Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Underground construction in historic urban environment requires a careful prediction of the expected
Received 26 March 2016 displacement field to avoid damages or to undertake preventative measures. The empirical method to
Received in revised form 5 September 2016 predict ground movements in greenfield conditions (Peck, 1969; Attwell and Woodman, 1982) is rou-
Accepted 13 October 2016
tinely used. A more accurate prediction can be obtained via numerical analysis. A preliminary greenfield
3D FEM model was calibrated to analyse a stretch of a tunnel under construction in Napoli. Subsequently
an interaction analysis has been carried out modelling an existing monumental building. Both the geom-
etry of the intersection and the soil layering suggested using a 3D numerical model. The building was
modelled as a stiff plate loaded by a uniform surface load. A satisfactory agreement between predictions
and measurements was obtained with the interaction analysis.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction reduce differential settlement; on the other hand its weight and its
loading history on the foundation increase the value of the average
Underground construction in urban areas requires special con- settlement. In such a complex interaction, the loads transferred to
sideration of the possible effects on nearby buildings or under- the building foundation modify the stress state in the ground. For
ground facilities. In historic urban environment, the presence of shallow tunnelling this likely affects the deformation mode of the
architectural heritage to be preserved may be a severe constraint ground around the tunnel. The resulting performance of the build-
for tunnelling design and construction (Rampello et al., 2012; ing depends on its position and orientation relative to the tunnel.
Amorosi et al., 2014; Russo et al., 2015). The prediction of ground Recently, further studies based on three-dimensional numerical
movements induced by tunnelling is therefore a critical issue to modelling have investigated different ways to model the building:
assess potential damage and to undertake preventative measures from simple equivalent plates (Maleki et al., 2011) to more com-
(Burland et al., 1977; Boscardin and Cording, 1989; Mair et al., plex structural assemblies (Liu et al., 2012; Fargnoli et al., 2015).
1996; Mair, 2008). For a 9-storey reinforced concrete framed building Fargnoli et al.
The empirical formulations for the assessment of tunnelling (2015) showed that, considering only the buried portion of the
induced ground movements in greenfield conditions (Peck, 1969; building, including the foundation elements, made the numerical
Attewell and Woodman, 1982; OReilly and New, 1982) are rou- model able to fit well the monitoring data.
tinely used in association with modification factors that accounts In this paper, some general remarks on the influence of the rel-
for the effect of the building stiffness and weight in plane strain ative position of the tunnel, the stiffness and the weight of the
(Potts and Addenbrooke, 1997; Franzius et al., 2004). For most building on the induced ground movements are presented, on
cases such a level of assessment can be sufficient, at least to the basis of the back-analysis of displacement induced by tun-
exclude that severe structural damages may occur. Nevertheless, nelling beneath a corner of a historic church (Chiesa di Santa Maria
three-dimensional numerical analysis of tunnel-faade interaction della Vittoria) during the construction of Line 6 of Naples Under-
(Burd et al., 2000) highlighted soil structure interaction effects that ground. The tunnel is rather shallow and it is built close to the
cannot be easily anticipated, particularly when the faade deforms sea in a central part of Naples. The faade of the church rises in
in a hogging mode. On one hand, the structure stiffness may act to the wide open space of a square. It is incorporated in a four-
storey building that has three additional floors further to the base.
The underpass was therefore carefully monitored even being the
Corresponding author at: University of Napoli Federico II, Dept. of Civil, design predictions very satisfactory and no damages were
Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Via Claudio 21, I-80125 Napoli, Italy.
expected to occur. The results of 3D numerical greenfield and
E-mail address: emilio.bilotta@unina.it (E. Bilotta).
1
Formerly University of Napoli Federico II, Italy.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.10.007
0886-7798/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
222 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
simplified interaction analyses are presented and discussed in each calculation step, namely excavation span, front pressure,
comparison with the monitored movements. grouting radial pressure, jack loads and shield conicity, these
parameters being the most relevant ones.
