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m{eg/2014-15/h/^mfm/Owar/S>-505/727 {XZmH$ 23.2.2015

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The following foot notes are applicable :-

1. Government of India, Copyright 2015.
2. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.
3. The territorial waters of India extend into sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate
base line.
4. The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
5. The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted
from the "North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act.1971," but have yet to be verified.
6. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree wih the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India.
7. The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh
& Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned.
8. The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources.

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1. Amnbr ndr-Amnbr gy`_mbm ......................................................... 1

2. ndrMo {\$aUo ............................................................................ 6
3. ndr Am{U OrdgQ>r.................................................................. 11
4. nmdaUmMo gVwbZ ..................................................................... 18
5. Hw$Qw>~mVrb yo ...................................................................... 24
6. {Z gdmgmR>r ........................................................................ 28
7. AmnUM gmoS>dy Amnbo Z............................................................ 32
8. gmdO{ZH$ gw{dYm Am{U mPr emim .................................................. 35
9. ZH$mem Amnbm gmo~Vr ............................................................ 39
10. AmoiI ^maVmMr ....................................................................... 44
11. Amnbo Ka d nmdaU ................................................................ 51
12. gdmgmR>r AZ ......................................................................... 58
13. AZ {Q>H$dmm nXYVr............................................................. 64
14. dmhVyH$ ................................................................................ 68
15. gXoedhZ d gma mo ............................................................. 73
16. nmUr ................................................................................... 77
17. d- Amnbr JaO.................................................................... 82
18. nmdaU Am{U AmnU ................................................................. 89
19. AZKQ>H$ .............................................................................. 96
20. Amnbo ^md{ZH$ OJ ..................................................................103
21. H$mmV V Amnbr AmVa|{o ......................................................107
22. dmT> Am{U `pV_d {dH$mg ........................................................115
23. ggJO amoJ Am{U amoJ{V~Y ......................................................121
24. nXmW, dVy Am{U D$Om ..............................................................127
25. gmm{OH$ Amamo ....................................................................133
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Indian Space Research Organization) _m\$V
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1. H$m H$amdo ~ao ?
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Amho. Amnbr ndr ZoH$s {Vm mJmV oUma
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hmomMr eVm Amho. hr Q>H$a Q>mimgmR>r
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2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
(1) gy AMmZH$ JS>n Pmbm, Va Amnm
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Vwhr ZoHo$ H$moR>o amhVm ho mbm / {Vbm
ZrQ> H$ibo nm{hOo. Vwhr VwMm nVm H$gm
{bhmb?
3. gymboVrb H$moUm JhmMm H$ MwH$bm Amho,
Vo AmoiIyZ gymnmgyZ JhmMm mo H$ bmdm.
CnH$ (1) AdH$me gemoYZmgX^mV {^{VnHo$ Vma H$$Z mMo emioV XeZ ^adm.
(2) gymboVrb H$moUH$moUm JhmZm CnJh AmhoV mMr m{hVr {idm.
dmm
4. r H$moU?
(A) ndrd$Z Vwhr bm nmhVm. Vwhmbm
{XgUm`m mm H$m{eV ^mJmV
{Z{VnUo ~Xb hmoVmo.
(Am) r dH$mer Amho. mmnmgyZ
{ZKUmm H$memwioM JhmZm H$me
{_iVmo.
(B) r dV^modVr, Jhm^modVr Am{U
Vmm^modVrhr {$aVmo.
(B) r dV^modVrhr {$aVmo Am{U Vmm^modVr
X{jUm KmbVmo.
(C) mmgmaIr gOrdgQ>r BVa H$moUmM
Jhmda Zmhr.
(D$) r ndrnmgyZ gdmV OdiMm Vmam Amho.
5. (A) AdH$me jonUm_`o amHo$Q> H$m dmnaVmV?
(Am) H${_ CnJh H$moUH$moUVr _m{hVr XoVmV?
***
5
 2. ndrMo {$aUo
n[adbZ
.
EH$ ^modam m. Vmo {$adyZ mMo {ZarjU N
H$am. CVa Ywd

^modam dV^modVr {$aVmo. dV^modVr ndrMm Aj

{$aUmar H$moUVrhr dVy jmV EH$m A
CVa JmobmY
aofo^modVr {$aV AgVo. dVym dV^modVr
{$ambm "n[adbZ' hUVmV, Va Vr dVy
m A aofo^modVr {$aVo {Vbm `m dVym {dfwddV
n[adbZmMm "Aj' qH$dm "Amg' hUVmV.
Aj X{jU JmobmY
X{jU Ywd
S
Amoi~m

ndrJmob

Aj H$bbom pWVroM ndr n[adbZ

^modam
ndrMo n[adbZ
. X{jU Ywd Amho.
EH$ ndrJmob m. Vmo {$adyZ nhm. Vmo H$moUm
aofo^modVr n[adbZ H$aVmo Vo nhm. AmVm EH$ Amoi~m
KoD$Z {MmV XmIdmmUo ndrJmobmOdi Yam.
(Amoi~m CnbY Zgmg ImoS>a~abm Xmoam ~mYyZ
Amoi~m Vma H$am.)
Amoi~m Am{U ndrMm Aj m XmoZ aofm
EH$oH$mer H$moZ H$aVmV ho Vwm bjmV oBb,
hUOoM ndrMm Aj H$bbobm Amho. Aem
6
H$aV AgVo. {MmV ndrMm Aj NS m aofoZo
XmIdbm Amho. hr aofm ndrm q~XVyZ
OmVo. N d S m q~XZm ndrMo Ywd hUVmV.
N hm ndrMm CVa Ywd Amho, Va S hm ndrMm
CVa Am{U X{jU Ywdmm mda
ndrm nR>^mJmda EH$ dVwi H$mT>mg
ndrMo XmoZ gmZ ^mJ hmoVmV. ndrdarb
m H$mn{ZH$ dVwimbm "{dfwddV' hUVmV.
darb ndrJmob nhm. {dfwddVmwio hmoUmm
ndrm XmoZ gmZ ^mJmZm CVa JmobmY Am{U
X{jU JmobmY hUVmV.
 .
EH$m moR>m Q>o~bmda YmoY EH$ oU~Vr
C^r R>odm. oU~Vr^modVr EH$ moR>o dVwi H$mT>m.
m dVwimm EH$m q~Xda ndrJmob R>odm. oU~Vr
noQ>dm. ImobrV AYma H$am. oU~Vr hUOo gy
Amho Ago gOm.
ndrJmobmm H$moUm ^mJmda COoS> nS>Vmo,
H$moUm ^mJmda COoS> nS>V Zmhr Vo nhm.
ndrJmobmda {XgUmam COoS> ndrJmobmdarb {XZ d am
hUOo {XZ
bmb {Q>H$brda EH$Xm gym}X PmmZVa
nwhm gym}X Ho$hm hmoVmo Vo nhm. Oohm ndrMr
dV^modVrMr EH$ o$ar, hUOoM EH$ n[adbZ
nyU Pmbobo AgVo, Vohm bmb {Q>H$brda nwhm
gym}X hmoVmo. ho Vwm bjmV oBb.
moJmMr mS>Ur ndrm EH$m n[adbZmm m H$mbmdYrbm
AmnU EH$ {Xdg hUVmo. EH$m {XdgmMo EH$ {XZ
Am{U EH$ am Ago ^mJ AgVmV. H$mbmnZmgmR>r
ndrJmobmH$S>o CVa YwdmH$Sy>Z nhm Am{U
EH$m {Xdgmm H$mbmdYrMo AmnU 24 gmZ ^mJ
KS>mimm H$mQ>mm {dXY {XeoZo {$adm.
H$$Z oH$ ^mJmbm 1 Vmg hUVmo.
Amnbr ndr hr dV^modVr `mM {XeoZo hUOo
npM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {\$aVo. ndrJmobmMo {d{dY
df
^mJ H$mH$mZo COoS>mV oVmV Am{U mM H$mZo
.
COoS>mnmgyZ Xa OmVmV. m ^mJmda COoS> nS>Vmo
VoWo {XZ Amho, Va OoWo COoS> nS>V Zmhr VoWo am ndrJmob Q>o~bmdarb dVwimd$Z
Amho, Ago AmnU hUVmo. nwT>o gaH$dm. Ago H$aVmZm ndrMm Jmob
gym}X Am{U gymV gVV {$aVm R>odm Am{U AjmMr {Xem ~XbUma
. Zmhr mMr H$miOr m.
dVwimd$Z> nwT>o gaH$V eodQ>r ndrJmob nwhm
EH$ bmb aJmMr {Q>H$br m. Vr ndrJmobmda gwdmVrm OmJr nmohmoMob. mMmUo ndrhr
{MH$Q>dm. darb moJmmUoM ndrJmob d dV^modVr {$aV {$aV gym^modVr "n[a^U' H$aV
oU~Vr KoD$Z moJ H$am. AgVo. ndrm gym^modVrm EH$m n[a^Umbm
ndrJmob KS>mim`m H$mQ>mm {dXY Omo H$mbmdYr bmJVmo mbm "df' hUVmV. EH$m
{XeoZoM {\$adm. bmb {Q>H$brda ndrJmobmm dfmV gwmao 365 {Xdg Am{U 6 Vmg AgVmV.
H$moUm pWVrV gym}X, mh Am{U gymV
hmoBb mMo {ZarjU H$am.
7
brn df
JoJ[aZ nXYVrm {XZX{eHo$V dfmMo
gdgmYmaUnUo 365 {Xdg YaVmV. mMm AW
Agm, H$s oH$ dfmV ghm Vmg H$r Yabo
OmVmV, hUOoM Mma dfmV 24 Vmg qH$dm 1
nyU {Xdg H$r Yabm OmVmo. hm {Xdg ^$Z
H$mT>mgmR>r JoJ[aZ {XZX{eHo$Vrb oH$
Mmm dfmV o$~wdmar {hmV EH$ A{YH$Mm
{Xdg OmoS>bm OmVmo. mdfu o$~wdmar {hZm 28
EodOr 29 {XdgmMm AgVmo Am{U Vo df 365
EodOr 366 {XdgmMo AgVo. m dfmbm brn df
hUVmV.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
ndrda {XZ d amrMm H$mbmdYr gmaIm
ZgVmo, ho AmnU _mJrb B`VoV nm{hbo Amho.
ndrMm Amg H$bbobm Ag`m_wio d ndr`m
n[a^_Um_wio hm \$aH$ hmoVmo.
22 _mM Vo 23 gQ>|~a `m H$mimV CVa
JmobmYmV {XZmZ OmV AgVo. hUOo {XZ _moR>m
AgVmo. `m_wio VoWo CUVm OmV AgVo, hUyZ
`m H$mimV CVa JmobmYmV Chmim AgVmo. mM
H$mimV X{jU JmobmYmV m ammZ OmV
AgVo. hUOoM am _moR>r AgVo. mwio m
^mJmV CUVm H$r mUmV {iVo. mwio
X{jU JmobmYmV {hdmim AgVmo.
23 gQ>|~a Vo 22 _mM `m H$mimV X{jU
JmobmYmV {XZmZ OmV AgVo. `m_wio VoWo
CUVm OmV {_iVo. hUyZ `m H$mimV X{jU
JmobmYmV Chmim AgVmo. mM H$mimV CVa
JmobmYmV m ammZ OmV AgVo. mwio m Mmmg Am{U {VWr
^mJmV CUVm H$r mUmV {iVo. n[aUmr
CVa JmobmYmV {hdmim AgVmo.
darb VmaIm_`o brn dfm_wio \$aH$ nSy>
eH$Vmo. `mMr Zm|X `m. ^maVmV mwmZo
8
Chmim, nmdgmim d {hdmim ho _w` F$Vw
mZVmV. Vgo AmnU df^amV dgV, Jr, dfm,
eaX, hoV, {e{ea, Agohr F$Vy mZVmo. Ago ghm
F$VwMohr MH$ AgVo. Amnm XoemV F$VwmZmer
{ZJS>rV gU d Cgd gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV. VgoM
{d{dY JmUr hQ>br OmVmV Am{U Ioihr Ioibo
OmVmV.
Mmm H$bm
gmJm nmh !
(1)
Amnmbm {XgUmm Mmm H$m{eV
^mJmZm H$m hUVmV?
(2)
nm{Uobm M H$gm {XgVmo? Amdobm
M H$gm {XgVmo?
nm{Um Am{U Amdmm
M ndr^modVr n[a^U H$aVmo Am{U ndr
gym^modVr n[a^U H$aVo; naVw m XmoZ ^UH$jm
EH$ooH$mZm N>oXVmV, hUyZ gy, M Am{U ndr ho
EH$mM gai aofoV ZohrM AgVmV Ago Zmhr.
Amnmbm Mmm nR>^mJmMm ndrH$S>rb
AYm ^mJ {XgVmo, hUOo ndrd$Z Amnmbm
MmMr Zohr EH$M ~mOy {XgVo.
M dH$m{eV Zmhr. gymMm H$me
Mmda nS>mwio Vmo Amnmbm ndrd$Z
{XgVmo. nm{Uom amr Amnmbm MmMm
ndrH$S>rb nyU ^mJ {XgVmoo. Amdmom amr
MmMm Hw$R>bmM ^mJ {XgV Zmhr.
nm{UonmgyZ AmdmoonV MmMm ndrd$Z
{XgUmam H$m{eV ^mJ H$r H$r hmoV OmVmoo.
AmdmoonmgyZ nm{UonV Vmo nwhm dmT>V dmT>V
OmVmoo. mbmM AmnU "Mmm H$bm' hUVmo.
AmdmonmgyZ nm{UonVm nYam
{Xdgmm H$bm Vwhr nm{hm AmhoV.
AmdmonmgyZ nm{Uom pWVrV omg Mmbm
14 qH$dm 15 {Xdg bmJVmV. m nYadS>mbm
"ewbnj' hUVmV.
 nm{UoZVa MmMm ndrH$S>rb H$m{eV
^mJ H$r H$r hmoD$ bmJVmo. 14-15 {XdgmZr ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
nwhm Amdmm oVo. m nYadS>mbm "H$Unj'
ndrm n[adbZmwio {XZ d am hmoVo.
hUVmV. Aem H$mao EH$m AmdmonmgyZ
ndrMm H$bbobm Aj d ndrMo n[a^U
nwT>m AmdmoMm H$mi gwmao 28 Vo 30
mwio F$VwMH$ hmoVo.
{XdgmMm AgVmo. m H$mimbm "Mmmg' hUVmV.
MmmgmVrb oH$ {Xdgmbm "{VWr' hUVmV.

Mmm {d{dY H$bm

Amdmm nYadS>m nm{Um = ewbnj

nm{Um nYadS>m Amdmm = H$Unj

ewbnj + H$Unj = Mmmg (EH$ _{hZm)

9
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?

ndrm n[adbZmwio ndrda {XZ Am{U nVm H$mimbm "Mmmg' hUVmV.

am hmoVmV.
ndrMo gym^modVrMo n[a^U Am{U ndrMm
H$bbobm Aj `mwio ndrda F$Vy hmoVmV.
Mmm ndr^modVrm n[a^Umwio
Amnmbm Mmm H$bm {XgVmV.
EH$m AmdmonmgyZ nwT>m Amdmo-
Mmmg gwmao 28 Vo 30 {XdgmMm AgVmo.
nm{Uobm eodQ> hmoUmm MmmgmVrb
nYadS>mbm "ewbnj' hUVmV.
Amdmog eodQ> hmoUmm nYadS>mbm
"H$Unj' hUVmV.
MmmgmVrb {XdgmZm "{VWr' hUVmV.

dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 4. H$embm hUVmV?
A{Vbm mm AmOrbm KoD$Z AmQ>o{bmbm (A) nm{Um (Am) Amdmm (B) Mmmg
OmMo Amho. AmOrbm WS>rMm mg hmoVmo, Va (B) {VWr
mZr AmQ>o{bmbm H$moU`m H$mbmdYrV Omdo?
5. ZmMr CVao {bhm.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. (A) {dfwddV hUOo H$m?
(A) ndrm EH$m n[a^UmV {VMr {H$Vr (Am) {dfwddVmwio {ZmU hmoUmao ndrMo XmoZ
n[adbZo hmoVmV? ^mJ H$moUVo?
(Am) AUmMb XoemVrb BQ>mZJa oWo gym}X
Pmbm Amho. nwT>rb ehamo hmoUmm CnH$
gym}XmMm H$ mnwT>o {bhm. amR>r {XZX{eHo$Vrb H$moUmhr EH$m
w~B (hmamQ>), H$mobH$Vm (npM {hmm AmdmonmgyZ nm{UonVm
~Jmb), ^monmi (Xoe), ZmJnya VgoM nm{UonmgyZ Amdmon`V`m {VWtMr
(hmamQ>). Zmdo Zm|X H$$Z m{dfr A{YH$ m{hVr
3. [aH$mm OmJr mo eX ^am. m.
(A) ndrm dV^modVrm {$amg ***
......... hUVmV.
(Am) ndrm gym^modVr`m {$amg
........... hUVmV.
(B) ndrm n[adbZmwio ........... d
.......... hmoVo.

10
 3. ndr Am{U OrdgQ>r

dmVmdaU

OrdmdaU

ObmdaU

{ebmdaU

gmJm nmh ! ndrMr AmdaUo

(1) Vwhmbm nmUr H$moRy>Z {iVo? {ebmdaU Am{U ObmdaU

(2) VwMo Ka H$moUm AmYmamda ~mYbobo Amho? ndrMo ~mhoarb H$dM H$R>rU Amho. Vo mVr
d IS>H$mMo ~Zbobo Amho. AmnU S>m|Jami ^mJmVyZ
(3) dmgmoN>dmg H$amgmR>r Vwhmbm H$emMr dmg H$aVmZm O{ZrMo qH$dm IS>H$mMo Wa nmhVmo.
JaO AgVo? hr JaO Vwhr H$er ^mJdVm? H$moR>o O{_ZrMm
(4) ndrbm H$me Am{U CUVm H$moUmnmgyZ _moR>m JdVmi
{iVo? {dVma {XgVmo, OrZ
1
Va H$moR>o AmogmS> 3
ndrm nR>^mJmda H$mhr ^mJmV OrZ Va O{_Zrda dmiyM nmUr
H$mhr ^mJmV nmUr {XgVo. ndr^modVr hdoMo AmdaU dmiy AgVo. 2
3
AgVo. O{Zrda, nmmV Am{U hdoV gOrdmMo H$moR>o O_rZ
ApVd AgVo. ndrdarb AZoH$ Zg{JH$ {nH$mZr, Va H$moR>o
KS>mmoS>tZm gy H$maUr^yV R>aVmo. ndrdarb OrZ, PmS>mZr PmH$bobr AgVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr PmS>m`m
nmUr, hdm Am{U gOrd ho {ebmdaU, ObmdaU, _wimZr ^abo`m _mVrMo ImobdaMo Wa {XgVmV, Va
dmVmdaU Am{U OrdmdaU mMo {V{Z{Yd H$aVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr PmS>m`m _wimZr X^Jbobo IS>H$
OrdmdaU ho BVa VrZhr AmdaUmV {XgyZ oVo. {XgVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ndVmMo CVma AgVmV.
11
 ndV
qIS>
Xar
Xar
1
3 S>m|Ja

Q>oH$S>r
nR>ma

XmZ ZXr

gw{H$Zmam

~oQ>

gw

{d{dY ^y$no
Va H$moR>o IS>H$mMo CMM CM gwiHo$ {XgVmV.
ndrdarb hm O{_ZrMm Wa {ebmdaUmMm ^mJ
Amho. ndrMm ~amMgm ^mJ nm`mZo PmH$bobm
Amho. `m nm`mImbrhr {ebmdaU AgVo. ndrMo
~mhoarb H$dM d `mImbrb WamMm H$mhr ^mJ
{_iyZ {ebmdaU ~ZVo.
ndr`m nR>^mJmMm gwmao 31 ^mJ O{_ZrMm
Amho. O[Zrm gbJ d moR>m ^mJmg IS>
hUVmV. ndrdarb gd OrZ gbJ Zmhr. Vr
gmV IS>mo {d^mJbr AgyZ Vo Am{e`m, `wamon,
Am{\$H$m, CVa A_o[aH$m, X{jU A_o[aH$m,
AQ>mpQ>H$m Am{U AmQ>o{b`m `m ZmdmZr AmoiIbo
OmVmV. Am{em hm gdmV moR>m IS> Amho, Va
AmQ>o{bm hm gdmV bhmZ IS> Amho.
OrZ gJirH$S>o gnmQ> qH$dm gmam CMrMr
ZgVo. {Vm CMgIbnUmwio O{Zrbm {d{eQ>
AmH$ma mV hmoVmV, mZm ^y$no hUVmV. XmZ,
Q>oH$S>r, S>m|Ja BmXr ^y$no Vwhr {MmV nmh eH$Vm.
12
ndr`m nR>^mJmMm gwmao 23 ^mJ nm`mZo
`mnbobm Amho. mnH$s ~hVme nmUr hmgmJamo
gmmdbobo Amho. hmgmJamYrb nmUr Imao AgVo.
AQ>bm{Q>H$, n{g{\$H$, AmpQ>H$, qhXr d X{jU
_hmgmJa ho nmM hmgmJa AmhoV. hmgmJa d
O_rZ `m`m gr_m^mJmbm gmJaVQ> qH$dm
{H$ZmanQ>Q>r hUVmV. {H$ZmanQ>Q>rda doJdoJim
AmH$mamMr Ob$no Vma hmoVmV. CXmhaUmW, gw
(gmJa), CngmJa, gmwYwZr, AmImV, ImS>r
BmXr. hr Ob$no _hmgmJamMo ^mJ AmhoV.
O{Zrd$Z dmhUmao nmUr
ndrda, O{Zrd$Z dmhUmao bhmZ-moR>o
nmmMo dmh AgVmV. mMo nmUr Imao ZgyZ
JmoS>o AgVo. mZm Amohi, AmoT>m, ZXr Aer Zmdo
AmhoV. m Ob$nmnH$s Amohi gdmV bhmZ, Va
ZXr gdmV moR>r AgVo.
Amohi, AmoT>o OmoS>bo OmD$Z CnZXm, ZXm
~ZVmV. EImXm OmJr ZXrMo nmUr Zg{JH$arm
OJ-IS> d hmgmJa, {ebmdaU
d ObmdaUmMo ^mJ

CMrd$Z Imbr nS>Vo. VoWo Y~Y~m Vma hmoVmo. Hy$nZ{bH$m mVyZ CngyZ dmnabo OmVo. AZoH$
ZXm eodQ>r gmJambm OmD$Z {iVmV. gamodamZm, {d{hatZm O{ZrImbrb Pmwio nmUr
gamoda O{Zrm EImXm gIb ^mJmV {iVo.
Zg{JH$arm nmUr gmRy>Z Vma Pmbom _moR>m ndrMm nR>^mJ mnUmao nmUr Am{U {h_,
Obmembm gamoda hUVmV. bhmZ Obme`mbm ^yOb Am{U dmVmdaUmVrb ~mn m nmmm
Vio hUVmV. gmR>mbm EH${VnUo ndrMo ObmdaU hUVmV.
{hd$nmVrb nmUr WS> XoemV
T>JmVrb nmmMo H$U JmoRy>Z mMo {hH$U Vma
hmoVmV. Aem Xoemo {hdfmd hmoVmo. EH$mda
EH$ {hmMo Wa O{Zrda gmMbo, H$s mMm ~$
~ZVmo. Ago ~$mMo Wamda Wa gmMV Jobo H$s mMm
AmH$ma MS> moR>m hmoVmo. O{Zrm CVmamd$Z
Vo Wa A{Ve XJVrZo Imbr gaH$VmV. mMr
{hZXr ~ZVo.
gwmda VaJUmao ~\$mMo Iyn moR>o VwH$S>o
AgVmV. mZm {hZJ hUVmV.
^yOb O{Zrdarb m ObgmR>m{V[aV
O{ZrImbrhr IS>H$mm WamV Iyn gmR>bobo nmUr
AgVo. mbm "^yOb' hUVmV. ho ^yOb {d{har,
13
dmVmdaU
ndr^modVr AgUmm hdom AmdaUmbm
dmVmdaU hUVmV. ndrm nR>^mJmnmgyZ AmnU ~mhm~a
OgOgo CM OmVmo, VgVer dmVmdaUmVrb hdm {dai
hmoV OmVo. hdoMo wdo ZmQ>moOZ, AmpgOZ,
~mn, H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS> ho KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m{edm AmZm~a
BVahr H$mhr dmy AV H$r mUmV hdoo
AmhoV, ho Vwhr {eH$bm AmhmV.
ndrm nR>^mJmnmgyZ dmVmdaUmMo Vnm~a,
pWVm~a, m~a, AmZm~a d ~mhm~a Ago
{d{dY Wa _mZVmV. ndrm nR>^mJmnmgyZ
gamgar 13 {H$bmorQ>a AVamnVm Wambm m~a
Vnm~a hUVmV. Vnm~amVrb hdoV AZoH$ ~Xb
hmoV AgVmV. m ~XbmMo ndrdarb gOrdmm pWVm~a
OrdZmda hdmMo n[aUm hmoVmV.
gymnmgyZ ndrbm CUVm {immwio AmoPmoZ dm`y
ndrMm nR>^mJ VmnVmo, hUyZ nR>^mJmbJVMr
Vnm~a
hdm gdm{YH$ Ja AgVo. Vnm~amV dada Jobo
AgVm hdm WS> hmoV OmVo. dmVmdaUmVrb
OdiOdi gd ~mn Vnm~amVM AgVo, hUyZ
T>J, nmD$g (nO`), YwHo$, dmao, dmXio Aem
hdmmZmer g~Y Agbom gd KQ>Zm Vnm~amVM
ndrMo dmVmdaU
hmoVmV. CM S>m|Jamda Jobo AgVm g^modVmbMr hdm
nR>^mJmm hdonojm {dai AgVo. dmhVwH$sgmR>r
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
dmnabr OmUmar gd {dmZo Vnm~amm CMmdam
^mJmV CS>VmV. `m CMrda hdm AmUIr {dai (1) gVaJr BYZw dmVmdaUmm H$moUm
AgVo. {dmZo CM Jomda dmemZm dgZmgmR>r AmdaUmV {XgV Agob?
nwaoer hdm {imdr, hUyZ {d_mZmV {deof gmo (2) {JmamohH$ CM ndVmda MTy>Z OmVmV. m
H$amdr bmJVo. ndVmMr CMr 5,000 rQ>anojm OmV AgVo,
ndrVbmnmgyZ Vnm~amm ~mhoa gwmao 50 Ago ndV MT>VmZm ~hVme {JmamohH$
{H$bmorQ>anVm Wambm pWVm~a hUVmV. AmpgOZMo {gqbS>a KoD$Z OmVmV. mMo
pWVm~amV Imb`m ^mJmV AmoPmoZ dmyMm Wa H$maU H$m Agob?
AmT>iVmo. gymnmgyZ oUmar A{VZrb {H$aUo
gOrdmgmR>r hm{ZH$maH$ AgVmV. AmoPmoZ dmy hr ZdrZ eX {eH$m
{H$aUo emofyZ KoVmo, mwio ndrdarb gOrdmMo gKZZ - ~mn WS> hmoD$Z mMo dmV $nmVa
ajU hmoVo. hmomMr {H$m.
14

nmD$g H$gm nS>Vmo?
gymm CUVowio ndrdarb nmmMo gVV
~mnr^dZ hmoVo. O{ZrV {Oabobo nmUrhr gymm
CUVowio dm$ hmoD$Z hdoV {giVo. ~mn hdonojm
hbHo$ Agmwio Vo dmVmdaUmV CMCM OmVo.
CMmda OmVmZm Vo WS> hmoV OmD$Z mMo gKZZ hmoVo
Am{U nm`mMo gy H$U ~ZVmV. ho nmmMo H$U
EdT>o bhmZ d hbHo$ AgVmV, H$s AmH$memV
T>Jm`m $nmV VaJV amhVmV.$ gy_ H$U EH$
`oD$Z `mMo nm`m`m moR>m W|~mV $nmVa hmoVo.
ho moR>o W|~ OS> AgVmV. mwio Vo VaJy eH$V
ZmhrV. Ago W|~ nmdgmm $nmV ndrda nS>VmV.
nmdgmm $nmZo O{Zrda Ambobo nmUr Amohi,
Zmbo, ZXm_YyZ eodQ>r gwmbm {iVo. gymm
CUVoZo {hmN>m{XV XoemVrb ~$mMo nmUr ~ZVo.
ho nmUrhr ZXmZm oD$Z {iVo.
~mnr^dZm_wio O{_Zrdarb nmUr da OmVo d
gKZZmwio nmdgmm $nmV nwhm O{Zrda oVo
ObMH$
Am{U eodQ>r gwmbm {iVo. nmmMo ~mnr^dZ
d gKZZ Am{U nO` `m {H$m AIS>nUo EImXm
MH$mmUo KS>V amhVmV, mbmM ObMH$ hUVmV.
OrdmdaU
gmJm nmh !
{ebmdaU, ObmdaU d dmVmdaU mo `m
dZnVr Am{U mUr AmT>iVmV mMr e VodT>r
moR>r mXr H$am d m{hVr gmJm.
ndrda Ag H$maMo gOrd AmT>iVmV.
ndrm doJdoJim ^mJmV doJdoJio Xoe
AmhoV. H$mhr ^mJmV O{Zrda df^a ~$mMm Wa
AgVmo, Va H$mhr ^mJmV df^a CU hdmmZ
AgVo. H$moR>o CM ndV Va H$moR>o XmZo AgVmV.
H$moR>o Iyn nmD$g nS>Vmo, Va H$moR>o H$moaS>o dmidQ>
AgVo. JmoS>m nmmm ZXm AgVmV, VgoM
Imm nmmMm hmgmJa AgVmo. {H$ZmmOdi
g_w CWi AgVmo. hmgmJa {H$ZmmnmgyZ Xa
15
 AZoH$ {H$bmorQ>a Imob Agy eH$Vmo.
ndrdarb Aem doJdoJim
Xoemo amhUmm gOrdmo
Iyn d{d {XgyZ oVo.
CXmhaUmW, Ywdr ~$mi
XoemV amhUmao Ywdr Adb,
Am{$Ho$m JdVmi XoemVrb
Po~m qH$dm AmQ>o{bm IS>mV
AmT>iUmam H$mJm$ ho mUr BVa
Hw$R>mhr XoemV AmT>iV ZmhrV.
hVr Am{U qgh ho CU XoemV
AmT>iVmV. Aem doJdoJim
XoemV dZnVtohr {d{dYVm
AmT>iVo. gOrdmVrb hr {d{dYVmM
m XoemMo d{eQ> Amho.
ndrda gJirH$S>o hUOo
O{Zrda, nmmV d hdoV {d{dY
H$mam dZnVr, mUr d gyOrd
AgVmV. {ebmdaU, ObmdaU d
dmVmdaU `mV gOrdmMo ApVd
AgVo. `m AmdaUmVrb gOrd d
`mZr `mnbo`m ^mJmg EH${VnUo
"OrdmdaU' hUVmV.

ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.

ndrVbmdarb mUr, dZnVr, gyOrd VgoM Vo ndrm AmdaUmdahr Adb~yZ AmhoV.

BmXr gd gOrd EH$oH$mda Adb~yZ AmhoV, gd gOrdmMm O_, dmT> Am{U _`y OrdmdaUmVM
hmoVmo.
16
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
ndrMo ~mhoarb H$R>rU H$dM d `mImbrb
WamMm H$mhr ^mJ `m`m EH${V AmdaUmbm
{ebmdaU hUVmV.
ndrm nR>^mJmMm gwmao 31 EdT>m ^mJ
O{_ZrZo Va gwmao 23 EdT>m ^mJ nm`mZo
`mnbm Amho.
O{_Zrdarb nmUr d ~\$, ^yOb Am{U
hdoVrb ~mn `mMm g_mdoe ndr`m
ObmdaUmV hmoVmo.
dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao?
ChmV {\$abo H$s dModa MQ>Q>o nS>VmV.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
(A) gyOrd hdmMo H$m AmhoV?
(Am) g_wmVyZ {_iUmao AZ, `mda {dMma
H$am, _m{hVr {_idm Am{U Xhm Amoir
{bhm.
3. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) T>J H$emMo ~Zbobo AgVmV?
(Am) OrdmdaU H$embm hUVmV?
(B) Vwm n[agamV AgUmm {d{dY
^y$nmMr mXr H$am. mVrb H$moUmhr
XmoZ ^y$nmMo dUZ H$am.
4. nwT>rb XmoZ dmmVrb ^y$nXeH$ eXmZm
AYmoao{IV H$am.
(A) ArZMo Ka S>m|Jamm nmmer Amho.
(Am) [am nR>mar ^mJmV amhVo.
ndr^modVmb`m hdo`m AmdaUmbm
dmVmdaU hUVmV.
ndrdarb ObMH$ gVV gw$ AgVo.
pWVm~amVrb AmoPmoZ dmy gymnmgyZ oUmao
KmVH$ A{VZrb {H$aU emofyZ KoVmo,
`m_wio ndrdarb gOrdmMo ajU hmoVo.
dmVmdaU, {ebmdaU Am{U ObmdaU m
{Vhr AmdaUmV gOrdmMo ApVd AgVo.
gOrd d `mZr `mnbo`m `m ^mJmg
EH${VnUo OrdmdaU hUVmV.
5. m{hVr {bhm.
(A) ~mnr^dZ (Am) gKZZ (B) ObMH$
6. H$moUVrhr XmoZ CXmhaUo {bhm.
(A) hdmmZmer g~Y Agbom KS>mmoS>r.
(Am) nmUr CnbY AgUmar {R>H$mUo.
7. ObMH$mMr Zm{ZX}{eV AmH$Vr H$mT>m.
CnH$
dmVmdaUmm Wam{dfr A{YH$ m{hVr
{idm.
***
17
 4. nmdaUmMo gVwbZ
. BmXr.
Vwm KamVm dS>rbYmm~amo~a
n[agamVrb ZXr, Vbmd, AmoT>m Aem EImXm
{R>H$mUr Om.
gOrdmMo {ZarjU
VoWo {XgUmm gOrdmMr mXr H$am. VoWrb
`m gOrdmMr Zmdo Vwhmbm mhrV ZgVrb mMr
{Mo H$mTy>Z qH$dm mMo AmH$ma, aJ, AmdmO,
{Zdmao m{dfrMr {ZarjUo dhrV Zm|Xdm. mUr
Am{U dZnVtMo EHy$U {H$Vr H$ma {Xgbo Vo
moOm.
AmVm Vwm Kam^modVr, emiom ~mJoV
qH$dm Odim eoVmV OmD$Z hrM H$Vr nwhm H$am.
gmJm nmh !
(1) Oo gOrd j {Xgbo ZmhrV, nU Vo
{VWo hmoVo qH$dm oD$Z Jobo Aem H$mam
mm H$mhr IwUmMo {ZarjU Vwhr Ho$bo
H$m? CXmhaUmW, AYdQ> Imbobr $io,
e|Jm, Jibobr {ngo, nmD$bIwUm, eoU,
18
b|S>m, >KaQ>r, H$moe, AS>r, YmMo nmoio
(2) gyOrdmMo {ZarjU H$aUo Vwhmbm e
Pmbo H$m?
(3) Vwhr Jobo m {R>H$mUr EHy$U {H$Vr H$maMo
gOrd {Xgbo? Vwm
{ZarjUmm doir {VWo amhUmao
gd H$maMo gOrd Vwhmbm
{Xgbo hmoVo, Ago dmQ>Vo H$m?
nmmm {R>H$mUr, eoVmV
qH$dm ~mJoV AmT>ibobo gOrd
doJdoJio hmoVo H$s VoM hmoVo?
EImXm ^mJmV
AmT>iUmm gOrdmo Or
{d{dYVm {XgVo, {Vbm VoWrb
"Od{d{dYVm' hUVmV.
gmJm nmh !
Vwhr gOrdmMo {ZarjU Ho$bo. mnH$s
H$moUm {R>H$mUr A{YH$ Od{d{dYVm {Xgbr?
EImXm jomm Od{d{dYVoMm Amg
H$amgmR>r dkm{ZH$ Or {ZarjUo H$aVmV,
mMr gm Iyn moR>r AgVo. {XZ-am,
{d{dY F$Vy Aem gd n[apWVto emk
Zm|Xr KoVmV. Iyn CMmdam ^mJmV d Imob
nmmV amhUmm gOrdmMo, VgoM gyOrdmMo
{ZarjU H$amgmR>r Vo {deof gmYZo dmnaVmV.
AZoH$ dkm{ZH$mZr Ho$bobr {ZarjUo Om Ho$br
OmVmV. mMm nwhm Amg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ago
gd Z XrKH$minV Ho$bo OmVmV, Vohm Hw$R>o
dkm{ZH$mZm EImXm XoemVrb Od{d{dYVoMr
Imr dmQ>Vo.
nmdaU
"n[aga' hm eX Vwhmbm mhrV Amho.
"emioMm n[aga gwXa Amho', "~mOmamMm n[aga
AdN> Pmbm Amho', Aer dmo AmnU
Zohr EoH$Vmo. n[aga hUOo AmgnmgMr OmJm.
Kamm, emiom n[agamnojm JmdmMm n[aga
A{YH$ moR>m AgVmo. gyH$me, hdm, nmUr,
mVr, dZnVr d mUr Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$mMm
Amn`m OrdZmer g~Y AgVmo. OrdZmer
g~Y Agbobo n[agamVrb gJio KQ>H$ {iyZ
nmdaU ~ZVo.
gOrd Am{U {Z{Od EH$_oH$mda
Adb~yZ AgVmV. mmo H$mhr XodmU-
KodmU hUOoM AmVa{H$m hmoV AgVmV. `m
AmVa{H$`mMm Amg nmdaUemmV Ho$bm
OmVmo.

Imbrb MmH$Q>rV XmIdbobr gOrd d {ZOud KQ>H$mMr {Mo nhm Am{U nmdaUmVrb `m {d{dY
KQ>H$mm nana g~YmMr MMm H$am.

nmdaUmVrb gOrd d {ZOud KQ>H$

19
AZgmIir
gmJm nmh !
Imbrb {Mo nhm.
{Mo nhm.
[ haUmMo AZ H$moUVo?

ZmH$VmoS>m JdV d nmZo ImVmo. ZmH$VmoS>mbm njr

ImVmo.

gmJm nmh !
(1) nmbm H$moU H$moU ImV Agob? dmKmMoo AZ H$moUVo?
(2) dZnVrMo AZ H$moUVo?
Imbrb [M nhm.

gmIirV AZoH$ H$S>m AmhoV. mVrb

H$S>m gwQ>m Pmm, Va mZm gmIir hUVm
oBb H$m? gmIirVrb oH$ H$S>r EH$ gnyU
dVy Agbr, Var Vr mJo d nwT>o Agbom
H$S>mZm OmoS>bobr Amho. EImXr H$S>r {ZgQ>br, Imbrb {MmV EH$ AZgmIir XmIdbr
Va gmIir I{S>V hmoVo. Amho. mVrb EH$ H$S>r Vwhmbm AmoiImMr
Amho. n{hm d {Vgm H$S>rV H$moUVr {Mo
gwdmVr`m {Mmo gy, dZnVr,
AmhoV Vo nhm. mMm nanag~Y AmoiIm d
ZmH$VmoS>m, njr Ago doJdoJio KQ>H$ EH$m R>am{dH$
gmIir nyU H$am.
H$mZo oVmV. oH$ KQ>H$ hm nwT>m KQ>H$mMo
AZ R>aVmo. Vo AZmwio nanamer OmoS>bo
Jobo AmhoV, hUyZ Vo EH$m gmIirMo KQ>H$ [
AmhoV Ago AmnU hUVmo. Aem gmIirbm [
AZgmIir hUVmV. `mVrb oH$ KQ>H$
EH$m AZgmIirMr EH$ H$S>r Amho.

20
 {ZgJmV AZoH$ AZgmIim AgVmV. AZgmIirVrb w AZ - dZnVr
`mVrb EImXr H$S>r$ {ZgJmVyZ Zmhrer Pmbr, oH$ gOrdmbm bmJUmao AZ nmdaUmVyZ
Va Vr AZgmIir {Q>Ho$b H$m? {iVo.
nmdaUmVrb AZoH$ mUr $V dZnVr
[ ImVmV. dZnVr ImUmao mUr ImD$Z BVa mUr
OJVmV. nmUr d hdoVrb H$m~ZS>mAmgmBS>
dmn$Z dZnVr gyH$memV dVMo AZ Vma

[
H$aVmV, hUOoM oH$ AZgmIirMm AmYma
dZnVrM AgVmV.
gyH$me

AZOmio H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS>

Imbrb {Mmo {ZgJmVrb H$mhr$

AZgmIim XmIdm AmhoV, m gOyZ m. AmpgOZ

gmJm nmh !
CXra Am{U Air ho H$moUm AZgmIimMo
nmUr
KQ>H$ AmhoV Vo emoYm.
EH$M gOrd doJdoJim AZgmIimMm
dZnVr
KQ>H$ Agy eH$Vmo. mwio {ZgJmV AZOmio
{XgVo.

