EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory

Nodal Analysis

North-Eastern Hill University

06.09.2016 joIp_rkas, ECE, NEHU, Shillong - 793 022

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

0
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

Nodes have been identified in the given circuit

with node numbers, 1, 2 and 3, having node
voltages, v1 , v2 and v3 respectively while the
bottom node is marked 0 as the reference node.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

0
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

Nodes have been identified in the given circuit

with node numbers, 1, 2 and 3, having node
voltages, v1 , v2 and v3 respectively while the
bottom node is marked 0 as the reference node.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Applying KCL at node 1, we have
v1 v3
5 103 + + 0.4ix = 0
10 k 2 103
1 2 3 v2 v3
10 + v1 v3 + 0.08(v2 v3 ) = 0 ix =
10 103
0.4ix ix
v1 + 0.08v2 1.08v3 = 10 (1)
5 mA 5 k 20 k

0
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

Nodes have been identified in the given circuit

with node numbers, 1, 2 and 3, having node
voltages, v1 , v2 and v3 respectively while the
bottom node is marked 0 as the reference node.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Applying KCL at node 1, we have
v1 v3
5 103 + + 0.4ix = 0
10 k 2 103
1 2 3 v2 v3
10 + v1 v3 + 0.08(v2 v3 ) = 0 ix =
10 103
0.4ix ix
v1 + 0.08v2 1.08v3 = 10 (1)
5 mA 5 k 20 k And KCL at node 2 gives us
v2
0.4ix + + ix = 0
5 103
v2 v2 v3
+ 0.6 =0
0 5 103 10 103
2.6v2 0.6v3 = 0 (2)
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Applying KCL at node 1, we have
v1 v3
5 103 + + 0.4ix = 0
10 k 2 103
1 2 3 v2 v3
10 + v1 v3 + 0.08(v2 v3 ) = 0 ix =
10 103
0.4ix ix
v1 + 0.08v2 1.08v3 = 10 (1)
5 mA 5 k 20 k And KCL at node 2 gives us
v2
0.4ix + + ix = 0
5 103
v2 v2 v3
+ 0.6 =0
0 5 103 10 103
2.6v2 0.6v3 = 0 (2)
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
And also KCL at node 3 yields
v3 v1 v3 v2 v3
+ + =0
2 103 10 103 20 103
10(v3 v1 ) + 2(v3 v2 ) + v3 = 0
10v1 2v2 + 13v3 = 0 (3)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Applying KCL at node 1, we have
v1 v3
5 103 + + 0.4ix = 0
10 k 2 103
1 2 3 v2 v3
10 + v1 v3 + 0.08(v2 v3 ) = 0 ix =
10 103
0.4ix ix
v1 + 0.08v2 1.08v3 = 10 (1)
5 mA 5 k 20 k And KCL at node 2 gives us
v2
0.4ix + + ix = 0
5 103
v2 v2 v3
+ 0.6 =0
0 5 103 10 103
2.6v2 0.6v3 = 0 (2)
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
And also KCL at node 3 yields
Writing Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get v3 v1 v3 v2 v3
+ + =0
1 0.08 -1.08 v1 10 2 103 10 103 20 103

0 2.6 -0.6 v2 = 0
10(v3 v1 ) + 2(v3 v2 ) + v3 = 0
-10 -2 13 v3 0 10v1 2v2 + 13v3 = 0 (3)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Solving the matrix for v2 and v3 using Cramers rule,
 
 1 10 -1.08 
10 k
 
1 2 3 0 0 -0.6
 
 
 
 -10 0 13  60
ix v2 =   = = 12 V
0.4ix  1 0.08 -1.08  5
0 2.6 -0.6 
 

5 mA 5 k 20 k 
 -10 -2 13 


0
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
Writing Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get

1 0.08 -1.08 v1 10
0 2.6 -0.6 v2 = 0


-10 -2 13 v3 0

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Solving the matrix for v2 and v3 using Cramers rule,
 
 1 10 -1.08 
10 k
 
1 2 3 0 0 -0.6
 
 
 
 -10 0 13  60
ix v2 =   = = 12 V
0.4ix  1 0.08 -1.08 
 5
0 2.6 -0.6
 
 
5 mA 5 k 20 k 
 -10 -2 13


and,  

 1 0.08 10 

0 2.6 0
 
 
 