In Fig. 4 a plan view of the tunnel stretch underpassing the
2. Description of works and ground conditions
church of Santa Maria della Vittoria (hatched in the figure) is
sketched. The area is a densely urbanized one. However, for a
Line 6 of the Naples Underground is part of the network of pub-
rather long stretch, which extends for some hundreds of metres
lic rail provided by the Municipal Plan of Transport for the
in front of the church, greenfield conditions can be assumed due
Metropolitan Area of Naples (Italy). The church of Santa Maria della
to the mere presence of streets and gardens. The tunnel path is
Vittoria is located along the path of the Line 6 tunnel that has been
slightly curve in plan. Fig. 5 shows a longitudinal profile of the tun-
excavated between 2009 and 2011 (Russo et al., 2012). The stretch
nel, indicating an average slope of about 2 degrees. Moreover it is
was made by using an Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring
possible to observe the ground stratigraphy, showing that the tun-
Machine whose maximum diameter is D = 8.15 m. The ground con-
nel enters into the tuff formation just beneath the church.
ditions along this stretch are shown in Fig. 1. The ground consists
The numerical mesh is shown in Fig. 6 (3D view and longitudi-
mainly of soils and rocks of pyroclastic origin (pozzolana, pumices,
nal section). The analysed block corresponds to the volume delim-
tuff) and of marine sands. The most superficial layers are sedi-
ited by dash and dot line in the plan view of Fig. 4 and in the
ments deposited in the marine environment or backshore. Close
section of Fig. 5. Marine sand (S) and Pyroclastic silty sand (P) were
to the ground surface landfills of different origin can be found, with
modelled using the Hardening Soil model (Schanz et al., 1999) with
thickness that come up to ten metres. Both natural soils and land-
small strain overlay (Benz et al., 2009), Made Ground (M) using
fills are characterised by a state of medium-high density with a
Hardening Soil model and Tuff (T) using Mohr-Coulomb elasto-
medium or high permeability. The main ground is flat and is
plastic model, with non associated flow rule. Table 1 shows the val-
located only a few metres above mean sea level. Hence the water
ues of the mechanical parameters adopted in the analyses. They
table is found at shallow depth, at an elevation of 11.5 m above
have been obtained from a wide campaign of ground investigation
sea level. Line tunnel and stations are then below the groundwater
both in the area (e.g. see boreholes indicated as black circles in
table. The soil mass overlies a tuff substrate. In the stretch between
Fig. 4) and in the close surroundings (LAmante et al., 2012). Stan-
the stations of Arco Mirelli and S. Pasquale, the roof of the tuff rises
dard Penetration Tests, Cone Penetration Tests and Cross-Hole
up to a depth of about 9 m below the ground surface. In this area,
tests were carried out on site, while laboratory tests were carried
the tunnel affects the tuff layer for a certain length. In the area of
out on samples of the yellow tuff. It has to be underlined that
Piazza Vittoria, where the church is located, the stretch is exca-
the soil layers involved into the tunnel excavations are all well
vated partly in soil and partly in the tuff formation.
known and typical of Naples urban area. Aversa et al., 2013b
The church of S.Maria della Vittoria is located just on the
recently published a summary on the physical and mechanical
boundary of the wide open space constituted by a square (Piazza
properties of soils and soft rocks present in the ground and on their
Vittoria) and a public garden (Villa Comunale di Napoli), in front
effect on the urban development of Naples.
of the Bay of Naples.
An initial normally consolidated state of stress at rest (K0 -
The church was built by in 1573. In the following centuries it
= 1 sinu0 ) was assumed. Then tunnelling was modelled by
underwent some renovation works. The present appearance of
removing soil elements inside the excavation, simulating TBM
the church is due to other changes ended in 1824, when the com-
advancement in slices and progressive lining ring installation at
plex was heavily modified and the dome was incorporated in the
the TBM tail. A distributed horizontal load at the face, linearly
courtyard of a residential building. Hence the faade of the church
varying with depth, modelled the earth balancing pressure at the
is nowadays part of a four-storey building (Fig. 2).
front. The TBM thrust jacks were also modelled, by means of a dis-
The plan of the church is divided into three naves (Fig. 3a), the
tributed horizontal load applied in longitudinal direction against
central one is covered by barrel vaults with lunettes, while the two
the final lining. The grout pressure at the shield was modelled by
side naves are covered by a succession of arch/vaults or basin
means of a radial pressure (170 kPa at crown, vertical gradient of
vaults.