{d{dY AZgmIim {iyZ Vma Pmbobo AZOmio

21
nmdaUmMo gVwbZ
Amnm nmdaUmV
AZoH$ AZgmIim
AgVmV. nmdaUmVrb
AZgmIimwio oH$
gOrdmbm AZ {iV
amhVo d Vmo OJV amhVmo.
nmbmnmMmoim, mmMr
V earao, by
ho nXmW Hw$Od`mMo
H$m mVro AgUmao
gyOrd H$aV AgVmV.
`m_wio _mVr_`o
dZnVtZm nmofH$ Ago
nXmW V`ma hmoVmV. `mMm dmna H$$Z dZnVr AZgmIim A~m{YV amhVmV. nmdaUmVrb
dmT>VmV. O{ZrVrb nXmWmMm dmna H$$Z gd MHo$ AIS>nUo Mmby am{hbr, H$s nmdaUmMo
dZnVtMr dmT> hmoUo Am{U mUr d dZnVtMo gVwbZ amIbo OmVo.
Adeof Hw$OyZ ho nmofH$ nXmW nwhm O{ZrV
OmUo, ho nmdaUmVrb
hdmMo MH$ Amho.
`m{edm` n`mdaUmVrb
ObMH$mwio gd gOrdmZm
nmUr {iV amhVo.
gOrd dgZmgmR>r
dmVmdaUmVrb AmpgOZ
dmnaVmV. mZr gmoS>bobm
H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS> dmy
dmn$Z dZnVr mMo AZ
Vma H$aVmV. m {H$oV
{ZmU hmoUmam AmpgOZ nwhm dmVmdaUmV ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
{giVmo. hohr EH$ Zg{JH$ MH$ Amho.
nmdaUmV Aer BVahr AZoH$ MHo$ AgVmV.
gd gOrdmm ApVdmgmR>r nmdaUmMo gVwbZ
gOrd-gOrd d gOrd-{ZOud mo nana
{Q>Hy$Z amhUo JaOoMo Amho.
XodmUKodmU hmoV amhVo. mwioM nmdaUmVrb
22
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
ndrda Ag H$maMo gOrd AmT>iVmV.
nmdaUmVrb gOrd$ Am{U {ZOud KQ>H$mMo
EH$oH$mer g~Y AgVmV.
doJdoJim XoemV doJdoJio mUr, dZnVr
Am{U gyOrd AmT>iVmV.
nmdaUmVrb ObMH$, dmVmdaUmVrb
{d{dY dmwMHo$, AZgmIim `m_wio
n`mdaUmVrb gVwbZ {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.
mmo hOmamo dfmnmgyZ gVwbZ H$m
am{hbobo Amho.

dmm

1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 4. dZnVtm dmT>rgmR>r O{ZrVrb H$moUm

H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Z dmnaVm YmmVrb {H$S>o KmbdmMo
AmhoV.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
AZgmIir Vma H$am;
~oSy>H$, Kma, Air, gmn, JdV.
3. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) AZgmIir hUOo H$m? CXmhaU {bhm.
(Am) nmdaUmMo gVwbZ H$go amIbo OmVo?
nXmWmMm dmna AmdH$ Amho?
5. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
(A) nmdaUmV gyOrdmMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
(Am) Od{d{dYVm OnUo AmdH$ Amho.
(B) ZmH$VmoS>m n`mbm ImVmo.
CnH$
1. Amnm AdVr^modVr AmT>iUmm
nmMr m{hVr {idm.
2. nmdaU gVwbZmda AmYm[aV Kmofdmo
Vma H$am.

***

23
 5. Hw$Qw>~mVrb yo
gmJm nmh !
(1) Vw`m Hw$Qw>~mV ghbrbm Om`mMm {ZU`
H$gm KoVmV?
(2) Vwhr ghbrbm Om`mMo {R>H$mU gwMdVm H$m?
(3) gwQ>Q>rV H$moU`m nmh`mZm ~mobdm`Mo,
`m~m~V Vwhr gmJVm H$m?
(4) Hw$Qw>~mVrb gU-gma^m`m V`marV Vwhr
H$moUVr XV H$aVm?
{ZU KomV gh^mJ
Hw$Qw>~mV AmnU gdOU EH$ amhVmo. `oH$m`m
AmdS>r{ZdS>r doJdoJim AgVmV. {dMma Am{U
Vohr {^Z Agy eH$VmV. AmnUhr BVamnojm doJio
AgVmo. Ago Agbo, Var AZoH$ ~m~VtV Amnbo
{dMma Am{U Vo BVamer Owiy eH$VmV. Amn`mbm
EH$oH$m{df`r o d AmnwbH$s AgVo. AmnU
nanamMr H$miOr KoVmo, {dMmanyg H$aVmo. KamVrb
H$moUVrhr JmoQ> R>adVmZm EH$oH$mZm {dMmaVmo.
nanamer ~mobyZ gdmZm nQ>Vrb Ago {ZU` KoVmo.
Aem nXYVrZo AmnU gdOU Hw$Qw>~mVrb {ZU`
Ko`mV gh^mJr hmoVmo.
{ZU` Ko`mV gh^mJr hmoVm Am`mZo H$m` hmoVo?
Amn`mbm H$m` dmQ>Vo, ho gmJ`mMr `oH$mbm
gYr {iVo.
EH$oH$mZm {dMm$Z {ZU` KoV`mZo `m
{df`mda MMm hmoD$Z gd ~mOy gOVmV.
KamV Amn`m Vmbm hd {Xbo OmV Amho, ho
nmhZ Amnmbm Hw$Qw>~m~XXb A{YH$ OdirH$
dmQy> bmJVo.
Amn`m Hw$Qw>~mVrb H$mhr {ZU`mV Ogm
Amnbm gh^mJ AgVmo, VgmM Vmo Amn`m
gmdO{ZH$ Zm~m~Vhr AgVmo. dVnmV AmnU
24
bmoH$gh^mJm`m H$mhr ~mV`m dmMVmo. Aem
H$mhr m{V{Z{YH$ ~mV`mMm gmame Imbr {Xbm
Amho. `mVrb gmdO{ZH$ Z H$moUVm d `mgmR>r
bmoH$mZr H$gm gh^mJ KoVbm `mMr dJmV MMm
H$am.
dmMm d MMm H$am.
hmZJanm{bHo$`m
AXmOnH$mV ZmJ[aH$mMm gh^mJ. IM H$moU`m ~m~tda
H$amdm ho ZmJ[aH$ R>adUma.
eham`m {dH$mg g hm JmdmZm
OmoS>Um`m a`mMo CXKmQ>Z
AmamIS>mV JmdH$`mZm AmZX. a`mMm {ZU`
gwYmaUm hmdm, hUyZ
gwMdmgmR>r ghm Jmdm`m ZmJ[aH$mMm
ZmJ[aH$mMr JXu.
EH${V `Z.
Amn`m n[agamV AZoH$ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o ~Xb
hmdoV, Ago Amn`mbm dmQ>V AgVo. n[agamVrb
~Xbm{df`rMo {ZU` gdmZr {iyZ KoUo {hVmMo
AgVo. AmnU {ZdSy>Z {Xbobo gaH$ma gmdO{ZH$
Zm~m~VMm {ZU` KoVo. gaH$maZo KoVbobm EImXm
{ZU Amo dmQ>mg m~m~V AmnU Amnbo
V Zm|Xdy eH$Vmo. Aem H$mao {ZU{H$oV AmnU
gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
{dMma H$am.
Hw$Qw>~mV`m {ZU`mV Ad` gh^mJr
hm. Ho$di BVamMo hUUo EoHy$Z Amnbo V
~Zdy ZH$m. Amnmbm Oo hUmMo Amho
mda Amnbo V mS>m.
gmJm nmh !
nwT>rb gJ H$miOrnydH$ dmMm. `mVrb
H$moUmMo dmJUo mm{UH$nUmMo Amho Vo gmJm.
(1) Am$arZZo {ZyH$S>o nopgb m{JVbr. {bhZ dmJ`mg Amnbm Am{ddmg H$r hmoVmo.
Pm`mda {VZo nopgb naV Ho$br. Hw$Qw>~mV VgoM Amn`m gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVhr
(2) em gm`H$bd$Z nS>br. AmBbm gmJVmZm AmnU mm{UH$nUo dmJbo nm{hOo. mm{UH$
m {VZo "ZohmZo bm nmS>bo,' hUyZ r `Vt~XXb gdmZmM AmXa dmQ>Vmo. mm{UH$nUm
nS>bo, Ago gm{JVbo. hr Amnbr VmH$X AgVo.
(3) [ajmV gmnS>bobr {nedr oarZo Odi`m
nmobrg MmH$sV Om Ho$br. gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVrb mm{UH$nUm
mm{UH$nUm d Amm{UH$nUmMo n[aUm gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVhr mm{UH$nUm Ag`mg
gmdO{ZH$ godm-gw{dYm Amn`mbm A{YH$
Amn`m hmVyZ ~`mdmBQ> JmoQ>r KS>V MmJ`m H$mao {iVrb. ~g qH$dm aodoZo
AgVmV. H$Yr MwH$mhr hmoVmV. EImXr MyH$ {dZm{VH$sQ> dmg Ho$`mZo H$m` hmoBb? Amnbr
Pm`mMo bjmV Am`mg `m{df`r AmBd{S>bmer, dmhVyH$dWm VmoQ>mV Mmbob Am{U H$mhr
^mdS>mer d {{Uter moH$ionUmZo ~mobmdo. {XdgmZr ~X nSy> eHo$b. mm{UH$nUo `oH$mZo
`mVyZ Amn`mbm Pmbobr MyH$ gwYmamMr {VH$sQ> H$mT>mg hr g`m {ZmU hmoUma Zmhr.
gYr {iVo Am{U Amnbm mm{UH$nUm {XgyZ mm{UH$nUmwio gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVrb
oVmo. mM~amo~a Amnbo H$m gMmoQ>rZo H$aUohr H$m`jVm dmT>dVm `oVo. mm{UH$nUmMo ^mZ
AmdH$ Amho. ZmmYrb nana {ddmg Amn`m gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVrb {eV d H$m`jVm
H$gmoerZo OnUo d H$moUmMrhr $gdUyH$ Z H$aUo dmT>d`mg Cn`wV R>aVo.
ho gwXYm mm{UH$nUmMo bjU Amho. mm{UH$nUm ghH$mmMm $mXm
Amn`mbm {Z^` ~ZdVmo. `mCbQ> Amm{UH$nUo Hw$Qw>~mV AmnU EH$oH$mZm ghH$m H$aV AgVmo.
VgoM gm{KH$ Ioi IoiVmZm IoimSy>o {OVHo$
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ? ghH$m OmV {VVH$m mMm Ioi MmJbm hmoVmo.
IoimVrb ghH$mmMr ^mdZm IoimnwaVr m{XV Z
2011 gmbr ^maV {dXY doQ> BS>rO R>odVm Vr Amnm gmm{OH$ OrdZmV AmUbr
{H$Ho$Q> gm`m`o gwdmVr`mM EH$m nm{hOo. gmm{OH$ OrdZmV gdmZm ghH$m`mMr JaO
AgVo. Amn`mbmhr BVam`m XVrMr JaO bmJVo.
fQ>H$mV g{MZ V|Sw>bH$a `mMm Pob doQ>
Jmd qH$dm ehamVrb Om, C$g, oimdo BmXr
BS>rO`m JmobXmOmZo nH$S>bm. JmobXmOmZo H$m`H$ EH$oH$m`m ghH$m`mZoM `edrnUo nma
nMmH$S>o Anrb Ho$bo. M|Sy>Mm ne ~Q>bm nS>VmV.
Pmbobm Zmhr, Ago dmQy>Z nMmZr V|Sw>bH$a
H$m H$amdo ~ao?
Zm~mX Ag`mMm {ZU` {Xbm; naVw M|Sy>Mm
(1) aVm MwH$bobm wbJm Vwhmbm ^oQ>bm.
ne Amn`m ~Q>bm Pmbm Amho, ho mhrV (2) ghbrbm Jo`mda Vw`m bjmV Ambo, H$s
Ag`mZo, Zm~mX Kmo{fV AgyZhr g{MZ Vw`m {UrMm S>~m Kar {dgabm Amho.
V|Sw>bH$a XmZmVyZ nho{b`Z`o naVbo. (3) BmaVrV`m {bQ>`o H$mhr `Vr
AS>H$`m AmhoV.
25
 dmMm d MMm H$am.
Imbrb gdmX dmMm. `mVrb dmXmMm wXXm H$moUVm Amho, Vmo H$gm gmoS>dbm Jobm `m{df`r
MMm H$am.
Amnbo {ejH$ Amn`mbm {H$bm
XmIdm`bm ZoUma AmhoV. Iyn Om hUyZ H$m` Pmb ? g{dVm
`oBb; nU Amn`m JQ>mV g{dVm JmU N>mZ hUVo. gra MmJbo
Am{U grabm m `m`M Zmhr h ! {dZmoX gmJVmo. AmnU mmer
g{dVm Iyn ~S>~S>Vo, Va gra ~moby`m. Vo Amnb EoH$Vrb.
gma`m ImoS>m H$mT>Vmo. AmnU `mZm dJim`M Zmhr.
g{hUy dVr
AmnUm gdmo H$mhr JwU-Xmof AgVmV.
nmbH$mm, {{Ut`m XVrZo Amn`mVrb r-nwf gmZVm
Xmof Xya H$aVm `oVmV. EH$oH$mMo {dMma `oH$ doir
EH$oH$mZm nQ>Vrb Ago Zmhr. Amn`m
{{Ut`o H$YrH$Yr V^oX hmoVmV. Aem doir
AmnboM hUUo Iao Amho, Ago Z mZVm BVamMo
hUUohr gOyZ KoVbo nm{hOo. gJr Xwg`mMohr
EoH$bo nm{hOo. `mVyZ g{hUwVoMr ^mdZm {ZmU hmoVo
d {VMr OmonmgZm H$aVm `oVo. Amn`mnojm doJim
VmMm AmXa H$aUo hUOo g{hUwVm.
Amn`m XoemV g{hUy dVrbm {deof hd
Amho. {d{dY Y, nW, nanam Am{U arVr[admO
nmiUmao AZoH$ bmoH$ BWo amhVmV. mwio gdmZr
g{hUwVm ~miJmMr AmdH$Vm Amho. {d{dYVoMo
OVZ g{hUwVowio hmoVo. {d{dYVm Amnbo gmm{OH$
OrdZ gXY H$aVo. g{hUwVm hr gmm{OH$
gbmo`mMr n{hbr nm`ar Amho. Vr Amn`mbm
BVamMmhr {dMma ghmZw^yVrZo H$am`bm bmdVo.
26
hmo, Jm`r hUVo Vo ~amo~a
IaM H$s ! m`m bjmVM Amho. g{dVmH$Sy>Z AmnU ZdrZ
Zmhr Amb ! AmnU gJio JmU {eHy$. graH$Sy>Z AmnU
{iyZ ghbrMr V`mar H$$. N>mZ N>mZ {dZmoX EoHy$.
Amn`m n[agamVrb g`mMo {ZamH$aU H$a`mMm
Z AmnU g{hUwVowio H$aVmo.
mUyg hUyZ wbJm-wbJr qH$dm r-nwf
gmZ AgVmV. `mMm XOm gmZ AgVmo. wbJm
Am{U wbJr Agm ^oX^md Z H$aVm XmoKmZmhr gmZ
mZUo hUOo r-nwf gmZVm hmo`. wbmZr d
wbtZr EH$oH$mMm AmXa Ho$bm nm{hOo. Amn`m
{{Ut`m ghdmgmV AmnU gJio EH$oH$mZm
gmaIoM mZVmo. hr gmZVoMr ^mdZm nwT>o AmnU
ZmJ[aH$ hUyZhr H$m` R>odbr nm{hOo.
gmZVoMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJ`mwio gdmZm
JVr H$aVm `oVo, gdmZm {eH$Vm `oVo. AZ, d,
{Zdmam, Amamo` Am{U {ejU `m r-nwfm`m
gmZ JaOm AmhoV. gmZVogmR>r `m JaOmMr
gmaIrM nyVVm Pmbr nm{hOo. Aem gmoBgw{dYmda
r-nwfmMm gmZ A{YH$ma AgVmo. VgoM gd
r-nwfmZm JVrMr gmZ gYr {imbr nm{hOo.
r-nwf gmZ AgVmV, m {dfmda Kmofdmo
Vma H$am.
 H$m H$amdo ~ao? ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.

H$mhr Hw$Qw>~m`o Imbr ZyX Ho$`mmUo mm{UH$nUmwio gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVrb

n[apWVr Agy eH$Vo.
(1) H$mhr KamV n{h`mXm wbmMo XVa,
JUdoe Am{U dhm IaoXr Ho$m OmVmV.
wbtm ~m~VrV m MmbT>H$b Ho$br
OmVo.
(2) H$~S>S>rm gmmV nam^d Pmmwio
amOybm aS>VmZm nmhZ {XZoe hUmbm,
"aS>Vmog H$m wbtgmaIm?'
(3) dXZmbm M|Sy> Am{U ~Q> Iyn AmdS>Vo; nU
{Vbm ^mVwH$br Ioi`mgmR>r Myb-
~moiH$s, ~mhbr AmUyZ {Xbr OmVo.
(4) gm[aH$m AmBbm dnmH$ d KaH$mmV
XV H$aVo. {Vm ^mdmbm Vo H$m
H$a`mg H$YrM gm{JVbo OmV Zmhr.
H$m`jVm dmT>Vo. doi, ngm, Zw`~i `mMm
An`` Q>miVm `oVmo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
Hw$Qw>~mV`m N>moQ>m-moR>m {ZU`m`o
gdmMm gh^mJ Agmdm.
Amn`m `pVJV d gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmV
mm{UH$nUm Agbm nm{hOo.
g{hUwVm d ghH$m`mwio Amnbo gyhOrdZ
{ZH$mon Am{U gbmo`mMo hmoVo.
g{hUw dVrwio {d{dYVoMo OVZ hmoD$
eH$Vo.
r-nwf gmZ AgVmV. `m`mV ^oX^md
H$aUo `mo` Zmhr.

1. [aH$m`m OmJr mo eX {bhm.
(A) mm{UH$nUm hr Amnbr .............
AgVo.
(Am) gmm{OH$ OrdZmV gdmZm ............
JaO AgVo.
(B) Amn`m XoemV ...................
dVrbm {deof hd Amho.
(B) gmZVoMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJ`mwio
gdmZm ................... H$aVm `oVo.
2. nwT>rb ZmMr EH$m dm`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) n[agamVrb ~Xbm{df`rMo {ZU` H$moUr
`m`Mo AgVmV?
(Am) g{hUwVm hUOo H$m`?
(B) r-nwf gmZVm hUOo H$m`?
(B) r-nwfm`m gmZ JaOm H$moU`m?
dmm
3. nwT>rb ZmMr WmoS>`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) Hw$Qw>~mVrb {ZU`{H$`oV AmnU H$go
gh^mJr hmoVmo?
(Am) g{hUwVoMr ^mdZm H$er {ZmU hmoVo?
CnH$
1. g{hUwVm Am{U r-nwf gmZVm `m
y`mer g~{YV gmO gwYmaH$mm H$Wm
qH$dm `mMo AZw^d {idyZ `mMo
dJmV H$WZ H$am.
2. Vwhr Vw`m d`pVH$ OrdZmV mJrb
nYam {XdgmV H$moUH$moU`m H$Vr
mm{UH$nUo Ho$`m `mMr `mXr V`ma H$am.
***

27
 6. {Z gdmgmR>r
gmJm nmh !
(1) dmhVwH$sMo {Z` H$moUVo AmhoV?
(2) ho {Z` nmi`mZo H$m` hmoBb, Ago Vwhmbm
dmQ>Vo?
(3) `mVrb H$moUVm {Z` Vwhmbm ~Xbmdmgm
dmQ>Vmo?
(4) dmhVwH$sm {eVrgmR>r AmUIr H$moUVo
{Z AgmdoV, Ago Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo?
dmhVyH$ gwairV Mmbmdr hUyZ H$mhr {Z`
AgVmV d AmnU Vo nmiVmo. VgoM gmm{OH$
OrdZmV `oH$mZo H$m` H$m H$am`Mo `mgmR>r H$mhr
{Z` AgVmV. `oH$mMr O~m~Xmar d H$V`o
H$m` AmhoV ho H$imdo, `mgmR>r {Z` V`ma H$amdo
bmJVmV. {Z`m`m nmbZmZo Amn`m `dhmamV
{eV {ZmU hmoVo. AmnU A{YH$ H$m`jVoZo H$m
H$$ eH$Vmo.
{Z` gdmgmR>r AgVmV. Vo gdmZm gmaIoM
bmJy hmoVmV. {Z`mnwT>o H$moUrM loR> qH$dm H${ZR>
ZgVo. {Z`mMo nmbZ Z Ho$`mg {ejm hmoVo. {Z`
moS>`m~XXb {ejm XoVmZm H$moUVmhr ^oX^md Ho$bm
OmV Zmhr. Aem H$mao "gmZVm' hm {Z`mMm
AmYma AgVmo.
gmOmgmR>r AgUm`m {Z`mV hmoUmao ~Xb
Amnbo gmm{OH$ OrdZ {Z`m`m AmYmao
MmbVo. ho {Z` AmnUM V`ma H$aVmo. Vo gdm`m
{hVmMo AgVmV hUyZ AmnU `mMo nmbZ H$aVmo.
gmOmgmR>r AgUm`m `m {Z`m`o `mo` Vo ~Xb
H$amdo bmJVmV. gmO {Z`ZmgmR>r Ho$bo OmUmao
{Z` d {ZgJmMo {Z` `mV $aH$ Amho.
{ZgJmMo `dhma {ZgJm`m {Z`mZwgma
MmbVmV. {ZgJmMo {Z` AmnU ~Xby eH$V Zmhr.
28
gy`mMo CJdUo d mdiUo qH$dm F$VwMH$mVrb ~Xb
H$YrM Wm~V Zmhr. JwdmH$fUmMm {Z` ~XbV
Zmhr. gwmMr ^aVr-AmohmoQ>r, Mm`m ~XbUm`m
H$bm `m gd JmoQ>r {ZgJ{Z`mZwgma Mmby AgVmV.
{ZgJmVrb {Z` ho A{YH$ pWa d {ZpMV
AgVmV, Vo H$mb~mh hmoV ZmhrV; naVw mUgmgmR>r
AgUm`m {Z`mV n[apWVrZwgma ~Xb H$amdo
bmJVmV. Amnbm Xoe {~{Q>em`m amOdQ>rImbr
hmoVm, VohmMo {Z` doJio hmoVo. Amn`mbm dmV
{immZVa n[apWVr ~Xbbr Am{U `mZwgma
gyhOrdZmMo {Z` ~Xbbo. CXm., dmV {imbo
Vohm 21 dfmdarb ZmJ[aH$mZm VXmZmMm hH$
hmoVm. 1988 ZVa VXmZmMm hH$ Vrg 18
df} nyU Pmmda XomV Ambm.
.
Amn`m nmbH$mZm Am{U AmOr-AmOmo~mZm
`m`m doiog emioV H$moUVo {Z` hmoVo Vo
{dMmam. VwMm, Vw`m nmbH$mMm Am{U
AmOr-AmOmo~mMm Ago VrZ V^ V`ma H$am.
VrZ V^m`o emiogX^mVrb {Z`m{df`r
m{hVr ^$Z `mMr VwbZm H$am. H$moUVo {Z`
~Xbbo AmhoV d H$moUVo ZmhrV `mda MMm
H$am.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
wbJm d wbJr qH$dm r Am{U
nwf `mMm XOm gmZ AgVmo.
`mZm {dH$mgm`m gma`mM gYr
{im`m nm{hOoV.

gd
dmoJQ>mVrb
VtZm gH$g
AZmMr JaO
AgVo.
wbmBVm nmofH$ AmhmamMr wbtZm
JaO ZgVo H$m? Amm Kar Va "$V
^mdmbmM gH$g AZmMr JaO Amho.'
Ag hUVmV.
gmJm nmh !
(1) wbr`m Zmbm Vwhr H$m` CVa Xmb?
(2) wbJm Am{U wbJr Agm ^oX^md AmUIr
H$moUH$moU`m ~m~VtV Ho$bm OmVmo Ago
Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo?
wbJm Am{U wbJr Agm ^oX^md H$aUo A`mo`
Amho. wbtZm AZ H$r XoUo qH$dm `mZm emioV Z
nmR>dUo ho `m`mda A`m` H$aUmao Amho. Agm
A`m` gmOmV`m A` KQ>H$mdahr hmoVmZm
{XgVmo.
m {Mmo H$moUVm Am hmoV Amho Ago
Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo?
H$moU`mhr H$maMm A`m` hmoD$ Z`o hUyZ
{Z` H$amdo bmJVmV.
gmJm nmh !
Imbr {Z`mMr EH$ gyMr {Xbr Amho. `oH$
{Z`mMm H$mhr hoVy Amho. H$mhr {Z`mMo AZoH$ hoVy
AmhoV. dJmV `mVrb `oH$ {Z`mda MMm H$am.
"bm Ago dmQ>Vo' `m Zmdm`m nwpVHo$V Vwhr
mS>bo`m VmMr Zm|X H$am.
(1) gmdO{ZH$ {R>H$mUr d{ZjonH$mda amr Xhm
dmO`mZVa ~Xr.
(2) wbmwbtZm mo$V mW{H$ {ejU.
(3) {Zm` d A` H$Mam ZXrV Q>mH$`mg ~Xr.
(4) H$mQw>{~H$ qhgonmgyZ {hbmZm gajU.
(5) ~mbH$mJmam`m ZoUwH$sda ~Xr.
(6) OJbVmoS> d {eH$marda ~Xr.
Amn`m OrdZmV AmnU AZoH$ $T>r,
nanamMohr nmbZ H$aV AgVmo. Amnbo AmB, dS>rb,
AmOr, AmOmo~m, ZmVodmBH$ `mMo nmhZ AmnU `m
nanam nmiVmo. Amn`m gmOmV AZoH$ MmJ`m
$T>r Am{U nanam AmhoV. AmnU gU-gma^mMm

EH$hr gwQ>Q>r Z KoVm

VwMo {hZm^a H$m H$$Z Vwhr
bm BVH$m H$r nJma
gJio ngo naV Ho$bo,
H$m XoVm?
Var H$O H$g
{ebH$
am{hb?

29
EH${V AmZX KoVmo. Kar Ambo`m nmh`mMo dmJV MwH$s`m $T>r-nanamwio gmOmV`m H$mhr
H$$Z `mMm gmZ H$aVmo. n`mdaUmMo gVwbZ bmoH$m`m dmQ>mbm Cnojm `oVo. `mZm {ejU KoVm
amIUm`m AZoH$ arVr AmnU nanaoZo nmiVmo. `oV Zmhr. JVr`m gYr {iV ZmhrV. amoOJma
m`m{df`r o d H$VkVm `V$ H$aVmo. Aqhgm {iV Zmhr, `mwio J[a~r dmQ>mbm `oVo. J[a~r
Am{U emVVm hr y`o mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Amn`m Am{U {ejUmMm A^md `m Amn`m gmm{OH$
gmm{OH$ OrdZmV AmhoV. OrdZmVrb moR>m AS>MUr AmhoV. `m Xya Ho$`m
Ago Agbo, Var H$mhr $T>r d nanam m nm{hOoV, VaM AmnU gdOU EH${VnUo nwT>o OmD$
A`mo` AmhoV. `m Amn`m gmOm`m $m`Xm`m eH$Vmo.
ZmhrV. CXmhaUmW, Om{V^oX. `mwio gmOmV nmdaU ajU
C-ZrM Aer Xar {ZmU Pmbr. {dfVm dmT>br. gmOmV gVm d m Wm{nV H$amgmR>r
An`Vm hr EH$ AmZwf Am{U A`m`H$maH$ Ogo H$mXo AmdH$ AgVmV, VgoM nmdaUmm
Wm hmoVr. dV ^maVm`m g{dYmZmZo An`VoMr ajUmgmR>rhr H$mXmMr JaO AgVo. AmnU
Wm ZQ> Ho$br. AZoH$ ~m~VtV {ZgJmda Adb~yZ AgVmo.
{H$`oH$ doim H$m`Xo H$$Z A{ZQ>> T>tMo Amn`m AZoH$ JaOmMr nyVVm {ZgJmwio hmoVo.
{ZybZ H$amdo bmJVo. Amn`m XoemV gVr, Amn`mZVa `oUm`m {nT>mZmhr Zg{JH$
~mb{ddmh `mgma`m T>tda H$m`Xm H$$Z ~Xr gmYZgnVr nwabr nm{hOo. `mgmR>r AmnU `m
Kmb`mV Ambr. OmXyQ>moUm H$$Z bmoH$mZm gmYZgnVrMo OVZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. Vr H$miOrnydH$
$gd`mda ~Xr KmbUmam H$m`Xm gdW dmnabr nm{hOo.
hmamQmV H$a`mV Ambm. bZmV hS>m Ko`m`m
Wobm H$m`XmZo ~Xr KmVbr Amho.
Amnbo gmm{OH$ Z
{ZajaVm AYlXYm

~mb{ddmh ~mbH$mJma

30
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
Om{V^oX, r-nwf {dfVm Am{U r-
{ejUmMm A^md ho Amn`m gmOmVrb
wI AS>Wio hmoVo. Vo Xya H$a`mMm `Z
hmm OmoVramd w$bo, amOfu emhhmamO,
S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a `mZr Ho$bm.
p`m`m {ejUmgmR>r gm{dr~mB w$bo
`mZm moR>mM gKf H$amdm bmJbm. `m`m
ghH$mar $m{Vm eoI `mZr `mZm mobmMr
gmW {Xbr. hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} `mZr
r-{ejUmgmR>r moR>o H$m` Ho$bo. `m gd
gmOgwYmaH$mMo H$m` Amn`m gmOmV
MmJbo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmU`mg H$maUr^yV
R>abo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
mUgmgmR>r AgUm`m {Z`m`o ~Xb
hmoVmV.
nydu`m H$mir {Z` ho Ym{H$ nanam d
gmm{OH$ $T>t`m d$nmV hmoVo.
A{ZQ> d AmZwf $T>r Am{U nanamm
{damoYmV H$mXo Ho$bo OmVmV.

dmm

1. [aH$m`m OmJr `mo` eX {bhm. 3. nwT>rb ZmMr WmoS>`mV CVao {bhm.

(A) Amnbo gmm{OH$ OrdZ ............... (A) H$moU`m A{ZQ> Wm H$m`XmZo ~X
AmYmao MmbVo. Ho$m?
(Am) dV ^maVm`m g{dYmZmZo ........... (Am) nmdaUmm ajUmgmR>r {Z H$m H$amdo
Wm ZQ> Ho$br. bmJVmV?
(B) MwH$s`m $T>r-nanamwio gmOmVrb
H$mhr bmoH$m`m dmQ>mbm .............. CnH$
`oVo. emioV Imbrb gJr Vwhr H$moUVo {Z
2. nwT>rb ZmMr EH$m dm`mV CVao {bhm. nmiVm mMr mXr H$am.
(A) {Z` H$m V`ma H$amdo bmJVmV? (1) n[anmR>mm doir.
(Am) Amn`m gmm{OH$ OrdZmV H$moUVr y`o (2) mh ^moOZmm doir.
mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmhoV? (3) H$sS>mJUmda.
(B) Amn`m gmm{OH$ OrdZmVrb moR>m (4) emiom dmMZmbmV.
AS>MUr H$moU`m? ***

31
 7. AmnUM gmoS>dy Amnbo Z
gmJm nmh !
Imbrb {MmVyZ Vwhmbm H$moU`m g`m {XgyZ `oVmV?
m`m n[agamV nmUr
ZXm `oVo.
AmR>dS>mVyZ $V Vr H$M`mMo T>rJ gmR>bo AmhoV.
ZmH$ ~X H$$Z emioV `mdo
bmJVo.
gmdO{ZH$ gm
Amn`m gyhOrdZmV {d{dY g`m AgVmV.
`m g`mwio Amnbr Jagmo` hmoVo. H$YrH$Yr
Amnbo gyhOrdZ {dH$irV hmoVo. g`mH$S>o
S>moioPmH$ Ho$`mg `m A{YH$ Vrd ~ZVmV, hUyZ
doi`mdoir g`mMo {ZamH$aU H$amdo. Amn`m
JmdmVrb qH$dm ehamVrb bmoH$mZm `m AS>MUr
`oVmV qH$dm Oo Z ^oS>gmdVmV `mZm gmdO{ZH$
g`m hUVm `oBb. n[agamVrb g`m AmoiIUo,
hrgwXYm EH$ hdmMr JmoQ>> Amho. gmdO{ZH$
g`m EH$Q>r `Vr gmoS>dy eH$V Zmhr. `m
gdm`m `ZmZo Am{U gdm`m gh^mJmVyZ gwQy>
eH$VmV.
VQ>m {ZdmaU
Amn`m JmdmV qH$dm ehamV doJdoJim
H$maUmd$Z hmoUmao VQ>o hrgwXYm EH$ g`m hmoD$
eH$Vo. gVV hmoUm`m VQ>mwio JmdmMo dm`
{~KS>Vo. EH$monm amhV Zmhr. Jmdm`m JVrV
AS>Wio {ZmU hmoVmV. VQ>mMo d$n J^ra
Zgbo; Va nanamer ~mobyZ Voo gmoS>dVm `oVmV; naVw
`m mJmZo VQ>o gwQ>bo ZmhrV, Va VQ>m {ZdmaUmgmR>r
AgUm`m gWmMr Am{U `m`mb`mMr XV `mdr
bmJVo.
32
m`m ~m~mZm dmadma
emioV gm`H$bd$Z `mdg Vmbw`m`m Jmdr Omd bmJV.
{VWo O{Zrd$Z VQ>m
dmQ>V. nU gm`H$btgmR>r doJim Mmby Amho hUo!
aVm H$moR>o Amho ?
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
Amn`m am`mV 2007 nmgyZ "hmm
JmYr VQ>mwV Jmd `moOZm' am~d`mV Ambr
Amho. JmdmVrb VQ>o JmdmVM gmoS>dbo Omdo,
JmdH$`mZr Vo MM}Zo d gmO`mZo gmoS>dmdo hm
`m `moOZoMm hoVy Amho. `m mJmZo VQ>o gmoS>d`mg
JmdmVrb EH$monm dmT>Vmo. `m JmdmZr `m nXYVrZo
VQ>o gmoS>dbo AmhoV, Aem JmdmZm emVVm
nwaH$mahr {iVmo. ehamVrb mohbm g{`m
VQ>m{ZdmaUmbm XV H$aVmV.
g`m {ZdmaU
g`m {ZdmaUmMo ho `Z Vwhmbm mhrV AmhoV
H$m ?
{hdao ~mOma AhXZJa {OhmVrb {hdao
~mOma `m bhmZ JmdmV nm`mMr moR>r g`m
hmoVr. `m JmdmVrb bmoH$m`m XVrZo d `m`m
gh^mJmVyZ hr g`m gmoS>dbr Jobr. OZmdam`m
Mm`mMmhr Z gwQ>bm. AmO {hdao ~mOma `m
JmdmMm n[aga {hadmJX Amho.
AZoH$ JmdmV nm`mMr Q>MmB AgVo. `mMr
H$maUo emoYm d Cnm` gwMdm.
 lXmZmVyZ Jmg$mB CmZm~mX
{OhmVrb IwXmdmS>r m JmdmVrb bmoH$mZr
lXmZmVyZ Jmg$mB Ho$br. JmdmMr dN>Vm
JmdmVrb gdmZr {iyZ H$am`Mr, ho JmdH$`mZr
R>adbo. `mgmR>r W gmS>nm`mMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo.
C{H$aS>mdarb H$M`mMm dmna H$$Z JmSy>iIV
V`ma Ho$bo. `oH$ KamgmR>r dN>VmJh ~mYbo.
gV JmS>Jo~m~mZr H$sVZmVyZ Jmdmbm dN>VoMo
hd nQ>dyZ {Xbo. dN>Vm, {ejU d dmdb~Z
mm{edm Amnbr JVr hmoUma Zmhr, Ago gV
JmS>Jo~m~m bmoH$mZm gmJV. dN>Vm H$er H$amdr ho
j H$VrVyZ Vo XmIdyZ XoV.
amQ>gV VwH$S>moOrhmamO mZrhr JmJrVoVyZ
dN>VoMo hd nwT>rbmUo gm{JVbo Amho -
"{imoZr H$amdr Jmg$mB &
Zmbr, moar R>mrR>mr &
hVo nahVo gm$ gd{h &
MhyH$S>o mJ &'
gV JmS>Jo~m~m amQ>gV VwH$S>moOr_hmamO
dVmZnmV lXmZm`m AZoH$ ~mV`m
`oVmV, `mMo gH$bZ H$am. lXmZmVyZ H$m
H$m` gm` hmoVo `mMr MMm H$am.
gmJm nmh !
(1) emioV emVVmXyVmMm JQ> Agmdm, Ago
Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?
(2) `m JQ>mVrb {dXmWu d {dXm{WZtMr {ZdS>
H$a`mgmR>r Vwhr H$moUVo {ZH$f R>admb?
(3) emVVmXyVmgmR>r {Z`mdbr V`ma H$aVmZm
`mV H$moUVo {Z` gm{dQ> H$amb?
(4) Vw`mVrb dmX {Q>d`mgmR>r emVVmXyV
H$moUH$moU`m mJmMm Adb~ H$aVmV?
(5) emVVo`m mJmZo Z gwQ>VmV, ho Vwhmbm
H$go gObo?
emVVogmR>r gmOmVrb gd KQ>H$mm yb^yV
JaOmMr nyVVm hmoUo AmdH$ Amho. oH$mg
AmdH$ Vr gwa{jVVm {imbr nm{hOo. gmOmVrb
emofU Wm~bo nm{hOo. {dfVm H$r Pmbr nm{hOo.
gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmV gh^mJr hmomMr gYr
oH$mbm {imbr nm{hOo. emVVoMo hd
gOmdyZ KoUo, emVVoMo mJ jmV dmnaUo m
mJmZr AmnU Hw$Qw>~mV, emioV Am{U gmdO{ZH$
OrdZmV emVVobm nyaH$ dmVmdaU {ZmU H$$
eH$Vmo.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
OJmV emVVm ZmXmdr Am{U gdM XoemZm
Amn`m OZVo`m {dH$mgmgmR>r `Z H$aVm
`mdoV, hUyZ 21 gQ>|~a hm {Xdg g`wV
amQmV}$ "AmVaamQr` emVVm {XZ' hUyZ OJ^a
gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {Xder g`wV amQmMo
w`mb` Agbo`m `y`mH$ ehamV, Wm{ZH$
doioZwgma gH$mir 10 dmOVm KQ>m dmOdbr OmVo.
mZVa H$mhr jU emVVm nmibr OmVo. gwmao
60 XoemVrb bmoH$mZr {Xbo`m Zm`mnmgyZ hr
KQ>m V`ma H$a`mV Ambr Amho.
Vwhmbm `m~m~V AmUIr m{hVr hdr
Agob, Va `m gHo$VWimbm ^oQ> Xm.
http://www.internationaldayofpeace.org.
33

ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
Hw$Qw>~mV, emioV, gmOmV emVVm Agob,
Va {VMm $m`Xm gdmZmM hmoVmo. emVVowio
JVrg hmV^ma bmJVmo. `mnma, CXmoJ,
{ejU, H$bm, gm{h`, ZmoaOZ, {dkmZ,
VkmZ, gemoYZ BmXr jomV ^a^amQ> H$a`mMr
gYr {iVo. `m Q>rZo emVVm hr Amnbr
dpVH$$ JaO Z amhVm Vo EH$ gmm{OH$ y`
~ZVo.
1. [aH$m`m OmJr mo eX {bhm.
(A) g`mH$S>o S>moioPmH$ Ho$`mda `m A{YH$
................... ~ZVmV.
(Am) n[agamVrb ...................AmoiIUo,
hrgwXYm EH$ hdmMr JmoQ> Amho.
2. nwT>rb ZmMr EH$m dm`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) gmdO{ZH$ g`m hUOo H$m`?
(Am) gmdO{ZH$ g`m H$em gwQy> eH$VmV?
(B) dN>VoMo hd H$moUm gVmZr nQ>dyZ
{Xbo?
3. nwT>rb ZmMr WmoS>`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) "lXmZmVyZ Jmg$mB' hr gH$nZm nQ>
H$am.
(Am) emVVobm nyaH$ dmVmdaU H$go {ZmU H$aVm
oBb?
34
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
gyhOrdZmVrb g`m gmoS>d`mMr O~m~Xmar
gdmMr Amho.
gdmZr ghH$m` Ho$`mg g`mMo {ZamH$aU
hmoVo.
gdmX Am{U MM}VyZ VQ>m {ZdmaU hmoVo.
emVVo`m mJmZo g`m gmoS>dVm `oVmV.
Hw$Qw>~mV, emioV d gmOmV emVVm Agob, Va
{VMm $m`Xm gdmZm {iVmo.
emVVm ho EH$ gmm{OH$ y` Amho.
dmm
4. nwT>rb gJr Vwhr H$m` H$amb?
(A) dJwImbm dJmV emVVm {ZmU H$am`Mr
Amho.
(Am) J{UV {df`mMo {ejH$ H$mhr An[ahm`
H$maUmVd AmO dJmV `oD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
(B) H$sS>mJUmda Ioim`m gm`m`m doir
XmoZ gKm`o dmX {ZmU Pmbm Amho.
CnH$
1. Vw`m n[agamVrb H$Mmm
g`o~m~V Wm{ZH$ bmoH${V{ZYtZm n
Xm d `m`mer `m~m~V gj MMm
H$am.
2. Vw`m n[agamV moH$mQ> Hw$`mMm mg
hmoV Agob, Va `m{df`r H$moUmbm
H$idm`Mo ho emoYm. moH$mQ> Hw$`mMr
g`m gmoS>d`m`m Cnm`m{df`r
m{hVr {idm.
***
 8. gmdO{ZH$ gw{dYm Am{U mPr emim

gmJm nmh ! emioV Amn`mbm AZoH$ gw{dYm CnbY

AgVmV. VemM gw{dYm Amn`mbm ~mhoa`m
(1) Amn`m KamV Am{U Kam~mhoa {iUm`m gmdO{ZH$ OrdZmVhr CnbY AgVmV. ~g, aodo
gmdO{ZH$ gw{dYm H$moU`m? `m gmdO{ZH$ dmhVwH$s`m gw{dYm AmhoV. `m{edm`
(2) `mnH$s H$moU`m gw{dYm Vwhr dmnaVm? Q>nmbgodm, XyadZr, ApZeZ Xb, nmobrg, ~H$m,
AmnU gdOU gmdO{ZH$ godmgw{dYmMm ZmQ>Jho, ~mJ~{JMo, nmoh`mMo Vbmd `mgma`m
dmna H$aV AgVmo. nmUrnwadR>m, drOnwadR>m, AZoH$ gmdO{ZH$ godmMm AmnU Cn`moJ H$aV
Amamo`godm, {ejU Am{U dmhVyH$ `m H$mhr AgVmo. `m gw{dYmMm dmna AmnU O~m~XmarZo
hdm`m gmdO{ZH$ godm AmhoV. `m godm Ho$bm nm{hOo.
gdmgmR>r AgVmV. gmdO{ZH$ godm, `m
XoUm`m gWm Am{U AmnU `mMr {iyZ Amnbr emim hUOo Amnbo Kam~mhoaMo OJ
gmdO{ZH$ `dWm {ZmU hmoVo. Amnbr AgVo. Amn`mbm Ogo Amnbo Ka AmdS>Vo, VerM
emim hr gmdO{ZH$ `dWoMm EH$ ^mJ emimhr AmdS>Vo. `oH$ emioMr EH$ dV
Amho. AmoiI AgVo. Vw`m emioMr d{eQ>o emoYm
. Am{U `mMo EH$ {^pVnH$ V`ma H$am.