0  -10 -2 0  260
v3 =   = = 52 V
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.  1 0.08 -1.08 
 5
0 2.6 -0.6
 
Writing Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get
 
 
 -10 -2 13 
1 0.08 -1.08 v1 10
0 2.6 -0.6 v2 = 0


-10 -2 13 v3 0

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Solving the matrix for v2 and v3 using Cramers rule,
 
 1 10 -1.08 
10 k
 
1 2 3 0 0 -0.6
 
 
 
 -10 0 13  60
ix v2 =   = = 12 V
0.4ix  1 0.08 -1.08 
 5
0 2.6 -0.6
 
 
5 mA 5 k 20 k 
 -10 -2 13


and,  

 1 0.08 10 

0 2.6 0
 
 
 
0  -10 -2 0  260
v3 =   = = 52 V
Fig. 1: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.  1 0.08 -1.08 
 5
0 2.6 -0.6
 
Writing Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) in matrix form, we get
 
 
 -10 -2 13 
1 0.08 -1.08 v1 10 Hence,
0 2.6 -0.6 v2 = 0

v2 v3 12 52
-10 -2 13 v3 0 ix = = = 4 mA
10 103 10 103

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 1 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

+ vz
10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix
+
5 mA 5 k 20 k +
vx
vy


4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

+ vz
10 k
1 2 3
1 2 3
0.4ix ix
+
5 mA 5 k 20 k +
vx
vy


4 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2
Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.
4 Apply KCL at appropriate node(s).

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k

Here in nodal analysis using graph theory,

10 k you will see that you dont need that many
1 2 3

ix
number of equations as that of unknown
0.4ix
variables!
5 mA 5 k 20 k

4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
+ vz

1 2 3

+
+
vx
vy


4
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Lets apply KCL at nodes of the selected tree:
10 k
1 2 3

0.4ix ix

5 mA 5 k 20 k

4
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
+ vz

1 2 3

+
+
vx
vy


4
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Lets apply KCL at nodes of the selected tree:
1 2
10 k
3 vx
Node 2: 0.4ix + + ix = 0
ix
5 103
0.4ix
vx vx vy vx vy
+ 0.6 = 0 ix =
5 mA 5 k 20 k 5 103 10 103 10 103
2.6vx 0.6vy = 0 (4)
vx vy
4 Node 4: 5 103 + + =0
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. 5 103 20 103
+ vz 100 4vx vy = 0
vy = 100 4vx (5)
1 2 3

+
+
vx
vy


4
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Lets apply KCL at nodes of the selected tree:
1 2
10 k
3 vx
Node 2: 0.4ix + + ix = 0
ix
5 103
0.4ix
vx vx vy vx vy
+ 0.6 = 0 ix =
5 mA 5 k 20 k 5 103 10 103 10 103
2.6vx 0.6vy = 0 (4)
vx vy
4 Node 4: 5 103 + + =0
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. 5 103 20 103
+ vz 100 4vx vy = 0
vy = 100 4vx (5)
1 2 3
Using Eq. (5) in Eq. (4), we have
+ 60
vx
+ 2.6vx 60 + 2.4vx = 0 vx = = 12 V
vy
5


4
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Lets apply KCL at nodes of the selected tree:
1 2
10 k
3 vx
Node 2: 0.4ix + + ix = 0
ix
5 103
0.4ix
vx vx vy vx vy
+ 0.6 = 0 ix =
5 mA 5 k 20 k 5 103 10 103 10 103
2.6vx 0.6vy = 0 (4)
vx vy
4 Node 4: 5 103 + + =0
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. 5 103 20 103
+ vz 100 4vx vy = 0
vy = 100 4vx (5)
1 2 3
Using Eq. (5) in Eq. (4), we have
+ 60
vx
+ 2.6vx 60 + 2.4vx = 0 vx = = 12 V
vy
5
Substituting the value of vx in Eq. (5), we get
vy = 100 4 12 vy = 52 V
4
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method: Using graph theory

