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trusses: the axial forces in the statically determinate trusses could can be calculated considering
the equilibrium of forces only, butwhereas the calculation of the axial forces in the statically
indeterminate frame, where for which the calculation of the internal forces (axial forces, shear
forces and bending moment) requires consideration of both the force equilibrium of forces and
the calculation process for a determinate structure, that for an indeterminate structure is longer,
yebut straightforward.
Recall Fig. 1-5-9, where the axial forces in statically indeterminate trusses changed when we
changed the axial stiffness EA for the section (the Youngs modulus multiplied by the cross-
sectional area). Similarly, the internal forces in an indeterminate frame changes if we change the
bending stiffness EI for the section (the Youngs modulus multiplied by the moment of inertia).
In Fig. 5-3-10d, we obtained a bending moment diagram for a portal frame with all of its
members having the same stiffness. If we assume that the stiffness of column CD is extremely
large as shown in Fig. 5-4-1, which should be the correct bending moment diagram among
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We note that tThe moment diagram in Fig. 5-4-2a is identical with that the one obtained for a
frame with all of its members having the same stiffness. and, In in Figs. 5-4-2b and c, the
The portal frame in Fig. 5-4-1 is an indeterminate frame. We cannot determine the internal forces
procedure:
Step 1: We release the horizontal-force restraint on reaction D (Fig. 5-4-3a). Now the portal
frame, with the degrees of freedom increased, is determinate. We can determine the reactions
Step 2: Given the distributions of internal forces, we can determine the horizontal
displacement, uFD , at reaction D, uFD caused by the applied vertical load F (Fig. 5-4-3c).
Step 3: Again referring to the frame with the released horizontal restraint, we apply a
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horizontal force of a given magnitude, R, at reaction D (Fig. 5-4-4a); and determine the
horizontal displacement uRD it causes at reaction D (Fig. 5-4-4c). (The value of R is not
Step 4: The condition we must satisfy is that the horizontal displacement at reaction D must
be zero under the influence of the vertical load F and the horizontal load R. We determine the
We shall go through the process described above in detail in the following paragraphs.
Step 1: With the horizontal restraint released at support B, the portal frame has no horizontal
reaction. As we have observed earlier (Section 5-3), the beam responds as a simply supported
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beam. Given that the slope is zero at mid-span, the rotation at each end is
FL2
B C (5.4.2)
16 EI
The columns are not subjected to bending moment. They do not bend. Thereforen, the horizontal
deflections contributionsed ofby the column rotationss to the horizontal deflections are
uleft B L and uright C L (because the column height is equal to the beam span L). The total
displacement is
FL3
uFD uleft uright B L C L (5.4.3)
8EI
Step 2: We apply a horizontal force R at support B. The resulting bending-moment distribution is
shown in Fig. 5-4-4b. We note that the bending deformation of the column on the right (with an
extremely large bending stiffness EI) is negligible. The slopes at the two ends of the beam are
the same
RL2
B C (5.4.4)
2 EI
Thereforen, the total horizontal displacement is the sum of the contribution of the column on the
left
RL3 5 RL3
uleft B L (5.4.5)
3EI 6 EI
and that of the very stiff column on the right
RL3
uright C L (5.4.6)
2 EI
resulting in
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4 RL3
uRD uleft uright (5.4.7)
3EI
To get the proper horizontal reaction at B, we equate the determined displacements
FL3 4 RL3
(5.4.8)
8EI 3EI
leading to
3
R F (5.4.9)
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Now we have the horizontal reaction for the indeterminate frame in terms of the force F.
Because we know the reactions (or external forces), we determine the bending moment at the
top of the column (which is equal to the moment at the end of the beam) using statics
3
M R L FL (5.4.10)
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1. Make the vertical force zero and apply a horizontal force of 3N at the roller support
(support B).
2. Click the setting button and increase E for the right column to at least 100 times the
default value. Note that the horizontal displacement of the roller has now been reduced to
3. Apply a vertical force of 32 N at mid-span of the beam. You will find that Eq. 5.4.9 is
satisfied and that the horizontal displacement of the roller support is zero.
What would happen if you increase the EI for both columns equally to an extremely large value?
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In this case, the displacement of the roller caused by the horizontal force R (Fig. 5-4-4a) is:
RL3
u RD B L C L (5.4.11)
EI
To get the proper horizontal reaction at D, we equate this displacement with that caused by the
RL3 FL3
(5.4.12)
EI 8 EI
which leads to
1
R F (5.4.13)
8
Therefore, the bending moment is as shown in Fig. 5-4-2c. The deformed deflected shape is
shown in Fig. 5-4-5. Note that the columns do not deformdeflect. The Deflected
shapedeformation and the bending moment of the beam are, therefore, the same as those of a
beam of which ends are with both ends fixed as shown in Fig. 5-4-6.