20 kPa/m down to the invert). These values were selected on the
The naves are divided into five spans, the third one correspond-
basis of the range of values measured in the first stretch of the line
ing to the transept, covered by a dome, which is the central ele-
and reported by Bitetti et al. (2012).
ment of the composition (Fig. 3d). Longitudinally (Fig. 3c) the
The over-excavation caused by the difference between the lar-
system ends with the altar. A crypt is located below the church.
ger diameter of the cutterhead and that of the shield was modelled
Further details on the church and its history can be found in
by imposing a contraction to the circular tunnel surface linearly
Aversa et al. (2013a, 2015).
varying along the shield length to simulate conicity. This corre-
According to the view that geotechnical monitoring plays a vital
sponds to a volumetric contraction of 0.42%. Because of the high
role for the preservation of historic buildings (Burland and
permeability of the interested soils, the analyses were carried out
Standing, 1997), a monitoring plan for the church during tun-
in drained conditions and the final lining was assumed as perfectly
nelling was undertaken, consisting in optical survey of targets
impermeable.
installed on the two external faades of the church, in addition to
The results of the analyses for progressive positions of the front
monitoring transepts (for both surface settlements and under-
excavation face are shown in Fig. 7 as surface settlement profile
ground displacements) that were positioned along the tunnel path.
along a transverse section located 25 m behind the excavation face
and along the longitudinal axis.
3. Greenfield analyses The FEM results are compared in the same figures with the
trends derived from the empirical method and the monitored
In order to perform a back-analysis on the basis of the collected data along three transepts in the greenfield area in front of the
monitoring data and to draw some general conclusions on the church.
effects of building on induced movements, a number of FEM mod- The surface settlement recorded in this area allowed the aver-
els have been implemented using Plaxis 3D (Brinkgreve et al., age parameters of the Gaussian fitting curve (Peck, 1969) to be
2013). The software allows to follow the real 3D tunnel excavation back-calculated: the volume loss parameter, V0 , ranges between
process that can be simulated by defining different parameters for 0.25% and 0.3% and the trough width parameter, K, between 0.3
E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 223
4. Interaction analysis
Fig. 3. Plan view of the church and the crypt below (a); main nave of the church (b); transverse section of the church (c); longitudinal section of the church (d) (modified after
Sanseverino and Rahati, 2012).
A comparison between the vertical displacements calculated in D/L in the range of 0.010.015% can be estimated. In addition, even
the greenfield and the interaction models (for several assumptions the almost rigid tilt is very low, being in the range of 2 104 to
on the load intensity q) along the lateral faade is shown in Fig. 10. 6 104.
In the same figure the measured vertical displacements are shown. Both figures show the influence of the self-weight of the build-
A similar comparison is shown in Fig. 11 for the front faade. Both ing on the calculated settlement. The higher the load intensity, q,
measurements and calculations refer to a condition when the front the closer are the predicted settlement profiles beneath the church
of the excavation is far enough from the church faades (at least 3 to the measured ones (STL132 to STL138 on the front faade,
tunnel diameters along the tunnel axis, see plan view in Fig. 8). It is STL140 to STL156 on the lateral faade).
worth noting that the deflection ratio that can be calculated for As it might be expected, the load magnitude mainly influences
both faades from measurements is actually very small. Values of the rigid body motion (rigid translation and tilt). This is even more
E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 225
Table 1
Mechanical parameters.
Parameters S P M T
c (kN/m3) 16 14 16 14
csat (kN/m3) 18 16 18 16
E (MPa) 6300
E50,ref (MPa) 40 47 50
Eoed,ref (MPa) 40 47 50
Eur,ref (MPa) 85 100 200
pref (kPa) 100 170 170
mur 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
m () 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
G0,ref (MPa) 88 182
c0.7 1.3 104 1.9 104
u0 (deg) 37 37 37 27
w (deg) 0 0 0
c0 (kPa) 0 0 0 500
soils to tuff (see profile in Fig. 1), the measured volume losses metric contraction has been investigated by a small increase of
locally increase to higher values than those routinely measured. its value (from 0.42% up to 0.6%), at the same time varying the
This evidence has been associated to a larger amount of extra- applied load q. A selection of results is shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
excavation at the transition between the soft alluvial and pyroclas- They show that in the likely scenario of a local increase of extra-
tic ground and the soft rock. For the same reason, beneath the cutting due to soil-rock transition, the prediction of building settle-
church, where a similar transition exists (see Figs. 1 and 5), a sim- ment is more accurate even for a more realistic assumption on the
ilar problem may have occurred. Hence the influence of the volu- pressure exerted on the foundation by the building total weight.
