a group. It encourages participatory

development for the small farmers belonging in an organization (Sangole, N et all.,

2004).

Educational Attainment
 Education directly affects the productivity of farmers. Educated farmers gives

them freedom in selecting and adopting modern technologies to increase the yield

output of their farms (Shultz 1964).

Through education, farmers can easily seek new information, adopt ideal and

efficient practices differing from what they are currently using or know. Education paves

way for the acceptability of farmers in embracing new technologies (Rosenzweig 1995).

Crop yields can improve due to education because of two reasons. First is

technical and general skills acquired through schooling will improve the efficiency in

handling new farming equipment. Second, attitude and behavioral change can be seen

in farmers who studied farming techniques. Being more open and understanding to new

technologies will improve their output (Hussain and Byerlee 1995).

Government support

Policies implemented to support farmers is beneficial can enhance economic

development. Investors will invest on farming business when they know that the risk of

losing money in farms is low. Relatively, development of cooperatives through policy

formation encourages farmers to actually join because of the law (Hoyt, 1989).

According to USDA (2014), financial help to small farmers is very difficult to find.

Investing in farming is no cheap task, even if there are many mouths to feed which
shows a large demand for food. The overhead for starting farms high in which makes

people go over in a different direction.

According to Alave as stated by Francis Pangilinan (2011), All of them are old.

Their children do not want to go into farming. The reason in this is simply because

although food production is a large business, small farmers does not earn enough to

sustain their family. Only the middlemen gets rich and the small farmers stuck to

poverty. The time when the Philippines will have no farmers and fishers might come.

The only option left by then will be to import food. Hence government support on

farmers is direly needed.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship determines the economic position of different countries. It is the

solution for job security and reduction of poverty around the globe. Additionally, it is the

key to industrialization and success of both developed and developing countries

(Mustapha and Selvajaru, 2015). An entrepreneur is the primary head and sole

responsible for the profit or loss of his/her own business. The business operations will

be headed by the entrepreneur including marketing, product specification, human

capital needs and labor (Funk and Wagnalls 2016).

Ecopreneurship
 One viable solution to the imminent problem of environmental degradation is the

adaptation of green practices in entrepreneurial activities. According to Schaper, 2002;

Lennox & York, 2011 there have been actions in converting large business and industry

into practicing ecopreneurship or greening. Environmental problems we are currently

facing are results of problems that was not solved by the different solutions proposed in

the past. It is time to change tactics and focus on the role of entrepreneurs in mitigation

of carbon emission and reduction of environmental degradation. (Cohen and Winn,

2007; Dean and McMullen, 2007; as cited by Mcewen 2013).

Entrepreneurs sought ways of reforming business in turning more sustainable

and environment friendly. Hindrances and barriers in achieving green firms are studied

and solutions are proposed day by day (Schaper, 2002). The term ecopreneurship is

similar to entrepreneurship in such that it can be conceptualize but has a very deep

meaning and difficult to express. According to Mbebeb 2011, one key in ecopreneurship

is managing resources. Sustainable resource management have three elements

(Sustainability, Sustainable thinking, Sustainable behavior) that are inter related.

Attainment of environmental friendly economy will need a change in the foundation of

entrepreneurship concept and a renewed image from the public (African union, 2011).

Ecopreneurship has 2 types according to Volery (2002). These are Environmental

conscious ecopreneurs and green entrepreneur. The first one, environmental conscious,

are those who make their businesses reduce the needed resources of their commodity

to become efficient. Green entrepeneurs on the otherhand, identifies the environmental

problem in an area and have their businesses anchored in it. Walley and Taylor (2002)
identified four types of ecopreneur: Innovative opportunist, adhoc or accidental

entrepreneur, visionary entrepreneur, and ethical maverick. Innovative Opportunist is an

ecopreneur who is more focused on the profit which stumbled on an innovative

business idea that is environmentally friendly. Accidental entrepreneur, arrives on a

business that is environmentally friendly without actually looking for it. Visionary

ecopreneur starts their business foundation to be green. It has mission and vision that is

in line with sustainable practices. Ethical maverick builds a business that is acceptable

to the current society.

Knowledge

Knowledge is the retention of information of people in a subject matter.

(Dennings, 1999). It is a commonly accepted fact and how people perceive science

(Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995).

According to RA 10068, otherwise known as Organic Agriculture Act of 2010,

promotion of organic farming and its commercialization is promoted. Knowledge

regarding green farming practices should be spread through capacity building and

education of the farmers. Cooperation between Local government units, non-

government units and private organizations is a must.

Attitudes
 It is the tendency of a subject to react and do an action to a given situation. It is

an emotion that affects possible dealings (Gumucio 2011).

Practices

Practices are the actions done regularly by the subject. It is the actualization of

knowledges acquired. It can also said to be the application of different ideologies

(Gumucio 2011).

Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Upland Farming

Knowledge, attitudes and practices assessment is an academic tool used to

examine the current situation of a community. (Kaliyaperumal, ND). KAP studies plays

an important role in program and project development. It states information that are

considered as common knowledge. It also presents how people perceives a certain

subject or technology. In one case, where there is a technology that can help certain

farmers produce more crops but it is not used because of acceptability and difference in

culture or tradition (WHO, 2011).