Example - 1: Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2 k
Lets apply KCL at nodes of the selected tree:
1 2
10 k
3 vx
Node 2: 0.4ix + + ix = 0
ix
5 103
0.4ix
vx vx vy vx vy
+ 0.6 = 0 ix =
5 mA 5 k 20 k 5 103 10 103 10 103
2.6vx 0.6vy = 0 (4)
vx vy
4 Node 4: 5 103 + + =0
Fig. 2: A circuit where ix is to be calculated. 5 103 20 103
+ vz 100 4vx vy = 0
vy = 100 4vx (5)
1 2 3
Using Eq. (5) in Eq. (4), we have
+ 60
vx
+ 2.6vx 60 + 2.4vx = 0 vx = = 12 V
vy
5
Substituting the value of vx in Eq. (5), we get
vy = 100 4 12 vy = 52 V
4 Therefore, vx vy 12 52
ix = = = 4 mA
Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2 10 103 10 103

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 2 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
Step - 1: Identify nodes!
+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
0
Step - 2: Select a reference node and
+ vx
label it as 0 (not necessarily 0 but it is
+
100 V 4 vx /14 a practice to do so)!

Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
0
Step - 2: Select a reference node and
+ vx
label it as 0 (not necessarily 0 but it is
+
100 V 4 vx /14 a practice to do so)! Normally, a node
having maximum number of branches
connected to it has been chosen as a
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. reference node to simplify
computation!!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0
Step - 3: Label other nodes too! Either
+ vx
node number 2 or 3 would have been a
+
100 V 4 vx /14 better option for the reference node
actually!
3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0
Step - 4: Check at which node(s), KCL
+ vx
can be applied! We see that we can
+
100 V 4 vx /14 apply KCL at
- Node 2 but not on 1 and 3
3
because of 100 V source. OR
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. - The supernode formed by
combining nodes 1 and 3.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 15 4

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1)
At terminals of 100 V source, we see that
v1 v3 = 100 (2)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0 At node 0(dependent source!), we know
+ vx
v2 0 vx
+ =0
15 14
+ vx /14
100 V 4

3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1)
At terminals of 100 V source, we see that
v1 v3 = 100 (2)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0 At node 0, we know
+ vx
v2 0 vx
+ =0
15 14
+ vx /14
100 V 4 14v2 + 15vx = 0
14v2 + 15(v1 v2 ) = 0
15v1 v2 = 0 (3)
3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1)
At terminals of 100 V source, we see that
v1 v3 = 100 (2)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0 At node 0, we know
+ vx
v2 0 vx
+ =0
15 14
+ vx /14
100 V 4 14v2 + 15vx = 0
14v2 + 15(v1 v2 ) = 0
15v1 v2 = 0 (3)
3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Using Eqs. (2) and (3) in Eq. (1), we have

15v1 + 53 15v1 30 (v1 100) = 0

Applying KCL on node 2, we have
3000
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3 v1 = = 4 V
+ + =0 750
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0 Thus, from Eq. (3),
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1) v2 = 15 4 = 60 V
At terminals of 100 V source, we see that
v1 v3 = 100 (2)

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
8 15
1 2 0 At node 0, we know
+ vx
v2 0 vx
+ =0
15 14
+ vx /14
100 V 4 14v2 + 15vx = 0
14v2 + 15(v1 v2 ) = 0
15v1 v2 = 0 (3)
3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Using Eqs. (2) and (3) in Eq. (1), we have

15v1 + 53 15v1 30 (v1 100) = 0

Applying KCL on node 2, we have
3000
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3 v1 = = 4 V
+ + =0 750
8 15 4
15(v2 v1 ) + 8v2 + 30(v2 v3 ) = 0 Thus, from Eq. (3),
15v1 + 53v2 30v3 = 0 (1) v2 = 15 4 = 60 V
At terminals of 100 V source, we see that
v1 v3 = 100 (2) Therefore, vx = v1 v2 = 4 (60) = 56 V

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 3 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
Here: this time, bottom node is chosen
+ vx
as reference node!
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3
Here: this time, bottom node is chosen
+ vx
as reference node! By doing this, we
+
100 V 4 vx /14 know v1 = 100 V . That means, we
now need to find only v2 to get the
value of vx !!
0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 4 15

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4
Current flowing from
node 2 to node 3 which
vx
0 equals to 14
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 4 15

v1 = 100 V as node 0
being reference node!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 4 15
v2 100 v2 vx
+ = 0Adjuster (4)
8 4 14

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3 From control-voltage variable branch,
+ vx
vx = v1 v2 = 100 v2
+ v2 = 100 vx (5)
100 V 4 vx /14