ImbrbnH$s `m gw{dYm Vw`m emioV {^pVnH$mMm ZwZm

CnbY AmhoV, `m`mnwT>o P Aer IyU H$am.
emioMo Zmd
nwaoem dJImo`m dmMZmb
WmnZoMo df
wbtgmR>r drOnwadR>m
dN>VmJh gWmnH$

wbmgmR>r moJemim ~rXdm

dN>VmJh ~moY{Mh
{nmMo nmUr AZ H$monam {dXmWu Am{U
an gJUH$ H$j {dXm{WZtMr g`m
H$sS>mJU dXH$s godm dJImomMr gm
JUdoemMm aJ
embo nmofU gwnXoeZ H|$
Amhma moOZm CboIZr H$m{Jar

emiobm Hw$nU {dmmoOZm mV Pmbobo nwaH$ma

35
 emio`m _XmZmda IoiUmar _wbo
emim gdmgmR>r AgVo. emioV OmD$Z {eH$Uo `moJemim, H$sS>mgm{h` CnbY H$$Z XoUo `m
hm `oH$ wbmwbrMm hH$$ Amho. `mbm {ejUmMm H$mao gmOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$mMr emiobm XV
hH$ Ago hUVmV. {ejU hH$ H$m`XmZwgma 6 hmoVo. emio`m OS>UKS>UrV gmOmMm dmQ>m AgVmo.
Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb gd wbmwbtZr emioV OmD$Z
Amnbo mW{H$ {ejU nyU Ho$bo nm{hOo. {deof JWmb
JaOm Agbo`m wbmwbtgmR>r H$mb d`mMr AQ>
14 EodOr 18 df} Amho.
emiom OS>UKS>UrV gmOmMm gh^mJ
Amn`m emio`m C^maUrV AZoH$ `Vr
Am{U gWm XV H$aVmV. {H$VrVar nmbH$, mOr
{dXmWu, gm{hp`H$, IoimSy>, emk Am{U
CXmoOH$ Ago AZoH$OU Amn`m emio`m dmT>rbm
hmV^ma bmdVmV. dJImo`m ~mYyZ XoUo, JWmb`, gmm{OH$ gWom XVrZo JWmb

dVn gyhmm XVrZo IJmob {dkmZ H|$

36
 dmMm d MMm H$am.
Jm_dN>Vm
dN>VmXV
gmJm nmh !
(1) Vwhr hOa Agbo`m EImXm nmbH$-
{ejH$ g^oV H$moU`m {df`mda MMm
Pmbr?
(2) `m g^oV H$moUVo hdmMo {ZU` Pmbo?
(3) Vw`m gd {mMo nmbH$ g^obm Ambo hmoVo
H$m?
(4) Amn`m emioV gd nmbH$mMm gmaImM AmXa
Ho$bm OmVmo, ho Vwhmbm H$emd$Z gObo?
gd emimo {ejH$-nmbH$ Am{U mVm-
nmbH$ gK AgVmV. `m gKmwio Amnbo {ejH$ d
nmbH$mMo dmJV H$aVmZm {dXm{WZr
emimhr gmOm`m JVrbm qH$dm EImXr
g`m gmoS>dm`bm XV H$aVo. JmdmVrb bmoH$mZm
dN>Vo`m gd`r bmJm`m, hUyZ EH$m emioVbo
H$mhr {dXmWu dN>VmXyV Pmbo. `mZr
emiom$V JmdmV dN>Vm A{^`mZ am~dbo.
a`mda WwHy$ ZH$m, H$M`mMr `mo` {dhodmQ>
bmdm, Aer KmofUmno `mZr V`ma Ho$br.
d`m`o nWZmQ>ohr gmXa Ho$br. `m
dN>VmXyVmZr a{hdmemZm dN>VoMo hd
nQ>dyZ {Xbo. Jmdmbm {ZbJm nwaH$ma {idyZ
Xo`mV emioZo Agm gh^mJ KoVbm. JmdmV EH$OyQ>
{ZmU hmo`mg `mMr XV Pmbr.
nmbH$ `m`mV gdmX hmoVmo. mwio emiom
{d{dY CnH$mV nmbH$mMm gh^mJ dmT>Vmo.
emim gd nmbH$mMm gmaImM gmZ H$aVo.
emioV`m KS>mmoS>t{df`r AmnUhr nmbH$mer
~mobbo nm{hOo. {ejH$ d nmbH$ `m Xmohm|`mhr
XVrZo AmnU {eH$V AgVmo. `m`mVrb XodmU-
KodmU Amn`m $m`XmMr AgVo.
.
EH$ {Xdg VwMr gnyU emim nmbH$mZr
Mmbdmdr, `mgmR>r emio`m emgZmH$S>o {dZVr
H$aUmam AO H$am. nadmZJr {im`mZVa hm
H$m`H$ am~dm. VwMm AZw^d Wm{ZH$
dVmZnm`m ~mb{d^mJmH$S>o nmR>dm.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
{ejU, hm `oH$ wbm-wbtMm
yb^yV hH$ Amho.
37
Agmhr nmbH$mMm gh^mJ

{dXmmZm gJrV {eH$dVmZm nmbH$

{dXmmZm H$dm`V
{eH$dVmZm nmbH$
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
emim
gmOm`m JVrV ^a KmbVo.
gmdO{ZH$ godmgw{dYmMm AmnU O~m~XmarZo
emioV OmD$Z {eH$Uo, hm `oH$ wbmwbtMm
dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.
hH$ Amho.

dmm
(1) [aH$m`m OmJr `mo` eX {bhm.
(A) gw{dYmMm dmna AmnU ........... Ho$bm
nm{hOo.
(Am) Amnbr emim hUOo Amnbo Kam~mhoaMo
............ AgVo.
(B) emio`m OS>UKS>UrV ..............
dmQ>m AgVmo.
(2) nwT>rb ZmMr EH$m dm`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) hdm`m gmdO{ZH$ godm H$moU`m
AmhoV?
(Am) gmdO{ZH$ `dWm H$er {ZmU hmoVo?
(B) `oH$ _wbm_wbtMm H$moUVm hH$ Amho?
(3) nwT>rb ZmMr XmoZ-VrZ dm`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) AmnU H$moUH$moUm gmdO{ZH$ gw{dYmMm
CnmoJ H$aVmo?
38
(Am) emioV {ejH$-nmbH Am{U mVm-nmbH$
gK H$m AgmdoV?
(4) H$m` hmoBb Vo {bhm.
(A) wbmwbtZm {ejUmMm gmZ hH$ {Xbm
Zmhr, Va.
(Am) gmOmZo emiobm XV Ho$br Zmhr, Va.
(B) gmdO{ZH$ godmMm O~m~XmarZo dmna
Ho$bm, Va.
CnH$
Vw`m emiobm XV H$aUm`m `VtMr
m{hVr {idm d `m`m XVrwio Vwhmbm
H$moUVo $m`Xo {imbo `mMr m{hVr {bhm.
***
 9. ZH$mem Amnbm gmo~Vr
Amnm n[agamVrb OrZ gmam CMrMr CVabmV. {H$bm EH$m S>m|Jamda Amho. VoWo
ZgVo. CMgIbnUmwio O{Zrbm {d{eQ> AmH$ma OmmgmR>r Vwhmbm AmUIrZ EH$ S>m|Ja Am{U
mV hmoVmV. mwio S>m|Ja, Xm, nR>mao, XmZo, EH$ Xar AmobmSy>Z Omdo bmJUma Amho. Xmohr
~oQ>o BmXr ^y$no Vma hmoVmV. ho Vwhr {Vgm S>m|Ja Am{U Xar gmo~Vm MmH$Q>rV XmIdm. ho
nmR>mV Amgbo Amho. XmIdVmZm mV XarMr Imobr Am{U S>m|JamMr
Amnbm n[aga H$gm Amho Vo mo H$mao CMr H$er XmIdVm oBb, mMm {dMma H$am.
gOyZ KomgmR>r VoWrb ^yaMZoMr hUOoM
gmJm nmh !
mH${VH$ aMZoMr m{hVr AgUo AmdH$ R>aVo.
BVm MmWro AmnU ZH$memg~Yr m{hVr
KoVbr hmoVr. mV nmM hOma dfmnyduMm
ZH$memgwXYm hmoVm. mMm AW mZdmbm nydunmgyZ
ZH$mem Vma H$amMr JaO dmQ>V hmoVr. m doir
ZH$memMm CnmoJ wV wXYmgmR>r hmoV Ago.
wXY H$aVmZm Xoemm ^yaMZoMr/mH${VH$ aMZoMr ZH$mem "A'
gImob m{hVr AmdH$ hmoVr. eyMm nam^d
H$amgmR>r S>mdnoM AmIUo gmono hmoV Ago. ZH$mem "~'
mgmR>r n[agamm ^yaMZoMo ZH$meo dmnabo OmV.
^y$nmMr CMr, AmH$ma BmXtYrb $aH$
{dMmamV KoD$Z ZH$memV {d{dY ^y$no XmIdVm oVmV.
hr ^y$no ZH$memda doJdoJim nXYVtZr XmIdbr
OmVmV. ZH$memm AmYmao ^y$no H$moUH$moUm
nXYVrZr XmIdVm oVmV Vo AmnU gOyZ KoD$.
ZH$mem "H$'
.
Vwm emioMr ghb EH$m {H$mda
OmUma Amho. Vwhr ~gZo EH$m {R>H$mUr

darb ZH$memMo {ZarjU H$am. ho gd ZH$meo

EH$mM XoemMr ^yaMZm XmIdUmao AmhoV; naVw `m
ZH$mem`o $aH$ Amho. ZH$memMo {ZarjU H$$Z
nwT>rb ZmMr CVao gmJm.
ZH$mem "A' `o XoemMr CMr H$emm
AmYmao XmIdbr Amho?
39
 ZH$mem "~' `o aJmMm dmna H$emgmR>r Ho$bm
Amho?
ZH$mem "H$' BVa XmoZ ZH$memnojm H$em H$mao
doJim dmQ>Vmo?
ZH$mem "A', "~', "H$' Yrb gdmV CM
{R>H$mU H$moUm {Xeog Amho?
"A', "~' d "H$' nH$s H$moUm ZH$memVyZ
^yaMZm mo H$mao gOVo ?
H$mJXmda ZH$mem H$mT>VmZm ^yaMZoMr bm~r d
Xr ghO XmIdVm oVo. naVw ^yaMZoMr Imobr d
CMr ghOnUo XmIdVm oV Zmhr. ZH$memV m ~m~r
XomgmR>r doJdoJim nXYVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
(1) gmoM aofm nXYVr (Contour Line Method)
(2) aJnXYVr (Layer Tinting Method)
(3) CR>mdXeH$ AmamIS>m (Digital Elevation Model)
(1) gmoM aofm nXYVr m nXYVrMm dmna
ZH$memo O{ZrMm CMgIbnUm XmIdmgmR>r
H$aVmV. O{ZrMr CMr gwgnmQ>rnmgyZ moOVmV.
mZVa gmZ CMrMr {R>H$mUo {ZpMV Ho$br OmVmV.
ZH$memV mMr Zm|X mo {R>H$mUr Ho$br OmVo.
ZH$memda Zm|Xdbobr hr {R>H$mUo aofom gmhmmZo
EH$oH$mg OmoS>VmV. gmZ CMrMr {R>H$mUo
OmoS>Umm m aofog gmoM aofm hUVmV. ZH$mem
"A' nhm. mo gmZ CMrm {R>H$mUmm
AmYmao aofm H$mT>bom AmhoV. m nXYVrwio
XoemMm CMgIbnUm ghO bjmV oVmo. XoemMm
S>m|JamMm AmS>dm N>oX
_X CVma Vrd CVma
_X CVma Vrd CVma
gmoM aofm nXYVr
40
CVma d {d{dY {R>H$mUMr CMr gOmg XV hmoVo.
gmoM aofmYrb AVa H$r Agmg m
{R>H$mUMm CVma Vrd AgVmo, Va ho AVa OmV
Agmg O{ZrMm CVma X AgVmo ho bjmV m.
mgmR>r gmo~Vm AmH$VrMr XV m.
(2) aJnXYVr hr gmoM aofmda AmYm[aV
nXYV Amho. m nXYVrV g_moM aofmXamZ aJ
^abo OmVmV. oH$ aJ hm CMrZwgma R>aVmo. Ogo,
Ob^mJmgmR>r {Zim aJ, Va mm bJVm
O{ZrgmR>r JS>X {hadm aJ. mnojm OmV CMrm
O{ZrgmR>r {$H$Q> {hadm d mhrnojm OmV
CMrm O{ZrgmR>r {ndim, BmXr.
CMr rQ>ao
gmo~Vm aJ 4880 nojm OmV
3660 Vo 4880
Vm{bHo$Mo {ZarjU H$am. 1380 Vo 3660
CMrVrb $aH$mZwgma 600 Vo 1380
aJgJVrV hmoUmam ~Xb 300 Vo 600
bjmV m. gmoM 150 Vo 300
aofmXamZ dmnabom 75 Vo 150
0 Vo 75
aJmwio ^yaMZoVrb 0 Vo -75
$aH$ MQ>H$Z bjmV -75 Vo -150
oVmo. ZH$mem "~' nhm. -150 nojm H$_r
(3) CR>mdXeH$ AmamIS>m hr gdmV
AmYw{ZH$ nXYVr Amho. mgmR>r H${ CnJhmMr
XV mdr bmJVo. H${ CnJhmZr nmR>dbom
m{hVrMm dmna H$$Z ho ZH$meo H$mT>bo OmVmV.
ZH$mem "H$' nhm. CMrZwgma ^yaMZoV hmoUmao ~Xb m
ZH$memV WoQ> {XgVmV.
darb nXYVtMm dmna H$$Z ZH$meo Vma
Ho$mg XoemMr mH${VH$ aMZm qH$dm ^yaMZm
AMyH$ gOVo. hUOoM CMr, Imobr qH$dm CVma
BmXtMr H$nZm `oVo. gJUH$m`m AmYmao `m
ZH$memdarb `oH$ q~XMr CMr nmhVm `oVo.
mH${VH$ ZH$memMm dmna bH$ar H$madmm,
n`Q>Z, {J[a^_U mJ AmIUo, n[agam`m
{dH$mgmMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo, B`mXtgmR>r H$aVm `oVmo.
 Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
darb MmH$Q>rV doJdoJim CMrdarb {R>H$mUo {Xbr
AmhoV. mVrb gmZ CMrdarb {R>H$mUmMo q~X
nhm. gmZ CMrdarb {R>H$mUmMo q~X aofmZr OmoS>m. hr
H$Vr H$aVmZm Vwhr ZH$memo ^y$no XmIdmMr
EH$ nXYV dmnabr Amho. Vr H$moUVr Vo Imbr
[aH$mm MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
ZH$mem Vma H$amm AZoH$ AmYw{ZH$
nXYVr AmVm {dH${gV Pmm AmhoV. mnydu
"H$me-N>mm' nXYVrMm dmna H$$Z ZH$meo
Vma Ho$bo OmV AgV. gmo~V {Xbobm ZH$mem ho
mMo CXmhaU Amho.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
aJnXYVrMm dmna H$$Z AmUIr EH$m nmR>mV
ZH$mem {Xbm Amho. Vmo H$moUVm Vo emoYm d mMo
erfH$ MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
.
Vwm emiom qH$dm Kamm n[agamVrb
{d{dY JmoQ>r XmIdUmam AmamIS>m Vma H$am.
Vwhr Vma Ho$bobm AmamIS>m d {mZo Vma
Ho$bobm AmamIS>m EH$oH$mH$S>o nmhmgmR>r Xm.
{mm AmamIS>mYrb gObom ~m~r d Z
gObom ~m~tMr doJdoJir mXr H$am.
AmamIS>mVrb gObom d Z gObom
JmoQ>t~m~V EH$oH$mer MMm H$am.
Vwm {mZo Vma Ho$bom H$mhr JmoQ>r Vwhmbm
H$m gOm ZgVrb, mda {dMma H$am.
ZH$memMm CnmoJ AZoH$OU H$aVmV. AmamIS>m
qH$dm ZH$mem mV {d{dY KQ>H$ XmIdbo OmVmV. Vo
doJdoJim nXYVrZr XmIdbo, Va AmamIS>m qH$dm
ZH$mem gOUo AdKS> hmoVo, hUyZM ZH$memV
XmIdbobo KQ>H$ gdmZm ghOnUo gOmdoV mgmR>r
{Mho d IwUmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. {Mho d IwUm
gdgmYmaUnUo gdmZm gOVrb Aem {d{eQ> d
gmZ nXYVrZo XmIdVmV.
gmHo${VH$ IwUm : ZH$memV doJdoJim JmoQ>r
XmIdmgmR>r gHo$VmZwgma dmnabom IwUm. m
~hYm ^m{{VH$ AmH$mm d$nmV AgVmV.
CXm., aofm, dVwi, {H$moU, q~X BmXr.
gmHo${VH$ {Mho : ZH$memV doJdoJim JmoQ>r
XmIdmgmR>r gHo$VmZwgma dmnabobr {Mho. {Mho
hUOo m m JmoQ>tgmR>r dmnabom {M$nmVrb
bhmZ AmH$Vr hmo. CXm., XoD$i, erX, {H$bm
BmXr.
41
 {Mho d IwUmMm dmna Ho$mZo m m wXY^yr
{R>H$mUm~m~V WmoS>mV d AMyH$ m{hVr ZH$mem bmohmJ
dmMUmmbm {iVo. {Mho d IwUm H$emgmR>r
{dhra
dmnam AmhoV, Vr m{hVr ZH$memm gyMrV
{Xbr OmVo. Pam
Wm{ZH$ CMr
gmJm nmh !
dVr
Imbrb {Mho d IwUm AmoiIm d `mMr Zmdo
MmH$Q>tV {bhm. JdV
gmoM aofm
Vbmd
aVm
ImU
RF amIrd dZo

mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?

^maVr` gd}jU gWoZo ZH$meo Vma H$aVmZm
dmnabobr H$mhr {Mho d IwUm gmo~V {Xm
AmhoV, `mMm A`mg H$am.
Q>nmb H$mmb
"^maVr gd}jU gWm' hr ^maVmVrb ZH$mem
Vma H$aUmar w gWm Amho. {VMr WmnZm
1767 gmbr Pmbr. m gWoZo j gd}jU
H$$Z ^maVr CnIS>mMo {d{dY mUmdarb
WbXeH$ ZH$meo Vma Ho$bo AmhoV. ho ZH$meo
AMyH$Vo~m~V OJm AmhoV. m gWoMo w
H$mmb CVamIS> ammVrb "S>ohamSy>Z' oWo Amho.

~Xa

XrnJh

{H$bm

emZ^yr
AmVaamQ>r grm
42
 Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
Og~ra Am{U Z{OV ZH$mem dmMV AmhoV.
`mZm Imbrb IwUm d {Mho H$iV ZmhrV.
(1) IwUm d {Mhmm nwT>o `mMm AW
{bhZ Vwhr `mZm XV H$amb H$m ?
Q>nmb H$mmb ( IyU )
....................... (
....................... (
....................... (
....................... (
....................... (
....................... (
(2) mVrb {Mho H$moUVr d IwUm H$moUm
Vo H$gmV Zm|Xdm.
.
AmVm nydu Ho$mmUo Amnm emioMm
qH$dm Kamm n[agamMm AmamIS>m nwhm Vma
H$am. mgmR>r dmnamMr {Mho d IwUm W_
{ZpMV H$am. m AmamIS>mgmR>r mMm dmna
H$am.
) nhm ~a, AmVm EH$oH$mMo AmamIS>o Vwhmbm
gOmbm gmono dmQ>VmV H$m ?
)
)
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
)
) ^y$nmMr AmoiI.
mH${VH$ aMZm ZH$memV XmId`m`m
) nXYVr.
CMr d ImobrgmR>r aJmMm dmna.
gmHo${VH$ {Mho d IwUmMm dmna.

dmm
1. Vwm n[agamV AgUmm {d{dY ^y$nmMr
mXr H$am. ^y$no XmId`mMr nXYV dmn$Z
`mVrb EImXo ^y$n dhrV H$mT>m.
2. Imbrb XmoZ dmmVrb ^y$nXeH$ eXmZm
AYmoao{IV H$am d mgmR>r {Mho d IwUm Vma
H$am.
(A) gmoZmbr Q>H$H$ S>m|Jamm nbrH$S>o amhVo.
(~) {Zoe Kmamnwar ~oQ>mda ghbrbm Jobm Amho.
3. Imbrb KQ>H$mgmR>r {Mho d IwUm Vma H$am.
Ka, Umb, H$maImZm, ~mJ, IoimMo XmZ,
aVm, S>m|Ja, ZXr.
4. gmo~VMm ZH$mem aJgJVrm AmYmao CMr
XmIdVmo, naVw mVrb EH$ aJgJVr MwH$br
Amho. m OmJr H$moUVr aJgJVr mo Amho Vo
Zm|Xdm.
CnH$ : n[a{MV n[agamMo CR>mdmMo ZH$meo nhm.
{ejH$mm XVrZo H$mJXmda X{d{Vr ZH$meo
Vma H$am. ***
43
 10. AmoiI ^maVmMr

ZH$memer r CboI Amho. {d{dY ZXm, ndV d nR>mao `mZr

Imbr {Xbobm ^maVmMm ZH$mem nhm. m
ZH$memV ^maVmVrb {d{dY ZXm XmId`m AmhoV.
mnH$s H$mhr ZXmMr Zmdo AmnU Zohr EoH$Vmo
qH$dm dmMVmo. {d{dY Xoe^pVna JrVmVhr mMm
Amnbm Xoe gXY Amho. `mnH$s H$mhtMr Zmdo
ZH$memV {Xbr AmhoV. gmJm ~ao, ZH$memV {Xbom
ZmdmnH$s H$moUVr Zmdo Vwm n[aMmMr AmhoV ?
Vr H$moR>o dmMZmV Ambr AmhoV mMm {dMma H$am.
ZH$memYrb m ZmdmZm H$am.

44
 ZH$memer r

^maV-mH${VH$ ZH$memMm H$miOrnydH$ H$$Z mMr dmhmMr {Xem H$moUVr Vo {bhm.

Amg H$$Z Imbrb ZmMr CVao dhrV {bhm. (5) H$moamoS>b {H$Zmmbm OmD$Z {iUmm
(1) ndV emoYm d mMr Zmdo {bhm. wI ZXmMr Zmdo {bhm.
(2) ZH$memVrb S>m|JamMr Zmdo {bhm. (6) JJm, ZXm, dZJJm, JmoXmdar Am{U H$mdoar
(3) ZH$memVrb nR>mao emoYm d mMr Zmdo {bhm. m ZXmm dmhmJmMo {ZarjU H$am.
(4) {hmbmV CJ nmdyZ qgYy ZXrg oD$Z mm ImomVrb O{ZrMm CVma H$moUm
{iUmm ZXmMr Zmdo {bhm. CMrMm {dMma {XeoH$Sy>Z H$moUm {XeoH$S>o Amho Vo Zm|Xdm.
45
(7) ZH$memVrb gamodao emoYm d Zmdo {bhm. dZ Xoe
(8) AmImVmMr Zmdo emoYm d Vr ^maVmm
H$moUm {Xeobm AmhoV Vo Zmdmgh {bhm.
(9) ^maVmm VrZhr ~mOyg Agbom Ob^mJmMo
{ZarjU H$am. mMr Zmdo emoYyZ Vo H$moUm
{Xeog AmhoV Vo {bhm.
(10) bjXdrn, AXmZ Am{U {ZH$mo~ma ho ~oQ>mMo
gyh emoYyZ mVrb H$mhr ~oQ>mMr Zmdo {bhm.
dmidQ>r Xoe
(11) CVaoH$S>rb XmZr XoemV H$moUm wI
ZXrMo Imoao Amho ?
AmnU ZH$mem Am{U mda AmYm[aV ZmXdmao
^maVmm mH${VH$ aMZoMr m{hVr OmUyZ KoVbr.
Amnbm Xoe {d{dY ZXm, ndV, nR>mao, XmZo,
~oQ>o B`mXtZr ZQ>bobm Amho. ^maVr ^yIS>mm VrZ
{XemZm nmmZo mnbom d X{jUoH$S>o {Zwim
hmoV Ommmm ^mJmg "^maVr XdrnH$n' hUVmV. XmZr Xoe
Amnbr CVaoH$S>rb grm {hmb`mgma`m A{VCM
ndVamJmZr V`ma Pmbr Amho. Amn`m XoemV$dZoo,
_XmZo, dmidQ>o B`mXr, AmhoV. gmo~VMr {Mo nhm.
Amnm XoemMm {dVma moR>m Amho. {edm
gwgnmQ>rnmgyZ CMrVrb $aH$ 8000 rQ>anojm
OmV Amho. mwio XoemZwgma ^maVmm hdmmZmV
{d{dYVm AmT>iVo. hdmmZmVrb m {d{dYVowio ndVr Xoe
dZnVr, mUr d nmYrb {d{dYVmgwXYm moR>m
mUmda nmhmbm {iVo. VgoM nrH$nmmVhr
{d{dYVm AmT>iyZ oVo. Ogo, CVa ^maVmV Jh ho
wI nrH$ Amho, Va {H$ZmanQ>Q>rMm Xoe d X{jU
^maVmV ^mV ho wI nrH$ Amho. ^maVmV dmarMo
CnmXZ moR>m mUmda hmoVo.
m gd {d{dYVoMm gdmJrU n[aUm Amnbo XbXbrMm Xoe
OrdZmZ, MmbrarVr, nanam, bmoH$OrdZ d
gH$Vrda Pmbobm AmT>iVmo.
Amnm XoemV {d{dY OmVr, OmVr d YmMo
bmoH$ amhVmV. {d{dY ^mfm ~mob`m OmVmV.
XoemZwgma AmhmamV, nohamdmV, gU-Cgd,
BmXto AmnU hr {d{dYVm ghO nmh eH$Vmo.
46
 ZH$memer r

da {Xbom ^maVm`m amOH$s` ZH$memMo 4. A{Vnyd}H$S>rb amo doJdoJim aJmZo aJdm.

{ZarjU H$am d Imbrb ZmMr CVao dhrV Zm|Xdm. mMr Zmdo d amOYmm H$moUm Vo {bhm.
1. Amnbo am` AmoiIm. Vwm AmdS>m aJmZo 5. AmH$mamZmZo moR>o AgUmao am` {ndim aJmZo
Vo aJdm d amOYmZrMo Zmd {bhm. aJdm d amOYmZrbm H$am.
2. gdmV CVaoH$S>o AgUmao am` H$moUVo Vo {bhm? 6. bmb AjamZr {b{hbobr Zmdo H$moUVo jo
3. gdmV X{jUobm AgUm`m am`mMo Zmd {bhm. XmIdVmV?
47
 ^maV ho bmoH$emhr OmgVmH$ amQ> Amho.
{Xbr hr ^maVmMr amOYmZr Amho. jo$imm
Q>rZo amOWmZ ho ^maVmVrb gdmV moR>o am
Amho. mZVa Xoe d {Vgm H$mH$mda 1) Amn`m am`m`m eoOmarb Am{U 2014
hmamQ> am Amho. Jmodm ho ^maVmVrb gdmV H$r
jo$i Agbobo am Amho.
.
dJmVrb {dXm`mZr `oH$s EH$-EH$ am`
{ZdS>m. {ZdS>bo`m am`mMr m{hVr Imbr {Xbo`m
wXXm`m AmYmao {idm.
(1) gmm{OH$/gmH${VH$ d{eQ>o : ^mfm, gU,
Cgd, nohamd, ZH$ma.
(2) ^mJmo{bH$ d{eQ>o : ^y$no, Ob$no, dZo.
hr m{hVr {id`mgmR>r Vwhr emioMo
JWmb`, dVmZno, m{gHo$, BQ>aZoQ>, XyaXeZ d
{ejH$mMr XV `m.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
^maVr jomV ^maVmm w ^yr{edm
AZoH$ ~oQ>mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
1. Aa~r gwmVrb bjXdrn ~oQ>o.
2. ~Jmbm CngmJamVrb AXmZ Am{U
{ZH$mo~ma ~oQ>o.
3. ^maVmm w ^yrOdirb gwmVrb ~oQ>o.
48
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
gmbr ZmZo Vma Pmbobo am H$moUVo?
2) ^maVmVrb EHy$U am`o {H$Vr?
3) ^maVr` _hmdmidQ> m_w`mZo H$moU`m
am`mV `oVo?
AmVm Vwhr gH${bV Ho$bom oH$ ammm
d{eQ>mMo VVo Vma H$$Z Vo dJmV {MH$Q>dm. ho
H$aV AgVmZm gKam joo {dg$ ZH$m. Aem
H$mao VwMr {d{dY amm`m d{eQ>mZr wV
Aer dJImobr Vma hmoBb.
^maVmVrb {d{dY XoemZwgma {nH$mm
CnmXZmVhr Amnmbm $aH$ AmT>iVmo. ~mOmamV
qH$dm XH$mZmV Amnmbm {iUmm Mhm, H$m$s,
gr, Am~o BmXr dVy Zom H$moR>o CnmXrV
hmoVmV, m AmnmnV H$em nmohmoMVmV ho AmnU
nwT>rb nmZmdarb ZH$memd$Z gOyZ KoD$m.
m gd ~oQ>mMr WmZo Xoemm gajUmm
Q>rZo AV hdmMr AmhoV. hmamQ>mm
{H$Zmmm ajUmgmR>r mVrb H$mhr ~oQ>mda
{H$bo ~mYbo Jobo. ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H$bo ObXJ
hUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. H$moH$U {H$ZmanQ>Q>rda
Ago {H$bo AZoH$ {R>H$mUr nhmbm {iVmV.
ObXJ : O{Oam
 ZH$memer r

darb ZH$memMo ZrQ> {ZarjU H$am. m ZH$memV
^maVmVrb H$mhr wI ZJXr {nHo$ d {d{dY H$maMo
dmhVwH$sMo mJ XmIdbo AmhoV.
ZH$memm AmYmao Imbrb ZmMr CVao
Xm.
(1) Amn`m am`mV Ho$ea H$moRy>Z AmUmdo bmJob?
mgmR>r gmoBMm _mJ {Jadm.
(2) MhmMo CnmXZ H$moUH$moU`m am`mV hmoVo?
(3) Amn`m am`mV bdJ AmU`mgmR>r mJ
{ZpMV H$am d {Jadm.
(4) g$aMXmMo CnmXZ ^maVmVrb H$moUH$moU`m
am`mV hmoVo Vo emoYm. m ammm Zmdm^modVr
H$am.
49
5. ZmJnyaMr gr {~H$mZoabm nmR>dmgmR>r mJ
{ZpMV H$am d {Jadm.
6. npM ~Jmb ammV H$m$s d Am~o
nmR>dmgmR>r mJ {ZpMV H$am d {Jadm.
7. _hmamQ>mVrb H$mXm AUmMb Xoe `m am`mV
H$moU`m _mJmZo nmR>dmb?
H$m` H$amdo ~ao ?
hf d V{ZH$m w~Bbm amhVmV. `mZm AXmZ
Am{U {ZH$mo~ma ~oQ>o nmhm`Mr AmhoV. W Vo MoZB
oWo mmH$S>o OmUma AmhoV. mZVa m ~oQ>mZm ^oQ>
XoUma AmhoV. m dmgmgmR>r nR>> 49 darb
ZH$memV {Xbom mJmnH$s H$moUVo mJ Adb~mdo
bmJVrb? ZH$memV ho mJ {JadyZ Vwhr mZm
XV H$amb H$m?
dmm
1. nwT>rb {dYmZmVrb MyH$ XV H$$Z {dYmZo
dhrV {bhm.
(A) {hmMb XoemV H$m$sMo io AmhoV.
(Am) H$moH$U Xoe ^maVmm nyd ^mJmV Amho.
(B) {nwam am AmH$mamZmZo gdmV bhmZ
am Amho.
(B) gm~aVr ZXr XoemVyZ dmhVo.
(C) ghmr ndV AmY XoemV Amho.
2. nR> H$.44 d nR> H$. 47 darb ZH$meo A`mgm
d H$moU`m ZX>m H$moU`m am`mVyZ dmhVmV Vo
dhrV Zm|Xdm.
50
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
Amn`m XoemVrb dZnVr, mUr, njr,
mmV {d{dYVm Amho. dZXoemV Jo`mda Vr
Amn`mbm ghO nmhVm oVo. hr {d{dYVm
AmnU Onbr nm{hOo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
^maVmMo dUZ ZH$mem`m AmYmao gOyZ KoVbo.
^maVmVrb ^yy$no d Ob$no gOyZ KoVbr.
^maVmVrb {d{dY ^mfm, nohamd, gU, Cgd,
d{eQ>o `mMr m{hVr H$VrVyZ gOyZ KoVbr.
^maVmVrb H$mhr H$fr CnmXZo d dmhVwH$sMo
mJ `mMr AmoiI H$$Z KoVbr.
CnH$
(1) ^maVm`m CVa grodarb H$moU`mhr
EH$m KQ>H$ammVrb bmoH$OrdZm{dfr
m{hVrMm g{M gJh V`ma H$am.
(2) EH$m{H$H$m gmXa H$am. "r .... am`
~mobV Amho.'
(3) Vw`m n[agamV amhUmar mUg
H$moUH$moU`m ^mfm ~mobVmV `mMr m{hVr
`m. `m ^mfm H$moU`m am`mer g~{YV
AmhoV Vo dhrV Zm|Xdm.
***
 11. Amnbo Ka d nmdaU

A ~ H$

S>
Vwhr emioV, ~mOmamV d naJmdr OmVmZm
dmgmV AZoH$ JmoQ>r nmhVm. Vohm AmdOyZ Kao
nmhm. KamMo {ZarjU H$aVmZm `mMr aMZm, AmH$ma,
dmnabobo ~mYH$mmMo gm{h BmXr ~m~r {dMmamV
`m. Vwhr nm{hbobr H$mhr Kao da {Xbo`m Zw`mer
{iVrOwiVr AmhoV H$m , nhm ~ao !
(1) Kao ~Zd`mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo gm{h` dmnaVmV ?
(2) Vwhr nm{hbom H$moUmhr XmoZ Kamo H$m
$aH$ hmoVm ho Zm|Xdm.
(3) Kamwio Amn`mbm H$moUH$moUm ~m~tnmgyZ
gajU {iVo ?
(4) "A', "~', "H$' m Kamo H$m $aH$ Amho?
H$moUVo Ka OmV gwa{jV dmQ>Vo?
(5) darbnH$s H$moUVr Kao mwmZo ehar ^mJmV
B B
AmT>iVmV ? H$moUVr Kao mwmZo JmrU
^mJmV AmT>iVmV ?
(6) Vwm n[agamMm d hdmmZmMm {dMma H$$Z
mo KamOdirb MmH$Q>rV "P' Aer IyU
H$am.
{MmVyZ AmnU KamMo {d{dY H$ma nm{hbo.
KamMm CnmoJ mwmZo Imbrb ~m~tgmR>r hmoVmo.
* {ZdmmgmR>r.
* {dlmVrgmR>r.
* WS>r, D$Z, dmam, nmD$g mnmgyZ gajU
hmomgmR>r.
* OJbr dmnXmnmgyZ gajU hmomgmR>r
* gmOH$Q>H$mnmgyZ gwa{jV amhmgmR>r.
51
 ZH$memer r

darb AmH$VrV ^maVmMm ZH$mem d m m (1) OmV nmdgmMo Xoe (2) nmdgmMo
^mJmV nydunmgyZ dmnamV Agbobo KamMo H$ma Xoe (3) H$r nmdgmMo Xoe (4) dmidQ>r Xoe
XmIdbo AmhoV. Kamm aMZoo XoemZwgma (5) XbXb`wV Xoe (6) ndVr Xoe
hmoUmao ~Xb gOyZ m. (7) XmZr Xoe.