KAP of different studies

A study made by Parico (2016), Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Rice

farmers from Banca Banca Victoria, Laguna regarding the use of rice doctor as a

decision tool in pest and disease management, tackled the use of rice doctor and
concluded that the use of Rice Doctor as a seed treatment is needed to help the

marginalized sector the farming community in Victoria to increase their profit. Even

though they are aware of the rice doctor they were not using it. The willingness of the

farmers to use rice doctor was high, 96% of the total respondents however hindrances

in using it still appeared. The study concluded that the use of information technology is

important to let the new technologies reach the farmers and help them advance their

knowledge.

Upland Farming

It is challenging to maintain sustainable farming practice in uplands because

environment conservation should be observed while not hindering economic

development. Upland has a different fundamental methods of farming compared to

lowlands. Using farming techniques of lowland in uplands can be disastrous, some of

which entails deforestation, soil erosion and other hazards. The problem in upland

farming is more inclined in limited upland farming techniques, uninformed farmers, and

unsuitable upland planning development (Partap 2004).

Conventional Farming

Conventional farming also known as traditional farming, refers to the intensive

use of chemical fertilizers and other synthetic insecticides. This includes the usage of
GMOs and intensive tillage of land which often results to lowered land productivity

(Takashi, 2004).

According to USDA (2014), it is the usage of bio geneticlly altered seeds which

has better yield, higher resistance to pest and better taste of the commodity. This is

done to address the growing needs of the people. As population goes up, there are

more mouths to feed hence this method is preferred by USDA.

Conventional farming brings danger to the food brought in the table. According to

Edwards (2014), over 99% of the respondents in the test conducted in the USA was

confirmed positive to DDT or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane which is deeply connected

with cancer. There is a limit on how much pesticide that can be used in farming however

it does not limit the variants of pesticides that can be used. Hence some of the crops

may be infested with different synthetic chemicals contributing to unknown diseases and

lowered health immunity.

This kind of practice induces usage of chemically produced fertilizers which may

be washed away and has a negative impact in water systems. Directly spraying such

fertilizers may also decrease soil fertility. Chemical pesticides can easily be washed

away when raining. Another problem that occurs is that when crops are already

dependent on fertilizers, increased amount of fertilizers will be needed to maintain the

yield count. Lastly, pests sometimes develop tolerance to certain pesticide rendering

these pesticides ineffective. Thus, usage of such pesticides will not kill their intended

target but will only harm the soil ( HDRA, 1998).

Green Farming

Green farming is the prevention of using heavy chemical synthesized agricultural

products such as fertilizers and pesticides. It uses integrated pest management where

in prevention of pest accumulation and sustenance of good bugs is promoted. This also

uses more primitive way of killing pests. Ie using blow torches and power vacuums.

(Dannings, 2012).

Green farming considers the protection of the environment. It is a method that

works with the environment with harmony and prevent any harm that may affect the

people in producing crops. Methods in green farming that helps maintain soil

productivity, fertility and its structure includes: crop rotation, planting of legumes for

nitrogen fixation, using compost or organic fertilizers, using crops as a natural way for

pest prevention, usage of natural bio fertilizer for increased crop yield and water

conservation. Green farming does not state that people need to go back to old practices

instead it promotes the usage of modern technology combined with modern techniques

that does not harm the environment (HDRA, 1998).

Technologies in agriculture

Soil Management

Upland farming is not sustainable hence it is recommended that farmers rely on

technological methods. There are currently 3 technologies that can be applied in soil
management. These are usage of organic fertilizer, balanced fertilization and diversified

cropping. Additionally, the usage of earthworms as a stabilizer for the soil is beneficial to

the crop. (Ponce 2004).

Water Technologies

There are at least 5 water technologies used in the Philippines. One is the drip

irrigation where water is directly sprayed in the roots to conserve water. Rain water

management where crop rotation is practiced because of the climate. Some plants will

be more resistant in certain plantings season. Additionally, small electric pumps are

installed in the farm. This will only be possible when electric lines are already in the

area. Hydroponics is also used. This is a technique wherein crops are cultivated without

soil. Water and mineral contents are used as a substitute to let the crop grow under

specified conditions.

Tomato Plantation

Tomato needs heavy fertilizers to be able to produce heave yields. Both organic

and inorganic methods can be used however organic methods such as using manure

sometimes poses health risk. Practicing organic methods needs proper land

management to prevent health risk imminent to organic farming. Controlling ground

water level should also be observed for prevention of contamination (Csplittstoesser,

1990).
 According to a study conducted by Ibrar Ali (2015), Tomatoes have a 90%

survival rate on an organic regime while 80.5% survival rate can be seen in an organic

regime. In an organic regime the tomatoes produced have a maximum mean of 25.4

while inorganic regime had 24. Additionally, the sizes of fruits produced by organic

regime was 62.4cm3 while inorganic regime produced 63.5 cm3.

Plantation of tomatoes in an organic regime proved to be the best method in

tomato production. Organic methods of producing tomatoes proved to be more

favorable because of health safety, nutrients available to the crop and land conservation

(Ibrar Ali Et al., 2015).