0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Applying KCL on node 2, we have

v2 v1 v2 v2 v3
+ + =0
8 4 15
v2 100 v2 vx
+ = 0Adjuster (4)
8 4 14

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.
8 15
1 2 3 From control-voltage variable branch,
+ vx
vx = v1 v2 = 100 v2
+ v2 = 100 vx (5)
100 V 4 vx /14

Using Eqs. (5) in Eq. (4), we have

0 100 vx 100 100 vx vx

+ =0
8 4 14
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.
7vx + 1400 14vx 4vx = 0
Applying KCL on node 2, we have 1400
vx = = 56 V
v2 v1 v2 v2 v3 25
+ + =0
8 4 15
v2 100 v2 vx
+ = 0Adjuster (4)
8 4 14

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 4 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

While forming a tree, we must

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 2 3
While forming a tree, we must
Place all voltage sources in the tree and all current
sources in the co-tree.

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 2
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.
3
While forming a tree, we must
Place all voltage sources in the tree and all current
sources in the co-tree.
Place all control-voltage branches of
voltage-controlled dependent sources in the tree if
possible without forming any loop.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 2
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.
3
While forming a tree, we must
Place all voltage sources in the tree and all current
sources in the co-tree.
Place all control-voltage branches of
voltage-controlled dependent sources in the tree if
possible without forming any loop.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 2
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.
3
While forming a tree, we must
Place all voltage sources in the tree and all current
sources in the co-tree.
Place all control-voltage branches of
voltage-controlled dependent sources in the tree if
possible without forming any loop.
Complete the tree with the inclusion of node 3!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 2 3 Now, we assign (branch) voltages on twigs! From Fig. 3,

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 + vx 2 3 Now, we assign (branch) voltages on twigs! From Fig. 3,

Place the voltage source (value with proper
+ polarity), 100 V , and the controlled-voltage, vx , on
respective twigs.
100 V

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Now, we assign (branch) voltages on twigs! From Fig. 3,

Place the voltage source (value with proper
+ polarity), 100 V , and the controlled-voltage, vx , on
respective twigs.
100 V
We now assign a new voltage variable, vy , on the
third tree branch/third twig.
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Now, we assign (branch) voltages on twigs! From Fig. 3,

Place the voltage source (value with proper
+ polarity), 100 V , and the controlled-voltage, vx , on
respective twigs.
100 V
We now assign a new voltage variable, vy , on the
third tree branch/third twig.
0 We therefore have two unknowns, vx , and vy , and
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree. we need to obtain two equations in terms of them.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Lets start analysis!

There are four nodes, but the presence of the
+ voltage source, 100 V , causes two of them to form
a single supernode.
100 V

0 Supernode!
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 1 2 3

+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0 0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 4: Graph of Fig. 3

1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Lets start analysis!

There are four nodes, but the presence of the
+ voltage source, 100 V , causes two of them to form
a single supernode.
100 V
Kirchhoffs current law may be applied at any two
of the three nodes including supernodes.
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 Lets apply KCL at nodes: 2 and 3!
+ vx
+ vx /14
100 V 4

0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

1 + vx 2 + vy 3

+
100 V

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 Lets apply KCL at nodes: 2 and 3!
+ vx vx vx + 100 vy
2: + + =0
+ vx /14 8 4 15
100 V 4
15vx 30vx + 3000 + 8vy = 0
45vx 8vy = 3000 (6)
0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

1 + vx 2 + vy 3

+
100 V

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 Lets apply KCL at nodes: 2 and 3!
+ vx vx vx + 100 vy
2: + + =0
+ vx /14 8 4 15
100 V 4
15vx 30vx + 3000 + 8vy = 0
45vx 8vy = 3000 (6)
0 vy vx
3: =0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 15 14
15
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 vy = vx (7)
14
15vx 30vx + 300 + 8vy = 0
+
100 V

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3 Lets apply KCL at nodes: 2 and 3!
+ vx vx vx + 100 vy
2: + + =0
+ vx /14 8 4 15
100 V 4
15vx 30vx + 3000 + 8vy = 0
45vx 8vy = 3000 (6)
0 vy vx
3: =0
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 15 14
15
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 vy = vx (7)
14
15vx 30vx + 300 + 8vy = 0
Using Eqs. (7) in (6), we have
+ 15
45vx 8 vx = 3000
100 V 14
45 7vx + 4 15vx = 3000 7

0 21000
vx = = 56 V
375
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V Summary of Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V Summary of Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!