E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 227
Fig. 7. Results of the greenfield model and comparison with measurements: longitudinal direction (a, c, e, g) and transverse section (b, d, f, h).
228 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
Fig. 8. Results of the greenfield model and comparison with measurements: deep ground movements.
E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 229
Fig. 11. Predicted settlements along the front faade influence of building loads.
Fig. 12. Influence of foundation stiffness on the predicted settlements along the Fig. 14. Influence of volumetric contraction on the predicted settlements along the
lateral faade. lateral faade.
For this reason the relative position of the tunnel and the build-
The presence of a stretch of tunnel excavated in greenfield con-
ing should be taken into account in evaluating induced settle-
ditions is very useful in order to calibrate settlement predictions
ments and simple approaches cannot be applied in such
when the tunnel interacts with urbanized sites.
conditions; in these cases, more complex analyses, with ade-
Also in this case, as shown in this paper, a cautious approach
quate constitutive models, should be carried out.
should be followed in order to reproduce some possible
Fig. 13. Influence of foundation stiffness on the predicted settlements along the front faade.
E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 231
Fig. 15. Influence of the volumetric contraction on the predicted settlements along the front faade.
deviations from the predictions, due to change in operation pro- Boscardin, M.D., Cording, E.G., 1989. Building response to excavation induced
settlement. J. ASCE J. - Geotech. Eng. 115 (1), 121.
cedures or to changes in ground conditions (as in the present
Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Swolfs, W.M., Engine, E., 2013. PLAXIS 3D Users Manual. PLAXIS
case, due to the transition from soil to tuff under the church), bv, The Netherlands.
which can induce sudden variation of volume loss. Burd, H.J., Houlsby, G.T., Augarde, C.E., Liu, G., 2000. Modelling tunnelling-induced
This is especially true when dealing with historic buildings, settlement of masonry buildings. Proc. Instn Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 143 (1),
1729.
more sensible to settlements. Burland, J.B., 1995. Assessment of risk of damage to buildings due to tunnelling
excavation. In: Ishihara, K. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference
on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, IS Tokyo. ICSMFE, Tokyo, Japan, pp.
Acknowledgements 11891201.
Burland, J.B., Broms, B.B., de Mello, V.F.B., 1977. Behavior of foundations and
The authors would like to acknowledge Ansaldo STS for the per- structures. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering. IS-Tokyo, vol. 2, pp. 495546.
mission to use monitoring data. The research at the basis of the Burland, J.B., Standing, J.R., 1997. Geotechnical monitoring of historic monuments.
present paper has been partly carried out in the framework of In: Proc. of the Arrigo Croce Memorial Symposium - Geotechnical Engineering
ReLUIS research project. for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, Napoli. A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam.
Fargnoli, V., Gragnano, C.G., Boldini, D., Amorosi, A., 2015. 3D numerical modelling
Appendix A. Supplementary data of soilstructure interaction during EPB tunnelling. Gotechnique 65 (1), 2337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.091.
Franzius, J.N., Potts, D.M., Addenbrooke, T.I., Burland, J.B., 2004. The influence of
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in building weight on tunnelling-induced ground and building deformation. Soils
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.10.007. Found. 44 (1), 2538.
LAmante, D., Flora, G., Russo, G., Viggiani, C., 2012. Displacements induced by the
These data include Google maps of the most important areas installation of diaphragm panels. Acta Geotech. 7 (3), 213218. http://dx.doi.
described in this article. org/10.1007/s11440-012-0164-9.
Liu, J., Qi, T., Wu, Z., 2012. Analysis of ground movement due to metro station driven
with enlarging shield tunnels under building and its parameter sensitivity
References analysis. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 28, 287296.