52
(A) ZH$mem d KamMr {Mo nhm d `mAmYmao nwT>rb VVm nyU H$am.
A. dmnabobo gm{h
Xoe H$ma AmH$ma/aMZm
H$. N>V q^V
1. XmZr Xoe YmmMo Ka AmVmH$Vr bmHy$S>, mVr> XJS>,mVr>
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Am) Kamm aMZoV XoemZwgma hmoUmm ~XbmMr gmYZ {iV Zgmwio qH$dm Vo nwaogo Zgmwio
H$maUo emoYm d Vr Zm|Xdm. AZoH$mZm ~oKa hmdo bmJVo.
m m XoemV Agbo`m hdmmZmZwgma d ~oKa AgUo hr EH$ gmm{OH$ gm Amho.
CnbY Zg{JH$ gmYZgnVrMm CnmoJ H$$Z emgZ Aem VtZm Kao ~mYyZ XomgmR>r AZoH$
mUgmZo Kao ~mYbobr AmT>iVmV. Kam`m H$mamV, moOZm am~dVo. H$mhr ehamo emgZmm$V
`m`m aMZoV, Vr ~mY`mgmR>r dmnabo`m ~oKamgmR>r am{ZdmaogwXYm CnbY Ho$bo OmVmV.
gm{h`mV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. mwio Amn`mbm nadS>Umm
KamMo doJdoJio H$ma nmhm`bm {iVmV. Anwao Am{WH$
KamMm A^md CnZ
oH$mbm hdm, AZ, nmUr, d d
{ZdmmMr JaO AgVo; naVw m JaOmMr nyVVm
gdmm ~m~VrV hmoVoM Ago Zmhr. mwio Imbrb Xm[a ~oKanUmMr ~oamoOJmar
H$maUo
~m~r KS>VmV.
{Zdmam Zgbobo AZoH$ bmoH$ Amnm
AdVr^dVr {XgVmV. Ago bmoH$ amm ~mOym Zg{JH$ emar[aH$ d
miamZmda, nXnWmda, nwbmImbr, nS>m AmnVr mZ{gH$ AmOma
BmaVto, aodo Q>oeZ qH$dm ~gWmZHo$ Aem
AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {Zdmam H$$Z amhVmV. CnOr{dHo$Mo dN> nmUr, nwaogo AZ, {Zdmam d {ejU ho
Amnbo hH$ AmhoV.

H$m H$amdo ~ao?

A{OVm Kamgmoa ~mYH$m gw$
Amho. mwio moR>m mUmda AmdmO hmoVmo
d Yyi ngaVo. A{OVbm d `m`m
KamV`mZm `mMm Iyn mg hmoVmo Amho. m
goVyZ mJ H$mT>mgmR>r A{OVZo H$m
H$amdo?
nXnWmda {Zdmam
53
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?

mUgmm {ZdmmV H$mimZw$n

hmoV Jobobo ~Xb

BmaVrMo ~mYH$m Mmby Agbom EImXm

{R>H$mUmbm ^oQ> Xm. VoWo AgUm`m gm{h`mMr
`mXr H$am. VoWrb XfUmMr _m{hVr `m.
VwMr `mXr {-_{Ut`m `mXrer nS>VmiyZ
nhm. ~mYH$m gm{h`mMo yi moV emoYm d darb
MmH$Q>tV {bhm.
54
~mYH$mmm {R>H$mUr ^oQ>
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
mZdmMr Kao {H$Vrhr doJdoJim H$maMr
Agbr Var, oH$mbm dVm KamMr AmoT>
AgVo. H$maU Ka ho Ho$di Xmao, {IS>m, q^Vr,
N>na mZr Vma hmoV Zmhr. KamVrb mUgo,
mMm Zoh, EH$oH$m~XXbMr AmrVm mwio
Kambm KanU oVo.
Imbrc {Mmm AmYmao n`mdaU XyfU d AmnU mda MMm H$am :

dmiyMm Cngm H$aUmar ~moQ>

dUdm

dZH$Q>mB S>m|Ja nmoIaUo nmmMm Cngm

OJmMr bmoH$g`m gmVmZo dmT>V Amho,
`mwio moR>m g`oZo Kao ~mYbr OmV AmhoV. Kao
~mYmgmR>r moR>m mUmda Zg{JH$ gmYZo
dmnabr OmVmV. hr gmYZo {idmgmR>r Imbrb
~m~r Ho$m OmVmV. mwio Ob, dmy, dZr d
_XoMo XfU hmoVo,> VgoM n`mdaUmMr hmZr hmoVo.
S>m|Ja nmoIaUo.
gw{H$Zmam VgoM ZXrnmmVyZ dmiy Cngm H$aUo.
O{ZrVyZ XJS>mVr H$mT>Uo.
O{ZrVrb nmmMm A{VaoH$s Cngm H$aUo.
OrZ moH$ir H$amgmR>r PmS>o VmoS>Uo.
Vir, AmoT>o, ZXm, ImS>m d gIb ^mJmV ^a
KmbyZ OrZ Vma H$aUo.
eoVr d BVa CnmoJmgmR>r Agbobr OrZ
dmT>m eharH$aUmwio dm d aVo C^mamgmR>r
dmnabr OmVo. eoVrgmR>r OrZ H$r nSy> bmJmZo
dZmgmR>r amIbobr OrZhr eoVrgmR>r dmnaVmV.
mwio moR>m mUmda djVmoS> hmoD$Z dZmMm
Xoe H$r hmoVmo.
KamgmR>r bmJUmao gm{h Vma H$amgmR>r
D$O}Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. mVrnmgyZ {dQ>m,
MwZIS>rnmgyZ {g|Q>, dmiynmgyZ H$mM ~ZdUo
BmXtgmR>r D$O}Mm moR>m mUmda dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo.
D$Om {ZmU H$amgmR>r AmnU H$moigm,
Zg{JH$ dmy d I{ZO Vob mgmaIr Zg{JH$ BYZo
dmnaVmo. hr BYZo EH$Xm dmnabr H$s gnVmV. m
D$OmmoVmm dbZmVyZ dmy XyfUhr hmoVo. ho
D$OmmoV {ZgJmV {ZmU hmomgmR>r bmImo df]
bmJVmV. mwioM w~bH$ mUmV CnbY
Agbom d XyfU Z H$aUmm gmaD$Om, ndZD$Om
mgmam D$OmmoVmMm dmna dmT>dmbm hdm. ho
gnwQ>mV Z oUmao D$OmmoV AmhoV.
gd gOrdmZm {Zdm`mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
mUgmmUoM BVa H$mhr gOrdhr n`mdaUmVrb
{d{dY gmYZmMm dmna H$$Z {Zdmam V`ma H$aVmV.
`mMo {Zdmao n`mdaUnyaH$ d VmnwaVo AgVmV. ho
AmnU mJrb B`VoV nm{hbo Amho. Aer
n`mdaUnyaH$ naVw H$md$nr Kao Amnmbm
gwXYm ~ZdVm Ambr nm{hOoV.
55
nmdaUnyaH$ KamMr H$mhr d{eQ>o
Zg{JH$ gmYZmMm H$rV H$r dmna.
~mmoJg, ndZD$Om d gmaD$Om
mgmam Anman[aH$ D$Om gmYZmMm
dmna.
nmmMm nwZdmna.
Q>mH$mD$ dVyMm nwZdmna.
H${ gm{h d H${ aJmMm A^md.
Kamo Zg{JH$ H$me d hdm IoiVr
amhmMr gmo.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
nmmImbrb {Zdmam
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
_w~B eha ho gmV ~oQ>mda dgbobo Amho. `m
~oQ>m`m Xa`mZ Agbo`m Ob^mJmda XJS> d
_mVrMo ^amd KmbyZ O_rZ V`ma Ho$br Jobr. ZVa
`mda dVr, aVo d CXmoJ {dH${gV Pmbo.
56
nmdaUnyaH$ Ka
ObnQ>Z hm EH$ hdmMm
dgm Pmbm Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUr
nQ>H$mMo {Zdmao gwmImbr Vma
Ho$bo AmhoV. m {ZdmmVyZ
gwmm VimMo VgoM VoWrb
Zmohmar gmJar OrdZmMo
j AZw^dVm oVo. Ago {Zdmao
wamon, CVa Ao[aH$m oWrb
{H$Zmar ^mJmV nmhmbm {iVmV.
Ob^mJ ~wOdyZ V`ma Ho$bobm hm Xoe gIb
^mJmV Ag`mZo AmOhr A{VdQ>r_wio `m ^mJmV
nmUr gmMVo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
XoemVrb hdmmZm`m ~XbmZwgma Ka-
~mYUr`o {d{dYVm {XgyZ `oVo.
XoemZwgma Agbobr KamMr aMZm.
Kao ~mY`mgmR>r {d{dY gm{h` dmnabo OmVo.
Vo {ZgJmVrb KQ>H$mnmgyZM ~Zbobo AgVo.
D$O}Mm dmna VmaVmZo H$amdm.
Zg{JH$ D$OmmoVmMm dmna dmT>dUo JaOoMo Amho.
n`mdaUnyaH$ KamMr {Z{Vr Amd`H$ Amho.
n`mdaUmMr hmZr hmoUma Zmhr, `mH$S>o bj XoUo
JaOoMo AgVo.

Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
njr Amn`m KaQ>mMm dmna H$emgmR>r
H$aVmV?
1. (A) ndVr XoemV ImbrbnH$s H$moUVo Ka mo R>aob? mo {R>H$mUr "P' H$am. mmJMo H$maU {bhm.
(Am) ~hObr Ka ~mYVmZm w`V H$moUVo
gm{h` dmnaVmV ? `mo` n`m` {ZdS>m.
(A) dmiy/H$moigm/{g|Q>/{dQ>m.
(~) {g|Q>/{dQ>m/H$mnyg/bmoIS>.
(H$) bmoIS>/{g|Q>/dmiy/{dQ>m.
2. Kao ~mYVmZm Imbrb ~m~tZm Vwhr H$gm
mYmH$ Xmb?
(A) Amam
(Am) aMZm
(B) hdmmZ
H$m H$amdo ~ao?
n`mdaUmMr hmZr Q>miyZ Kao ~mY`mgmR>r
Amn`mbm H$m` H$m` H$aVm `oBb?
Vwhmbm gwMUm`m Cnm`m~m~V dJmV MMm H$am.
dmm
3. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) Vwm KamVrb H$moUm ~m~r nmdaUnyaH$
AmhoV, mMr mXr H$am.
(Am) KamVrb H$moUVr CnH$aUo AmnU gmaD$O}m
XVrZo dmn$ eH$Vmo?
4. ~mYH$mm`m {R>H$mUr H$moUH$moU`m H$maMo
XyfU AmT>iVo?
CnH$
(1) n`mdaUnyaH$ KamMr {VH$Vr V`ma H$am.
(2) n`mdaUmMr hmZr hmoD$ Z`o hUyZ OZOmJVr
KS>dyZ AmU`mgmR>r, {ejH$mm XVrZo
nWZmQ> V`ma H$$Z gmXa H$am.
(3) bmoH$gh^mJmVyZ Vwm n[agamVrb Od
{d{dYVoMo hd {deX H$aUmao XeZ
^adm.
***
57
 12. gdmgmR>r AZ
bmJVo. emJVrMr H$mo H$aUo AmdH$ AgVo.
gmJm nmh ! mM~amo~a eoVmVrb
(1) [Xdmirm gwmamg H$moUm ^mm {nH$mMo gajU H$amdo
oVmV? H$moUVr $io oVmV? H$moUVo bmJVo Am{U eodQ>r
Ym oVo? hmVr Ambom YmmMr
(2) dmar, ~mOar, VmXi, Am~m, gr, gwa{jV gmR>dU H$amdr
$Ug `mMm hJm_ Ho$hm AgVmo? bmJVo. `m gdM {H$`m
(3) AmnU dZnVtm H$moUH$moUm _hdm`m AgVmV.
AddmMm AZmgmR>r dmna H$aVmo? Amnm XoemMr bmoH$g`m dmT>V Agbr,
Var gdm`m AZmMr JaO ^mJdbr OmV Amho.
eoVr eoVrm gwYm[aV nXYVtMm dmna Ho$mwio ho
eoVrMo hJm dZnVtnmgyZ Amnmbm e Pmbo Amho.
AZ {iVo. `mgmR>r eoVm_`o {nH$mMr noaUr nman[aH$ eoVr nydmnma nXYVrZo eoVr H$aVmZm
d ~mJm`o $iPmS>mMr bmJdS> Ho$br OmVo. ~bmZo AmoT>mMo ZmJa, AmV dmnaV. VgoM eoVmbm
^maVmMm gwmao 60% ^y^mJ eoVrgmR>r dmnamV nmUr XomgmR>r moQ>oMm dmna hmoV Ago.
Amho. G$VwmZmmUo df^amV eoVrMo XmoZ _wI
hJm AgVmV.
OyZ Vo AmQ>mo~a nVm hJmmg Iarn
hJm hUVmV. `m hJm_mV nmdgm`m nm`mMm
`j dmna hmoVmo.
AmQ>mo~a Vo mMnVm hJmmbm a~r hJm
hUVmV. `m hJm_mV O{_ZrV _wabobo nmdgmMo
nmUr, naVrMm _mgyZ Am{U nS>Umao Xd `mMm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo. H$mnUr, iUr BmXr H$mo eoVH$mMo
m{edm mM Vo OyZo Or {nHo$ KoVbr Hw$Qw>~r dV qH$dm ~bmm XVrZo H$aV; naVw
OmVmV mZm Chmir {nHo$ hUVmV. AmVm eoVH$ar hr gd H$m_o `m`m gmhm`mZo H$aV
gmJm nmh ! Amho.
^mVeoVr H$moU`m hJm_mV H$aVmV?
eoVrMr H$mo Amnm eoVmVrb nrH$ MmJbo
dmT>mdo, Ago oH$ eoVH$mbm dmQ>Vo. nrH$ MmJbo
dmT>bo, Va mnmgyZ `mbm CnZhr A{YH$ {iVo.
^aKmog eoVr CnmXZmgmR>r CV_ O_rZ, CV
{~mUo d IVo VgoM nm`mMr CnbYVm Agmdr OrZ ZmJaUr
58
eoVrMo gwYm[aV VkmZ
gwYm[aV {~mUo nydu EH$m hJmmV Vma
Pmbom {nH$mMo {~mUo gwa{jV R>odyZ nwT>rb
hJmmV dmna`mMr nXYV hmoVr. `mnmgyZ
{_iUmao CnmXZ H$_r Ago. AmVm gemoYZ
H$$Z gwYm[aV {~mUo Vma Ho$bo OmVo. dmar,
Jh, ^mV, ^wByJ Aem oH$ {nH$mMo gwYm[aV
{~mUo ~mOmamV {iVo. hr {~mUr A{YH$ nrH$
XoVmV. {H$S>rbm ~ir nS>V ZmhrV. VgoM H$mhr
{~mmnmgyZ {nH$mMr dmT> PnmQ>mZo hmoVo. H$mhr
{~mUr H$r nmmVhr ^aKmog nrH$ XoVmV.
qgMZmm AmYw{ZH$ nXYVr mo doir
nwaogo nmUr {imbo, Va {nH$mMr dmT> MmJbr hmoVo.
nmdgm~amo~aM ZXr, Vbmd, {d{har mVrb nmmMm
CnmoJ eoVrgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. ZXmda YaUo ~mYyZ
VgoM nmdgmMo nmUr AS>dyZ nmUrgmR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
Ago Ho$mZo ^yOb nmVirhr dmT>Vo.
{nH$mbm nmQ>mZo nmUr XomMr nydmnma nXYV
Amho. naVw m nmQ>mVyZ dmhUmm nmmnH$s ~aoM
nmUr O{ZrV {OaVo qH$dm mMo ~mnr^dZ hmoVo,
mwio Iyn nmUr dmm OmVo. AmVm qgMZm`m
AmYw{ZH$ nXYVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. mwio
nmmMr ~MV hmoVo.
{R>~H$ qgMZ Am{U Vwfma qgMZ m qgMZmm
AmYw{ZH$ nXYVr AmhoV. {R>~H$ qgMZ nXYVro
{N>o Agbo`m Z{bH$m dmnaVmV. mwio {nH$m`m
_wimnmer Amd`H$ VodT>oM nmUr {R>~H$Vo. `m_wio
CnbY nm`mMm nwaonya dmna hmoVmo.
{R>>~H$ qgMZ
Vwfma qgMZ
Vwfma qgMZ nXYVro bhmZ-moR>m
H$mamYyZ {nH$mda nmUr $dmabo OmVo.
m{hVr {idm.
1. dmar`m gwYm[aV {~mUmMr XmoZ Zmdo.
2. eoVH$ar moQ> dmnamgmR>r H$moUmMr XV KoV
AgV?
3. AmOH$mb O{ZrImbMo nmUr H$go CngVmV?
IVo
O{Zro VrM VrM {nHo$ KoVbr Jomg
O{ZrMr gwnrH$Vm H$r H$r hmoV OmVo, hUyZ
Amnmbm mVrV IVo {giyZ mVrMr gwnrH$Vm
dmT>dmdr bmJVo. `m_wio {nH$mZm mo m
nmofH$mMm nwadR>m hmoVmo. Zg{JH$ IVo Am{U
amgm{ZH$ IVo Aer XmoZ H$maMr IVo AgVmV.
Zg{JH$ IVo hr {ZgJmV CnbY Agbom
nmbmnmMmoim d eoU Aem nXmWmMm dmna H$$Z
{idVmV.
amgm{ZH$ IVo hUOo H${ IVo. m
IVmo eoVrbm CnwV Aem {d{dY amgm{ZH$
KQ>H$mMo Zom mUmV Ho$bobo {lU AgVo.
nydmnma eoVrnXYVrV eoUIV, b|S>rIV
{hadirMo IV, H$nmoQ> IV Aem Zg{JH$ IVmMm
dmna Ho$bm OmB. naVw CnmXZmV erK d A{YH$ dmT>
hmo`mgmR>r dmnabo`m amgm{ZH$ IVmm dmnamMo
VmoQ>ohr bjmV oD$ bmJbo. amgm{ZH$ IVmMm
59
~ogwma dmna Pmmwio, A{V[aV IVo O{ZrV
{ebH$ amhVmV. `m_wio O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm H$_r
hmoVo. Aem O{_ZrV Ym` CnmXZ KQ>Vo.
eoVrgmR>r nm`mMm A{Vdmna Ho$`mZo
O{_Zr jmanS> hmoV AmhoV. `m ^mJm_`o _w~bH$
_mUmV nmUr CnbY Amho `m {R>H$mUr jmanS>
O{_ZrMo _mU dmT>bobo {XgyZ `oVo. CXmhaUmW,
YaUjombJV`m O{_Zr, ZXrH$mR>`m O{_Zr.
O{_Zr jmanS> Pmmg mVrMo narjU H$$Z
O{ZrVrb H$VaVm ^$Z H$mT>mgmR>r AmdH$
Vo KQ>H$ Q>mH$Vm oVmV. mwio O{ZrMr gwnrH$Vm
dmT>Vo; naVw mV doi Am{U ngm dmm OmVmo.
mwio O{Zr jmanS> hmoD$ Z`oV hUyZ nmUr d
amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm A{Vdmna Q>miUo MmJbo.
{nH$mMo gajU {H$S>rwio qH$dm amoJ nSy>Z
{nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `mda Cnm` hUyZ H$sS>
Am{U amoJOVy maUmar H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ {nH$mda
$dmabr OmVmV qH$dm {~mUo noamAmYr mda
AmfYo MmoiVmV.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ $dmaUr
YmmMr gmR>dU eoVrVrb CnmXZ
dmT>dm~amo~aM eoVmVyZ {imbobo Ym ZrQ>
gmR>dUo hohr {VVHo$M hdmMo Amho.
Ym gmR>dmgmR>r H$moUm nXYVr
dmnaVmV?
60
eoVH$ar hmVr Ambobo Ym` ChmV MmJbo
dmidyZ nmo`mV ^aVmV. hr nmoVr KamV qH$dm
{dH$sZVa JmoXm_m_`o qH$dm XH$mZm_`o _moR>m
_mUmV gmR>dbr OmVmV.
gmR>dbom YmmMr ZmgmS>r XmoZ H$mamZr
hmoVo. H$sS>-wJr, CXra-Kwer mmwio YmmMr
Iyn ZmgmS>r hmoVo; VgoM XQ> d H$m|XQ> OmJr Ym
gmR>dmg Ymmbm ~waer bmJyZ Vo ImmbmH$
amhV Zmhr.
Ym JmoXm
H$sS>-wJrMm Cnd hmoD$ Zo hUyZ Ym
gmR>dUrm OmJr mo Vr AmfYo $dmaVmV qH$dm
YmgmR>m^modVr ngaVmV.
YmgmR>mV H$Sw>qZ~mMm nmbmhr KmbVmV.
YmgmR>mV R>odmgmR>r H$mhr gajH$ AmfYohr
~mOmamV {iVmV. mm dmgmZo Ymmbm H$sS>
bmJV Zmhr. Ymmbm ~waer bmJy Zo, hUyZ Ym
gmR>dmMr OmJm Zohr H$moaS>r R>odVmV. VgoM VoWo
hdm IoiVr amhrb mMr H$miOr KoVmV.
H$Sw>qZ~mMm nmbm

Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
H$UJr qH$dm Hw$S>mm Q>monmMm Ym
gmR>dmgmR>r CnmoJ Ho$bm AgVm H$m $mXm
hmoVmo?
AZgM Am{U nmdaU gdYZ
_mUgm_mUo BVa H$mhr gOrdhr AZgmR>m
H$aVmV. {d{dY gOrdmMr AZgmR>m H$a`mMr
nXYV doJir AgVo. CXmhaUmW, wm, _w`mgmaIo
{H$Q>H$ AZmMm gM H$aVmV. VgoM Ymm
w$bmVyZ {idbobm H$aX Ymm $nmV
nmoimo gmR>dyZ R>odVmV.
ImargwXYm djmm {~m gmR>dyZ R>odVmV.
Aem H$mao AZgM Ho$mwio m mmZm
AmdH$ m doir AZ CnbY hmoD$ eH$Vo.
AZgM`
dZnVr mZm bmJUmm AZmMr {Z{Vr
gVV H$aV AgVmV. Varhr AZmMm gmR>m H$aUmm
H$mhr dZnVr {ZgJmV AmT>iVmV.
Vwhr dZnVtMo {Za{Zamio H$X nm{hbo
AmhoV. H$mXm, bgyU, ~Q>mQ>o, Ambo ho H$X hUOo
m dZnVtMm ImoS>mMm ^mJ hmo. aVmio, wim,
JmOa, ~rQ> hr m m
dZnVtMr wio AmhoV.
m ^mJmo m dZnVr
AZgmR>m H$aVmV.
AmnUhr Amn`m KamV
JaOonwaVm AZYmmMm gmR>m H$aV AgVmo.
^maVmV gwYm[aV eoVr VkmZmwio w~bH$
Ym CnmXZ hmoV Amho. ho Ym moR>moR>m
JmoXmmV gmR>dbo OmVo. EImXm dfr nya, AdfU,
dmXio, JmanrQ> Aem AmnVrwio eoVrMo MS>
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ^yH$nmgmam AmnVtwio bmoH$
{dWm{nV hmoVmV. mZmhr AZYmmMr H$VaVm
^mgVo. Aem doir JmoXmmVrb AZYmgmR>mMm
CnmoJ hmoVmo.
dV Ym` XH$mZmbm ^oQ> aoeqZJ `dWm
OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>r Vw_`m n[agamVrb dV Ym`
XH$mZmbm ^oQ> Xm. VoWo H$moUH$moUVo Ym` H$ma
{_iVmV Vo nhm.
h[aVH$mVr AmO Amnbm Xoe AZYmmgX^mV
dmdb~r Pmbm Amho. mM~amo~a JaOohZ A{YH$
{nH$bobo Ym AmnU naXoemV {ZmV H$$
eH$Vmo. Amnm XoemV YmmonmXZmV Pmbobr
MS> dmT> "h[aVH$mVr' ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo.
dkm{ZH$, {dkmZgmaH$ Am{U eoVH$ar `m`m
EH${V `Zm_wio hr h[aVH$mVr KSy>Z Ambr. Jh
d VmXimm {~mUmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUyZ
h[aVH$mVr H$amMo lo H$fremk S>m. E. Eg.
dmrZmWZ mmH$S>o OmVo.
S>m. E.Eg. dmrZmWZ
61
 AZgwajm AZ hr Amnbr _yb^yV JaO
Amho. `oH$mbm Amd`H$ d nwaogo AZ {_imdo
`m hoVyZo AZoH$ XoemZr AZmMr h_r Xo`mgmR>r
H$m`Xo Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo "AZgwajoMo H$m`Xo' hUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVmV. 2013 _`o Amn`m XoemZohr
AZgwajoMm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Amho. `m_wio Hw$nmofU,
Cnmg_ma, ^yH$~ir B`mXr g_`mMm gm_Zm H$aUo
e` Pmbo Amho.
H$fr ghmH$ CnH$ `m CnH$_mXdmao
eoVH$`mZm eoVrg~Yr AmYw{ZH$ VkmZ,
ObqgMZ gmoB, gwYm[aV {~`mUo, {d{dY IVo d
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dmna BmXr _m{hVr {_iVo.
eoVH$ar AmVm hdmmZmMm AXmO, eoVr{dfH$
m{hVr H$fr ghm`H$ H|$mVyZ {idVmV.
H$fr ghmH$ H|$mVyZ m{hVr KoUmam eoVH$ar
`m{edm `m`mgmR>r eoVremimhr gw$
H$amV Amm AmhoV. m emimV eoVH$ar
Hw$Qw>~mVrb gX eoVr{dfH$ ZdrZ VkmZ
{eH$VmV. H$frCnZ ~mOma g{_m`m
_m`_mVyZhr XeZo ^ad`mV `oVmV.
emgZmMm H${f{d^mJ, H${f{dXmnrR>o, XaXeZ,
dV_mZno, eoVr{df`H$ {d{dY {ZVH$m{bHo$,
eoVrda AmYm[aV {deofmH$ `mm_m\$V AmYw{ZH$
eoVrMm Mma d gma Ho$bm OmVmo. gd eoVH$mZm
gwYm[aV nXYVr dmn$Z ^aKmog CnZ KoUo e
Pmbo Amho. gnyU Xoembm `mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Amho.
62
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
g|{ eoVr : Zg{JH$ nXmW dmn$Z
Ho$bom eoVrbm "g|{ eoVr' hUVmV. hm
nman[aH$ eoVrMm EH$ H$ma Amho. m eoVro
O{ZrVrb nmofH$ Vdo {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV. Aem
eoVro dmnabobr H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$hr Amnm
earamda Xn[aUm H$aV ZmhrV. `m eoVro
CJdbobo AZYm H$gXma AgVo. m{edm
Vo Mdrbmhr CV AgVo. mwio g|{ eoVr
H$aUo eoVH$ar ngV H$$ bmJbo AmhoV.
m eoVro dZnVtnmgyZ d mmnmgyZ
{iUmm IVmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m
IVmo hmS>mMm Mwam, mgir, eoUIV,
mmMo by VgoM dZnVr d m`mMo
Hw$Obobo Adeof BmXtMm gmdoe AgVmo.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
(1) eoVrgmR>r AmdH$ VodT>oM nmUr dmnamdo.
(2) amgm{ZH$ IVo, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ dmnaVmZm
H$miOr mdr VgoM mMm A{V[aV dmna
Q>mimdm.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
eoVrMo Iarn d a~r ho wI hJm AmhoV.
gwYm[aV eoVrVkmZmwio AZYm CnmXZmV
dmT> hmoVo.
H${fghmH$ CnH$mXdmao eoVH$mZm
eoVr{dfH$ ZdrZ VkmZmMr m{hVr {iVo.
 dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 5. OmoS>m Owidm.
Hw$S>rVrb amon dmT>V Zmhr. "A' JQ> "~' JQ
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. (1) XQ> hdoVrb (A) Ymmbm ~waer Z
Kamo AZYmmMm gmR>m H$emgmR>r Ho$bobm YmgmR>m bmJUo.
AgVmo? (2) H$moaS>m hdoVrb (Am) H$sS>-wJr Z
3. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gmJm. MwH$sMo {dYmZ XV YmgmR>m bmJUo.
H$$Z {bhm. (3) YmgmR>mV (B) ~waer bmJUo.
(A) eoVr H$amMr $V EH$M nXYV Amho. AmfYo R>odUo.
(Am) Amnbm ^maV Xoe eoVrYmZ Amho.
(B) gwYm[aV {~mUmm dmnamwio CnmXZ CnH$
dmT>V Zmhr. 1. KamV gmR>m H$$Z R>odbom dVy Vwm
nmbH$mZr Ho$hm IaoXr Ho$m mMr Zm|X
4. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
H$am.
(A) gwYm[aV {~mUmm dmnamwio H$moUH$moUVo
2. Ymmm nmM H$mam {~m Jmoim
$mXo hmoVmV?
H$$Z mMr N>moQ>r nm{H$Q>o H$$Z moR>m
(Am) qgMZmm gwYm[aV nXYVr H$moUm?
nwR>R>mda {MH$Q>dm d Ymm{dfr
mMo $mXo H$moUVo?
g{dVa m{hVr {idm.
(B) {R>~H$ qgMZ nXYVrMo dUZ H$am.
3. AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmMm dmna H$$Z eoVr
(B) H$moUH$moUm H$maUmwio dmT>m {nH$mMo
H$aV Agbom {R>H$mUr {ejH$m~amo~a
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo?
^oQ> XoD$Z m{hVr {idm.
(C) {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ Q>mimgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm
moOVmV?
(D$) O{ZrMm H$g H$emwio H$r hmoVmo? ***
(E) AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmwio eoVrm nXYVrV
H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV?
(Eo) H$moUH$moUm nXYVrZo Ym {Q>H$dVm
oVo?
(Amo) eoVrgmR>r nmUr H$moRy>Z CnbY Ho$bo OmVo?

63
 13. AZ {Q>H$dmm nXYVr
Jh, VmXi, S>mir, H$S>Ymo mgmam
YmmMr Amnmbm gVV JaO ^mgVo; naVw mMr bmoUMr, H$mXm, mgir, gmbo BmXr M{dQ>
{nHo$ dfmH$mR>r R>amdrH$ H$mimVM oVmV. ho nXmW
Zohr CnbY hmomgmR>r EH$m hJmmMo nrH$ nwT>rb
hJm oBnV df^a nwadmdo bmJVo d Vo gwa{jV
R>odmMr JaO AgVo.
{d{dY AZnXmW doJdoJim {R>H$mUr CnbY
hmoVmV. VoWyZ Xa Agbom bmoH$mnV Vo gwpWVrV
nmoMdmdo bmJVmV. CXmhaUmW, XY, XYmMo nXmW d
AS>r ho XYdgm H|$, Hw$Hw$Q>nmbZ H|$
`mnmgyZ bmoH$mZm {ionV {Q>Hy$Z amhmMr gmo
H$amdr bmJVo.
doJdoJim F$VyV doJdoJir $io Am{U ^mm
^anya mUmV {iVmV.
mm Zg{JH$ hJmmV mMm dmXhr
gdm}V AgVmo. moR>m mUmda Ambobr $io d
^mm dmm OmD$ ZoV VgoM df^a mMm AmdmX
KoVm mdm, mgmR>r AmnU Vr {Q>H$dmMm Z
H$aVmo.
64
KamoKar AZoH$ H$maMo nmnS>-Hw$aS>m, wam~o-
nXmW df^amgmR>r {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo OmVmV. hbr ho
nXmW {dH$Vhr {iVmV.
nmnS>, Hw$aS>m
bmoUMo d wam~o
dnmH$KamV bmJUmm dVy AmUmgmR>r
nwhm nwhm ~mOmamV Omdo bmJy Zo, hUyZ AmnU
~aoM {XdgmgmR>rMo gmmZ AmUyZ KamV gmR>dVmo.
Xnmam OodUmgmR>r Vma Ho$bobo AZ Cabo, Va Vo
gmH$mir qH$dm Xgm {Xderhr ImVm `mdo
mgmR>rhr AZ {Q>H$dmm H$mhr nXYVr
dmnaVmo.
gmJm nmh !
Imbr {Xbom nXmWmm gX^mVrb ZmMr
CVao KamVrb moR>mH$Sy>Z {idm.
XY, ^mm, Ymo, {nR>o, gmIa, Jyi
BmXr.
(1) nXmW Iam~ Pmbm, Ago AmnU Ho$hm
hUVmo? mV H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbobo
AgVmV?
(2) AZnXmW Iam~ hmomgmR>r bmJUmam doi
doJdoJim G$Vyo doJim AgVmo H$m?
(3) gdmV bdH$a Iam~ hmoUmao nXmW H$moUVo?
 (4) KamV AmUbobo nXmW OmV {Xdg MmJbo
amhmdoV mgmR>r H$m H$m Ho$bo OmVo?
AZnXmW H$moUm H$maUmZr Iam~ hmoVmV
ho gObo, Va Vo Iam~ Z hmomgmR>r
H$m H$amdo hohr Amnmbm gOob.
{idbom m{hVrd$Z nwT>rb JmoQ>r
Vwm bjmV Amm AgVrb.
(1) {hdmimV hUOoM WS>rm {XdgmV
AZnXmW OmV H$mi MmJbo amhVmV.
VgoM nXmW {$Oo qH$dm ~$mV WS>
R>odbo Va Vo AmUIr OmV H$mi {Q>H$VmV.
(2) Ymo ChmV dmidyZ gmR>dVmV. H$mXo,
~Q>mQ>o ChmimV moH$im hdoV R>odyZ
MmJbo dmidyZ H$moaS>m OmJr R>odbo, Va
Iyn {Xdg MmJbo amhVmV.
(3) XY CH$iyZ R>odbo, Va MmJbo amhVo. OodU
Pmmda, Cabobr AmQ>r, ^mOr nwT>m
OodUmnV MmJbr amhmdr hUyZ CH$iyZ
R>odVmV.
(4) Amag, XY ho bdH$a Iam~ hmoUmao nXmW
AmhoV.
(5) {H$S>o, wm, CXra, Kwer d mOatnmgyZ
Amnbo AZ Xa R>odmdo bmJVo.
.
(1) EH$m MnmVrMo VrZ VwH$S>o `m.
(2) EH$ VwH$S>m VgmM ~X S>mV R>odm.
(3) Xgam VwH$S>m nwhm Ja Vmda H$any Z XoVm
MmJbm ^mOyZ WS> H$$Z, S>mV ~X H$$Z
R>odm.
(4) e Agmg {Vgam VwH$S>m S>mV KmbyZ
{$Oo R>odm.
`m VwH$S>mMo XmoZ Vo VrZ {Xdg gH$mi-
g`mH$mi {Z[ajU H$am.
H$m AmT>iyZ oVo?
S>mV ~X Ho$bom MnmVr`m VwH$S>mda
H$mngmgmaIo nmT>ao qH$dm H$mio/{hado VVy dmTy>
bmJVmV d `mbm dmg oD$ bmJVmo. mCbQ>
{$Oo R>odbobm VgoM nwhm ^mOyZ, WS> H$$Z
R>odbobm VwH$S>m ~aoM {Xdg Iam~ hmoV Zmhr.
Ago H$m hmoVo?
MnmVr`m VwH$S>mda dmT>Umao H$mngmgmaIo
VVy hUOo EH$ H$maMr ~waer AgVo. ~waer hm
gyOrdmMm EH$ H$ma Amho.
gy_XeH$mVyZ {XgUmar ~waer
~waerMo ~rOmUy hdoV qH$dm nmmV AgVmV.
S>mVrb MnmVr`m VwH$S>m_wio ~waerm dmT>rgmR>r
bmJUmao nmofH$ dmVmdaU hUOo AZ, nmUr VgoM hdm
Am{U D$~hr {iVo.hUyZM S>mVrb MnmVr`m
VwH$S>mda ~waer dmT>br.
AZ Am{U gyOrd
Amnm g^modVr hdoV, nmmV gJirH$S>o
gyOrd AgVmV ho Vwhmbm mhrV Amho.
gdgmYmaU n[apWVrV AZnXmWmm ~amo~a D$~,
nmUr Am{U hdm m gd JmoQ>r CnbY AgVmV,
hUOo Amnm AZmV qH$dm AZnXmWmV
gyOrdmMr dmT> ^a^a hmoUo ZohrM e AgVo.
Vo Amnmbm {XgV ZmhrV; naVw gyOrd AZmV
dmTy> bmJbo H$s AZ Iam~ hmoVo. Ago AZ
ImmZo nmoQ>XIr, Owbm~, CbQ>m hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Aem AZmMo nmofUy H$r Pmbobo AgVo. H$mhr
doiobm H$Vrbm YmoH$m hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
65
AZ {Q>H$dmm nXYVr
dmidUo AmnU nXmW dmidVmo Vohm
mVrb nmUr {ZKyZ OmVo. nmnS>, Hw$aS>m, gmS>Jo,
Jh, S>mir Ago nXmW dmidyZ {Q>H$dbo OmVmV.
WS> H$aUo AZ {$Oo R>odVmo Vohm
gyOrdmm dmT>rgmR>r bmJUmar D$~ mZm
{iV Zmhr.
CH$iUo nXmW CH$iVmo Vohm mVrb
gyOrdmMm Zme hmoVmo.
hdm~X S>mV R>odUo hdm~X S>mV nXmW
R>odVmZm mVrb gyOrdmMm AmYr Zme Ho$bm
OmVmo. mZVa mV hdm, nmUr {eaUma Zmhr mMr
H$miOr KoVbr OmVo.
66
mMm AW Agm H$s, AZnXmW {Q>H$dmgmR>r
mVrb gyOrdmMm Zme H$amdm bmJVmo.
AZnXmWmV gyOrdmMr dmT> hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr
Aem n[apWVrV Vo R>odmdo bmJVmV.
.
bmoUMo
gm{h AmH$mamMr H$mMoMr ~aUr,
gwar, MMm, 7-8 qb~o, nmd dmQ>r rR>, 2 MMo
{VIQ>, XrS> dmQ>r gmIa.
H$Vr ~aUr dN> d H$moaS>r H$$Z m.
gwarZo oH$ qb~mm AmR> $moS>r H$am. m $moS>r
~aUrV ^$Z mda gmIa, rR> Am{U {VIQ>
Kmbm. ho {lU H$moaS>m bmH$S>r qH$dm Q>rb`m
MmZo ZrQ> hbdm, hUOo gd KQ>H$ {gibo
OmVrb. m ~aUr`m Vm|S>mda dN> H$mnS>
KQ>Q> ~mYyZ ~aUr H$S>H$ ChmV gwmao Xhm {Xdg
R>odm. amoOm amoO MmZo T>dim. T>diVmZm
VwMo hmV d MMm Xmohr dN> d H$moaS>o R>odm.
OodUm~amo~a ho wabobo bmoUMo ImD$Z ~Km !
n[aajHo$$ bmoUMr, wam~o {Q>H$dmgmR>r mV
H$mhr {d{eQ> nXmW KmbVmV. mwio ho nXmW
df^a {Q>H$VmV. Aem nXmWmZm "n[aajH$' Ago
hUVmV. gmIa, rR>, qhJ, _mohar, ImXVob,
phZoJa hr n[aajH$mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
Amn`m OodUmVrb nXmWmm MdrYrb
{d{dYVm hr _gm`m_iw o AgVo. _gm`m`m `oH$
nXmWmMr Md doJir AgVo. gmmMr Md d dmg
CJ AgVmo hUyZ Vo WmoS>m _mUmV dmnabo OmVmV.
_gm`mMo nXmW dmidyZ Iyn {XdgmgmR>r
gmR>dVm `oVmV. `mm {_lUmMr nyS> H$$Z
gmbo Vma H$aVm oVmV. {d{dY _gmbo {d{dY
dZnVt`m R>amdrH$ ^mJmnmgyZ {_iVmV.
gmmMo nXmW
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao?
(A) nmnS> gmXibo AmhoV.
(Am) Am~m, H$ar, Amdim, no$ Aer $io, Va
Q>ma, oWr, H$mXm, Q>moQ>mo Aem ^mm
R>amdrH$ H$mimV ^anya mUmV CnbY
AgVmV. Vo df^a dmnam`Mo AmhoV.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
eodm AZoH$ {Xdg MmJm amhVmV; naVw
eodmMr Ira bdH$aM Iam~ hmoVo, Ago H$m?
3. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gmJm. MwH$sMo {dYmZ XV
H$$Z {bhm.
(A) nXmW CH$iVmo Vohm mVrb gyOrdmMm
Zme hmoVmo.
(Am) gyOrd AZmV dmTy> bmJbo, H$s Amnbo
AZ Iam~ hmoV Zmhr.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
~X nm{H$Q>o, hdm~X S>~o mVrb Vma AZnXmW
{dH$V KoVmZm mda {Xbobm CnwVVm
H$mbmdYr VnmgyZ mdm.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
F$VwmZmmUo bmoUMr, wam~o, nmnS>,
Hw$aS>B, gmS>Jo Ago nXmW H$$Z R>odbo H$s
mMm df^a AmdmX KoVm oVmo.
hdm, nmUr d D$~ Agbom {R>H$mUr
AZnXmWmV gyOrdmMr dmT> PnmQ>mZo
hmoVo. H$mhr gyOrdmwio AZnXmW Iam~
hmoVmV.
dmidUo, WS> H$aUo, CH$iUo, hdm~X
S>mV R>odUo, n[aajHo$ dmnaUo m AZ
{Q>H$dmm {d{dY nXYVr AmhoV.
dmm
(B) ChmimV dmidyZ R>odbobo nXmW df^a
dmnaVm oV ZmhrV.
(B) {$Oo R>odmwio AZmbm D$~ {iVo.
4. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) AZ H$moUH$moUm nXYVrZo {Q>H$dbo
OmVo?
(Am) Iam~ Pmbobo AZ AmnU ImmMo H$m
Q>miVmo?
(B) $imMo wam~o H$m Ho$bo OmVmV?
(B) n[aajH$mMm dmna H$emgmR>r H$aVmV?
(E) _gm`mMo {d{dY nXmW H$moUVo? Vo
dZnVtMm H$moUVm ^mJ AmhoV?
CnH$ ^oQ> Xm, m{hVr {idm d BVamZm gmJm.
1. bmoUMr, nmnS>, ga~Vo ~ZdUmao JhCXmoJ.
2. XY, _mgo qH$dm \$io erVH$aU H|$.
***
67