0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V Summary of Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
0
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V Summary of Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
0 3 Assign branch voltages.
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 2: Use nodal analysis to find the value of vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
8 15
1 2 3
What if we apply KCL at Supernode !
+ vx - Simplest of all at least for this circuit!
+ At supernode,
100 V 4 vx /14 vx 100 + vx vx
+ + =0
8 4 14
7vx 1400 + 14vx + 4vx = 0
0
1400
Fig. 3: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. vx = = 56 V
25
1 + vx 2 + vy 3 Because of the nature of this circuit, in this case,
we dont need any other equation to find vx as
KCL at supernode itself is suffice to get the value.
+
100 V Summary of Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:
1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
0 3 Assign branch voltages.
4 Apply KCL at appropriate node(s).
Fig. 5: Selecting an appropriate tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 5 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Count number of nodes. Select one of the
node as reference node (node 0) and label

+

the rest!
+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Count number of nodes. Select one of the
1 0
node as reference node (node 0) and label

+

the rest!
+
+ Best candidate for reference node for this
1A 4 vx 6vx circuit: Top right node or Bottom left
3A node! Reduces unknown node variables!!

2 3
5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Count number of nodes. Select one of the
1 0
node as reference node (node 0) and label

+

the rest!
+
+ Best candidate for reference node for this
1A 4 vx 6vx circuit: Top right node or Bottom left
3A node! Reduces unknown node variables!!
Look out for voltage source(s) and nodes
2 3
5 they are connected to!
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Count number of nodes. Select one of the
1 0
node as reference node (node 0) and label

+

the rest!
+
+ Best candidate for reference node for this
1A 4 vx 6vx circuit: Top right node or Bottom left
3A node! Reduces unknown node variables!!
Look out for voltage source(s) and nodes
2 3
5 they are connected to!
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Steps for nodal analysis:
::::::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Count number of nodes. Select one of the
1 0
node as reference node (node 0) and label

+

the rest!
+
+ Best candidate for reference node for this
1A 4 vx 6vx circuit: Top right node or Bottom left
3A node! Reduces unknown node variables!!
Look out for voltage source(s) and nodes
2 3
5 they are connected to!
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Apply KCL at either
Node 2 (bottom left) when top right node
is a reference node! OR
Supernode! Supernode (formed by combining top left,
top right, and bottom right nodes)!
Reference node here is bottom left node!!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
When top right node is selected for the refer-
2A
30 V ence node, we have
1 0

+

v1 = 30 V
+
+ v3 = 6vx
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A vx = v1 v2 = 30 v2 v2 = 30 vx

2 3
5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
When top right node is selected for the refer-
2A
30 V ence node, we have
1 0

+

v1 = 30 V
+
+ v3 = 6vx
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A vx = v1 v2 = 30 v2 v2 = 30 vx

Applying KCL at node 2:

2 3
5
v2 v1 v2 v3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 1+ +3+ =0
4 5
vx 30 vx (6vx )
+2+ =0
4 5
5vx + 40 + 120 + 20vx = 0

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
When top right node is selected for the refer-
2A
30 V ence node, we have
1 0

+

v1 = 30 V
+
+ v3 = 6vx
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A vx = v1 v2 = 30 v2 v2 = 30 vx

Applying KCL at node 2:

2 3
5
v2 v1 v2 v3
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 1+ +3+ =0
4 5
vx 30 vx (6vx )
+2+ =0
160 4 5
vx = = 10.6667 V 5vx + 40 + 120 + 20vx = 0
15

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 6 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Supernode method:
::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Supernode method:
::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Combine the top left, the top right and the
bottom right nodes to form a supernode as

+

voltage sources are connected to them!
+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Supernode!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Supernode method:
::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Combine the top left, the top right and the
bottom right nodes to form a supernode as

+

voltage sources are connected to them!
+
+ Out of 4 nodes after forming supernode,
1A 4 vx 6vx only bottom left node is left and is named
3A as the reference node!!

5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Supernode method:
::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Combine the top left, the top right and the
1 2
bottom right nodes to form a supernode as

+

voltage sources are connected to them!
+
+ Out of 4 nodes after forming supernode,
1A 4 vx 6vx only bottom left node is left and is named
3A as the reference node!!

