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technical data
Strain Gage
Measurement
The most universal measuring device
for the electrical measurement of
mechanical quantities is the strain gage.
Several types of strain gages depend
for their operation on the proportional
variance of electrical resistance to
strain: the piezoresistive or semi-
conductor gage, the carbon resistive
gage, the bonded metallic wire, and
foil resistance gages. The bonded
resistance strain gage is by far the
most widely used in experimental
stress analysis. This gage consists
of a grid of very fine wire or foil
bonded to a backing or carrier
matrix. The electrical resistance of
the grid varies linearly with strain. In
use, the carrier matrix is bonded to the
surface, force is applied, and the strain
is found by measuring the change in
resistance. The bonded resistance
strain gage is low in cost, can be
made with a short gage length, is only
moderately affected by temperature
changes, has small physical size and
low mass, and has fairly high sensitivity
to strain. In a strain gage application,
the carrier matrix and the adhesive must
work together to transmit the strain from
the specimen to the grid. In addition,
they combine to function as an electrical
insulator and heat dissipator. The Potential
three primary factors influencing gage
Error Sources
STRAIN GAGES
selection are: operating temperature, Temperature effects on gage
state of strain (gradient, magnitude, In a stress analysis application, resistance and gage factor should be
and time dependence), and the the entire gage installation cannot compensated for as well. This may
stability required. be calibrated as can some pressure require measurement of temperature at
Because of its outstanding sensitivity, transducers. Therefore, it is important the gage itself, using thermocouples,
the Wheatstone bridge circuit is the to examine potential error sources thermistors, or RTDs. Most metallic
most frequently used circuit for static prior to taking data. Some gages gage alloys, however, exhibit a nearly
strain measurement. Ideally, the strain may be damaged during installation. linear gage factor variation with
gage is the only resistor in the circuit It is important therefore to check the temperature over a broad range, which
resistance of the strain gage prior to is less than 1% within 100C/180F.
that varies, and then only due to a
change in strain on the surface. There applying stress. Electrical noise and E
are two main methods used to indicate
the change in resistance caused by
interference may alter your readings.
Shielded leads and adequately Prime Strain Gage
strain on a gage in a Wheatstone insulating coatings may prevent these Selection
bridge. Often, an indicator will
rebalance the bridge, displaying the
problems. A value of less than 500 M
(using an ohmmeter) usually indicates Considerations
change in resistance required in micro- surface contamination. Thermally Gage Length
strain. The second method calls for induced voltages are caused by
thermocouple effects at the junction Number of Gages in Gage Pattern
installation of an indicator, calibrated Arrangement of Gages in Gage Pattern
in micro-strain, that responds to the of dissimilar metals within the
voltage output of the bridge. This measurement circuit. Magnetically Grid Resistance
method assumes a linear relationship induced voltages can occur when Strain-Sensitive Alloy
between voltage out and strain, an wiring is located in a time-varying Carrier Material
initially balanced bridge, and a known magnetic field.
Gage Width
VIN. In reality, the VOUT-strain Magnetic induction can be controlled Solder Tab Type
relationship is nonlinear, but for strains by using twisted lead wires and forming
up to a few thousand micro-strain, the minimum but equal loop areas in each Configuration of Solder Tab
error is not significant. side of the bridge. Availability
E-1
Strain Gage Installation
Transition
End Loops Gage Length Solder Tab Length
E-2
PRECISION STRAIN GAGE
PRECISION specifications chart
SG
D- 4.106 m
3/ m
TYPE SGD AND KFH
SGD-2
35
/350-R
Y51
0-
SGD-6/120-RY21_23_81_83
0
SGD-7/350-LY11
DY
22 MB WI
Y4
LI AP
-C W DT
SGD-6/350-RY21_23_81_83
O ID H
11
0-L
ND T 0.