wbmZmo, AmnU EH$ `moJ H$$`m.
Vw`m KamnmgyZ gmYmaUnUo EH$ {H$bmorQ>a
AVamda AgUmao {mMo qH$dm {UrMo Ka, ~{JMm,
XwH$mZ, emim B`mXtnH$s EH$ {R>H$mU {ZdS>m.
(1) {ZdS>bo`m {R>H$mUmnV n{h`m {Xder
MmbV Om.
(2) Xwgm {Xder gm`H$bda Om.
(3) {Vgm {Xder dM{bV dmhZmZo Om.
ho H$aV AgVmZm VwMo emioMo XVa Zohr
gmo~V R>odm. VrZhr dmgmgmR>r EH$M mJ dmnam.
AmVm Imbrb wXXm`m AmYmao dhrV Zm|Xr H$am.
1. {Vhr {Xder dmgmg bmJbobm doi.
2. H$moU`m dmgmg gdmV OmV d H$moUm
dmgmg gdmV H$r doi bmJbm?
68
14. dmhVyH$
3. H$moU`m dmgmV Vwhmbm dV gm{h` dmhZ
`mdo bmJbo?
4. H$moUVm dmg AmamXm`r dmQ>bm?
5. H$moU`m dmgmV BYZmMm dmna H$amdm bmJbm?
6. Yya, AmdmO `mMm mg H$moUm dmgmV OmV
OmUdbm?
darb Zm|XtXdmao Vw`m bjmV Ambo Agob,
H$s nm`r MmbV OmVmZm OmV doi bmJVmo d
gm{h` dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r l H$amdo bmJVmV.
dmhZmMm dmna Ho$`mwio doioMr d lmMr ~MV
hmoVo.
mM~amo~a hohr bjmV Ambo Agob, H$s
dM{bV dmhZmgmR>r BYZmMm dmna H$amdm
bmJVmo. m dmhVyH$ gmYZmwio hdoMo d AmdmOmMo
XyfU hmoVo, hUOoM dmhVwH$sMo MmJbo d dmBQ>
Ago Xmohrhr n[aUm AmhoV.
AmOm J{VmZ wJmV dmg d gm{hmMr
Zo-AmU H$amgmR>r Amnmbm {d{dY
dmhVwH$sm gmYZmda Adb~yZ amhmdo bmJVo.
dmhVwH$sMo AZoH$$ $mXo AmhoV.
H$mo ObX JVrZo hmoVmV.
doi d lmMr ~MV hmoVo.
mnmadmT>rg MmbZm {iVo.
OJmVrb {d{dY Xoe dmhVwH$sm gmoBwio
EH$oH$mer OmoS>bo Jobo AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ VamdaXoIrb dVyMr dmhVyH$ ghO
d gmonr Pmbr Amho.
{d{dY dVy ghO CnbY hmoD$Z bmoH$mMo
OrdZmZ gwYmabo Amho.
nQ>Z, Amamo, {ejU BmXr gw{dYm J{VmZ
Pmm AmhoV.
{d{dY H$mam dmhVwH$tm gmoBwio OJ
Odi Ambo Amho.
dmhVwH$sMo $mXo mda dJmV MMm H$am.
gmJm nmh !
l {MmMo {ZarjU H$$Z Imbrb ZmMr/
wXXmMr CVao dhrV {bhm.
1. {MmVrb wbo H$moR>o Wm~br AmhoV?
2. {VWo Vr H$emgmR>r Wm~br AgmdrV?
3. {MmVrb wbo H$m H$aV AmhoV?
4. mZm H$emwio mg hmoV Agmdm?
l amm H$S>om d amnmgyZ Xada
Agbom dZnVtYrb $aH$ nwT>rb
wXXmm AmYmao Zm|Xdm.
(A) nmZmMm VOobXmanUm.
(Am) nmZmMm aJ.
(B) dZnVrMo d$n.
m {ZarjUmd$Z Vwm bjmV Ambo Agob,
H$s dXirm amda dmhZmMr o-Om gVV Mmby
AgVo. BYZmm dbZmwio dmhZmVyZ gmVmZo
Yya d H$mhr {dfmar dmy gmoS>bo OmVmV. mo
mwmZo H$m~Z moZmoAmgmBS>, ZmQ>moOZ
S>mAmgmBS> d g$a S>mAmgmBS> ho dmy
AgVmV. VgoM YwamdmQ>o H$m~Z, {ego mMo gyH$U
~mhoa nS>VmV d hdoV {giVmV. m KQ>H$mMm
A{VaoH$ Pmmg n[agamVrb hdoMr JwUdVm H$r
hmoVo. mbmM AmnU hdoMo XyfU hUVmo.
hdom XfUmwio mUr d dZnVtda nwT>rb
n[aUm hmoVmV.
69
 dmgZ{bH$m, S>moio d w$w$gmMo {dH$ma hmoVmV. md$Z Amn`m Ago bjmV `oVo, H$s
CXm., S>moio OiOiUo. Odi`m AVamgmR>r nm`r OmUo Va WmoS>m Xada
PmS>mMr nmZo H$anVmV d JiVmV. H$m|~ (AHw$a) Om`mgmR>r gm`H$b dmnaUo Aem gd`r AmnU
OiVmV. PmS>mMr dmT> d {dH$mg IwQ>Vo. bmdyZ KoV`m nm{hOoV. `m_wio d`M{bV
dZXoemVyZ dmhZmMr dXi dmT>mg VoWrb dmhZmMm dmna Q>miyZ XfU Q>miVm `oVo. BVa doir
mUr d dZnVr mm A{Ydmgmg ~mYm gmdO{ZH$ d ImgJr dmhZmMm dmna AmdH$VoZwgma
nmohMVo. m XoemVrb d Ord WbmV[aV Ho$mg doi d l mMr ~MV hmoVo. Aem[aVrZo
hmoD$ bmJVmV. dmhVwH$sm dmBQ> n[aUmmMr VrdVm AmnU H$r
dmhZmm gVVm AmdmOmZo moR>m mUmda H$$ eH$Vmo. m{edm XyfU H$r H$amgmR>r
Jm|JmQ> hmoVmo. mwio AdWVm, {MS>{MS> nwT>rb Cnm AmhoV.
hmoUo, S>moHo$ XIUo, bj Z bmJUo, Zmo{dH$ma (1) H$r XyfU H$aUm`m BYZmMm dmna H$aUo.
BmXr n[aUm hmoVmV. (2) doi`m doir dmhZmMr XoI^mb d XVr
dmhVwH$sMr H$m|S>r Pmmg m n[agamV hdoMo H$aUo.
d AmdmOmMo XfU dmT>Vo. (3) eVmo gmdO{ZH$ dmhZmMm dmna H$aUo.
dmhZmm AnKmVmwio OIr hmoUo, y (4) Amd`H$ VoWoM ImgJr dmhZmMm dmna H$aUo.
hmoUo d dmhZmMo ZwH$gmZ hmoUo ho H$ma KS>VmV.
dmhVwH$sMo dmBQ> n[aUm mda dJmV MMm H$am.

gmJm nmh !

(A) nm`r OmUo.

(Am) gm`H$bd$Z OmUo.
(B) ImgJr dmhZmZo OmUo.
(B) gmdO{ZH$ dmhZmZo OmUo.
Imbrb gJr darbnH$s H$moUVm n`m` {ZdS>mb?
djmamonU
(1) KamOdim {mH$S>o A`mgmbm Om`mgmR>r.
(5) dj bmJdS>, {deofV dS>, qnni, H$Sy>qb~,
(2) EH$ {H$bmorQ>a AVamdarb emioV H$aO, BmXr ^maVr` djmMr bmJdS> d
Om`mgmR>r. OmonmgZm H$aUo. Wm{ZH$ n`mdaUmer ho dj
(3) naJmdr {dkmZ XeZmg gm{h` KoD$Z ghO OwidyZ KoVmV d Od{d{dYVm dmT>`mg
Om`mgmR>r. `mMr _XV hmoVo.
(6) XfUH$mar BYZmMm dmna Q>miUo. dmhZmgmR>r
(4) eoOma`m JmdmV bZmbm Om`mgmR>r.
CNG qH$dm LPG gmaIr BYZo dmnaUo.

70
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?

dmhVwH$sm XyfUmda Cnm mda dJmV MMm

H$am.

ho Zohr bjmV R>odm. AmOm AmYw{ZH$ wJmV AmnU BYZmda

MmbUmar dmhZo, OhmOo d {dmZo dmnaV AmhmoV.
mnydu dmnamV Agbobr OhmOo Aem H$mam
Amnbo n`mdaU gdoXZerb AgVo. `mwio
mda MmbV ZgV. hr OhmOo dmmm doJmMm
n`mdaUmda XyfUmMo {dKmVH$ n[aUm hmoVmV.
dmna H$$Z Mmbdbr OmV AgV. mZm {eS>mMo
Vo Amn`mgh gd gOrdmgmR>r hm{ZH$maH$
Jb~V qH$dm OhmO hUV. m H$mimV m
AgVmV. XyfU Q>miUo A`md`H$ Amho.
OhmOmMm dmna H$$Z mUyg OJ^a {$abm.

gmH$b dmnamMo {d{dY $mXo

emar[aH$ mm

WmoS>m mUmV gmmZ dmhZ ZoVm

dmhZmMr JXu hmoV Zmhr
oVo.

nemMr ~MV hmoVo XfU hmoV Zmhr

N>moQ>m OmJoV R>odVm oVo. dmdb~Z

doioMr ~MV hmoVo

71
 H$m` H$amdo ~ao ? AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?

amohZ Am{U gm{Z`m Zohr emioV MmbV dmhVwH$sMo Amn`mda hmoUmao MmJbo d
OmVmV. KamnmgyZ Vrg {{ZQ>mda `mMr emim dmBQ> n[aUm.
Amho. AmO mm emioV gmH${VH$ H$mH$ dmhVwH$s`m gmYZmMm {dMmanydH$ dmna
Amho. mgmR>r mMr AmOr gmo~V `oUma Amho. H$aUo.
AmOrMo d OmV AgmZo Vr WH$bobr Amho.
dmhVyH$ gmYZmm XyfUmwio {ZgJmMo
{Vbm emioV ZomgmR>r nwT>rbnH$s H$moUVm n`m`
Ymo`mV `oUmao ApVd.
{ZdS>mdm, ho gwMdm.
{d{dY H$mam XfUmdaMo Cnm.
(1) nm`r OmUo (2) AQ>mo[ajmZo OmUo
(3) ~gZo OmUo (4) Hy$Q>aZo OmUo (5) moQ>marZo
OmUo.

1. dmhVwH$sm gmoBMm Vwhmbm Pmbobm $mXm,
mda nmM dmo {bhm.
2. dmhVwH$sm gmoBwio Amnm n[agamV CnbY
Pmbom Mma gw{dYm {bhm.
3. Amnm n[agamVrb dmhVwH$sdarb VmU H$r
H$amgmR>r Mma Cnm {bhm.
4. Vwm n[agamVrb gdmV H$r XfU Agbobm
^mJ emoYm. hm ^mJ H$r X{fV AgmmJMr
H$maUo {bhm?
5. CNG d LPG Mr {dVm[aV $no {bhm.
dmm
(Am) m dmhZmMo XfU H$r H$amH$[aVm
Vwhr H$moUVm Cnm gwMdmb?
CnH$
1. nWZmQ>mXdmao XfU amoImMm gXoe
gmOmV nmohMdm.
2. gmaD$O}da d {dOoda MmbUmm
dmhVwH$rm gmYZmm {MmMm gJh H$am.
***

6. (A) darb {MmVrb XfU H$aUmao dmhZ

H$moUVo?
72
 15. gXoedhZ d gma mo
gmJm nmh !
(1) AmnU XaXeZ gMmda AZoH$ dm{h`mMo
H$mH$ nmhVmo. Vo H$moRy>Z oVmV?

(2) mo~mBbd$Z AmnU BVamer ~mobVmo. Amnbo

g^mfU Xgm Vrer mo~mBbd$Z H$go
hmoV Agob?

n{hm nmR>mV AmnU AdH$me jonU d

H${ CnJh m~XXb OmUyZ KoVbo Amho. AmYw{ZH$
nXYVrZo H$amm gXoedhZmgmR>r H${ CnJhmMm ApZ~mUmm gmhmmZo jonU H$$Z H${_ CnJh AdH$memV
CnmoJ Ho$bm OmVmo. ho gXoe AV H$r doimV EH$m gmoS>bo OmVmV. `mMm Cn`moJ gXoedhZmgmR>r H$aVmV.

{R>H$mUmhZ Xgm {R>H$mUmnV nmohMVmV. CXm.,

(1) OJmVrb H$moUmhr ^mJmV hmoUmm H$mH$mMo
WoQ> jonU AmnU XaXeZ gMmda nmh eH$Vmo. Ogo
w$Q>~mb, {H$Ho$Q>Mo gmZo BmXr. (2) mo~mBb
Xdmao AmnU naXoemVrb Vrer WoQ> ~moby eH$Vmo.
(3) amQ>nVr d nVYmZ ao{S>Amod$Z gd
XoedmgrmgmR>r EH$mM doir ^mfU/gXoe XoD$
eH$VmV.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
^maVmV gXoedhZmgmR>r H${ CnJhmMm
Adb~ Ho$bm OmVmo. ho CnJh BZgQ> (INSAT
- Indian National Satellite) m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbo OmVmV.
73
 gmJm nmh !

darb {MmMo {ZarjU H$am. {Mmo nmohMVmo. gXoedhZmXdmao Amn`mbm _m{hVr

XmIdbo`m Moh`md$Z Vwhmbm H$moUVo ^md
OmUdVmV Vo Moh`mImbrb MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
Mohmdarb ^md nmhZ Amnmbm m
Vrm ^mdZm gOVmV, hUOoM Mohmdarb
^md qH$dm BVa hmd^mdmd$Z AmnmnV gXoe
{_iVo. m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU H$aUo hUOo
gXoedhZ hmo`. m{hVrMo gmaU hmXoIrb
gXoedhZmMmM ^mJ Amho. _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ
kmZ{Z{_VrgmR>r hmoVmo.

gmJm nmh !

74
 gmo~V`m nR>mdarb {MmMo {ZarjU H$am.
{MmV H$moUH$moU`m gmam`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm
Amho Vo MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
dVnm_YyZ Amnmbm H$moUH$moUm
H$maMr m{hVr {iVo Vo Zm|Xdm.
ej{UH$ ------ -----
---- --- ------ -----
gmam`mMo MmJbo n[aUm
1. Amn`mnmgyZ Xya Agbo`m `Vter ghO
gnH$ gmYVm oVmo.
2. m{hVr {idmgmR>r d XomgmR>r bmJUmam
doi d l mV ~MV hmoVo.
3. n`mdaU, r-nwf gmZVm, dN>Vm BmXr
~m~V gdoXZerbVm dmT>`mg XV {iVo.
4. dmXio, gwZmr, nya B`mXr Zg{JH$
AmnVt~m~V nydH$nZm {iy eH$Vo.
5. Amamo`, {ejU d gmOmVrb MmJ`m KQ>Zm
VgoM gJm~m~V OmJ$H$Vm {ZmU hmoVo.
6. bmoH$mgmR>r am~d`mV oUmm emgH$s` `moOZm
`edr H$a`m`o XV hmoVo.
7. AZ, d, {Zdmam, Amamo, {ejU m~m~VMr
OmUrd OmJVr hmoVo. mwio OrdZnXYVro
gwYmaUm hmoVo.
8. gmam`mwio `mnma, CXmoJYXo `m`o
dmT> hmoVo.
gmam`mMo hm{ZH$maH$ n[aUm
1. XyaXeZ, gJUH$, mo~mBb `m`m A{V
dmnamwio S>moimMo VgoM nmR>rMo d ldUmMo
AmOma hmoVmV. Zmo{dH$ma, EH$bH$m|S>onUm
dmT>Uo B`mXr mghr g^dVmV.
2. XyaXeZ dm{h`m, BQ>aZoQ> mXdmao AZoH$ H$maMr
m{hVr {iVo. m{hVrMm XnmoJ H$$Z
gmOmMr emVVm d dm` {~KS>d`mMo
H$ma KS>VmV.
3. gmam`mdarb {d{dY H$m`H$ nmh`mV
doi KmbdmZo XmZr Ioi, emar[aH$ jVm
`mH$S>o Xwbj hmoVo. mMm {dnarV n[aUm
emar[aH$ dmmda hmoVmo.
H$m H$amdo ~ao?
nmMm BVoV {eH$Umam AmmoX emioVyZ Kar
Ambm, H$s Zohr gJUH$mda doJdoJir gHo$VWio
nmhVmo. Q>rhrdarb AmdS>Vo H$mH$hr Z MwH$Vm
~KVmo. AmBm mo~mBbda Jo IoiVmo. gmaIm
KamV ~gyZ AgVmo. hbr mbm ^yH$ H$r bmJVo.
Pmonhr OmV oVo. mMo dOZhr Iyn dmT>bo Amho.
AmmoXm AmBbm mMr $ma H$miOr dmQ>Vo
Amho. Vr H$er Xa hmoBb?
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
gXoedhZ d m{hVr gmaU gmYZmMm
VmaVmZo dmna H$amdm. mMm A{VaoH$ hmoUma
Zmhr mMr H$miOr mdr.
75
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ? AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
H$-lm` gXoedhZ - XadZr qH$dm gXoedhZ gmYZmMr AmoiI.
_mo~mBbd$Z BVamer ~mobVmZm AmnU gXoedhZmH$[aVm AdH$me jonUmMo V.
EH$_oH$mZm nmh eH$V Zmhr. _m{hVr gmaUm`m ZdrZ gmam gmYZmMr AmoiI.
Vm_wio _mo~mBbda AmVm ho e` Pmbo Amho.
gmammMo $mXo d VmoQ>o.
`m_wio Xg`m `Vrer g^mfU H$aVmZm AmnU
{Vbm nmhy eH$Vmo.

dmm
1. gmam`mMo ej{UH$ Cn`moJ {bhm. 2. AmH$medmUr H|$mbm ^oQ> XoD$Z `m
2. XadZrm dmnamnydu gXoe nmR>dmgmR>r {R>H$mUr hmoV AgUm`m H$mH$mOm~m~V
H$moUm gmYZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago? m{hVr `m.
3. gJUH$mwio Vwm OrdZmV H$moUVm $aH$ 3. ZeZb {OAmoJm$s, {S>H$har, kmZXeZ
nS>bm? B`mXr dm{h`mdarb ej{UH$ H$m`H$mMr
CnH$ dJmV MMm H$am.
1. XaXeZ gMmdarb doJdoJim dm{h`mYyZ
Vwhmbm H$moUH$moUVr m{hVr {iVo Vr ***
ImbrbmUo VVm H$$Z dhrV {bhm.
A.H$. dm{hZrMo/ H$m`H$mMo Cn`moJ
MZobMo Zmd Zmd
1.
2.
3.

76
 16. nmUr
WmoS>o AmR>dm !
(1) nmmZo ^abom ^mS>mV MMm^a gmIa,
bmH$S>mMm ^wgm, mVr ho nXmW Q>mH$bo Va
H$m hmoBb?
(2) nmmm AdWm H$moUm?
(3) {nmMo nmUr dN> d {ZYm}H$ H$amgmR>r
H$m H$aVmV?
nmmMo XfU
.
nmD$g nS>V AgVmZm moH$im OmJr
R>odbom dN> ^mS>mV nS>bobo nmdgmMo nmUr,
VgoM O{Zrd$Z dmhV OmUmao nmUr doJdoJim
^mS>mV KoD$Z mMo {ZarjU H$am.
H$m $aH$ {XgVmo? mMo H$maU H$m?
nmmV BVa nXmW {gibo H$s nmUr AewXY
hmoVo. H$mhr nXmW nmmV VaJV amhVmV. mwio
nmUr AdN> qH$dm JTy>i {XgVo. H$mhr nXmW
nmmV {daKiVmV Am{U {XgoZmgo hmoVmV. nmmV
{gibobo nXmW gOrdmgmR>r AnmH$maH$ Agbo
Va Vo nmUr X{fV Amho Ago AmnU hUVmo. ZXm,
gamodao ho Amnbo nmmMo moV AmhoV. mVrb
nmmMo XfU H$go hmoVo?
gmJm nmh !
Vwm KamVrb dnmH$Ka Am{U
hmUrKamVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umm gmS>nmmV
H$moUH$moUVo nXmW {gibobo AgVmV?
gmS>nmUr Am{U `mMr {dhodmQ>
ehamMo, JmdmMo gmS>nmUr EH$ H$$Z
gmoBm {R>H$mUr moR>m ObgmR>mV gmoS>VmV.
amh`m BmaVtYyZ VgoM CXmoJ, H$maImZo mVyZ
{ZKUmm gmS>nmmV AZoH$ H$mam AewXYr
AgVmV. `mnH$s H$mhr {daKibom Va H$mhr Z
{daKibom Agy eH$VmV.
AewXY ObgmRo
bmnmmV amoJ ngadUmao gyOrd Agy
eH$VmV. Va H$maImmm gmS>nmmV {dfmar
nXmW AgmMr A{YH$ eVm AgVo. ho gd
gmS>nmUr Ogom Vgo ObgmR>mV gmoS>bo Va
ObmoVmMo XfU hmoD$Z Vo KmVH$ R>aVo. Ago
nmUr {n`mgmR>r qH$dm BVa Hw$R>mM H$mmgmR>r
dmnaVm oV Zmhr. hUyZ gmS>nmmda {H$m
H$$ZM Vo ~mhoa gmoS>mMr H$maImZXmamda
gVr Amho. VgoM JmdmMo gmS>nmUr, bmnmUr
ObmoVmo gmoS>mnydu mda ewXYrH$aU
{H$m H$aVmV. Ago Ho$mwio ObXfU Q>miVm
`oVo.
ZXr`m dmh`m nm`mMo Zg{JH$ar`mhr H$mhr
_mUmV ewXYrH$aU hmoV AgVo.
`m{edm Jmdmbm nmUrnwadR>m H$amnydu
mMo ewXYrH$aUhr H$amV oVo.
77

mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
ZXr_`o OmV _mUmV AewXYr {_gi`m
Jo`m Va ewXYrH$aUmMr Zg{JH$ {H$`m H$_r
hmoVo. nm`mV {daKibo`m AmpgOZMo _mU
H$_r hmoVo. `m_wio ObMamZm YmoH$m hmoVmo. $
nmmMo ewXYrH$aU
. 2. amoO {H$Vr brQ>a nmmMo ewXYrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo?
bpQ>H$Mr EH$ ~mQ>br m. {Vm Vm|S>mda
EH$ dN> H$mnS>mMm VwH$S>m ~mYm. {VMm ImbMm
^mJ H$mnm. ~mQ>br CbQ>r Y$Z {VmV H$moimmMr
nyS>, ~marH$ dmiy d OmS> dmiy ^$Z AmH$VrV
XmIdmmUo Wa Vma H$am.
OmS> dmiy
~marH$ dmiy
H$moiemMr nyS>
H$mnS>
ObewXYrH$aUmMr
gmYr nXYV
~mQ>br AmH$VrV XmIdmmUo _mS>m. AmVm
H$Mam Agbobo JTy>i nmUr ~mQ>brV hiyhiy ^am.
~mQ>brm H$mnbom ^mJmV nS>Umm
nmmMo {ZarjU H$am. ho nmUr dN> {XgV Agbo,
Var `mV gyOrd Agy eH$VmV. ho Vwhr {eH$bm
AmhmV.
78
ObewXYrH$aU H|$
Vwm Jmdmbm nmUrnwadR>m H$aUmm
ObewXYrH$aU H|$mbm {ejH$mgh ^oQ> Xm Am{U
VoWrb A{YH$mmMr nadmZJr KoD$Z mMr
wbmIV m. nwT>rb Z {dMm$Z ObewXYrH$aU
{H$oMr m{hVr {idm.
1. gmdO{ZH$ nmUrnwadR>mgmR>r nmUr H$moUm
ObmoVmVyZ AmUbo OmVo?
3. nmUr dN>, nmaXeH$ d {ZOVwH$ hmomgmR>r
H$moUH$moUm {H$m Ho$m OmVmV?
4. m {H$m H$moUm H$mZo H$aVmV?
5. nmmMr XJYr H$r H$amgmR>r H$m H$aVmV?
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
dmgmV AZoH$Xm AmnU ~mQ>brVrb nmUr
{dH$V KoD$Z {nVmo. aodo, ~gWmZH$ Aem
{R>H$mUr {nmm nmmm ~mQ>m {dH$V
{iVmV. m nmmm ~mQ>brda H$moUVr m{hVr
AgVo, Vr dmMm Am{U BVamZm gmJm.
~mQ>brV nmUr H$Yr ^abo Amho Am{U nmUr
H$YrnV dmnaVm oBb, hm H$mbmdYr nmmm
~mQ>brda N>mnbobm AgVmo. nmUr {dH$V KoVmZm
hr m{hVr Ad nmhmdr. ~mQ>br CKS>mZVa
nmUr bdH$a gndmdo. nmUr gnmZVa ~mQ>br
MwaJiyZ H$MamnoQ>rV o$H$mdr, hUOo ~mQ>brMm
nwhm dmna Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
gmJm nmh !
EImXm ^mJmV XrKH$minV nmD$gM nS>bm
Zmhr Va VoWrb bmoH$mm OrdZmda H$moUVo n[aUm
hmoVrb?
 gmdO{ZH$ ObewXYrH$aU H|$mVrb {H$m
{ZdiUo - Jmdmm ObmoVmVyZ AmUbobo nmUr
Q>mmo pWa amh XoVmV Am{U VwaQ>r dmnaVmV.
AmpgOZrH$aU - nnmm XVrZo nmmV hdm IoidVmV.
mwio nmmV hdoVrb AmpgOZ {giVmo.
XH$mi
~mnr^dZmwio nmmMr gVV dm$ hmoV
AgVo. mwio AdfU AZw^dUmm ^mJmVrb
ZXm, Vir, {d{har, ~Ymao, YaUo mVrb nmmMr
nmVir ~mnr^dZmwio H$r H$r hmoVo qH$dm
mnH$s H$mhr H$moaS>ohr nS>VmV. VgoM OrZhr
H$moaS>r nS>Vo. Aem n[apWVrV OZmdamZm Am{U
Amn`mbmhr {n`m`m nmmMr Q>MmB OmUdVo,
eoVrgmR>rhr nmUr {_iV Zmhr. hUOoM XH$mi
nS>Vmo. XH$mi hr EH$ Zg{JH$ AmnVr Amho.
XH$mimV Ym Am{U Mmam {iUo H$R>rU
hmoVo. Amnm ammV, XoemV qH$dm OJmm
EImXm ^mJmV XH$mi nS>mMo Vwhr EoH$bo
Agob. m ^mJmV XH$mi nS>Vmo VoWrb bmoH$mZm
{dn[aV n[apWVrer gmZm H$amdm bmJVmo. m
^mJmVrb mUr, dZnVr mZmhr XH$mimMm
VS>mIm ~gVmo.
JmiUr mXdmao nmUr JmiyZ KoVmV.
{ZOVwH$sH$aU - bmoarZ {giyZ nmmMo
{ZOVwH$sH$aU H$aVmV.
N>m`m{M gmO` ndVr ObewXYrH$aU H|$,
nwUo _hmZJanm{bH$m, nwUo.
emgZmV}$ XH$miJV ^mJmVrb bmoH$mZm
Am{U mmZm gwa{jV OmJr VmnwaVo hbdbo OmVo.
VgoM doigJr Ym, Mmam d nmmMm nwadR>m
Ho$bm OmVmo. nmird OZmdamMr H$miOr KomgmR>r
MmamN>mdm C^mam OmVmV.
H$m H$amdo ~ao?
JmdmnmgyZ Xa Agbobm Vbmd nmhmgmR>r
Vwm dJmMr ghb OmUma Amho. {Xdg^a
bmJUmm {nmm nmmMr dWm H$amMr
Amho.
ObdWmnZ
nmdgmwio Amnmbm nwhmnwhm nmUr CnbY
hmoVo. gdgmYmaUnUo Amnmbm dfmVyZ Mma {hZo
nmdgmMo nmUr {iVo. nmdgmMo nmUr gmR>dbo
79
Zmhr, Va Amnm XZ{XZ JaOmgmR>r Amnmbm gmR>dVm oVo. Aem gd nXYVtwio OmVrV OmV
nmUr CnbY hmoUma Zmhr. nmUr gmR>dbo OmVo.
"nmdgmMo nmUr Wm~dmbm {eH$m. CnbY nmmMm H$mQ>H$garZo dmna H$aUo
Wm~bom nmmbm {Oadmbm {eH$m.' VgoM nmdgmMo nmUr AS>dyZ O{ZrV {OadUo
df^a nmmMr JaO ^mJdmgmR>r nmdgmMo qH$dm Q>mmo gmR>dUo hdmMo AgVo.
nmUr AS>dmdo bmJVo. nmUr AS>dbo H$s, Vo O{ZrV Aem nXYVrZo nmdgmimZVam H$mimVhr
{OaVo. ^yObmMm gmR>m dmT>mZo PmS>mZm nmUr nmUro CncY hmoBb Aer gmo` H$aUo mbmM
{iVo, VgoM {d{hatZm nmUr {iVo Am{U eoVr "ObdWmnZ' hUVmV.
H$aUo e hmoVo.
nmUr O{ZrV {OamgmR>r doJdoJio Z
Ho$bo OmVmV. moR>r YaUo ~mYbr OmVmV, naVw gd
{R>H$mUr YaUo ~mYUo e ZgVo. Aem doir bhmZ
VbmdmMr {Z{Vr H$aUo, CVmamda bhmZ ~Ymao
~mYUo, AmS>do Ma IUUo, JmdmVrb AmoT>o, Zmbo
mda ~mY KmbyZ nmUr AS>dUo Aer H$mo emgZ
Am{U ZmJ[aH$ EH$ oD$Z H$aVmV.
nmdgmMo nmUr Q>mmo gmR>dUo

S>m|JaCVmamdarb gbJ g_Vb Ma

H$mhr {R>H$mUr ZXrm nmmV {d{har ImoXZ
VoWo nmUr gmR>dmMr dWm Ho$br OmVo. H$mhr
{R>H$mUr Kamm N>Vmda nS>Umao nmdgmMo nmUr
nmdgmMo nmUr O{Zro {OadUo
nhmimm XVrZo AJUmV R>odbom Q>mmo
m{hVr {idm d MMm H$am
Vwm n[agamV ObdWmnZ H$go Ho$bo
OmVo?
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.

nmUr hoM OrdZ, hUyZ nmUr AS>dm, {Oadm,

AmoT>mdarb ~mY
gmR>dm, Am{U H$mQ>H$garZo dmnam.
80
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?

nmmV gOrdmgmR>r KmVH$ nXmW XrKH$mi nmD$g nS>bm Zmhr, Va XH$mi

{_gibo H$s nmUr X{fV hmoVo.
ObgmR>mMo XfU hmoD$ Zoo hUyZ
mV gmS>nmUr gmoS>mnydu mda
AZoH$ {H$m H$aVmV.
nmUrnwadR>m H$amnydu Jmdmm
ObewXYrH$aU H|$mV nmmV
{daKibobo d Z {daKibobo nXmW doJio
Ho$bo OmVmV VgoM nmmMo {ZOVwH$sH$aU
Ho$bo OmVo.
nS>Vmo.
XH$miJV ^mJmVrb mZd, mUr,
dZnVr m gdmZm XH$mimMm VS>mIm
~gVmo.
nmUr AS>dyZ, {OadyZ qH$dm gmR>dyZ
nmdgmimZVam H$mimV CnbY H$$Z
XoUo, mbm ObdWmnZ hUVmV.

dmm

1. H$m H$amdo ~ao ? CnH$

O{_Zr`m CVmam_wio ~mJoVrb _mVr nm`m~amo~a 1. Vwm nmbH$mer qH$dm {mer ~mobyZ,
dmhZ OmV Amho. dVmZnmVyZ qH$dm gHo$VWimd$Z
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. Amnm ammV H$moUm dfu XH$mi
nS>bm hmoVm, Am{U XH$mimda mV
nmdgmMo nmUr O{ZrV wamgmR>r aVo d
H$amgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm moObo hmoVo,
nmXMmar mJ H$go ~mYmdo? mMr m{hVr {idm.
3. ZmMr CVao {bhm. 2. dVmZnmV N>mnyZ Ambobr dmhm
(A) XH$mimV H$moUVr n[apWVr {ZmU nmmMr, gmMbom nmmMr N>mm{Mo
hmoVo? Om H$am.
(Am) nmdgmimZVahr nmUr CnbY hmomgmR>r
emgZ Am{U ZmJ[aH$ H$moUVr H$mo H$aVmV?
***
(B) nmdgmMo nmUr H$emgmR>r AS>dmdo bmJVo?
(B) ObdWmnZ H$embm hUVmV?
4. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gmJm. MwH$sMo {dYmZ XV
H$$Z nwhm {bhm.
(A) nmdgmMo nmUr Amnmbm df^a {iVo.
(Am) emgZmV}$ XH$miJV ^mJmVrb bmoH$mZm
Am{U mmZm gwa{jV OmJr VmnwaVo
hmbdbo OmVo.
81
 17. d - Amnbr JaO
gmJm nmh !
Imbrb {MmMo ZrQ> {ZarjU H$am.Amn`mbm AmdS>bobo/hdo Agbobo H$nS>o {ZdSy>Z
`m^modVr H$am.

82
 AmVm {ZdS>bo`m H$nS>mMr EHy$U g`m
MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
{ZdS>bo`m H$nS>mMr g`m d Vw`m
{mZr {ZdS>bom H$nS>mMr g`m OwiVo H$m Vo
nhm.
(1) {ZdS>bobo H$nS>o H$moUH$moU`m {Xder KmbUma
AmhmV ?
(2) {XdgmVyZ {H$Vr doim H$nS>o ~XbUma
AmhmV ?
(3) {ZdS>bo`m H$nS>mnojm AOyZ H$mhr H$nS>o
Amn`mH$S>o AgmdoV, Ago dmQ>Vo H$m? dmQ>V
Agmg {H$Vr Vr g`m MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
(4) H$nS>m`{V[aV AmUIr H$moUH$moU`m
dVy/Xm{JZo Kmbm`bm AmdS>Vrb?
(5) VwMo H$nS>o Vwhr {mZm Kmb`mgmR>r Xmb
H$m?
(6) Om{hamVtYrb H$moUVo H$nS>o Vwhmbm
Kmbmdogo dmQ>VmV?
Amn`mbm AZoH$ H$maMo nmoemI (H$nS>o)
Kmbm`bm AmdS>VmV Am{U Amn`mH$S>o Vo
AgmdoV Agohr Amnmbm dmQ>Vo.
. H$nS>mMr JaO Am{U hmg -dJmV MMm H$am.
Vw`m Amgnmg`m n[agamV hUOoM aodo
Q>oeZ, drQ>^Q>Q>r, ~g WmZH$, miamZ, BmXr
{R>H$mUr {Zdmam KoUmmMr ^oQ> `m. Imbrb
wXXm`m AmYmao `m`mer MMm H$am d dhrV
Zm|X H$am.
(1) `m`mH$S>o Agbo`m EHy$U H$nS>mMr
g`m {H$Vr?
(2) ChmimV H$moUVo H$nS>o KmbVmV?
(3) {hdmimV H$moU`m H$maMo H$nS>o dmnaVmV?
(4) nmdgmimV H$moUVo H$nS>o dmnaVmV?
(5) gUgma^mgmR>r H$moUVo H$nS>o dmnaVmV?
(6) {XdgmVyZ {H$Vr doim H$nS>o ~XbVmV?
darb H$VrVyZ Vw`m H$m` bjmV Ambo?
gmJm nmh !
n{hmXm Ho$bobr "gmJm nmh' Mr H$Vr AmVm
nwhm H$am d Z`mZo dhrV Zm|Xdm. ho H$aV AgVmZm
VwMr JaO bjmV m Am{U {MmVrb H$nS>mMr
{ZdS> H$am d gm MmH$Q>rV {bhm.
Vw`m n{h`m H$VrMr CVao d AmVm`m
H$VrMr CVao gmaIrM AmhoV H$m?
wbmZmo, `m ZmMr CVao {im`mda Ago
dmQ>ob, H$s Amn`mbm hmem dmQ>Umm
H$nS>mMr g`m OmV Amho. H$nS>o hdo AgUo
Am{U `mMr IamoIaM JaO AgUo `m Xmohr {^Z
~m~r AmhoV. JaO ZgVmZm dVy h`m AmhoV Ago
dmQ>Uo, hm Amnbm h`mg AgVmo.
AmnU gma m`mXdmao H$nS>m`m {d{dY
Om{hamVr nmhVmo Am{U `mH$S>o AmH${fV hmoVmo.
Aem H$mao dVy~XXb {ZmU hmoUmao AmH$fU
Amn`m h`mgm`o ^a KmbVo.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
amohZ Am{U gm{Z`m `m`mH$S>o Iyn H$nS>o
AmhoV. mnH$s ~mM H$nS>mMm Vo dmna
H$aV ZmhrV. `m H$nS>mMo AmVm H$m` H$amdo,
Agm Z `mZm nS>bm Amho. Vwhr `mMr
g`m gmoS>d`mg XV H$am.
83

. dmnaVmV?
{ejH$mgmR>r gyMZm : hr H$Vr H$$Z Ko`mgmR>r
{dXmmgh Odi`m dmoXmoJ H|$mg ^oQ> 5. H$m mbmMo d$n H$m AgVo?
Xmdr AWdm VoWrb Hw$eb H$mJmambm
wbmIVrgmR>r ~mobdmdo.
hmVmJ
gyV H$mVUo
Vw`m n[agamV CnbY Agbo`m
d{Z{Vr`m EH$m CXmoJmbm ^oQ> Xm AWdm
wbmIVrgmR>r VoWrb Hw$eb H$mJmambm ~mobdm.
m CXmoJmMr m{hVr nwT>rb wXXm`m AmYmao
{idm.
1. hm CXmoJ H$moUVm Amho?
2. `m CXmoJmVyZ {ZmU hmoUmao CnmXZ H$moUVo?
84
3. d{Z{VrgmR>r H$moUVm H$Mm mb
4. H$Mm mb H$moRy>Z AmUbm OmVmo?
6. Vma hmoUmao CnmXZ {dH$sgmR>r H$moR>o nmR>dbo
OmVo?
7. `m dmMm dmna H$moU`m G$Vy`o H$aVmV?
8. `m CXmoJmgmR>r H$moUH$moUm H$maMo H$mJma
bmJVmV?
9. ho H$mJma H$moRy>Z CnbY hmoVmV?
10. AmVm dmoXmoJmV nydunojm H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb
Pmbo AmhoV?
11. `m CXmoJmV Vwhmbm `oUm`m gm
H$moU`m ?
AmnU darb wXXm`m AmYmao dmoXmoJmMr
m{hVr {idbr. AmVm AmnU hmamQ> am`mVrb
d{eQ>nyU d{Z{VrMr CXmhaUo nmh`m. nR>UMr
nR>Ur, `od`mMr gmS>r, AmaJm~mX`m {h$
embr, gmobmnyaMr MmXa, BMbH$aOrMo hmVmJ d
`mJmdarb H$mnS> B`mXr.
nwT>rb nR>mdarb ZH$memm AmYmao ho
Amn`m bjmV oBb.
Amn`mbm mhrV Agbobm naVw ZH$memV Z
XmIdbobm dmoXmoJ m ZH$memm gyMrV {bhm
d ZH$memV mo {R>H$mUr XmIdm.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
bIZdr {MH$Z, H$mpaMr {gH$, ~Zmagr
{gH$, H${S>b, {nVm~ar, nmoMnbr,
ZmamUnoR>, H$mOrda$, nQ>mobm, hgya {gH$
Ago gmS>mMo AZoH$ H$ma AmhoV. Xoemm
doJdoJim ^mJmVrb m gmS>m AmnmH$S>rb
{d{dYVm XmIdVmV.

dmVrb {d{dYVm OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>r

nmbH$m~amo~a H$mnS> ~mOmamV Om. VoWo Agbo`m
bmoH$mer {Xbom wXXm`m AmYmao MMm H$am d
dhrV Zm|Xdm.
1. dmMo {d{dY H$ma nhm d `m`m ZmdmMr
`mXr H$am.