0 3
5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
Supernode method:
::::::::::::::::::
2A
30 V Combine the top left, the top right and the
1 2
bottom right nodes to form a supernode as

+

voltage sources are connected to them!
+
+ Out of 4 nodes after forming supernode,
1A 4 vx 6vx only bottom left node is left and is named
3A as the reference node!!
We now can apply KCL at supernode!!!
0 3
5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
From the circuit, we have
2A
30 V v1 = vx
1 2

+

v1 v2 = 30 V v2 = vx 30
+
+ v2 v3 = 6vx v3 = 5vx 30
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

0 3
5
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 1: Using supernode idea

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 1 using nodal analysis.
From the circuit, we have
2A
30 V v1 = vx
1 2

+

v1 v2 = 30 V v2 = vx 30
+
+ v2 v3 = 6vx v3 = 5vx 30
1A 4 vx 6vx

Applying KCL at supernode:
3A v1 v3
1+ 3+ +22=0
4 5
0
5
3 vx 5vx 30
2+ =0
Fig. 1: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 4 5
5vx 40 20vx 120 = 0
160
vx = = 10.6667 V
15

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 7 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

Branches corresponding 1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
to current sources on the
co-tree!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

Does inclusion of this 1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
control-voltage branch
create any loop?

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
This branch must be on
co-tree!

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2
1 2

+

+
+
1A 4 vx 6vx

3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2 + 30 V
1 2

+

+
+ + +
1A 4 vx 6vx
vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.

2A
30 V
1 2 + 30 V
1 2

+

+
+ + +
1A 4 vx 6vx
vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5 3 4
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Fig. 3: Graph of Fig. 2

Steps! Nodal Analysis using Graph theory:

1 Draw a graph!
2 Select a tree.
3 Assign branch voltages with polarity.
4 Apply KCL at appropriate node(s).

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Observation for KCL at nodes:
1 2

+

Four nodes: 1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
No KCL at nodes to which voltage sources are connected
+
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx

3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Observation for KCL at nodes:
1 2

+

Four nodes: //
1,////
2, 3, and //
4.
+
No KCL at nodes to which voltage sources are connected.
+
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A
KCL can be applied at node 3!
3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. Nodal analysis using graph theory, you will see that you dont need
that many number of equations as that of unknown node voltages!
Its all about branch voltages when we use graph theory in nodal
analysis!!
1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx

3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Applying KCL at node 3 of the selected tree:
1 2
vx vx + 30 + 6vx
+

+ Node 3: 1+ +3+ =0
+ 4 5
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx

3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Applying KCL at node 3 of the selected tree:
1 2
vx vx + 30 + 6vx
+

+ Node 3: 1+ +3+ =0
+ 4 5
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Twig voltage between nodes 3 and 1

Twig resistance
1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx

3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Applying KCL at node 3 of the selected tree:
1 2
vx vx + 30 + 6vx
+

+ Node 3: 1+ +3+ =0
+ 4 5
1A 4 vx 6vx
3A

3 4
5
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated.

Twig voltage between nodes 3 and 1

Twig resistance
1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx
Link voltage between nodes 3 and 4 = Sum of twig voltages between them
Link resistance
3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Nodal Analysis
Alternative Method - 2/3: Using graph theory

Example - 3: Find the value of vx in the circuit of Fig. 2 using nodal analysis.
2A
30 V Applying KCL at node 3 of the selected tree:
1 2
vx vx + 30 + 6vx
+

+ Node 3: 1+ +3+ =0
+ 4 5
1A 4 vx 6vx

vx 30 + 5vx
3A +2+ =0
4 5
3
5
4 5vx + 40 + 120 + 20vx = 0
Fig. 2: A circuit where vx is to be calculated. 160
vx = = 10.6667 V
15

1 + 30 V 2

+ +
vx 6vx

3 4
Fig. 3: Appropriate tree of Fig. 2

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 8 / 10

 Text Books & References

W.H. Hayt, J.E. Kemmerly, S.M. Durbin

Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8/e.
MH, 2012.
M. E. Van Valkenburg
Network Analysis, 3/e.
PHI, 2005.

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 9 / 10

 Khublei Shibun!

Thank You!
Any Question?

AeL. je. siHh/L. J. Singh(nehu/NEHU) EE - 304 Electrical Network Theory 06.09.2016 10 / 10