5.134 mm
UC H 0 027
/35
5.56 m
TO .03 m
6.
m
02
RS 4 m m
8
-30
m
m
SG
m
5m
12 B W IDTH
LIM P W mm
m
-C
GA L 25
D
AG
ON IDT 0.2
D-
SG
11.394 mm
DU H 0 44 m
30
CT .31
20-CONDUCTORS
LIMB WIDTH 0.0553 mm
OR 9 m m
/12
GAP WIDTH 0.068 mm
S
TRAIN GAGE (with LY41, LY42, LY43 table) 5.56 m
0-L
m
Y4
SGD-7/1000-DY11
0
Y11
/1000-D
9.71 mm
6.628 mm
SGD-3
m
7.35 m
SGD-3S/120-LY11
40-CONDUCTORS
LIMB WIDTH 0.044 mm
1 GAP WIDTH 0.030 mm 11.818 mm
3.294 mm
20-RYB2
SGD-1/1
SGD-
m
8.858 m
6/12
mm
0-RY
621
40
12-CONDUCTORS
35
mm
6.628 mm
SGD-3S/120-LY11
SGD-3/350-RY13
3.294 mm
S
SG
OR mm SGD-1/120-RYT21
CT 0.11 m
D-
LIMB WIDTH 0.0485 mm
GAP WIDTH 0.0640 mm
16.036 mm 2/1
00
U
12
0m
12-CONDUCTORS
0-D
D H
ON IDT 0.1
Y1
mm
50 1
LIM -CON
-C
8m
GA B W DUC
10 B W IDTH
m
AG P W IDTH TOR
L 2. IDTH 0. S
1m 02
m 0.024 6 mm
LIM P W Key:
mm
7.932 mm
Dimensions
GA
B
30-CONDUCTORS
16.036 mm
7.5
mm
GRID
LIMBS 0.042 mm
A: Active gage length
SGD-4/120-LY11
7.078 mm
GAPS 0.042 mm
AGL 3.8 mm
GAP W
C: Matrix length
D: Matrix width
Specifications
1 2 3 4 5
STRAIN GAGES
(Actual Value Printed on Each Package)
Gage Factor Tolerance Per Package 1.00% 1.00% or 1.5%
Thermal properties
Reference Temperature 23C (73F) 23C (73F)
Service Temperature
Static Measurements -75 to 200C (-100 to 392F) -10 to 155C (-14 to 320F)
Dynamic Measurements -75 to 200C (-100 to 392F) -10 to 155C (-14 to 320F)
Temperature characteristics E
Steel (and Certain Stainless Steels) 11 ppm/C (6.1 ppm/F) 10.8 ppm/C (6 ppm/F)
Aluminum 23 ppm/C (12.8 ppm/F)
Uncompensated 20 ppm/C (11.1 ppm/F)
Temperature Compensated Range -5 to 120C (5 to 248F) -10 to 120C (-14 to 248F)
Tolerance of Temp Compensation 2 ppm/C (1.0 ppm/F)
Mechanical Properties
Maximum Strain 3% or 30,000 microstrain 2% or 20,000 microstrain
Hysteresis Negligible Negligible
Fatigue (at 1500 microstrain) >10,000,000 cycles >10,000,000 cycles
Smallest Bending Radius 3 mm (18")
Transverse Sensitivity 0.2%
E-3
omega transducer-quality
STRAIN GAGES
specification chart
Specifications
SGT SERIES
Foil Measuring Grid Constantan foil 5 microns thick
Carrier Polyimide
Substrate Thickness 20 microns
Cover Thickness 25 microns
Connection Dimensions: mm (inch) Solder pads or ribbon leads,
tinned copper flat wire
30 L x 0.1 D x 0.3 mm W
(1.2 x 0.004 x 0.012")
Nominal Resistance Stated in To Order box
Resistance Tolerance Per Package 0.15% to 0.5% depending on gage spec
Gage Factor 2.0 5%
(Actual Value Printed on Each Package)
Gage Factor Tolerance Per Package 1.00%
Thermal properties
Reference Temperature 23C (73F)
Service Temperature
Static Measurements -75 to 95C (-100 to 200F)
Dynamic Measurements -75 to 95C (-100 to 200F)
Temperature characteristics
OMEGAs transducer-quality strain
gages are high-quality encapsulated foil Steel (and Certain Stainless Steels) 11 ppm/C (6.1 ppm/F)
strain gages that are available in many Aluminum 23 ppm/C (12.8 ppm/F)
configurations. They are commonly
used in transducer technology as Uncompensated 20 ppm/C (11.1 ppm/F)
well as in experimental analysis. The Temperature Compensated Range -5 to 120C (5 to 248F)
gages come in a variety of lengths,
patterns, thermal expansion coefficients Tolerance of Temp Compensation 2 ppm/C (1.0 ppm/F)
(matched to stainless steel, carbon Mechanical Properties
steel, and aluminum), alloy materials, Maximum Strain 3% or 30,000 microstrain
and solder configurations. Resistors and
resistor wire, used for zero temperature Hysteresis Negligible
compensation, span temperature Fatigue (at 1500 microstrain) >10,000,000 cycles
compensation, and zero balance, are
also available for use with these gages. Smallest Bending Radius 3 mm (18")
E-4
karma strain gages
specification chart
creep characteristic. OMEGA will work strain or below, using Karma strain
OMEGA K-Series with you to develop the custom creep gages will have improved fatigue life.