85
2. m mXrMo ~mb, VU Am{U dXY Aem XoemZgw ma gmS>mm H$mamV AZoH$ nm
dmoJQ>mZwgma dJuH$aU H$am. {XgVmV. md$Z Ago bjmV oV,o H$s AmVmm
3. dmnH$s gmS>mMo {d{dY H$ma OmUyZ m. pWVrV Amnmbm dmMo {d{dY H$ma CnbY
4. gmS>mm {Z{VrMr {gXY {R>H$mUo Zm|Xdm. AmhoV. hdmmZmm {d{dYVoi w o d dmhVwH$s`m
5. Vwhr Zm|Xdbom gmS>mm ZmdmYrb gw{dYm_i
w o dmo Amnmbm AZoH$ H$ma
{R>H$mUo d Xoe bjmV KoD$Z mMr Zm|X darb CnbY Pmbo AmhoV. dmYrb {d{dYVm hr
ZH$memV H$am. Amnm Xoemm {d{dYVoMm EH$ ^mJ Amho.
86
 {d{dY H$mimV dmnabom dmo {d{dYVm
. {XgyZ oV.o Am{X H$mimV gwdmVrbm mZd d
Vwm KamVrb/n[agamVrb dH$a VtZm dmnaV Zgo. mZVa PmS>mM r gmb d nmZo dmnabr
^oQ>Zy Imbrb m{hVr m. OmD$ bmJbr. nwT>o Vmo {eH$ma H$$Z mabom
mm bhmZnUr Vo H$moUH$moUVo H$nS>o dmnaV OZmdamMo H$mVS>o dmn$ bmJbm. H$mngmgmam
hmoV?o dZnVtnmgyZ gyV Vma H$amMr H$bm AdJV
mZr gm{JVbom H$nS>mMr mXr H$am. Pmmda gwVr H$mnS>mMm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm. Imbrb
hr mXr KoD$Z H$nS>mm XH$mZmV Om d VoWo {Mmd$Z ho Vwm bjmV oBb .
mnH $s H$moUVo H$nS>o CnbY AmhoV Vo nhm. ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
Vwm mXrVrb H$moUH$moUVo H$nS>o m XH$mZmV
{iVmV mMr m{hVr m. {ZgJmZo `oH$mMr JaO ^mJob EdT>o {Xbo
H$moUVo H$nS>o AmVm dmnabo OmV ZmhrV Vo emoYm. Amho, naVw {ZgJ mUgmMm h`mg m nyU
ho H$nS>o H$moUm {R>H$mUmd$Z oV hmoVo mMr H$$ eH$V Zmhr. Zw`mZo Amn`m JaOmZm
m{hVr m. mYm` {Xbo nm{hOo. VaM {ZgJ Amn`m
VgoM mMm dmna H$m ~X Pmbm ho OmUyZ m. gdmMm gm^mi H$$ eHo$b.
- nanaoZgw ma d H$mimZwgma dmo ~Xb hmoV Jobo mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
AmhoV H$m, ho OmUyZ m.
w~B ho H$mnS >{JamgmR>r OJmVrb {gXY
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
{R>H$mU hmoVo. m ~oQ>mda XQ> hdmmZmwio bm~
mZdmm CH$mVrXamZ mm earamo YmmMo H$mnS> Vma H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. mwio
AZoH$ ~Xb hmoV Job.o earamdarb Ho$gmMo mU w~B ho H$mnS> CXmoJmMo moR>o H|$ ~Zbo. H$mnS>
H$r hmoVo Job,o hm mnH $sM EH$ ~Xb hmo. CXmoJmm ^a^amQ>rwio ^maVmm {d{dY
earamdarb Ho$gmMo AmdaU H$r PmmZo mZdmbm XoemVyZ amoOJmamgmR>r oD$Z m {R>H$mUr bmoH$
F$Vw~XbmnmgyZ gajUmMr AmdH$Vm ^mgy bmJbr Wm{H$ Pmbo. VohmnmgyZ w~B ho ^maVmVrb
Am{U mVyZ d hr JaO {ZmU Pmbr. mZdmZo Am{WH$ KS>mmoS>tMo hdmMo H|$ ~Zbo.

dm_`o H$mimZw$n Pmbobo ~Xb

87
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
dVyMr JaO ZgVmZm `m h`mem dmQ>Uo
hdm_mZmVrb ~XbmZwgma doJdoJim
`mbm "h`mg' Ago hUVmV.
XoemV dmna`mV `oUm`m H$nS>m_`o ~Xb
hmoVmV. O_y-H$m_ra, amOWmZ, _hmamQ> d JaOoZwgma dVyMm dmna H$amdm.
Ho$ai `m am`mV dmna`m OmUm`m nmoemImMr Amn`m XoemVrb {d{dY XoemZm d{eQ>nyU
{Mo {_idm. `mAmYmao VoWrb hdm_mZm{df`r d{Z{VrMr nanam Amho.
dJmV MMm H$am. XoemVrb dmYrb {d{dYVm ZH$mem`m
gmhmZo gOyZ KoVbr.

dmm
1. ImbrbnH$s `m dVy VwmH$S>o AgmmV CnH$
Ago dmQ>Vo, `m dVyMr Zmdo dhrV {bhm.
(1) nmmMr ~mQ>br (2) M|Sy> (3) JmoQ>m (1) Odinmgm H$nS>mm XeZmbm ^oQ>
(4) bnQ>mn (5) bmdanmQ> (6) mo~mBb X>m. VoWo mS>bo`m H$nS>m`m
(7) gmH$b (8) Hy$Q>a (9) $moQ>moo$ Cn`wVVo~XXb A{YH$ m{hVr {idm.
(10) OodUmMm S>~m (2) Vwm n[agamV AgUmm ImXr
mnH$s H$moUm dVy Vwhr dV dmnaUma JmmoXmoJ H|$mbm ^oQ> Xm. H$nS>mMo
AmhmV? H$ma d Vo V`ma hmo`mMr {R>H$mUo
H$moUVr Vo g_OyZ `m.
2. nman[aH$ doe^yfom nY}gmR>r Vwhr H$moUH$moUm
H$nS>mMr {ZdS> H$amb, mMr Zm|X dhrV H$am. ***
3. Imbrb VmV Amnm XoemVrb H$mhr
ammMr Zmdo {Xbobr AmhoV. VoWrb {gXY
dmMm H$ma VmV {bhm.
ammMo Zmd d
hmamQ>
Amo{S>em
npM ~Jmb
H$ZmQ>H$
JwOamV
nOm~

88
 18. nmdaU Am{U AmnU
gmJm nmh !
moR>m mUmda OJbVmoS> Pmmg H$m
hmoBb, Vo nwT>rb Zmm AmYmao gmJm.
(1) OJbmVrb gOrdmMo AZ d nmmMo moV
KQ>Vrb H$m dmT>Vrb? H$m?
(2) ho gOrd mM OmJr amhVrb, H$s
{ZdmmgmR>r BVa OmVrb? H$m?
(3) OJbmVrb dZnVtm d mmm bmohmJ
dmVmMr OmJm H$r hmoBb H$m dmT>ob? nmdaUmV doJdoJim gOrdmMo {Zdmao
H$m? AgVmV. OJbm_`o {d{dY H$ma`m dZnVr
(4) VoWrb gOrdmMr gm dmT>ob H$m H$r AgVmV. PmS>mda AZoH$ n`mMr KaQ>r AgVmV.
hmoBb? H$m? Adb, h[aU, _mH$S>, hVr, dmK mgmaIo
mUr OJbmo amhVmV. hUOo KZXmQ> OJb
OJbVmoS>
AZoH$ mmMm {Zdmam AgVmo. OJbmVM mm
OJ^amVrb EHy$U bmoH$gm AmVm gwmao JaOmMr nyVVmhr hmoVo. OJbo H$r Pmbr, H$s
ghmeo H$moQ>tm KamV Amho. m gd bmoH$mm VoWrb Od{d{dYVoMm hmg hmoVmo.
JaOm ^mJdmm ZmV mUyg ZdZdo VkmZ
emoYyZ H$mT>V Amho. dmnaV Amho. mgmR>r mZd Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
A{YH$m{YH$ OrZ d ObmoV dmnaV Amho.
EImXm {R>H$mUr YaU ~mYbo Jobo, Va m
eoVr, dgmhVr, CXmoJYXo, VgoM aVo d
nmdaUmV H$moUVo ~Xb hmoVrb?
bmohmJ Vma H$amgmR>r Iyn moR>m mUmV
moH$ir OrZ AmdH$ AgmZo OJbVmoS>
gmJm nmh !
hmoVo.
{d{dY H$maMo mUr, njr, dZnVr `mMo
ApVd YmomV Ammm ~mV`m AmnU
doimodoir dmMVmo, EoH$Vmo d nmhVmo. `mMr H$maUo
~mV`m_`o {Xbobr AgVmV. Aem ~mV`m
EH$ H$am. `mVrb _m{hVr nwT>rb VmV ^am
d dJmV bmdm.
mUr, njr, H$moUVm ~mV_rV {Xbobr
aVo dZnVr `mMo Xn[aUm_ H$maUo.
H$mhr {R>H$mUr XbXbrm XoemV qH$dm Zmd. Pmbm?
ImobJQ> ^y^mJmV ^amd KmbyZ m OmJr O{ZrMo
gnmQ>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
89
XyfU
gmS>nmmda AmdH$ m {H$m Z
H$aVmM Vo ObmoVmV gmoS>bo Va ObmoVmMo
XfU H$go hmoVo ho Vwhr nm{hbo Amho.
H$maImmVyZ n[agamV gmoS>bo OmUmao gmS>nmUr
H$maIm`mVyZhr n[agamV gmS>nmUr gmoS>bo
OmVo. Ago X{fV nmUr O{ZrV waV am{hbo, Va
Vr OrZ ZmnrH$ hmoVo.
H$maIm`mVyZ ObmoVmV gmoS>bo OmUmao nmUr
eoVrgmR>r moR>m mUmda amgm{ZH$ IVo
Am{U H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ dmnabr OmVmV. hr agmZo
mVrV {OaVmV Am{U nmdgmm nmm~amo~a
dmhZ eodQ>r ZXmo nmoMVmV.
Aem AZoH$ H$maUmZr nmmMo d mVrMo
XfU KS>V amhVo. mwio VoWrb mUr Am{U
dZnVtZm YmoH$m nmohmoMVmo. Aem gOrdmMr
gm H$r H$r hmoD$ bmJVo Am{U gaVoeodQ>r
VooWrb AZoH$ gOrd Zmeof hmoVmV.
90
gmJm nmh !
(1) hdm X{fV H$emwio hmoV Agmdr?
(2) noQ>mob, {S>Pob, Ho$amogrZ, Zg{JH$ dmy
H$moigm, bmHy$S> hr BYZo H$moUH$moUm
H$maUmgmR>r dmnaVmV?
BYZmMm KaJwVr dmna hmoVmoM. m{edm
mUgmZo moR>moR>o CXmoJYXo Am{U H$maImZo C^o
Ho$bo AmhoV. m H$maUmwiohr BYZmMm dmna
moR>m mUmda hmoD$ bmJbm Amho.
H$maImmm YwamS>mVZy ~mhoa nS>Umao {dfmar dmy
EH$sH$S>o BYZmm dbZmVyZ H$m~Z
S>mAmgmBS> MS> mUmda hdoV {giVmo Va
XgarH$S>o MS> mUmda OJbmMm hmg hmoV
Amho. `m_wio dmT>bbo m H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS> emofZy
KomgmR>r dZnVr Anwm nS>V AmhoV. n[aUmr
hdoVrb H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS>Mo mU gVV dmT>V
Amho. dmVmdaUmVrb H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS>Mo mU
dmT>bo H$s VmnmZhr dmT>V.o Aer VmnmZ dmT>
OJmm gd ^mJmV {XgyZ oV.o
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Od{d{dYVm CXmZo Od{d{dYVoMo ajU
d gdYZ H$amm Q>rZo amIyZ R>odbom
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Amho.
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mm S>mbXma Mmbr~XXb {gXY AmhoV.
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_m{hVr {_idm.

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95
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96
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98

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Amnm earambm amoJmMm {VH$ma H$amMr
eVr {iVo.
I{ZOo : bmoh, H$peA, gmo{S>A,
nmoQ>{eA hr earambm AmdH$ AgUmm
I{ZOmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. earambm mMr JaO
An mUmV Agbr, Var AZoH$ AmdH$
CXmhaUmW, aVmVyZ AmpgOZ dmhZ
Zomm H$mr bmohmMm CnmoJ hmoVmo. aVmV
99

OrdZgdo d I{ZOmMo moV
bmohmMo mU H$r Pmbo, Va AmpgOZMm
nwaogm nwadR>m hmoV Zmhr Am{U AeVnUm d
gVV WH$dm OmUdVmo. `m {dH$mambm "A{Z{_`m'
- aVj` qH$dm nmSw>amoJ hUVmV. H$peA
`m I{ZOmwio Amnbr hmS>o O~yV hmoVmV.
_moS> Ambobo _yJ
{d{dY $io, \$i^mm, nmbo^m`m, moS>
Ambobr H$S>Ymo VgoM mm gmbr Am{U
D$OmXmr
AZKQ>H$
H$~m}XHo$ pZY nXmW
100
YmmMm H$m|S>m ho OrdZgdo d I{ZOmMo moV
AmhoV. hUyZM e Vr $io gmbrgH$Q> Imdr.
VgoM {nR>mVrb H$m|S>m MmiyZ o$Hy$ Zo.
gmJm nmh !
_`mh ^moOZmV {Xbo OmUmao AZ H$moUVo?
gVw{bV Amhma "mPr H$Vr CV Amho'
Ago AmnU hUVmo Vohm AmnU Amnm{dfr
H$m gmJV AgVmo?
H$Vr MmJbr Amho, mMm AW Amnbr gd
H$mo, Amg, Ioi BmXr ghO H$aVm omBVnV
Amnmo eVr Amho d Vr H$mo AmnU CgmhmZo
d AmZXmZo H$$ eH$Vmo. Amnm earamMr dmT>
mo arVrZo hmoV Amho. VgoM AmnU dmadma
AmOmarhr nS>V Zmhr.
Amnbr H$Vr CV amhmdr Ago gdmZmM
dmQ>Vo. Aer n[apWVr amhmgmR>r H$~m}XHo$,
{WZo, pZY nXmW, OrdZgdo Am{U I{ZOo m
gdmMmM earambm mo VodT>m nwadR>m hmoUo JaOoMo
AgVo. gd AZKQ>H$mMm mo VodT>m nwadR>m
H$aUm`m Amhmambm "gVw{bV Amhma' hUVmV.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
(1) nmbo^mm KmbyZ Ho$bobo WmbrnrR> Am{U
Xhr Ago OodU Ho$mg Amnmbm w
AZKQ>H$ {iVmV H$m?
(2) ^oi Vma H$a`mgmR>r dmnabo`m {d{dY
AZnXmWmnmgyZ H$moUVo AZKQ>H$ {iVmV?
AZ
eara~mYUrMo amoJ{VH$ma d BVa {H$mgmR>r
AZKQ>H$ An mUmV AmdH$ AZKQ>H$
{WZo OrdZgdo I{ZOo

mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
nXmW EH$ - AZKQ>H$ AZoH$
Amnm AmhmamVrb oH$ ImXnXmWmVyZ
Amnmbm EH$mnojm A{YH$ AZKQ>H$ {iV
AgVmV.
CXmhaUmW,
JwS>XmUr qH$dm {MH$s e|JXm`mnmgyZ {WZo,
pZY nXmW, H$~moXHo$ Am{U JwimnmgyZ eH$am,
bmoh.
Ho$io eH$am, H$mhr I{ZOo d VVw_` nXmW.
CH$S>bobo AS>o {WZo, pZY nXmW, H$mhr
OrdZgdo d I{ZOo.
AZKQ>H$mMo gd H$ma {_i`mgmR>r AmhmamV
{d{dYVm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
nmofU Am{U Hw$nmofU
earamMo ZrQ> nmofU hmo`mgmR>r AmhmamV gd
AZKQ>H$ nwaoem d mo _mUmV {_iUo Amd`H$
AgVo. EImXm `Vr`m AmhmamV H$mhr
AZKQ>H$mMr gVV H$_VaVm am{hbr Va {VMo ZrQ>
nmofU hmoV Zmhr. Vr Vr Hw$nmo{fV Amho Ago
AmnU hUVmo. Hw$nmofUmwio Vrm Amamomda
J^ra n[aUm hmoD$ eH$VmV.
CXmhaUmW, H$~m}XHo$ d {WZo nwaoem mUmV
{imbr ZmhrV Va earamMr dmT> IwQ>Vo. mUgmbm
gVV WH$dm dmQ>Vmo. AmgmV VgoM IoimV d
BVa H$mmV Cgmh dmQ>V Zmhr. EImXm
OrdZgdm`m qH$dm I{ZOmm A^mdmwio
H$mhr {d{eQ> AmOma hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Amhmam{dfr H$mhr JagOwVrhr AgVmV.
H$mhtZm dmQ>Vo, XY, Vyn, gwH$m_odm, JmoS>mMo nXmW,
VobH$Q> nXmW, MmH$boQ>, Ho$H$, {~pH$Q>o Iyn ImD$Z
YQ>nwQ> Pmbobo yb gwT> AgVo; naVw Ho$di
AmdS>ob VoM Imbo Am{U gd AZKQ>H$ earambm
{imbo ZmhrV, Va Vr Hw$nmo{fV amhVo.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
~mOmamVrb bmo^Z XmIdUmao, AmH$fH$
d MQ>nQ>rV V`ma nXmW Immnojm gVw{bV
Amhma {iob Ago nXmW Vma H$$Z Imdo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
l H$~m}XH$mnmgyZ earambm D$Om {_iVo.
l earamm dmT>rgmR>r, PrO ^$Z
H$mT>mgmR>r {WZmMr AmdH$Vm AgVo.
l pZY nXmWmnmgyZhr earambm D$Om
{iVo.
l I{ZOo Am{U OrdZgdmMr earambm
H$r mUmV JaO Agbr, Var mm
A^mdmwio AmOma hmoD$ eH$VmV.
l $io d $imm gmbr, ^mm, Ymo d
H$S>Ymo ho gd VVw nXmWmMo moV
AmhoV.
l AmhmamVrb oH$ ImXnXmWmVyZ
Amnmbm EH$mnojm A{YH$ AZKQ>H$
{iV AgVmV.
l gd AZKQ>H$ mo m mUmV {imbo
Zmhr Va Hw$nmofU hmoVo. Hw$nmofUmMm
Vrm OrdZmda J^ra n[aUm hmoVmo.
101
 dmm

1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 6. OmoS>m Owidm.

earambm nwaoer {WZo {imbm hdrV. "A' JQ> "~' JQ>
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. (1) pZY nXmW (A) dmar
(2) {WZo (Am) Vob
amoO XY mbm H$m gmJVmV.
(3) OrdZgdo (B) YmmMm H$m|S>m
3. Imbrb oH$ AZKQ>H$mMo XmoZ moV gmJm? (4) I{ZOo (B) H$S>Ymo
(A) I{ZOo (Am) {WZo (B) {nQ> nXmW (5) {nQ> nXmW (C) bmoh
4. [aH$mm OmJr mo eX ^am.
(A) ...............wio Amnm earambm
amoJmMm {VH$ma H$amMr eVr {iVo. CnH$
(Am) H$peAwio Amnbr hmS>o ........... 1. m nXmWmVyZ {d{dY AZKQ>H$ {iVmV
hmoVmV. Aem AZnXmWmm {MmMm gJh H$am.
(B) JmoS> bmJUmm AZnXmWmo {d{dY
H$mam ........ AgVmV. 2. AJUdmS>rV {X`m OmUm`m nyaH$
Amhmam~m~V _m{hVr {_idm. Vr dJmV
(B) gd AZKQ>H$mMm `mo` `m _mUmV gmJm.
nwadR>m H$aUm`m Amhmambm .............
Amhma hUVmV. ***
5. ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) {nQ> nXmWmm nMZmVyZ {imbom
eH$aoMm earambm H$m CnmoJ hmoVmo?
(Am) VVw nXmWmMo moV H$moUVo?
(B) H$~m}XHo$ H$embm hUVmV?
(B) Hw$nmofU H$embm hUVmV?

102
 20. Amnbo ^md{ZH$ OJ

A{^ZXZ

$
J{VnwVH

A`mg H$gm
H$amdm ?

. ^mdZmerbhr AgVmo. {dMma Am{U ^mdZmMm mo

Vmo oi Amnmbm KmbVm Ambm nm{hOo. H$moUr
Imbrb ~m~VtVrb VwMr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm.
Amnmbm XImdbo, H$s Amnmbm dmBQ> dmQ>Vo.
(1) gH$mir CR>mnmgyZ Vo amr PmononVMo Vo dm^m{dH$ Amho; nU {H$Vr dmBQ> dmQy>Z mMo
VwMo dmJUo. ho Amnmbm H$imbm hdo. EImXmZo MyH$ Ho$br,
(2) dVmZnmVrb Zg{JH$ AmnVtMr {Mo. Va Amnmbm amJ oVmo; nU {H$Vr amJdmMo mMr
(3) dVmZnmVrb {H$Ho$Q>m gmm{dfr mXm H$ibr nm{hOo. EImXr JmoQ> hdrer dmQ>Uo
~mVm. ho dm^m{dH$ Amho; nU mgmR>r {H$Vr hnmnbonUm
H$amMm ho H$ibo nm{hOo. {dMmarnUmZo ^mdZm
(4) dJmVrb {{Ut~XXb oUmam amJ.
AmdaVm oVmV. mmda g R>odVm oVmo.
(5) gH$erVrb {dXyfH$mm H$amVr. ^mdZmda Aem arVrZo {ZU R>odUo, ^mdZmMm oi
KmbVm oUo, m mo arVrZo d mo mUmV
mUgmm d^mdmMo {H$VrVar nby AgVmV.
V H$aUo, mbm "^md{ZH$ gmmoOZ' hUVmV.
mUyg H$Yr amJmdVmo, Va H$Yr H$moUmbm CXmanUo
^mdZmMm mo oi KmVmwio Amnbo
jm H$aVmo. mbm H$Yr H$moUm~XXb ga
pVd gVw{bV ~ZVo. BVamZm gOyZ KomMr
dmQ>Vmo, Va H$Yr H$moUm~XXb o dmQ>Vo. H$Yr Vmo
Amnbr jVm dmT>Vo. {VHy$b n[apWVrda mV
$V dmWunUo dmJVmo, Va gJr BVamgmR>r mJ
H$aVm oVo. BVamZm AH$maU Xmof XoUo, mMr
H$ambm, BVamZm XV H$ambmhr nwT>o gagmdVmo. CUrXUr H$mT>Uo, mMm ga H$aUo, mMo e
amJ, AmZX, XI, ga, Zam, ^rVr m gJim ghZ Z hmoUo m XmofmnmgyZ Amnbr gwQ>H$m hmoVo.
Amnm ^mdZm AmhoV. AmnU AmZXr amhVmo. BVamer OwidyZ KomMr
^mdZmMm oi H$gm Kmbmdm? Amnbr dVr dmT>Vo. AmnmVrb hoHo$ImoanUm
mUyg {dMmaj AgVmo, VgmM Vmo H$r hmoVmo.
103

gmJm nmh !
`m gJr Vwhr H$m` H$amb?
(1) aU{OV Am{U A^ mmV n{hm
~mH$mda H$moU ~gUma md$Z dmX Pmbm
Amho. XmoKohr Iyn amJmdbo AmhoV. EH$oH$mMo
XVa CMbyZ Q>mH$mm pWVrV AmhoV.
(2) hoVbm H$~S>S>rm nY}V ^mJ mMm
Amho, nU Vmo ~wOam Amho. mbm {ejH$mZm
OmD$Z gmJmbm gH$moM dmQ>Vmo Amho.
(3) {ZemMr AmgmMr dhr aoImZo MwHy$Z Kar
Zobr.
AmZX d XI mmUoM amJ hrgwXYm Amnbr
EH$ ^mdZm Amho. AmnmnH$s oH$mbm H$Yr Zm
H$Yr Am{U H$emMm Var amJ oV AgVmo. EImXr
JmoQ> Amnm Zm{dXY KS>br qH$dm Amnbm
AnmZ Pmbm, H$s amJ oVmo. VgoM EImXmda
Am Pmbobm nmhZhr Amnmbm amJ oVmo. amJ
dmadma oV Agob qH$dm AZmda hmoV Agob, Va
mMo mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ Xn[aUm hmoVmV. AmnU
amJrQ> d hQ>Q>r hmoVmo. gOgnUm d ghH$mmMr
dVr H$r hmoVo. amJmm ^amV AmnU BVamMo Z
XImdVmo. Amnmbm S>moHo$XIr, {ZmZme, {Zgmh
Aem H$mhr n[aUmmZm gmmoao Omdo bmJVo.
^mdZmda {ZU R>odmgmR>r nwT>rb
gJmVrb Oo MmJbo Amho mda () Aer IyU
H$am. Oo H$$ Zo Ago Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo mda ( )
Aer IyU H$am.
aoeZo gwaoebm mm~XXb A{VZo
H$mhrVar dmBQ> ~mobmMo gm{JVbo; naVw
gwaoeZo mMr Imr H$$Z KoD$ZM {V{H$m
XomMo R>adbo.
N>mm Am{U rZm AmgmV gmaIrM JVr
H$aUmm AmhoV. {ejH$mZr N>mmm {Z~YmMo
Iyn H$mVwH$ Ho$bo. rZmbm mMm Iyn amJ
104
Ambm. N>mmer ~mobmMo Zmhr, Ago {VZo
R>adbo.
{XZoeZo ZmoOm XVamVrb noZ d nopgb
H$mTy>Z bndyZ R>odbr. ZVa {XZoeZo ZmoOMr
m$s m{JVbr Am{U nwhm Vgo Z H$amMo
AmdmgZ {Xbo.
gwZrVmbm AmB~amo~a ~mOmamV OmMo hmoVo;
naVw H$mhr H$maUmwio gwZrVmm AmBbm
bdH$a ~mOmamV Omdo bmJbo. Vr AmBda
amJmdbr; naVw {VZo W AmBbm bdH$a
OmmMo H$maU {dMmabo. Vo {Vbm nQ>bo, J
{VMm amJ {Zdibm.
AmnmVrb C{UdmMr OmUrd
Amnbo Aja gwXa Amho, Amnmbm J{UV
N>mZ gOVo, {dkmZmm AmgmV AmnU OmV
aVmo, H${dVm Iyn AmdS>Vo Ago AmnU Am{U
Amnm {{Ur hUVmV. mMm AW Amnm
AmdS>r{ZdS>r Am{U jVmhr doJdoJim AgVmV.
Amnmbm Amnm jVm Oem hiyhiy gOmbm
bmJVmV, Vgo Amnmbm H$m oV Zmhr hohr
gOy bmJVo. EImXm {dfmV, H$boV, IoimV
AmnU A{YH$ Va~oO AgVmo, Va Xgm EImXm
~m~VrV VodT>r JVr ZgVo. Amnm jVm~amo~a
AmnmVrb C{Udmhr mhrV Agm nm{hOoV,
hUOo Z H$$Z C{Udmda mV H$aVm oVo.
EImXr JmoQ> oV Zmhr, hUyZ Oo oVo mV mdr
{idmH$S>o Xbj H$$ Zo.
d^md ~XbVm oVmo
AmnmnH$s H$moUmMmM d^md nyUV MmJbm
qH$dm nyUV dmBQ> ZgVmo. Amnm {{Uto
Oo MmJbo JwU AmhoV, mMm W {dMma H$amdm.
C{Udm Xa H$amgmR>r EH$oH$mZm XV H$amdr.
AmnmVrb MmJm jVm~XXbhr ~mobmdo,
VgoM C{Udm~XXbhr moH$ionUmZo MMm Ho$br Va
Vo Amnm $mXmMo AgVo.
 Amnm d^mdmVrb XmofmMr OmUrd
PmmZVa Vo Xmof Xa H$amMm Z Ho$bm nm{hOo.
{Utm KmoimV Zohm gdmV OmV ~mobV
Ago. BVa {UtZm ~mobmMr gYrM {iV
Zgmwio {Ur {Vbm Q>miy bmJm. ho Zohmm amh eH$VmV.
bjmV Ambo. {VZo W H$mhr {Xdg ~mobmda
g R>odmMo Z gw$ Ho$bo. "OmV ~mobV
AgoZ Va bm Wm~dm', Ago {VZo AmnUhZ
{UtZm gm{JVbo. hiyhiy Zohm BVamMohr ~mobUo
EoHy$Z KoD$ bmJbr d {VZo Amnbm A{V ~S>~S>m
d^md ~Xbbm.
gmJm nmh !
(1) "emioV OmVmo', Ago gmJyZ emioV Z OmVm
ZmoO XmZmda IoiV ~gVmo, ho mo Amho
H$m?
(2) EImXmH$Sy>Z AmUbobr H$moUVrhr dVy
doioV naV Z H$amMr gd Agbom
Vwm {/{Urbm Vwhr H$m gmJmb?
1. [aH$m`m OmJr `mo` eX {bhm.
(A) _mUyg {dMmaj_ AgVmo, VgmM Vmo
.......... AgVmo.
(Am) Amnm {{Uto Oo ......... JwU
AmhoV, mMm W {dMma H$amdm.
2. nwT>rb ZmMr EH$m dmmV CVao {bhm.
(A) {Vd gVw{bV H$go ~ZVo?
(Am) gOgnUm d ghH$mmMr dVr H$emwio
H$r hmoVo?
(B) Amnm d^mdmVrb XmofmMr OmUrd
PmmZVa AmnU H$m Ho$bo nm{hOo?
Amnm d^mdmVrb Amnmbm d BVamZm
IQ>H$Umao nby ZnydH$ ~XbVm oVmV. Vo
~XbmMm doirM Z H$aUo AmdH$ Amho;
AWm mVyZ Amnm pVdmo C{Udm
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
^mdZm V Ho$m nm{hOoV. {dMma Am{U
^mdZmMm mo oi KmbVm Ambm nm{hOo.
amJmda {ZU R>odmdo, AWm mMo AZoH$
emar[aH$ Am{U mZ{gH$ Xn[aUm hmoVmV.
AmnmVrb jVm~amo~a C{UdmMrhr OmUrd
Agbr nm{hOo.
Amn`m d^mdmVrb C{Udm ZmZr
~XbVm oVmV.
dmm
3. nwT>rb ZmMr VrZ-Mma dm`mV CVao {bhm.
(A) ^md{ZH$ gmmoOZ hUOo H$m?
(Am) amJmMo H$moUVo Xn[aUm hmoVmV?
(B) Amn`mVrb C{UdmMr OmUrd Amnmbm
H$m Agmdr?
4. Vwhmbm H$m` dmQ>Vo Vo {bhm.
(A) Vw_Mo hUUo {ejH$ EoHy$Z KoV ZmhrV.
(Am) KamVrb {ZU` KoVmZm AmB~m~m Vwhmbmhr
{dMmaVmV.
(B) {_mbm _moR>o ~jrg {_imbo.
(B) dJmVrb _wbo Vw_Mo H$mVwH$ H$aVmV.
(C) amohZZo dJmV Vw_Mm An_mZ Ho$bm.
105
5. Vwhr m gJr H$m` H$amb? (B) drUm emioV EH$Q>r dmdaVo.
(A) amo{hUrbm {Z~Y nY}V nwaH$ma {_imbm. (B) _H$aX hUVmo, "_mPm d^mdM hQ>Q>r Amho'.
(Am) H${dVmbm amJ Ammwio {VZo S>~m Imbm
Zmhr.

CnH$ Imbrb VVm ^am. {ejH$mm XVrZo Amnbm d^md OmUyZ m.

d{ZarjU
H$. H$Vr
Zoh_r AZoH$Xm H$YrH$Yr Zmhr
1. Iyn amJ `oVmo.
2. gVV Jnm maVo / _maVmo.
3. BVamZm _XV H$aVo / H$aVmo.
BVamMr AmnwbH$sZo MmH$er H$aVo/
4.
H$aVmo.
5. Iyn ^mS>U H$aVo / H$aVmo.
6. BVamZm em~mgH$s XoVo / XoVmo.
7. H$moUr dmBQ> ~mobbo Va aSy> `oVo.
8. AmZXr amhm`bm AmdS>Vo.

***

106
 21. H$mmV V Amnbr AmVa|{o
WmoS>o AmR>dm.
dJmVrb gmYmaU CMr`m {dXmmEdT>m
bm~ d OmS> H$mJX m. hm H$mJX q^Vrda nH$m
{MH$Q>dm. mnwT>o EH$m wbmbm C^o H$am. Xgm
wbmbm mm earamMr ~mhaofm H$mJXmda
H$mT>mbm gmJm.
AmVm dJmVrb EHo$H$m {dXmmbm earamm
~mhaofom AmV nwT>rb AmVa|{mMr `mo` {R>H$mUo
Xedm`bm gmJm. |X, w$w$go, X, OR>a.
AmVm oH$ B{m{dfr nwT>rb JmoQ>r
AmR>dm .
1. Vo earamm H$moUm nmoH$irV AgVo?
2. mMo H$m H$moUVo?
3. mMo gajU H$aUmar hmS>o H$moUVr?
gmJm nmh !
Vwhr nwVH$ dmMV AgVmZmhr Vwm earamV
gw$ AgUmm H$moUH$moUm {H$mMr Vwhmbm
OmUrd hmoVo?
Amnm earamV dgZ, nMZ Aem AZoH$
{H$m R>am{dH$ B{`m_m\$V gVV Mmby AgVmV.
`m H$mhr {H$m Am{U m KS>dyZ AmUUmar B{o
m{dfr AmnU m{hVr KoD$m.
{ZdmV ~gbom pWVrV EH$m {{ZQ>mV Vwhr
{H$Vr doim dmg KoVm Vo KS>mim`m _XVrZo
_moOm. md$Z Vwhr EH$m VmgmV gmYmaUnUo
{H$Vr doim dmg KoVm Vo gmJm.
dgZ
OJmgmR>r Amnmbm hdm, nmUr Am{U
AZ m VrZhr JmoQ>tMr JaO AgVo. hdoVrb
AmpgOZMm nwadR>m earambm gVV hmoV amhUo
JaOoMo AgVo. `mgmR>r Amnbm dmgmoN>dmg gVV
Mmby AgVmo. Amnm earamV dmgmoN>dmgmMo
H$m H$aUmar B{o AmhoV. nwT>rb nmZmda mMr
Zmdo d mm{dfrMr WmoS>r m{hVr {Xbr Amho.
Vr g_OyZ `m.
107

ZmH$
dmgZ{bH$m
\w$\w$go
dmgnQ>b
dgZgWm
darb AmH$VrV dgZ|{o XmIdbr AmhoV.
dmg KoVbm H$s ZmH$mdmQ>o KoVbobr hdm
dmgZ{bHo$V OmVo. dmgZ{bHo$m XmoZ emImm$V
hdm w$w$gmV {eaVo. w$w$gmV m Xmohr emImnmgyZ
AZoH$ emIm w$Q>VmV. m oH$ emIom Q>moH$mer
hdom {nem AgVmV. m {ne`mZm dmwH$moe
hUVmV.
CamonmoH$ir Am{U CXanmoH$ir XamZ bdMrH$
nS>XmgmaIm Add AgVmo. mbm dmgnQ>b
hUVmV.
dmgnQ>b d mMr hmbMmb
dmgnQ>b Imb`m {XeoZo gaH$Vo Vohm
dmgmdmQ>o hdm ZmH$mdmQ>o oD$Z dmgZ{bH$m d
{V`m emImVyZ nwT>o dm`wH$moemV ^aVo.
dmgnQ>b dam {XeoZo gaH$Vo Vohm
CN>dmgmdmQ>o hdm ~mhoa Q>mH$br OmVo.
dmyMr XodmUKodmU
dmwH$moemo ~mhoarb hdm nmoMbr, H$s
hdoVrb AmpgOZ dmwH$moemm ^modVmbr
Agbom ~marH$~marH$ aVdm{hmV OmVmo Am{U
aVmVyZ earamm gd ^mJmV dmhZ Zobm OmVmo.
108
mM doir earamm gd ^mJmVyZ aVm~amo~a
Ambobm H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS> dmwH$moemYrb
hdoV {giVmo.
CN>dmgmm doir Vmo earam~mhoa Q>mH$bm
OmVmo. Aem H$mao dm`wH$moemV AmpgOZ d H$m~Z
S>mAmgmBS> dmyMr XodmUKodmU hmoVo.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
earam~mhoarb hdoV Yyi d YwamMo H$U
Agy eH$VmV, VgoM amoJmbm H$maUr^yV
R>aUmao amoJOVyhr Agy eH$VmV. `mMm
earambm mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
dgZ|{mm AmVrb dMobm ~marH$
Ho$gmgmaIr bd AgVo. dgZ|{m`m
AmV`m Vamda {MH$Q> ~wi~wirV bo_
AgVo. hdoVrb H$U `mda {MH$Qy>Z
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w$w$gmnV nmohMy eH$V ZmhrV.
.
e^a _rQ>a YmdyZ AmmZVa Vwhr EH$m
{_{ZQ>mV {H$Vr doim dmg KoVm Vo _moOm.
Vwhr Pmonbobo AgVmZm EH$m {{ZQ>mV
{H$Vr doim dmg KoVm mMr BVamm XVrZo
m{hVr {idm. m Xmohr doir Ho$bom
H$Vto dmgmm goV H$moUVm $aH$ Amho?
 AZZ{bH$m
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. AmnU ImVmo m AZmMo earamV nMZ
bo_ `m nXmWmbm amoO`m ^mfoV H$m` hUVmV? hmoVo. hUOoM AZmnmgyZ aVmV {giy eH$Umao
nXmW Vma hmoVmV. ho H$m Amnm earamVrb
Yy_nmZmMo n[aUm_ EH$m A{Ve bdMrH$ d bm~M bm~ Zir`m
gVV YynmZ Ho$m_wio YyamVrb {dfmar {d{dY ^mJm_`o nma nS>Vo. m Zirbm
nXmW \w$\w$gmV gmRy> bmJVmV `m_wio AZZ{bH$m hUVmV. m ZirMo daMo Q>moH$
\w$\w$gmV ^aUm`m hdoMo nwaogo ewXYrH$aU hUOo Amnbo Vm|S> Am{U ImbMo Q>moH$ hUOo
hmoV Zmhr. n[aUmr hdoVrb AewXYr JwXXdma.
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H$m`j_Vm H$_rH$_r hmoV OmVo n[aUm_r Agbr Var m ZirMm AmH$ma gd ^mJmV
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dmT>Vo.
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AmVrb ~mOybm O_y bmJVmo. mwio earambm
AmpgOZMm nwadR>m H$r hmoD$ bmJVmo.
{edm` V~mIyVrb H$mhr {dfmar nXmWhr
dmwH$moemV {eaVmV. Aem Xn[aUmmwio Vm|S>
bmiJWr
YynmZ H$aUmmZm dgZ|{mg~YrMo amoJ
VgoM \w$\w$gmMm H$H$amoJ Ago XYa amoJhr Jm{gH$m
hmoD$ eH$VmV.
A`j Yy_nmZ
Amnm Amgnmg YynmZ H$aUmao bmoH$
gVV Agmg, dV YynmZ Z H$aVmhr
Amnmbm mMo Xn[aUm ^moJmdo bmJVmV.
hUyZM gmdO{ZH$ {R>H$mUr YynmZ H$V-JWr
H$amda H$mXmZo {Z~Y AmUbm Amho. OR>a