Mair, R.J., 2008. 46th Rankine lecture. Tunnelling and geotechnics: new horizons.
Amorosi, A., Boldini, D., de Felice, G., Malena, M., Sebastianelli, M., 2014. Tunnelling- Gotechnique 58 (9), 695736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.9.695.
induced deformation and damage on historical masonry structures. Mair, R.J., Taylor, R.N., Burland, J.B., 1996. Prediction of ground movements and
Gotechnique 64 (2), 118130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.032. assessment of risk of building damage due to bored tunnelling. In: Mair, Taylor.
Attewell, P.B., Woodman, J.P., 1982. Predicting the dynamic of ground settlement (Ed.), Int. Symp. on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft
and its derivatives caused by tunnelling in soil. Ground Eng. 15 (7), 1322. Ground. Balkema, London, pp. 713718.
Aversa, S., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., Di Luccio, A., 2013a. Settlement induced by TBM Maleki, M., Sereshteh, M., Mousivand, M., Bayat, M., 2011. An equivalent beam
excavation under the Vittorias Church in Napoli. In: Bilotta, Flora, Lirer, model for the analysis of tunnel-building interaction. Tunn. Undergr. Space
Viggiani (Eds.), Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments Technol. 26, 524533.
and Historic Sites. CRC Press, London, UK, pp. 157164. Matrone, C., 2011. Misure ed interpretazione di spostamenti indotti dallo scavo di
Aversa, S., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., Di Luccio, A., 2015. Ground movements induced by gallerie con macchina TBM in ambiente urbano Master Thesis. School of
TBM excavation under an historic church in Napoli. In: Proceedings of the XVI Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II (in Italian).
ECSMGEGeotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development. ICE OReilly, M.P., New, B.M., 1982. Settlements above tunnels in the United Kindom
Publishing, pp. 425430. ISBN 978-0-7277-6067-8. their magnitudes and prediction. In: Jones, M.J. (Ed.), Proceedings of
Aversa, S., Evangelista, A., Scotto di Santolo, A., 2013b. Influence of the subsoil on Tunnelling82 Symposium. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp.
the urban development of Napoli. In: Bilotta, Flora, Lirer, Viggiani (Eds.), 173181.
Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites. Peck, R.B., 1969. Deep excavations and tunnelling in soft ground. In: Proc. of 7th
CRC Press, pp. 1544. ICSMFE, Mexico City. State of the Art Volume, pp. 225290.
Benz, T., Vermeer, P.A., Schwab, R., 2009. A small-strain overlay model. Int. J. Numer. Potts, D.M., Addenbrooke, T.I., 1997. A structures influence on tunnelling-induced
Anal. Meth. Geomech. 33 (1), 2544. ground movements. Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical
Bitetti, B., Mandolini, A., Van Tol, A.F., Broere, W., Brinkgreve, R., 2012. On the effects Engineering 125 (2), 109125.
of Line 6 tunnel excavation in Naples. In: Proceedings of the 7th Int Symp on Rampello, S., Callisto, L., Viggiani, G., Soccodato, F., 2012. Evaluating the effects of
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground. CRC Press, tunnelling on historical buildings: the example of a new subway in Rome.
pp. 10191026. Geomech. Tunn. 5 (3), 275299.
232 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
Russo, G., Autuori, S., Corbo, A., Cavuoto, F., 2015. Artificial Ground Freezing to Sanseverino, I., Rahati, Y., 2012. La chiesa di S.M. della Vittoria in Napoli Master
excavate a tunnel in sandy soil. Measurements and back analysis. Tunn. Thesis. School of Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II (in Italian).
Undergr. Space Technol. 2015 (50), 226238. Schanz, T., Vermeer, P.A., Bonnier, P.G., 1999. The hardening soil model: formulation
Russo, G., Viggiani, C., Viggiani, G.M.B., 2012. Geotechnical design and construction and verification. In: Brinkgreve, R.B.J. (Ed.), Beyond 2000 in Computation
issues for lines 1 and 6 of the Naples underground. Geomechanik Tunnelbau 5 Geotechnics. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, pp. 281290.
(3), 300311.