Karma Strain Gages value needed for your application.
Specifications Chart K-Series strain gages are suggested
for static strain measurement over a
omega now offers a full line of Karma wide temperature range from
strain gages. The K-Series strain gages -75 to 200C (-100 to 392F) due to
are often used for OEM transducer their good linearity over this wide
applications where transducers temperature range.
with exacting specifications must
be produced. K-Series strain gages K-Series strain gages are often used
are designed with optimum backing for fatigue-rated transducer designs.
thickness tolerance. Creep variations The fatigue life of Karma alloy tends
from one strain gage to another are kept to be much better than constantan,
to a minimum. For batch production, and so transducers using Karma strain Strain gages
this will keep bridge output differences gages provide good fatigue life. You shown larger
between strain gage installations will notice if you compare the fatigue than actual size
to a minimum. The K-Series gages specifications that Karma is rated at
have very uniform matrix or carrier 1800 micro strain, >10,000,000 cycles,
dimensions. These tight trim dimensions and constantan is rated at SGD series
allow for the carrier edge is rated at 1500 micro strain,
to be used for strain gage alignment. >10,000,000 cycles.
Consistent strain gage placement will A transducer designed at 1500 micro
keep bridge output differences among
the transducers to a minimum. For specific Gages
visit us online
Karma material is a nickel chromium
alloy which can be used for strain specifications
sensing. The characteristics of SGK SERIES
the alloy compared with standard
constantan alloy strain gages are Foil Measuring Grid Karma foil 5 microns thick
as follows: Carrier Polyimide
Improved fatigue life. Substrate Thickness 20 microns
Excellent Stability over a wide Cover Thickness 25 microns
temperature range.
A much flatter thermal output curve Connection Dimensions: mm (in) Pre tinned copper plated solder pads
which provides for more accurate
thermal correction over a wider Nominal Resistance Stated in To Order box
temperature range. Resistance Tolerance Per Package 0.15% to 0.5% depending on gage spec
A higher resistivity which enables
STRAIN GAGES
higher resistance strain gages for Gage Factor 2.1 5%
the same size or same resistance in (Actual Value Printed on Each Package)
a smaller size. Gage Factor Tolerance Per Package 1.00%
Karma gages are available with Thermal properties
temperature characteristics matched to Reference Temperature 23C (73F)
stainless steel or aluminum. Karma is
known to be difficult to solder, even with Service Temperature
special flux. OMEGA is offering ribbon
Static Measurements -75 to 200C (-100 to 392F)
leads or copper plated solder pads, so
that standard soldering techniques can Dynamic Measurements -75 to 200C (-100 to 392F)
E
be used, making wiring easier.
Temperature characteristics
Creep compensation is available Steel (and Certain Stainless Steels) 11 ppm/C (6.1 ppm/F)
for Karma strain gages. It may be
necessary in transducer design to Aluminum 23 ppm/C (12.8 ppm/F)
match the strain gage transducer creep
characteristics to the spring element. Temperature Compensated Range -10 to 180C (14 to 356F)
Karma strain gages are labeled with a Tolerance of Temp Compensation 1 ppm/C (0.5 ppm/F)
letter code which identifies a creep code
value. The creep characteristics of a Mechanical Properties
strain gage pattern can be modified by Maximum Strain 1.5% or 15,000 microstrain
varying the length of the end loops and
the limb or strand width. Creep codes Hysteresis Negligible
are a ratio of the end loop length to the Fatigue (at 1800 microstrain) >10,000,000 cycles
limb width. An increasing ratio will give
a longer end loop and a more positive Smallest Bending Radius 3 mm (18")
E-5