Zdm eX {eH$m dmXqnS>-JWr

nmMH$ag - nMZ{H$oV Imbo`m AZmMo bhmZ AmVS>o
moR>o AmVS>o
nMZ hmo`mg _XV H$aUmam dnXmW.
JWr - {d{eQ> d dUmao B{`.
nMZ bme
AZZ{bH$m, nMZ|{o d mm H$mm{dfr JwXXdma
WmoS>r m{hVr KoD$. nMZgWm
109
^mJmMr aMZm d H$m doJdoJio AgVo.
AZZ{bHo$Vrb m {d{dY ^mJmZm nMZ|{o
hUVmV. AZZ{bHo$m ~mhoa AgUmm H$mhr
JWr nMZ{H$obm XV H$aVmV.
nMZ|{o
AZ Vm|S>mV KoVm~amo~a nMZ{H$oMr gwdmV
hmoVo.
Vm|S>mVrb XmV, Or^ Am{U bmi m gdm`m
{H$mwio AZmMm {JiVm oBb Agm Amobga D$
Jmoim Vma hmoVmo. Vmo AmnU ghO {JiVmo. {Jibobo
AZ Jm{gHo$m$V OR>amV OmVo
OR>a ho {nedrgmaIo B{ Amho. mV AZ
Kwgibo OmVo. OR>amVrb nmMH$ agm_wio H$mhr
nMZ{H$m KS>VmV Am{U AZmVrb H$mhr amoJOVy
ZQ> hmoVmV. oWo AZmMo EH$m nmVi {Iargmam
nXmWmV $nmVa hmoVo. Vo nwT>o bhmZ AmVS>mV
T>H$bbo OmVo.
mT> `Vr_`o bhmZ AmVS>o gw_mao gmV
rQ>a bm~rMo AgVo. AmVS>mVrb nmMH$agm_wio
AZnMZmVrb AZoH$ {H$m oWo hmoVmV. oWo
H$mhr JWtm mdmMr nMZmg XV hmoVo.
nMZmVyZ earambm CnwV Ago nXmW Vma
hmoVmV d aVmV emofbo OmVmV. Cabobo nXmW
moR>m AmVS>mV OmVmV.
mT> `Vr_`o _moR>o AmVS>o gw_mao XrS>
rQ>a bm~rMo AgVo. Cabom nXmWmV Agbobo
~aoMgo nmUr oWo earamV emofbo OmVo Am{U
{dR>m Vma hmoVo.
Vr bmemV Om hmoVo. _bme`mV {dR>m
hUOo _b H$mhr H$mi gmRy>Z amhVo.
ZVa JwXXdmamVyZ {dR>m earam~mhoa Q>mH$br
OmVo.
110
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
(1) AZnMZmMo H$m hmomgmR>r VgoM
AZmJmVyZ AZ nwT>o nwT>o gaH$V
amhmgmR>r nwaoem nmmMr JaO nS>Vo.
AmnU nwaogo nmUr mbmo Zmhr, Va
~XYH$moR>VoMm mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo, hUOo
emMmbm hmoVmZm IS>m nS>Vmo. VgoM
emMmbm {Z{VnUohr hmoV Zmhr.
earamVrb BVahr Hw$R>brM H$mo
nmm{edm hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
nMZ{H$oV Oo nmUr earamV emofbo OmVo
`m nm`mMm BVa gd H$m_mgmR>r Cn`moJ
hmoVmo. hUyZ nwaogo nmUr {nUo AV
_hdmMo AgVo.
(2) AZZ{bH$m d dmgZ{bH$m m
XmohtMr gwdmVrMr Q>moHo$ KemV
EH$oH$mOdi AgVmV. {Jibobo
AZ Oohm AZZ{bHo$V OmVo,
Vohm dmgZ{bH$m ~X amhVo.
KmBKmBZo AZ ImVmZm Vo
dmgZ{bHo$V OmD$Z Amnmbm
R>gH$m bmJVmo, hUyZ AZ
ImVmZm KmB H$$ Zo, VgoM
~mobmMo Q>mimdo.
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MmJbo XmV hdo Agmg mMr ZrQ>
H$miOr KoUo hdmMo AgVo. Vm|S>mVrb oH$
XmVmbm EZb Zmdmm nXmWmMo AmdaU AgVo.
EZb hm earamVrb gdmV Q>UH$ nXmW Amho.
`m_wio XmVm`m AmVrb ZmOyH$ ^mJmMo ajU
hmoVo; naVw XmV {Z{VnUo dN> Z Ho$mg ho
EZbhr ZQ> hmoVo Am{U XmV {H$S>VmV.
OodVmZm AmnU AZoH$ dmXmMm AmZX
KoV AgVmo. {O^oZo Md d ZmH$mZo nXmWmMo dmg
Amnmbm H$iVmV; naVw H$mhr doim nXmWmMm
dmg qH$dm Md Zohrnojm doJir AgmMo
OmUdVo. AZ Iam~ Pmbo Agmwio Ago
hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem ~XbmH$S>o bj Xmdo. AZ
Iam~ Pmbo Agmg Vo ImmMo Q>miVm oVo.
gmJm nmh !
dmgmoNdmg KS>dZy AmUmo
H$moUH$moUm B{mMm gh^mJ AgVmo?
B{gWm
AZoH$ B{o {iyZ dmgmoN>dmg KS>dyZ
AmUVmV ho Vwhr nm{hbo. mnH$s Hw$R>bohr EH$
B{ ZrQ> H$m H$aV Zgob, Va dmgmoN>dmgmMo
H$m nyU hmoUma Zmhr. earamMo EImXo H$m
EH${Varm nyU H$aUmm B{mm Aem
JQ>mbm B{gWm hUVmV. hUyZ ZmH$,
dmgZ{bH$m, \w$\w$go Am{U dmgnQ>b `mZm
EH${VnUo dgZgWm hUVmV.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
nMZgWo_`o H$moUH$moUm B{mMm
gmdoe AgVmo?
earamVrb D$Om
dgZ{H$owio AmpgOZ dmy earamVrb
aVmV oVmo Am{U earamm gd ^mJmV ngaVmo.
nMZmVyZ Vma Pmbobo nXmWhr aVmV
{giVmV d aVm~amo~a Vo earamm gd ^mJmV
nmoMVmV. mnH$s H$mhr nXmW earamgmR>r BYZmMo
H$m H$aVmV.
hdoVrb AmpgOZ aVm~amo~a earamm gd
^mJmo nmohMbm, H$s VoWo nXmWmMo AmpgOZ`m
_XVrZo X dbZ hmoVo Am{U earambm D$Om {iVo.
hrM D$Om earamMr gd H$mo hmomg CnwV R>aVo.
aVm{^gaU
AZmVrb BYZnXmW d hdoVrb AmpgOZ
earamm gd ^mJmV nmoMdmMo H$m
aVdm{hmVyZ gVV dmhV AgUmao aV H$aVo; nU
aV dmhV R>odmMo H$m H$moU H$aVo?
ho H$m hmomgmR>r XmMo gVV AmHw$MZ-
{e{WbrH$aU hmoV AgVo, ho Vwhr {eH$bm AmhmV.
XmnmgyZ aV dmhZ ZoUm`m VgoM {\$$Z
naV XmnV aV AmUUm`m aVdm{hmMo EH$
Omio eara^a ngabobo AgVo.
earamV aV gVV {$aV R>odmm {H$obm
"aVm{^gaU' hUVmV. Amnm earamV aVmVyZ
AmpgOZ {VarV Ag nXmW EH$m ^mJmVyZ
Xgm ^mJmV nmohmoMdbo OmVmV. Vohr
aVm{^gaUmwio e hmoVo. X Am{U
aVdm{hmm Omimbm {iyZ "aVm{^gaU
gWm' hUVmV. AmnU {OdV AgonV
aVm{^gaUmMo H$m am{Xdg gVV Mmby amhVo.
111
 MoVmgWm
dmgnQ>b, X, nMZgWm mMr H$mo
earamgmR>r BVH$s hdmMr AgVmV, H$s Amnm
H$iV ZH$iV Vr am{Xdg Mmby amhmbm hdr
AgVmV. H$mhr H$mo AmnU Amnm BN>omUo
hdr Vohm H$aVmo. CXmhaUmW, ~mobUo, YmdUo,
Amg H$aUo, IoiUo.
m gd H$ma`m H$mmda bj R>odyZ Vr mo
m doir, mo m nXYVrZo hmoVrb mMr Imr
H$aUo mbm gd gmYUo Ago hUVmV ho Vwhr
{eH$bm AmhmV. Agm gd gmYmMo H$m
|XMo AgVo. |X Am{U earamm {d{dY ^mJmo
gVV gnH$ AgVmo. mgmR>r Vo EH$oH$mZm gXoedhZ
H$aUmm AZoH$ VVyZr OmoS>bobo AgVmV. mZm
"MoVmVVy' hUVmV. _|X Am{U MoVmVVyMo Omio `mZm
EH${VnUo MoVmgWm hUVmV. MoVmgWm
earamo gd amImMo H$m H$aVo.

aVm{^gaU gWm

gmJm nmh !

1. Amnmbm ^yH$ bmJbr Amho, AmVm AmnU

Oodbo nm{hOo, ho Amnmbm H$go H$iVo?
2. Vm|S>mV AZ Amho Am{U mMo nMZ hmomgmR>r
bmi dmbm hdr ho bmiJWtZm H$go
H$iVo?
3. dgZgWm d aVm{^gaU gWmm B{mMr
H$mo gVV Mmby R>odUo Am{U nMZ|{mMr
H$mo mo m doirM hmoUo Ago AMyH$
{ZmoOZ H$go hmoVo?

MoVmgWm
112
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
XnmZ H$amMo AZoH$ {dnarV n[aUm
hmoVmV. XnmZmMm MoVmgWoda n[aUm hmoD$Z
earamm hmbMmbtda Vm~m amhV Zmhr,
gd H$r hmoVmo. hUyZ XnmZ H$$Z dmhZo
MmbdUo YmomMo R>aVo.
XrKH$mi XnmZ Ho$mZo nMZ|{mm
AmVrb Vamda dU nS>VmV. VgoM H$Vmm
Am{U dH$m`m ({H$S>Zr`m) H$mmda J^ra
n[aUm hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
earambm D$Om {idyZ Xomm H$mmV
H$moUH$moUm B{gWmMm gh^mJ AgVmo?
earamVrb BVa gWm
dgZgWm, nMZgWm, aVm{^gaU gWm
d m gdmo gd R>odUmar MoVmgWm m
gWm{dfr m nmR>mV AmnU WmoS>rer m{hVr
KoVbr. m{edmhr Amnm earamV AZoH$ gWm
AmhoV.
CXmhaUmW, earambm AmYma, AmH$ma XoUmar,
hdmm B{mMo ajU H$aUmar ApWgWm
VgoM earamV Vma hmoUmao AZoH$ Q>mH$mD$ nXmW
earam~mhoa Q>mH$Umar CgOZgWm.
m gd gWmMr H$m} AV JwVmJwVrMr
AgVmV, m{dfr m{hVr AgUo hdmMo AgVo.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
Amnm earamV EImXm B{gWoMo
H$m dpWV Pmbo Zmhr, Va BVa B{gWmda
mMm n[aUm hmoVmo.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
earamMo EImXo H$m_ {_iyZ nyU H$aUm`m
B{`mZm EH${VnUo B{`gWm hUVmV.
ZmH$, dmgZ{bH$m, \w$\w$go, dmgnQ>b
{iyZ dgZgWm ~ZVo.
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AmVS>o, _bme` Am{U JwXXdma VgoM
AZZ{bHo$m ~mhoa AgUmm H$mhr JWr
`mMm nMZgWoV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
earam`m gd H$m_m_`o g_d` gmY`mMo
H$m_ MoVmgWm H$aVo.
aVm{^gaU gWm, ApWgWm, CgOZ
gWm Aem BVahr B{`gWm earamV gVV
H$m_ H$aV AgVmV.
{ZamoJr OrdZmgmR>r gd B{`gWmMo H$m_
gwairV Mmby amhUo JaOoMo AgVo.
113
 dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 5. WmoS>mV CVao {bhm.
MH$a `oD$Z `Vr nS>br AgVm bmoH$mZr (A) earamV H$m H$aUmm gWmMr Zmdo
`m`m^modVr JXu Ho$br Amho. {bhm.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. (Am) w$w$gmo AmpgOZ d H$m~Z
(A) ^a^a OodVmZm OmoamMm R>gH$m H$m bmJVmo? S>mAmgmBS> dmyMr XodmUKodmU H$er
(Am) dmgmdmQ>o earamV oUmm hdoMo ewXYrH$aU hmoVo?
H$go hmoVo? (B) bmi hm md nmMH$ag H$m Amho?
6. H$embm hUVmV Vo H$gmVyZ emoYm d {bhm.
3. Imbrb [aH$mm OmJr mo Vmo eX ^am. (aVm{^gaU, dmgZ{bH$m, dmgnQ>b)
(A) ..............dm`y earamm gd ^mJmnV (A) `m`m daImbr hmoUm`m hmbMmbt_wio
nmohMdbm OmVmo. dmgmoN>dmg hmoVmo-
(Am) OR>a ho ........... gmaIo B{` AgVo. (Am) earamV gVV aV {$aV R>odmMr {H$m-
4. OmoS>m bmdm. (B) ZmH$mVyZ Ambobr hdm `m ZirV `oVo -
"A' JQ> "~' JQ>
(1) w$w$go (A) aVm{^gaU CnH$
(2) OR>a (Am) dgZgWm dJm_`o JQ> H$$Z B{`o Am{U `mMr H$m`
(3) X (B) MoVmgWm `mda AmYm[aV Z_Oyfm nYm `m.
(4) |X (B) nMZgWm

***

114
 22. dmT> Am{U `pV_d {dH$mg
(5) mXrV ZmhrV nU Vwhmbm `oVmV Aem
gmJm nmh ! H$moU`m JmoQ>r AmhoV ?
Xmoardam CS>m maUo, {Z~Y {b{hUo, Ho$g
Vwhr ~mi AgVmZmMo VwMo H$nS>o Am{U ~yQ>- qdMaUo, Mhm H$aUo, JmUo/H${dVm nmR> H$aUo,
Mnbm Vwhmbm AmVm dmnaVm `oVrb H$m? nmohUo, JmoQ> gmJUo, gmH$b MmbdUo, ^mfU XoUo,
ngo moOUo, Ka AmdaUo, n {b{hUo, XmZr Ioi
. IoiUo, PmS>mda MT>Uo BmXr.

Vwm J{VnwVH$mdarb Vwm {dfrMr

m{hVr dmMm Am{U nwT>rb gmaUrVrb aH$mZo ^am.
n{hbr Xgar {Vgar MmWr nmMdr
CMr
dOZ

AZ KoD$Z gd gOrdmMr em[aarH$ dmT> hmoVo

VerM Amnbrhr CMr d dOZ OmnmgyZ
mT>mdWonV dmT>V amhVo. Vwm {{UtZr
mm{dfr darb gmaUro ^abobr m{hVr
nm{hbr Var AgoM {Xgob. H$mhtMr AmVmMr CMr d
dOZ Vwm CMr d dOZmnojm OmV Agob Va
H$mhtMo H$r Agob; naVw mm dVm n{hbr-
XgarVrb CMr d dOZmnojm Vo OmVM Agob, H$maU
gmYmaUnUo 18 dfmMo hmoBn V gd wbm-wbtMo ho
dmT>rMoM d AgVo.
gmJm nmh !
(1) ~mi dVm hmVmZo Oody eH$Vo H$m ?
(2) XmoZ dfmm bhmZ wbmZm H$nS>mm
KS>m KmbVm oVmV H$m?
(3) hr H$mo H$ambm Vr Ho$hm {eH$VmV?
(4) nwT>o {Xbom mXrVrb Vwhr H$moUm JmoQ>r
H$am`bm {eH$bm AmhmV ? AOyZ H$moUm
{eH$mm AmhoV?
H$meo Am{U H$mjVm
~mi bhmZ AgVo Vohm Vo dVMr Hw$R>brM
H$mo H$$ eH$V Zmhr. H$mhr hdo Agob Va aS>Uo
Am{U hmVnm hmbdUo EdT>M o mbm oV.o nU H$mhr
{XdgmZr earamm doJdoJim ^mJmm hmbMmbtda
mMo WmoS>o {ZU oD$ bmJVo Am{U {d{dY
hmbMmbto WmoS>m gd oD$ bmJVmo. CXmhaUmW,
nm{hOo m {XeoZo mZ didyZ ~mi dVyH$S>o ~Ky
bmJVo. EImXr Vr AmoiIrMr dmQ>br, Va
{VmH$S>o nmhZ hgVo. hmVmV dVy Yambm {eH$Vo.
hmVmV Yabobr dVy Vm|S>mH$S>o mbm {eH$Vo.
H$moUrhr Z {eH$dVm hmbMmbtdarb {ZU
Am{U gd dmT>bm, H$s AmUIrhr H$mhr H$mo Vo
AmnmoAmn H$$ bmJVo.
115
 CXmhaUmW, dVy CMbyZ XoU,o MMm hmVmV
Y$Z VmQ>mda AmnQy>Z AmdmO H$mT>U.o
dVm hmbMmbtda {ZU oD$Z EImXr
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~mi n{hm doir AmBbm qH$dm d{S>bmZm
nmhZ "AmB' qH$dm "~m~m' hUVo qH$dm AmYma Z
KoVm n{hbo nmD$b Q>mH$Vo Vohm gdmZm H$m dmQ>V?o
Vohm Vo H$m H$aVmV?
{d{dY H$meo {eH$VmZm dV ~mimbm d
BVamZmhr AmZX hmoVmo. Vo ~mimMo H$mVHw $ H$aVmV.
~mi mM m hmbMmbr nwhm nwhm H$aVo. Ago
Ho$mZo m H$mmMm ~mimbm ^anya gamd hmoVmo
Am{U mMr VmH$Xhr dmT>V.o hiyhiy ~mi ZdrZ
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bmJVo, hUOo ~mimMr H$mjVm dmT>V.o
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bmJVo. CXmhaUmW, dVy Yambm oD$ bmJbo H$s
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bmJbo, H$s YmdUo, {OZm MT>U,o o$H$bobm M|S>y
nH$S>Uo Aer A{YH$m{YH$ H$R>rU H$mo {eH$Vm
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IoiUmar wbo
116
Aer H$mohr AgVmV. CXmhaUmW, dV`m hmVmZo
OodUo, Vm|S> YwU,o AKmoi H$aUo, H$nS>o KmbUo B`mXr.
{dH$mg
Amnbr dmT> hmoVo Vohm Amnbr CMr Am{U
dOZ dmT>Vo. d`m_mUo Amnbr emar[aH$ VmH$Xhr
dmT>Vo. mM~amo~a AmnU AZoH$ H$meo {eH$V
amhVmo. Aem H$mao oH$ VrMr JVr hmoV
AgVo. mbmM "{dH$mg hmoUo' Ago hUVmV.
{ZarjU H$am
EImXr Jm qH$dm mOa Amnm {nbmgmR>r
H$m H$m H$aVo, VgoM Vo dmg$ qH$dm mOarMo
{nby O PmmnmgyZ AmnUhZ H$m H$m {eH$Vo,
mMo {ZarjU H$amMm Z H$am.
ho mUr dVMo AZ {idUo, D$Z-
nmdgmnmgyZ d eynmgyZ dVMo gajU H$aUo hr
H$meo Vo AmBH$Sy>Z hiyhiy {eH$VmV. mZVa Vr
AmBbm gmoSy>Z dV OrdZ OJy bmJVmV.
mmgmR>r AmdH$ Aer H$meo AJXrM
m{XV AgVmV. mmZmZo dVnUo OJmgmR>r
Amnmbm Iyn H$mhr {eH$mdo bmJVo.
_m{hVr {_idm dVMo H$nS>o {edV Zmhr qH$dm dV eoVr
dmKmMr/hVrMr {nbo {H$Vr dfmMr Pm`mda H$aV Zmhr, naVw dVMr H$mo nyU hmoVrb mMr
dVnUo OJy bmJVmV? O~m~Xmar dV mbm {eH$bo nm{hOo.

VwbZm H$am. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.

\w$Q>~mb IoiUo, bJmoar IoiUo, d`nmH$
~ZdUo, Br H$aUo, {H$aH$moi {H$amUm gm_mZ gmbr ghmdrV Amho. {VMm dJ ghbrbm
AmUUo, AmOmar `VrMr ewlyfm H$aUo, gmameboIZ OmUma Amho. AmB gdmgmR>r bmSy> H$$Z XoUma
H$aUo Aer H$m_o Vwhr H$$ eH$Vm H$m? Amho; nU {Vbm gmbrMr XV hdr Amho. mgmR>r
_VXmZ H$aUo, dmhZ MmbdUo hr H$mo gmbr AmBbm H$moUH$moUVr XV H$$ eHo$b?
H$amMr H$mXoera nadmZJr R>am{dH$ dmVM
mXr KoVbr Zm?
AgVo. Vr Vwhr H$$ eH$Vm H$m?
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
hmo ! {nedrV R>odbr Amho.
AmnU `m nmR>mV AmVmnV AZoH$ H$memMm
CboI Ho$bm. mnH$s H$moUH$moUVr H$meo
Vwhmbm Zmhr Ambr Var Mmbob? H$moUVr H$meo
AmdH$ AmhoV?

{dMma H$am.
(1) Vwhmbm H$moUVr H$mo H$ambm AmdS>VmV?
nwT>o H$moUVr H$ambm AmdS>Vrb?
(2) H$moUm JmoQ>r Vwhr H$YrH$Yr $V
ZmoaOZmgmR>r H$amb?
(3) H$moUm JmoQ>r Vwhmbm amoOm amoO `dgm`
hUyZ H$ambm AmdS>Vrb?
Mmbm-YmdmgmaIr gwdmVrMr H$mhr
H$meo AmnmV dmmUo AmnmoAmn oV
AgVmV; naVw ZVaMr AZoH$ H$meo Amnmbm
H$moUrVar {eH$dmdr bmJVmV. Amnbo AmBdS>rb,
{ejH$, BVa moR>r mUgo m gdmH$Sy>Z AmnU
AZoH$ H$meo {eH$V AgVmo.
{OVH$s OmV H$meo AmnU AmgmV H$aVmo,
{VVHo$M Amnbo BVamda Adb~yZ amhUo H$r hmoVo.
Varhr Amnbo oH$ H$m AmnU dV H$aVmo,
Ago H$YrM hmoV Zmhr. CXmhaUmW, oH$ Vr
117

EdT>o H$m H$amgmR>r {Vbm H$moUH$moUVr
H$meo CnmoJr nS>Uma AmhoV?
AmZwd{eH$Vm
Amnbr CMr {H$Vr dmT>Vo ?
dmm 18 dfmnV gmYmaUnUo Amnbr
CMr dmT>Vo, ho Vwhr {eH$bm AmhmV. Vwm
AmoiIrVbo 18 df] qH$dm mnojm OmV dmMo
bmoH$ AmR>dm. mnH$s, AmBd{S>bmnojm Iyn CM
qH$dm Iyn H$r CMrMo Agbobo {H$Vr bmoH$ AmhoV
Vo nhm.
Amnbo {XgUo, Amnbr AJH$mR>r Aer AZoH$
em[a[aH$ bjUo gmYmaUnUo Amnm AmB-
d{S>bmgmaIr AgVmV. EH$m Hw$Qw>~mVrb bmoH$mo
AZoH$ ~m~VtV gm {XgyZ oVo. Amnbr H$mhr
bjUo Amnbo AmOr-AmOmo~m, mm-mder qH$dm
H$mH$m-AmmgmaIr AgVmV. hUyZ {H$oH$ doim
mZm AmoiIUmao, nU nydu Amnmbm H$Yrhr
Z ^oQ>bobo bmoH$ Aem gmmd$Z Amnmbm
AmoiIVmV.
Amnm Hw$Qw>~rmgmaIr Amnmo
OVM AZoH$ bjUo oUo, mbm "AmZwd{eH$Vm'
hUVmV.
Amnbr AZoH$ bjUo Amnm ZmVodmBH$mgmaIr
Agbr, Var O_V Amnmo H$moUVr bjUo
AmZwd{eH$VoZo oVrb Am{U H$moUVr oUma ZmhrV
mda H$moUmMohr {ZU ZgVo.
118
dmMm Am{U {dMma H$am.
EH$m H$maImZXmamZo Iyn ohZVrZo Amnbm
dgm dmT>dbm hmoVm. mMo VrZ ghmH$ hmoVo.
AmnU WH$bmo, H$s hm H$maImZm gm^mimbm
H$moUmH$S>o Xmdm, ho R>admgmR>r mZo EH$
moJ H$amMo R>adbo. `mgmR>r `mZo oH$mbm
nmM bmI no {Xbo Am{U `m aH$_oMo `mZm
nm{hOo Vo H$amg gm{JVbo.
EH$m dfmZVa H$maImZXmamZo {VKmZmhr ~mobmdyZ
mZr nemMo H$m Ho$bo Vo {dMmabo.
n{hbm ghmH$ Vwhr {Xbobo ngo r AJXr
gwa{jV R>odbo AmhoV. mm{edm Vo H$moUmm
hmVr bmJy eH$Uma ZmhrV. Vwhr hUmb Vohm Vo
Vwhmbm AmUyZ XoVmo.
gwa{jV R>od
Xgam ghmH$ AmnU dfmVyZ EH$Xm Amnm
H$mJmamZm ~moZg XoVmo. m doiobm r gdmZm XnQ>
~moZg {Xbm Am{U oOdmZrhr {Xbr. Amnbo gd
H$mJma Iyn Iye Pmbo. mmH$S>Mo ngo r Ago
gH$maUr bmdbo.
XnQ>
~moZg
H$m_JmamZm _oOdmZr
{Vgam ghmH$ Vwhr {Xbom nemVyZ r
EH$ A{YH$ MmJbo erZ AmUbo. mwio Amnbo
~H$
Zdo
_{eZ
H$m_Jma
R>odr
{ebH$
aH$_
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gwYmabm. hUyZ mbm Iyn moR>r mJUr oV Amho.
gmV-AmR> {hmVM OdiOdi 25 bmI
no $mXm Pmbm. OwamZm H$Q>rZMr JaO hmoVr.
hUyZ 10 bmI no dmn$Z r H$Q>rZ ~mYbo.
5 bmI no Amnm H$maImmm H$mJma
H$mU {ZYrV Q>mH$bo. OwZo erZ bdH$aM ~Xbmdo
bmJUma Amho. eodQ>Mo 10$ bmI no mgmR>r
dmnamdo Agm {dMma Amho.
H$maImZXmamZo H$moUmbm Amnbm dmag Ho$bo, ho
Vwhr AmoiIbo AgobM.
m JmoQ>rMo Vmn H$m?
MmJbm {dH$mg hmomgmR>r....
AZoH$ H$meo {eH$mm jVm AmnmH$S>o
AmZwd{eH$VoZo oVmV. dmT>rMo d hUOo
dVm jVm AmoiImMr Am{U H$meo
{dH${gV H$amMr gYr AgVo. H$memm
AmYmao dVnUo CnmoJr Am{U gXY OrdZ
OJmMr Vmar hmoVo.
MmJbm Amhma
dmT>rgmR>r AZmMr JaO AgVo ho Vwhmbm
mhrV Amho, naVw H$mhr n[apWVrV dmT>rm dmV
Hw$nmofUmwio {d{dY AZKQ>H$ nwaoem _mUmV
{iV ZmhrV. Vohm MmJbm Amhma {iyZ OodT>r
CMr Pmbr AgVr mnojm Vr H$r amhZ OmVo.
dmT>rMo d Jomda MmJbm Amhma {imbm, Var
mMm dmT>rgmR>r CnmoJ hmoV Zmhr.
{dH$mgmbm nyaH$ Aem BVa JmoQ>r
CV_ {dH$mg hmo`mgmR>r nm{Q>H$ AZm~amo~a
nwaoem `m`m_mMr JaO AgVo. MmJbm A`mg
H$a`mMr VgoM Hw$R>bohr gZ bmJy Z XoUo. mMrhr
XjVm `m`bm hdr AgVo. N>X OmonmgmdoV, Ioi
d BVa H$me`m_`o gh^mJ `mdm. Aer H$miOr
KoV`mZo `oH$mMm MmJbm {dH$mg hmoVmo.
wbJm Agmo dm wbJr, oH$ Vrbm
dVMm {dH$mg H$amMr d dVMo OrdZ gXY
H$amMr gmZ gYr {imMm nyU hH$ Amho.
r - EH$ doJio {Vd
Vwm dJmV H$mhr wbo-wbr AmgmV nwT>o
AgVmV Va H$mhr IoimV nwT>o AgVmV. H$mhr N>mZ
JmVmV, Va H$mhtZm ZmQ>H$mV H$m H$aUo N>mZ OVo.
oH$ Vr BVa gdmnojm doJir AgVo.
Amnbr emar[aH$ d mZ{gH$ OS>UKS>U mMr
BVamer VwbZm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
Amnmbm H$m H$ambm AmdS>Vo d AmnU
H$emMm gamd H$aVmo mVyZ Amnbo {Vd
{dH${gV hmoV AgVo.
dmT>rm dmV MmJbo H$m d dmBQ> H$m
mMm gmamgma {dMma H$ambmhr AmnU {eH$Vmo.
Amnbo pVd VohmM MmJbo hUVm oVo,
Oohm AmnU MmJm {dMmammUo AmMaU H$aVmo.
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
MmJbr yo Ho$di narjoV
{b{hmgmR>r ZgVmV, Va Vr
AmMaUmV AmUmgmR>r AgVmV.
119
 AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
OmnmgyZ mT>mdWonV Amnbr CMr d
dOZ dmT>Vo.
~mi bhmZ AgVo Vohm Vo dVMr Hw$R>brM
H$mo H$$ eH$V Zmhr.
Amnbo AmBdS>rb, {ejH$ d BVamH$Sy>Z
AmnU AZoH$ H$meo {eH$Vmo.
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao ?
H$~rabm m{Uem {dfmMm mmnH$ hmMo
Amho. mgmR>r mZo AmVmnmgyZ H$m Vmar
H$amdr?
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
(A) gmH$b Mmbdmbm {eH$mnydu
Amn`mV BVa H$moUH$moUVr H$meo
{dH${gV Pmbobr AgVmV?
(Am) gwZbm nwT>o dVMo hmQ>ob MmbdmMo
Amho. {Vm nwT>rb OrdZmVrb H$mmV Vr
AmVm {eH$V Agbobr H$moUVr H$meo
{Vbm CnmoJr nS>Uma AmhoV?
3. nwT>rb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) AmZwd{eH$Vm hUOo H$m?
(Am) ~mbdJmVrb wbo d nmMdrMm {dXmWu
mmV {XgUmao $aH$ gmJm.
(B) OmnmgyZ mT>mdWonV AmnmV
H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb hmoVmV?
(B) Vwhr AmgmV Ho$bobr H$moUVrhr VrZ
H$meo {bhm.
(C) emar[aH$ dmT> H$embm hUVmV?
120
EH$m Hw$Qw>~mVrb bmoH$mo AZoH$ ~m~VtV
gm {XgyZ oVo. Varhr oH$ Vr BVa
gdmnojm doJir AgVo.
{OVH$s OmV H$meo AmnU AmgmV
H$aVmo [VVHo$ Amnbo BVamda Adb~yZ
amhUo H$r hmoVo.
H$me`m`m AmYmao dVnUo Cn`moJr
Am{U g_XY OrdZ OJ`mMr V`mar hmoVo.
dmm
4. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gmJm.
(A) ZmZo {eH$bobr H$mo ~mi hiyhiy Z
MwH$Vm H$$ bmJVo.
(Am) OVM AmnU H$meo AmgmV Ho$bobr
AgVmV.
(B) dVMr gdM H$mo AmnU dV H$aV
Zmhr.
(B) OmnmgyZ dXYmdWonV Amnbr CMr
dmT>V amhVo.
CnH$
KamVrb mOa, Hw$m qH$dm n[agamVrb
njr, H$sQ>H$, mmm {nbmMo OmnmgyZ
mT>mdWonV {ZarjU H$am. Zm|Xr R>odm. `m
CnH$mgmR>r nwT>rb wXXo bjmV m. dmT>,
CMr, {dH$mg, H$meo BmXr. Vwm
Zm|Xtm AmYmao EH$ OoXma JmooQ> {bhm.
***
 23. ggJO amoJ Am{U amoJ{V~Y
Ago amoJ H$em_wio hmoVmV?
gmJm nmh !
ho amoJ gyOrdmwio hmoVmV. Aem amoJmbm
(1) VwMo {/{Ur IoiVmZm nS>VmV Am{U H$maUr^yV R>aUm`m gyOrdmZm amoJOVy hUVmV.
mZm bmJVo, Vohm "mmOdi OmD$ ZH$m, oH$ amoJmg EH$ {d{eQ> amoJOVy H$maUr^yV R>aVmo.
Vwhmbmhr bmJob' Ago H$moUr gmJVo H$m? earamV EImXm amoJmm OVyZm doe {imbm
(2) AmBMo S>moHo$ XIV Amho. {VmOdi JobmV Am{U Vo earamV dmTy> bmJbo, H$s amoJ hmoVmo.
Va VwMohr S>moHo$ XIy bmJVo, Ago hmoVo H$m? EImXmbm Pmbobm amoJ Xgmbm H$gm hmoVmo?
EImXmbm nS>go Pmbo Agob Va mMo amoJOVy
m Vrm qeH$ d ImoH$mVyZ hdoV {giVmV.
Vo amoJOVy Xgmm earamV Jobo, H$s mmnH$s
AZoH$mZm nS>go hmoD$ eH$Vo. mbm amoJgma
hUVmV. Q>m$mBS>JV `VrH$Sy>Z Q>m$mBS>Mo
({df_damMo) amoJOVy {ZamoJr `Vr`m earamV
JomZo Q>m$mBS>Mm gma hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
amoJgma
amoJmMm gma H$moUH$moUm nXYVrZo hmoVmo?

hdom$V amoJgma
ygmam amoJmMo OVy amom`m WwH$sV
AgVmV. amo`mZo WwH$mZo, ImoH$mZo qH$dm
qeH$mZo Vo hdoV ngaVmV. Amgnmg`m bmoH$mm
earamV ho OVy dmgmdmQ>o {eaVmV.
(3) AmOmar Vrm Odi OmD$ ZH$m, mZr
dmnabom ^mS>mVyZ Oody ZH$m qH$dm nmUr
{nD$ ZH$m, mMo mb, Q>mdob, H$nS>o dmn$
ZH$m, Ago Ho$hm gm{JVbo OmVo?
ggJO amoJ
AmBMm hmV ^mOyZ {Vbm Pmbobr OI qH$dm
AmOmo~mMr nmR>XIr XgmZm hmoV Zmhr, naVw CKS>mda WwHy$ ZH$m, ImoHy$ ZH$m.
`y, nS>go, Zm`Q>m, I$O, H$m{O`m, Jmoda Aem
hdodmQ>o N>mVrm d Kemm amoJmMm gma
H$mhr AmOmam`m ~m~VrV amo`mnmgyZ Xa amh`mMr
hmoVmo. CXmhaUmW, j, dmBZ y BmXr.
H$miOr `mdr bmJVo. m amoJmMr EH$mMr Xg`mbm
hUyZM ImoH$VmZm qH$dm qeH$VmZm Vm|S>mda,
bmJU hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem amoJmZm ggJO` amoJ
ZmH$mda mb Yambm gm{JVbo OmVo.
hUVmV.
121
 nmUdR>o Xy{fV hmoD$ Z XoUo hr
Amnbr O~m~Xmar.

nmmm$V amoJgma AZnXmWmm$V amoJgma

gmJm nmh ! gmJm nmh !
darb {MmV H$moUH$moUVr H$mo Mmby Imbrb {MmV H$m {XgVo Amho?
Agbobr {XgV AmhoV?