Liliw is generally higher in terms of topography in comparison with other towns in

Laguna. Hence the reason why crops grow abundantly because of its favorable weather

conditions. Another thing is that in 2002 Liliw alone was able to produced 23 metric tons

of tomato per hectare (Wagan 2008). Farmers in Liliw use two hybrid variants of tomato,

diamante and diamante max. Diamante is very tolerant and has high capacity in heat

intensity. Additionally, it germinates at 20-30 C making it suitable for off season farming.

Because of the characteristics shown by Diamante, it is mostly used throughout the

Philippines (Malabayabas, 2012).

Seasonality

Tomatoes are very fast perishable goods and has a season where they grown

abundanly hence a very complex need in marketing scheme. In line with this, farmers

needs the correct knowledge in preserving and handling tomato in any given year so
that they can meet the demands of the consumer. If they welcome new knowledge in

tomato handling and preservation they will be able to get more opportunities in tomato

production (Malabayabas, 2012).

Social Acceptability of Organic Tomato

Organic commodities usually have a much lower number of produced crop

compared with traditional farming methods. Farms who are practicing organic regime

usually rely on increasing the price of organic crops to compensate for the loss in the #

of yields. However this also has an impact on the decision buying process of consumers

when actually purchasing a commodity. This is one of the reason why people tend to

buy traditionally produced crops compared with organic (Misra Etal 1991 as cited by

Ankomah etal 2006).

According to Rocha (2012) the acceptance rate of organic tomato had a 96.2%,

86.2% and 88.7% approval rate in the following variety of tomatoes: Enas 1010,

Joanna and Periha Agua.

Philippines Production of Tomato

Conceptual Framework

Knowledge ,
Attitudes and
Practice of farmers on
ecopreneurship.
Hypothesis of the study

Derived from the conceptual framework shown in figure 1. The hypothesis of this
Marketing factors Characteristics of
study will be:
Tomato Production
-Organic Certification
1. There
-Packaging a relationship-Health
andisLabeling benefits
between Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of
-Food Safety
farmers in ecopreneurship and nature of tomato production
-Impact on environment
2. There is a relationship-Value
between nature of tomato growing and consumer
preference and attitude-Yield
3. KAP of farmers in ecopreneurship has a relationship on the final presentation
of their product.
4. Packaging and Recommendation presentation of the product
has a relationship to consumers preference and
attitude.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and

Practices in Ecopreneurship of upland farming: The case of Liliw
 CHAPTER 3

Research Design

This study will use the survey research design to find out socio-economic
characteristics of farmers, their KAP (Knowledge, Skills, and Practice) in
ecopreneurship, the yield output of their farms and acceptability of green farming in
Barangay Kanluran, Bukal, Liliw Laguna.

Variables of the study

The main variables of the study are:

1. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) of farmers in ecopreneurship.

a. Water Technologies
b. Soil Management
2. Nature of tomato growing
a. Health benefits
b. Food Safety
c. Impact on environment
d. Value
e. Yield
3. Consumer preference and attitudes
a. Taste
b. Price
c. Texture
d. Color

e.
 Locale of the study

Figure 2. Map of Barangay Kanluran, Bukal, Liliw, Laguna.

Barangay Kanluran is one of the 35 barangays located in Liliw, Laguna.

According to NSA, there are a total of 4,315 residents in the Barangay as of 2010.

Barangay Kanluran is chosen because there is currently a cooperative named

Liliw Upland Farmers Marketing Cooperative (LUFaMCo). There were established last
2013.
 Respondents of the study

The respondents are the farmers in Barangay kanluran. The number of upland
farmers in the Barangay still be determined. The number of farmers that are also
members of the cooperative will also be determined.

Sampling Procedure

All the upland farmers will be interviewed. Hence, complete enumeration will be
used for the farmers. For the key informant, all of them will also be interviewed. The list
of all the farms operating under the Barangay will be asked and the researcher will
interview the owners/farmers. If the owner is not a farmer, only the farmer will be
interviewed.

Research Instrument

The research instrument that will be utilize is the interview method. The
researcher will also use an unstructured interview. This type of interview gives the
researcher freedom to restructure the questions from the questionnaire and change the
sequence on how it will be asked to the respondent. (Godfred, 2016). By doing so, the
interview will be casual and all intended questions can be asked. If there are pop up
questions or clarification, the researcher will be able to ask them away and include it in
the data collected.

Guide questions that will be used:

1. Socio-Economic characteristics of the farmers

2. Knowledge in green farming techniques on tomato production
3. Attitude of farmers in the usage of organic regime in producing tomatoes
4. Tomato pathway to consumer
 5. Acceptability of growing organic tomato

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will send a letter to the Barangay Captain in Barangay Kanluran
to ask permission on conducting the study. Afterwards, the researcher will identify all the
farms operating in the farm. The researcher would then identify the farming cooperative
in the Barangay. Again, the researcher will ask permission to the farmers to conduct the
study. The researcher would then proceed in interviewing the farmers and key informant
in the Barangay. Lastly, the data collected will be analyzed.
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