Q>m$mBS>, H$mbam, Owbm~mgmam

AmVS>mm amoJmMo OVy, VgoM H$m{dirMo
OVy amomm {dR>oo AgVmV. hr {dR>>m
nmmV {gibr, H$s ho amoJOVyhr nmmV
{eaH$md H$aVmV. Aem amoJOVyZr Xy{fV Pmbobo
nmUr mmwio ho amoJOVy nmUr {nUmmm
AmVS>mV OmVmV Am{U amoJmMr bmJU hmoVo.
Agm amoJgma Q>mi`mgmR>r nmUdR>mda AKmoi
EImXm gma^mV X{fV AZ ImmZo JQ>mo
H$aUo, H$nS>o YwUo, ZXrH$mR>r emMmgmR>r ~gUo,
qH$dm Owbm~mgmam amoJmMr bmJU PmmMo Vwhr
BmXr JmoQ>r Zoh_r Q>mimmV.
EoH$bo Agob, hUOoM AZnXmWmdmQ>o amoJgma
hmoVmo mbmM AZmVyZ {df~mYm Ago hUVmV.
122

CKS>mdarb OodUmMr nJV
mm KmUrda ~gVmV. amoJJV mUgmm
{dR>oda mm ~gm, H$s mm nmmZm Am{U H$s amomm aVmVrb {hdVmnmMo OVy S>mgmZo
earambm {dR>oVrb amoJOVy {MH$Q>VmV. mM mm
ImXnXmWmda ~gVmV Am{U Vo amoJOVy m
nXmWmo OmVmV. Ago ImXnXmW Imbo, H$s
ImUmmm earamV amoJOVy {eaVmV Am{U amoJmMr
bmJU hmoVo. hUyZM AZ Zohr PmHy$Z R>odUo
hdmMo AgVo.
hmV dN> Ywdm, AZ PmHy$Z R>odm.
ImXnXmW Vma H$aVmZm qH$dm dmT>VmZm Vo
hmVmibo OmVmV. EImXm mUgmbm AmVS>mMm
amoJ Pmbobm Agob Am{U emMmZVa `mZo hmV
dN> YwVbo ZgVrb, Va ImXnXmW hmVmiVmZm
`m`m hmVmbm {MH$Q>bobo amoJOVy AZnXmWmV
OmVmV. Ago AZnXmW amoJgmamg H$maUr^yV
R>aVmV. hUyZ Ago ImXnXmW ImD$ ZoV.
gd {R>H$mUr dN>Vm nmiUo, ho AmamomgmR>r
bm^XmH$ AgVo.
gmJm nmh !
KamVrb AZnXmWmda Yyi-mm ~gy ZoV
hUyZ H$m H$amb?
AZnXmW PmH$mwio mda mm ~gy
eH$V ZmhrV. AmgnmgMm H$Mam, Yyi AZmV
{_giV Zmhr. mwio amoJOVy AZmV {eamMm
YmoH$m Q>iVmo Am{U AZmXdmao hmoUmm amoJgmamg
{V~Y hmoVmo.
H$sQ>H$mm$V amoJgma
{d{eQ> S>mg MmdmZo {hdVmnmMr hUOoM
bo[amMr bmJU hmoVo, ho Vwhmbm mhrV Agob.
{hdVmn Pmbom amomg {d{eQ> S>mg Mmdbm,
emofbom aVm~amo~a S>mgmm earamV doe
H$aVmV. hm S>mg Xgm Vrbm Mmdbm H$s
m Vrm earamV {hdVmnmMo OVy {eaVmV
Am{U m Vrbm {hdVmnmMr bmJU hmoVo. S>mg,
{ngdmgmam H$sQ>H$mwio amoJgma hmoVmo, hUyZM
Aem H$sQ>H$mMr nXmg amoIbr nm{hOo.
gnH$mwio amoJgma
ZmQ>m, I$O dModa hmoUmao amoJ AmhoV.
mMo amoJOVy dModa dmT>VmV. Aem amoJ Pmbom
Vrm dMoer ne Pmbm qH$dm mMo H$nS>o
XgmZo dmnabo, Va mbmhr VmoM dMoMm amoJ
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. hUyZM EH$oH$mMo H$nS>o dmnaUo
Q>mimdo.
amoJmMr gmW
`y, S>moio `oUo Aem amoJmMo amoJOVy hdo_m\$V
PnmQ>mZo ngaVmV. `m_wio EH$mM doir AZoH$
bmoH$mZm ho amoJ hmoD$ eH$VmV. EImXm gm_mBH$
moVmMo nmUr H$mbamgma`m amoJm`m OVyZo X{fV
Pmbo, Va Vo nmUr {nUm`m gd bmoH$mZm H$mbam
hmo`mMm YmoH$m CX^dVmo. EImXm OmJr _moR>m
_mUmda S>mg hmoV AgVrb, Va VoWrb AZoH$mZm
{hdVmn hUOoM _bo[a`m hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
EH$m {R>H$mU`m AZoH$ bmoH$mZm EH$mM doir
EImXm ggJO` amoJ Pmbm, Va `m "amoJmMr gmW'
Ambr Amho, Ago AmnU hUVmo.
123
 hdm, nmUr, AZ d H$sQ>H$ hr amoJgmamMr
mo AmhoV, hUyZ Amnm AZmV, nmmV,
hdoV amoJOVy {eaUma ZmhrV, mMr gdmZr H$miOr
KoVbr, VgoM amoJgma H$aUmm H$sQ>H$mMr nXmg
amoIbr Va amoJgma Q>miVm oVmo. amoJmMr gmW
Q>miUo e AgVo, hUyZM dN>Vom gdr
bmdyZ KoUo hdmMo AgVo.
gmJm nmh !
VwMo S>moio Ambo AgVm Vwhr emioV H$m
OmD$ Zo?
amoJ {V~Y
amoJ hmoD$ Zo hUyZ Ho$bom CnmmZm amoJ
{V~Y hUVmV.
nmmdmQ>o hmoUmam amoJgma Q>mimgmR>r
ObewXrH$aU H|$mV nmmMo {ZOVwH$sH$aU
H$a`mV `oVo. JmdmVrb nmmm gmdO{ZH$ moVmMo
brqMJ nmdS>aMm dmna H$$Z {ZOVwH$sH$aU Ho$bo
OmVo. JQ>mo qH$dm H$m{dirgmam amoJmMr gmW
ngabr, H$s nmUr CH$iyZ {nmMm gbm {Xbm
OmVmo.
S>mgmm nXmerMo {R>H$mU
gmMbom nmmda S>mgmMr nXmg hmoD$ Zo,
hUyZ eVmo nmUr gmMyZ amhUma Zmhr mMr XjVm
mdr. Vo e Zgmg H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dmna
H$aVmV. mwio bo[amgmam amoJmm gmamg
{V~Y hmoVmo.
124
jmgmam ggJO amoJmMr bmJU Pmbom
UmZm dV OmJr R>odmV oVo. hmpnQ>bohr
ggJO amoJ PmbomgmR>r Img {d^mJ AgVmV.
UmZr dmnabobr ^mS>r, H$nS>o OVwZmeH$mZo YwVbo
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OmVo. {Vmda {$ZmBbgmaIo OVwZmeH$ Q>mH$bo
OmVo. m CnmmZr amoJgma Q>iVmo.
hdoVyZ ngaUm`m amoJmMm gma Q>mi`mgmR>r
ImoH$VmZm, qeH$VmZm Vm|S>mda mb Yamdm.
_moH$im OmJr WwH$`mMo Q>mimdo. Agm amoJ
Pmbom VrOdi amhmdo bmJV Agob, Va
ZmH$ d Vm|S> PmH$bo OmBb Agm "mH$' dmnaVmV.
amoJggJ amoImMo Cnm
EImXm ggJO amoJmMr bmJU KamV
Pmbr, Va mg~YrMr m{hVr AmamoImmg XoUo
{hVmMo AgVo. Ago Ho$mZo amoJmMr bmJU BVamZm
hmoD$ Zo mgmR>r mo Vr H$miOr KoUo e hmoVo.
bgrH$aU
EImXm amoJmMr gmW `oVo Vohm `oH$mbm Vmo
amoJ hmoVmoM H$m?
earamV amoJOVy {eaVmV, Vohm Amnbo eara
`m OVy{dXY bT>m XoVo, hUOoM amoJmMm {VH$ma
H$aVo. mwio ~hg`doim earamV amoJOVy
{ea`mdahr amoJ hmoV Zmhr.
amoJ{V~YmMm AmUIr EH$ Cnm hUOo
bgrH$aU hmo. bgrH$aUm_wio earamV R>am{dH$
amoJm{dX amoJ{VH$ma j_Vm {dH${gV hmoVo.
yb Ombm Amm~amo~a bJoM mbm
j{V~YH$ bg Q>moMmV oVo. yb XrS> {hmMo
Pmbo, H$s KQ>gn, S>mm ImoH$bm, YZwdmV Am{U
nmo{bAmo {V~YH$ bgtMo VrZ S>mog EH$-EH$
{hmm AVamZo mbm XomV oVmV.
bgrH$aU
KQ>gn, S>mm ImoH$bm Am{U YZwdmV {V~YH$
bg EH$ ~Zdbobr AgmZo Vr {JwUr m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbr OmVo. {JwUr bg Q>moMbr OmVo, Va
nmo{bAmo {V~YH$ bg Vm|S>mdmQ>o {Xbr OmVo.
gmdO{ZH$ Amamo godm gw{dYm
gmWrm d ggJO amoJmg Amim ~gmdm,
hUyZ amQ>r Vamda Amamo Am{U gmOH$mU
H$mH$ hmVr KoVbo OmVmV.
gmwXm{H$ bgrH$aUmMo H$mH$ amQ>r
Amamo moOZoImbr am~dmV oVmV. ~mbH$mZm
Vk bmoH$mH$adr bg Q>moMmMr dWm Ho$br
OmVo. mgmR>r Img {e{~ao Ammo{OV H$amV
oVmV.
JmdmoJmdr mW{H$ Amamo H|$mMr WmnZm
H$amV Ambr Amho. {$aVm XdmImZm, AnJ
H$mU{ZYr VgoM Udm{hH$m Aem godm VgoM
Amamo gWm AmhoV. AmamogWmohr aV d
bKdr VnmgUr VgoM Eg-ao, H$Z, gmoZmoJm$sm
gw{dYmhr CnbY AmhoV. mwio UmZm VH$mi
Amamogodm {iy eH$Vo.
{nmm nmmMr, VgoM AZnXmWmMr
hmVmiUr H$er H$amdr `m~m~VMo {ejU bmoH$mZm
XomV oVo. n[aga dN> R>odmg~YrMm AmJh
Yabm OmVmo. gmdO{ZH$ {R>H$mUr WwH$mg AmVm
H$mXmZo ZmB Ho$bobr Amho. amoJgma hmoD$ Zo, ho
m ZmBmJMo w H$maU Amho. gmammXdmao
Amamomg~Yr OZOmJVr H$amV oVo.
nmUr
JmiyZ mdo.
Q>rhrdarb OZOmJVr H$mH$
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
XodmMm H$mon, ^yV~mYm, OmXQ>moUm mwio
amoJ~mYm hmoVo, Aer nydu gOyV hmoVr. mda
CnMma hUyZ AKmoar Cnmhr Ho$bo OmV. amoJ ho
gyOrdmwio hmoVmV, Ago emkmZr gemoYZ
H$$Z emoYyZ H$mT>bo Am{U nydum gOwVr ImoQ>m
AmhoV, hohr XmIdyZ {Xbo.
gyOrd ho EH$ H$maMo gOrd AmhoV.
gJioM gyOrd amoJmg H$maUr^yV R>aV ZmhrV.
CbQ> H$mhr gyOrd mZdmbm CnmoJr R>aVmV.
XYmnmgyZ Xhr ~ZmMr {H$m gyOrdmwio
hmoVo. Am~moir, BS>br, S>moemgmR>r {^Odbobo nrR>
gyOrdmwioM Am~Vo.
125
 ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
dN>Vm, gVw{bV Amhma Am{U bgrH$aU ho
amoJ{V~YmMo w AmYma AmhoV.
oH$ amoJmMm EH$ {d{eQ> amoJOVy AgVmo.
nmmdmQ>o, AZmdmQ>o, hdoVyZ, WoQ> gnH$mwio
VgoM H$sQ>H$Xemwio amoJOVyMm gma hmoVmo.
amoJOVy earamV {eaUma ZmhrV, mMr H$miOr

AmnU H$m {eH$bmo? KoVmg amoJgma hmoV Zmhr.

gyOrdmwio hmoUmm amoJmZm ggJO` amoJ
hUVmV.
amoJmbm H$maUr^yV R>aUmm gyOrdmZm
amoJOVy hUVmV.
EH$mM doir AZoH$ bmoH$mZm EImXm ggJO
amoJmMr bmJU Pm`mg m "amoJmMr gmW
Ambr Amho', Ago hUVmV.
bgrH$aU hm amoJ{V~YmMm EH$ CH$Q>
Cnm Amho.

dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? 6. H$maUo Xm.
(A) Iyn ^yH$ bmJbr Amho; naVw AZnXmW (A) JmdmV H$mbamMr gmW ngabr AgVm nmUr
CKS>mda R>odbo AmhoV. CH$iyZ mdo.
(Am) n[agamV nm`mMr S>~H$s hmoD$ XoD$ Z`oV.
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
S>mgmMr nXmg amoImgmR>r H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr
CnH$
$dmaUr H$aUo, nmUr gmMy Z XoUo `mnH$s A{YH$
MmJbm Cnm H$moUVm? H$m? Vwhr amhV Agbom {R>H$mUr Ambobr
3. nwT>rb ZmMr CVao {bhm. EImXm amoJmMr gmW m{dfr nwT>rb
(A) ggJO amoJ hUOo H$m? wXXmm AmYmao m{hVr {bhm.
(Am) amoJgmamMr mo H$moUVr AmhoV? amoJmMo Zmd, amoJOVyMo Zmd, gmamMo _m`_,
(B) amoJmMr gmW `oVo Vohm H$m` hmoVo? {V~Y H$a`mg Ho$bobo Cnm` BmXr.
(B) bgrH$aU hUOo H$m?
(C) ZdOmV ~mbH$mbm XomV oUmm bgtMr ***
mXr H$am.
4. nwT>rb {dYmZo ~amo~a H$s MyH$ Vo {bhm.
(A) AmVS>mm amoJmMm gma hdoVyZ hmoVmo.
(Am) H$mhr amoJ Xdr H$monmwio hmoVmV.
5. nwT>o H$mhr amoJ {Xbo AmhoV. mMo AZmVyZ gma,
nmmVyZ gma Am{U hdoVyZ gma Ago
dJuH$aU H$am.
_bo[a`m, Q>m$mBS>, H$mbam, j, H$mdri,
JQ>mo, hJdU, KQ>gn.

126
 24. nXmW, dVy Am{U D$Om
gmJm nmh !
nwVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr WmoS>m OHy$a $imda
ISy>Zo {bhm. {bhZ Pmmda ISy>Mo {ZarjU
H$am.

H$moiemMo VwH$S>o Ib~mV Hw$Q>Uo

Amnm ^modVmbMm oH$ nXmW gy
H$UmnmgyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. H$adVrZo bmHy$S>
H$mnVmZm bmH$S>mMm ^wgm hUOoM bmH$S>mMo H$U
Imbr nS>VmV ho Vwhr nm{hbo Agob.

ISy>o H$moUVm ~Xb Pmbobm {Xgbm?

$imda {b{hbobo S>Q>aZo nwgm Am{U
S>Q>a Q>o~bmda AmnQ>m.
Vwhmbm H$m {Xgbo?
ISy>Mm AmH$ma H$r Pmbm Amho Am{U S>Q>a
AmnQ>mda S>Q>abm {MH$Q>bobo ISy>Mo H$U
Imbr nS>bo. ho H$U ISy>mM aJmMo AmhoV. bmHy$S> H$mnUo
md$Z $imda ISy>Zo {b{hbo AgVm
$imbm ISy>Mo H$U {MH$Q>bo Am{U $im
nwgmZVa Vo H$U $imnmgyZ moH$io Pmbo,
ho gObo.

H$moigm qH$dm IS>rgmIaoMo VwH$S>o m, Vo

Ib~mV Hw$Q>m.
Vwm H$m bjmV Ambo?
H$moigm qH$dm IS>rgmIa Hw$Q>br AgVm
mMr nyS> hmoVo, hUOoM ~marH$ H$U {iVmV.
XiUo
bmoIS> qH$dm Vm~o H$mZerZo KmgVmZmhr
bmoIS>mMo, VmmMo H$U hmoVmV. nopgb, ISy>,
H$mJX, bmHy$S>, JhmMo XmUo, bmoIS>, Vm~o,
H$moigm Ago gd nXmW gy H$UmnmgyZ ~Zbobo
AgVmV.
127
 Amnm S>moimZm nXmWmMo Oo bhmZ H$U
{XgVmV VoXoIrb AZoH$ gy H$UmZr ~Zbobo Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
AgVmV. ho H$U EdT>o bhmZ AgVmV, H$s
Vo Amnmbm Zwgm S>moimZr {XgV ZmhrV. (1) XZ{XZ dmnamV H$moUH$moUVo nXmW AmnU nyS>
EImXm nXmWmMm Amnmbm {Xgy eHo$b EdT>m d$nmV dmnaVmo, mMr mXr H$am.
H$U Vma hmomgmR>r m nXmWmMo bmImoo H$U (2) H$nS>mo S>m~aJmoim(ZWo{bZ Jmoim)
EH$ Agmdo bmJVmV. R>odVmV. H$mhr {XdgmZr H$nS>mZm S>m~a-
JmoimMm dmg H$m oVmo?
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
(3) dN>VmJhmo S>m~aJmoim R>odbom
{IS>H$sm $Q>rVyZ ChmMr {Varn Ambr, AgVmV. H$mhr {XdgmZr m JmoimMm
H$s mV bhmZ bhmZ H$U {XgVmV. Vo H$emMo AmH$ma H$em_wio bhmZ hmoVmo?
AgVmV?
S>m~aJmoirMo gVV dmw$nmVrb bhmZ
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ? H$UmV $nmVa hmoV AgVo. H$nS>mo R>odbom
JmoimMo bhmZ H$U H$nS>mda ~gmwio
"nXmW gy H$UmMo ~Zbobo AgVmV,'
mZm S>m~aJmoirMm dmg oVmo. H$mhr {XdgmZr
ho V H$UmX hfvZr mS>bo. H$UmX hfvMm
m Jmoim bhmZ bhmZ hmoV Zmhrmm hmoVmV.
O Bgdr gZmnydum ghmm eVH$mV
amJmoirm H$UmMm AmH$ma {nR>mmUo
JwOamV ammVrb gmoaQ>r gmoZmWOdim
~marH$ AgVmo. amJmoirMo aJ bhmZ IS>mm
^mgjo oWo Pmbm. mMo yi Zmd CbwH$
d$nmVhr AgVmV.
hmoVo. MamMa gQ>rVrb dVyMo gmV JQ>mV
dJuH$aU hmoVo, Ago V mZr mS>bo hmoVo.
OJmVrb oH$ dVy gy H$UmMr ~Zbobr
AgVo, hr gH$nZm H$UmX hfvZr mS>br.
mZr m H$Umbm "nrbd' Ago Zmd {Xbo.

gmJm nmh !
AMmZH$ nmD$g gw$ Pmbm, H$s AmnU
diMUrbm C^o amhVmo. AJmda nmD$g nS>V
ZgVmZmhr AmnU H$mhr mUmV {^OVmo. Ago
H$m ~ao hmoVo?
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
nmUr O{Zrda nS>bo, H$s mMo qeVmoS>o
CS>VmV. qeVmoS>o hUOo nmmMo bhmZ W|~. VwmOdi amJmoir Zmhr. Aem doir Vwhr
ho W|~hr nm`m`m gy H$UmnmgyZ ~Zbobo H$moUH$moUVo nXmW KoD$Z amJmoir H$mT>mb?
AgVmV. mwio Amnmbm {^Ombm hmoVo,
hUOo dnXmWhr H$UmMoM ~Zbobo AgVmV.
128
 nXmWmm AdWm {ZgJmVrb nmUr ho
Wmy, d Am{U dmy Aem VrZ AdWmo
AmT>iVo. AdWm ~Xbbr Var m VrZhr
AdWmo nmmMm oH$ H$U EH$gmaIm
AgVmo, VWm{n Wmy, d Am{U dmy m
AdWmo mMr mS>Ur doJir AgVo.
~$ nmUr
nXmW Am{U dVy
gmJm nmh !
ApVm _mR> AmU`mgmR>r Jobr hmoVr.
{VWo {VZo {dH$mbm R>odbom AZoH$ dVy
nm{hm.
m gdmYyZ {Vbm hdm hmoVm Vgm mR>
{VZo H$emd$Z AmoiIbm?
m gd dVy Hw$^mamZo H$moUm nXmWmnmgyZ
~Zdbom AgVmV?
nXmW Am{U dVy mVrb H$moUVm $aH$
Amnmbm gOVmo?

WmyYrb H$U dmYrb H$U

T>J

dVyZm {d{eQ> AmH$ma AgVmo. mm

^mJmMr {d{eQ> aMZm AgVo. dVy nXmWmnmgyZ
dmyYrb H$U ~Zbom AgVmV.
mwio ~$, nmUr Am{U ~mn mm JwUYmVhr
$aH$ {XgyZ oVmo. {ZgJmV AmT>iUmao gd nXmW
H$U$n AgVmV. gmmnUo oH$ nXmW EH$m
R>am{dH$ AdWoV AgVmo. md$Z m nXmWmbm
Wmy, d qH$dm dmy nXmW hUVmV. CXmhaUmW,
Aw{{ZA, H$moigm ho Wmy AmhoV. Ho$amogrZ,
noQ>mob ho d AmhoV, Va ZmQ>moOZ, AmpgOZ
ho dmy AmhoV.
doJdoJim nXmWmo doJdoJio JwUY
AgVmV. nXmWmo H$R>rUnUm, nmaXeH$Vm, darb gd dVy H$moUm nXmWmnmgyZ
aJ, dmg, Md, nmmV {daKiUo Ago {d{dY ~Zbom AmhoV?
JwUY AgVmV.
129
D$Om
gmJm nmh !

{d{dY nXmWmnmgyZ AmnU AZoH$ CnwV BYZ ~mmoJg/Jmo~aJg

dVy ~ZdVmo. nXmWmMm EH$ hdmMm CnmoJ
hUOo nXmWmnmgyZ D$Om {iVo. EbnrOr
EH$ JmS>r C^r Amho. {VmV BYZ ^abo Amho.
naVw Vr nwT>o Mmby eH$V Zmhr. Ago H$m?
AmnU Iyn AVa Ymdbmo, Va Amnmbm AZoH$ o BYZmMm CnmoJ H$$Z MmbdVm
WH$dm oVmo. Amnmbm Wm~mdo bmJVo. Ago H$m? oVmV. H$moigm, {S>Pob, grEZOr, EbnrOr, noQ>mob
m gd nXmWmnmgyZ CUVom $nmV D$Om mV
hmoVo.
YmdUm`m `pV qH$dm YmdUm`m
JmS>m_`o CUVoMo $nmVa JVr`m d$nmV hmoVo.
J{V`m d$nmVrb D$O}bm "J{VO D$Om' hUVmV.
gd J{VmZ dVyo J{VO D$Om AgVo.
CXmhaUmW, dmhm dmmwio ndZMmMr nmVr
[$aVmV. {eS>mm ~moQ>r VgoM AmH$memVrb T>J
BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o OmVmV. hr H$mo dmmVrb J{VO
D$O}wioM e hmoVmV.
H$m hUOoM H$m. H$m H$amm jVobm
"D$Om' hUVmV.
moQ>maJmS>rV noQ>mob qH$dm {S>Pobm dbZmVyZ
H$m H$amMr jVm, hUOoM D$Om _wV hmoVo.
noQ>mob gnbo qH$dm mMo dbZ Wm~bo H$s JmS>rhr
Wm~Vo. dbZmVyZ CUVom d$nmV D$Om {iVo.
Amnm earamV H$mhr nXmWmm dbZmVyZ D$Om
{ZmU hmoVo ho Vwhr {eH$bm AmhmV.

130
 J{VO D$O}wio MmbUmar AmUIr H$moUH$moUVr
o Vwhmbm mhrV AmhoV? mZm H$emnmgyZ D$Om
{iVo?
Amnm KamVrb nIo, dnmH$KamVrb
{ga, nmmMm nn m CnH$aUmo J{VO
D$O}wio H$mo hmoVmV. hr J{VO D$Om mZm {dXwV
hUOoM {dOonmgyZ {iVo. `mMm AW Agm H$s
{dXwV hohr D$O}Mo EH$ $n Amho.
m{hVr {idm
AmpUH$ {dXwV H|$mV D$O}Mo yi moV
H$moUVo AgVmV?
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
amoOm OrdZmV AmnU CUVm D$Om BVa
H$moUH$moUm H$mmgmR>r dmnaV AgVmo?
D$O}Mr BVa $no
AmnU Aer AZoH$ o dmnaVmo, mV hmoUmao
H$m J{VO D$O}wio hmoV ZgyZ D$O}m BVa
$nmwio hmoVo. CXmhaUmW, AmnU Q>rhr
MmbdmgmR>r {dXwV D$Om dmnaVmo. Q>rhr o
{dXwVmMo $nmVa H$me Am{U dZr D$O}V hmoVo.
gyMyb Am{U gma~~mV gmaD$O}Mm dmna hmoVmo.
gyH$memMm dmna H$$Z dZnVr mMo AZ
Vma H$aVmV. m {H$oV gyH$memVrb D$Om
AZnXmWmV gmR>dbr OmVo. mM AZnXmWmm
dbZmVyZ Amnmbm H$mo H$amgmR>r D$Om
{iVo.
H$moigm, I{ZO Vob Ago BYZnXmW AmnU
OmiVmo Vohm mVrb gmR>bom D$O}Mo nmVa
CUVm D$O}V hmoVo.
D$O}Mo moV {d{dY H$m} H$amgmR>r AmnU
CUVm, H$me, dZr, {dXwV Am{U J{VO D$Om
Aem D$OmMm dmna H$aVmo. AmOm OJmV BYZo
Am{U {dXwV ho Amnbo D$O}Mo w moV AmhoV.
{dXwV{Z{Vr H$amgmR>r AZoH$ H|$mo
BYZmMmM dmna hmoVmo.
mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ?
H$moigm, I{ZO Vob mMo gmR>o m{XV
AmhoV. ^{dmV Amnmbm drO{Z{VrgmR>r
gmaD$Om, AUwD$OoMm dmna moR>m mUmda
H$amdm bmJob.
131
 mhrV Amho H$m Vwhmbm ? AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?

gyH$memMm dmna H$$Z {dXwV{Z{Vr

Amnm ^modVmbMm oH$ nXmW
H$aUmm ~Q>arhr AgVmV. `mZm "gmaKQ>' gyH$UmZr ~Zbobm AgVmo.
hUVmV.
EH$mM nXmWmnmgyZ AZoH$ dVy ~ZdVm
gymMr CUVm, dmhVo dmao, nmUr, ho H$Yrhr oVmV.
Z gnUmao AmhoV. mmnmgyZ drO{Z{Vr
nXmW Wmy, d qH$dm dmy AdWoV
Ho$mg XfU hmoV Zmhr, naVw `m nXYVr Iyn AgVmV.
hmJ AmhoV; m Hw$R>mhr nXYVrZo drO{Z{Vr
H$m H$amm nXmWmm jVobm D$Om
H$amgmR>r n`mdaUmVrb gmYZmMm dmna hUVmV.
hmoVmo.`m{edm` IM hm oVmoM. mwio Hw$R>mhr
gd J{VmZ dVyo J{VO D$Om AgVo.
H$mam D$O}Mm dmna H$rV H$r mUmV
{d{dY H$m} H$amgmR>r CUVm, H$me,
H$amMr gd hmoUo ho AmOm OJmV JaOoMo
dZr, {dXwV Aem {d{dY D$Om $nmMm
Amho.
dmna hmoVmo.
gymMr CUVm dmam, nmUr ho D$O}Mo Z
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
gnUmao moV AmhoV.
gymMr CUVm, dmam, nmUr ho Z gnUmao
D$OmmoV Amho. mMm dmna nmr D$OmmooV
hUyZ OmVrV OmV Ho$bm nm{hOo.

dmm
1. H$m H$amdo ~ao? (Am) {ZgJmV nmUr H$moUH$moUm AdWmo
(A) nmhmgmR>r nQ>H$Z ga~V H$amMo Amho. AmT>iVo?
KamV Ho$di IS>rgmIa Amho. (B) nXmWmMr Wmy, d, dmy hr AdWm
(Am) mm H$Ugmda bmdmbm rR> hdo H$emd$Z R>aVo?
Amho nU $V IS>orR> CnbY Amho. (B) D$Om H$embm hUVmV?
2. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm. CnH$
(A) H$mnamm dS>mMm AmH$ma hiyhiy H$r
1. mVrnmgyZ {d{dY dVy Vma H$am.
hmoVmZm H$m {XgVmo.
2. bmH$S>r dVy Vma hmoVmV m {R>H$mUmbm
(Am) gmdO{ZH$ dmhZmMm CnmoJ Ho$mZo ^oQ> Xm d {ZarjU H$am.
BYZmMr ~MV H$er hmoVo? 3. hmamQ>mVrb {d{dY drO{Z{Vr H|$m{dfr
3. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm. m{hVr {idm Am{U dJmV gmJm.
(A) S>m~aJmoim R>odbom H$nS>mbm S>m~a-
JmoimMm dmg H$emwio oVmo? ***
132
 25. gmm{OH$ Amamo
dmMm Am{U MMm H$am. gmm{OH$ Amamo YmomV AmUVmV. Aem
AmOmamnmgyZ gdgmm OZVoMo gajU H$aUo Am{U
amYm amhV Agbo`m n[agamV 150 bmoH$mZm mZm AmZXr d dmnyU OrdZ CnbY H$$Z
AZmVyZ {df~mYm Pmbr. EH$M hmhmH$ma CS>mbm XoUo, hUOo gmm{OH$ AmamomMr OmonmgZm hmo.
hmoVm. VoWrb H$mhr a{hdmmmZr Ymdni H$$Z
VmVS>rMr dXH$s XV {idyZ {Xbr. amYm`m gmm{OH$ AmamomMo hd
emioV Xgm {Xder H$WmH$WZ nYm hmoVr, nU XoemMr JVr Am{U {dH$mg mVrb gdmV
mV {Vbm ^mJ KoVm Ambm Zmhr. H$maU darb hdmMm KQ>H$ hUOo m XoemVrb bmoH$. dN>
gJmwio {Vbm Iyn VmU Ambm. nwaoer Pmon nmdaU, nmofH$ Amhma, {ZYm}H$ nmUr Am{U
Pmbr Zmhr. nY}V ^mJ KomMr gYr hH$mZo Amamo OmonmgZogmR>r nwaoem gmoB-gw{dYm AgVrb
amYmbm dmBQ>hr dmQ>bo, nU {df~mYom UmZm Va bmoH$mMo dm` {Q>H$Vo. hUyZM {nmm
WmoS>r XV Ho$mMo gmYmZhr dmQ>bo. nmmMr H$miOr, VgoM AZnXmWmMr H$miOr
Ago gJ H$moUH$moUm H$maUmwio oVmV Komg~YrMo {ejU gmOH$mU H$mH$mImbr
Ago Vwhmbm dmQ>Vo ? bmoH$mZm XomgmR>r gma mmMmhr CnmoJ
Amamom{dfr hbJOunUm Pmmwio H$amV oVmo.
BVm bmoH$mZm {df~mYm Pmbr, Ago Vwhmbm
dmQ>Vo H$m?
Amamoom~m~V OmJ$H$ AgUoo AmdH$
Amho. "dVm AmamomBVHo$M gnyU gmOmMo
Amamohr {VVHo$M hdmMo AgVo' m~XXb
Vwhmbm H$m` dmQ>Vo?
gmm{OH$ Amamo
nmofH$ Amhma, dpVH$ dN>Vm, mm n[aga dN> R>odmg~Yr gVV AmJh Yabm
Am{U N>XmMr OmonmgZm mVyZ CV Amamo OmVmo. gmdO{ZH$ {R>H$mUr WwH$mg H$mXmZo
{iVo. VrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. Ogo AmnU Amnbo ZmB Ho$br Amho. amoJgma hmoD$ Zo ho m
"Amamo' gm^miVmo, Vgo gmOmVrb gd bmoH$mMo ZmBmJMo w H$maU Amho.
Amamo MmJbo amhmgmR>r AmnU Z Ho$bo gmm{OH$ Amamo H$emwio YmomV oVo ?
nm{hOoV. Amnm gdmZm VUmda{hV Am{U AmZXr gmm{OH$ Amamo AZoH$ H$maUmwio YmomV
OJUo hdohdogo dmQ>Vo VgoM Vo gnyU gmOmbmhr oVo. dN>Vom gdt~m~VMm {ZH$miOrnUm ho
CnbY Pmbo nm{hOo. pVJV Amamo d mnH$s EH$ hdmMo H$maU hmo. ImbrbnH$s
dN>Vom gdrVyZ Amnmbm gmOmMo Amamo H$moUm gdr gmm{OH$ Amamombm KmVH$ AmhoV
d gmdO{ZH$ dN>Vm mV H$aVm oVo. mda "' Aer IyU H$$Z mMo nQ>rH$aU
XfU, AdN>Vm, gmWrMo AmOma, dhrV {bhm.
`gZmYrZVm, H$sQ>H$XemnmgyZ hmoUmao AmOma 1. OwZo Pmbobo Q>ma OmiUo.
133
2. amda Hw$R>ohr WwH$Uo.
3. gmdO{ZH$ dN>VmJhmMm dmna H$aUo.
4. nmird mmMr mo XoI^mb H$aUo.
5. ggJO AmOma Pmmg Vmo ng$ Zo
mgmR>r S>mQ>amm gmMo nmbZ H$aUo.
6. ZmVm d OodUmnydu hmV dN> YwUo.
7. KamVbm H$Mam amda Q>mH$Uo.
~mobVo Am{U {b{hVo hm.
Imbr gmm{OH$ Amamo YmomV AmUUmm
H$mhr w KQ>H$mMm CboI Ho$bm Amho. CXmhaUmW,
X{fV nmUr, Hw$nmofU BmXr. m oH$ ~m~rwio
gmm{OH$ Amamo H$go YmomV oVo, ho mgmoarb
n{hm MmH$Q>rV {b{hbo Amho. mImbrb Xgm
MmH$Q>rV H$mhr CnmmoOZm gwMdm AmhoV. m
Xmohr MmH$Q>to Vwhr `mV A{YH$ ^a KmbyZ
hmoUmao Xn[aUm_ d `mdarb CnmmoOZm gwMdm.
H$mbam, ----
X{fV nmUr :
dN> nmUrnwadR>m, ----
~mbym mUmV
dmT>, ----
Hw$nmofU :
gH$g Amhma, ----
nmdaUmbm YmoH$m, ---
XfU :
nmdaU ajU, ----
emofU, $gdUyH$, ---
AkmZ d
AYlXYm {dkmZmda {ZR>m, ---
H$mQw>{~H$ Adm, ---
gZmYrZVm
gZwVrgmR>r Z, ---
134
{Zam OrdZ
Amnmbm Amnbo Amamo CV H$mao
gm^miyZ {Zam OrdZ OJVm oVo. H$moUmMmhr
Xdof Am{U _ga Z H$aUo, AmZXr d Cgmhr
amhUo, eara VXV R>odUo mwio {ZamnUo OJVm
oVo. {ZamVo_wio Amnbo Am{U Amnm earamMo
dm dmT>Vo. dm`nyU g_mOmV gm_m{OH$
VmUVUmd H$_r hmoVmV. {ZamVowio AmnmVrb
{dmMr ^mdZm dmT>Vo.
V~mIy godZ
V~mIy, JwQ>Im, {gJmaoQ>, {dS>r, eoar, mdm,
nmZgmbm Aem AZoH$ V~mIywV nXmWmMr Zmdo
AmnU gVV EoH$V AgVmo. V~mIyMo godZ AZoH$
Vr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. V~mIy qH$dm V~mIywV
nXmW ImUo ho Amamombm KmVH$ Amho. gwdmVrbm
EImXr Vr ghO H$moUrVar AmJh Ho$bm hUyZ
V~mIy ImVo. ghO hUyZ Imbm gwdmV Ho$bobr
hr Vr V~mIy nwhm nwhm ImD$ bmJVo. dmadma
V~mIy ImmZo Aer Vr V~mIym Amhmar
OmVo. {Vbm V~mIy ImmMr gd bmJVo.
V~mIy Immm gdrMm n[aUm hUOo
V~mIy Imm{edm MZ Z nS>Uo, H$moUmhr
H$mmV bj Z bmJUo B`mXr. Vm|S>mV H$m V~mIy
AgVo. Ago Oohm hmoVo Vohm m Vrbm V~mIyMo
gZ bmJbo Ago hUVmV. Vr Vr V~mIy
ImD$Z gVV OmJmoOmJr WwH$V AgVo d n[aga KmU
H$aV AgVo.
V~mIy`m gZmMo Xn[aUm
Vm|S>mo hiyhiy dU nS>VmV.
dUmm moR>moR>m OIm hmoVmV. H$mhr
{XdgmZr JmR>r hmoVmV.
XdmImZm d AmfYmonMma gw$ hmoVmV. Vm|S>mVrb
OIm ^$Z Amm ZmhrV Va J^ra mg
hmoVmo. d eodQ>r Vrbm Vm|S>mMm H$H$amoJ hmoD$
eH$Vmo. H$H$amoJ hUOo H$ga.
 V~mIy nmoQ>mV Jomda nmoQ>mm {Za{Zamim
VH$mar gw$ hmoVmV. V~mIy gVV nmoQ>mV OmV
am{hmZo AZZ{bHoo$Mm H$H$amoJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
H$H$amoJ Pmbom Vrbm AmfYmonMmamMmhr
mg hmoV amhVmo. EdT>o hmoD$Zhr H$H$amoJ ~am
hmoVmoM Ago Zmhr. Vr Vr ~ar hmoBb qH$dm
Zmhr mMr Imr ZgVo.
XnmZ
V~mIymUoM XnmZmMohr earamda {dnarV
n[aUm hmoVmV. XnmZ hUOo Xm$ {nUo hmo.
XnmZmwio JwJr oVo d |Xdarb {ZU
gwQ>Vo.
A{V XnmZmwio H$VmMo, AmVS>mMo VgoM
ymemMo amoJ hmoVmV.
V~mIyMo godZ d XnmZ H$aUo m Xmohrhr dmBQ>
gdr AmhoV. mgmam KmVH$ gdtnmgyZ
AmnU Zohr Xa amhmdo. dVm Amamom~m~V H$amgmR>r ^arg KmbmMr eVm AgVo.
{ZH$miOr Agy Zo.
XnmZ VgoM V~mIy godZmwio m VrMr
AdWm XZr hmoVoM, nU m~amo~aM KamVrb
BVamZm hmbAnooQ>m ghZ H$amm bmJVmV.
AmfYnmUr H$amgmR>r dmao_mn ngm IM
hmoVmo, doi dmm OmVmo, l hmoVmV. Hw$Qw>~mV
Amamo Am{U AmZX CaV Zmhr d Hw$Qw>~mMr
dmVmhV hmoVo.
Amnmwio Amnbo Hw$Qw>~hr CXdV hmoVo mMr
OmUrd Agmdr.
`m gd`tnmgyZ Xa ahmdo.
bjmV m.
V~mIy ImUo, {gJmaoQ>-{dS>r AmoT>Uo, VnH$sa
hJUo, XmVmZm eoar bmdUo, {Mbr, hH$m,
{M$Q> mVyZ V~mIyMo godZ H$aUo mnH$s
H$moUmhr H$mao V~mIyMo godZ Ho$bo, Var Vo
KmVH$M AgVo.
Xm$, V~mIy `m_mUoM AmUIr EH$ ^`H$a
`gZ AmOH$mb g_mOmV ng$ bmJbo Amho.
`m `gZmZo VU d`mVrb _wbm-_wbtMo Am`w`
CXdV hmoVo. ho `gZ hUOo A_br nXmWmMo
`gZ hmo`. H$moHo$Z, hoamBZ, B`mXr A_br nXmW
`m `gZmV dmnabo OmVmV.
V~mIygodZ d XnmZ - _`wbm AmhmZ
V~mIy, Xm$ d {d{dY A_br nXmW Zem
CnZ H$aVmV. mMo gZ eodQ>r VrMm
mU KoVo. XnmZ, YynmZ d A_br nXmW `m
gZmMo dmBQ> n[aUm oH$mZo mZmV R>odmdo d
Aem gZmnmgyZ Xa amhmdo. {d{dY H$maUo gmJyZ
H$mhr bmoH$ Amnmbm XnmZ qH$dm YynmZ
`m`m X~mdmbm ~ir nSy> Z`o.
_XnmZ d Yy_nmZm`m Amhmar OmV Ag`mg
`mVyZ ~mhao nS>`mgmR>r gbm Am{U dXH$s
XV mdr.
Amnbm Amhma doi`m doir `mdm. ^anya
Ioimdo. {d{dY N>X Omonmgmdo. Amn`m _Zmda g`_
R>odyZ I~ranUo H$moU`mhr `gZmnmgyZ Xa amhmdo.
dmMmb
Va dmMmb
{d{dY N>X OmonmgUo.
.
AmnmnH$s AZoH$mZm nwT>o ZyX Ho$bom
gdtnH$s H$mhr gdr AgVmV. m gdtMo
MmJm, dmBQ> d {ZnmoJr Aem VrZ JQ>mV
dJuH$aU H$am.
135
(1) AmnU H$moR>o OmV AmhmoV d naV Ho$hm
oUma ho Kar gmJyZ ~mhoa OmUo.
(2) Zohr Iao ~mobUo.
(3) doUr, [a~rZ qH$dm _mo~mBber gVV IoiUo.
(4) ZIo Hw$aVS>Uo.
(5) doimnH$mZwgma emioMo XVa AmXm
{Xder amrM ^$Z R>odUo.
(6) N>r, aoZH$moQ>, nopgb, noZ Kar qH$dm
emioV dmadma {dgaUo.
(7) Q>rhr nmhmMr doi R>adUo Am{U VodT>mM
doi Q>rhr nmhUo.
Oam S>moHo$ Mmbdm.
gOm, Vwhr Vwm OrdZmMo o R>adbo
Amho. CXmhaUmW, w$Q>~mbnQy>, S>mQ>a qH$dm boIH$
hmMo Amho. Vo o JmR>mgmR>r Vwhr dVbm
H$moUm dmBQ> gdtnmgyZ Xa R>odmb?
1. [aH$m`m OmJr `mo` eX ^am.
(A) {Zam_`Vo_wio Amn`mVrb.......^mdZm
dmT>Vo.
(Am) V~mIy gVV nmoQ>mV OmV am{hmZo .......
_`ohr, H$H$amoJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
(B) A{V........._wio `H$VmMo, AmVS>mMo
VgoM _yme`mMo amoJ hmoVmV.
(B) XoemMr JVr Am{U {dH$mg `mVrb gdmV
_hdmMm KQ>H$ hUOo...........
(C) `{VJV Amamo` d gd`rVyZ Amn`mbm
g_mOmMo ............. d gmdO{ZH$
..........mV H$aVm `oVo.
2. Imbrb dm` MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gmJm. MwH$sMo
{dYmZ XV H$$Z {bhm.
(A) XyfU, AdN>Vm, gmWrMo AmOma,
`gZmYrZVm H$sQ>H$XemnmgyZ hmoUmao
AmOma, gm_m{OH$ Amamo` MmJbo
~ZdVmV.(-)
136
ho Zohr bjmV R>odm.
H$moU`mhr dmBQ> gd`r bmJy Zo hUyZ
R>mnUo ZH$ma Xmbm {eH$m.
AmnU H$m {eH$bmo?
gmm{OH$ Amamo MmJbo amhmgmR>r
oH$mZo Z Ho$bo nm{hOoV.
gmm{OH$ d gmdO{ZH$ Amamom{dfr
Xj Agmdo.
gmm{OH$ {ZamVm Amnbo d Amnm
gmOmMo dmW dmT>dVo.
gZmnmgyZ Xa amhmgmR>r H$mhr N>X
Omonmgmdo.
Zmm I~ranUmwio gZmnmgyZ Xa
amhVm oVo.
dmm
(Am) gmdO{ZH$ {R>H$mUr WwH$`mg H$m`XmZo
_ZmB Ho$br Amho. (-)
(B) nmofH$ Amhma, d`{VH$ dN>Vm, `m`m_
Am{U N>XmMr OmonmgZm `mVyZ CV_
Amamo` {_iVo. (-)
(B) Amnbo Amamo` CV_ H$mao gm^miyZ
{Zam_` OrdZ OJVm `oV Zmhr. (-)
3. Imbrb ZmMr CVao {bhm.
(A) CV_ Amamo` H$go {_idVm `oVo?
(Am) gm_m{OH$ Amamo` Ymo`mV AmUUmao KQ>H$
H$moUVo?
(B) V~mIy Im`mMo KmVH$ n[aUm_ H$moUVo?
(B) _XnmZmMo KmVH$ n[aUm_ H$moUVo?
CnH$
gmOmVrb gZmYrZVm Xa H$amgmR>r
EH$ Zm{Q>H$m {bhZ gmXarH$aU H$am.
***