Fig. 5-4-5 Two rigid columns Fig. 5-4-6 Beam of which ends are fixed
Example 5-4-1. Construct the bending moment diagram of the structure shown in Fig. 5-4-
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Fig. 5-4-7 A symmetric frame with a rigid beam
Solution: Because the beam is rigid and does not deform, the top of each column does cannot
rotate ( = 0) as shown in (Fig. 5-4-7b). Therefore, the columns are deformed as if they are
cantilever beams withof length L with their free ends at the supports. Because the bending
stiffness (EI) and the lateral displacement (ux) of the two columns are the same, the shear force
in each column is also the same. Thus, wWe conclude that the shear force in each column is F/2
and the bending moment diagram is as shown in Fig. 5-4-7c. Note that the deflection of a
( F / 2) L3 FL3
ux (5.4.13)
3EI 6 EI
This is the lateral displacement of the beam shown in Fig. 5-4-7b. In GOYA-P, modify Youngs
modulus of the columns to 178 N/mm2 so that EI = 106 N.mm2 and make Youngs modulus of
the beam very large (at least 100 times the default value). Then, makeapply F = 6 N. The lateral
displacement of the beam indicated on the screen should be u x 6 1003 /(6 106 ) 1 mm.
Example 5-4-2. Construct Draw the bending moment diagram of the structure shown in Fig.
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Fig. 5-4-8 An asymmetric unsymmetrical frame with a rigid beam
Solution: Because the beam is rigid, the columns may be treated as cantilever beams with their
fixed ends at the beam level. Let R1 and R2 denote the reactions of the supports as shown in Fig.
5-4-8b and note that the deformation (ux) of each column is the same. That leads us to:
R1 L3 R2 L3
ux (5.4.14)
3EI 3 (2 EI )
the right column is twice that in the left column because the bending stiffness of the right
column is twice that of the left column. If we substitute R1 F / 3 into Eq. (5.4.14), we get:
( F / 3) L3 FL3
ux (5.4.15)
3EI 9 EI
Example 5-4-3. Construct the bending moment diagram of the structure with distributed
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Fig. 5-4-9 A frame with distributed load
Solution: We can solve this example replacing one of the pin supports by a roller support as we
did before. However, we note that the columns do not deform. That observation leads to a faster
solution. Because the ends of the beam do not rotate, the beam may be considered as a beam
Note that the vertical reaction at each support is wL/2 because of symmetry. Integrating dV/dx =
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wL
V wx (5.4.16)
2
wL w
M M0 x x2 (5.4.17)
2 2
where M0 denotes the bending moment at x = 0 (the left end). We substitute this equation into
d 2 v / dx 2 M / EI and integrate it, noting that the inclination at x = 0 (the left end) is zero. We
obtain:
dv 1 wL 2 w 3
M0x x x (5.4.18)
dx EI 4 6
Because the deflected shape is symmetric about mid-span, the slope at x = L/2 (mid-span) must
wL2
M0 (5.4.19)
12
If the columns are much more flexible than the beam (contrary to Fig. 5-4-9), the bending
moments at the ends of the beam M0 become infinitesimalapproach zero and we obtain the
bending moment diagram as shown in Fig. 5-4-10e, which is equivalent to that of a simple beam.
If the stiffness of the beam is similar to those of the columns, the bending moment diagram is
In Figs. 5-4-10d, e, and f, you should note that the difference between the moment at the ends
and that of at mid-span is always wL2 / 8 . Thisat agrees with the bending moment at the
middlemid-span of a simple beam under a uniform load of w (see Section 3-2). Such an
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agreement is also observed for the case of a concentrated load. The bending moment in an
equivalent simple-beam is called static moment. Figure 5-4-11a shows a frame subjected to a
uniform load of w and a horizontal load of FH. If you call the positive moment at mid-span M1
and the two negative moments at the ends of the beam M0 and M2, you will find
M 0 M 2 wL2 M0 M2 wL2
M1 or M1
2 8 2 8
because the moment distribution in Fig. 5-4-11a can be decomposed into those in Figs. 5-4-11b
and c. For a beam with a concentrated load at the middle (Fig. 5-4-12)
M 0 M 2 FL M0 M2 FL
M1 or M1
2 4 2 4
The left-hand term, for any loading distribution, is equal to the static moment or the moment at
mid-span of a simply supported beam for the same loading distribution. This result is useful to
remember because it can be used to check the reliability of solutions for statically indeterminate
beams.
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Exercise 1: Take the last digit of your ID# i to determine the length of the beam below. Fill
out the table below using GOYA-P, while keeping Youngs modulus of the other members as the
default value (E = 100 N/mm2). Also, sketch the deflected shape of the frame for each case.
Exercise 2: Take the last digit of your ID# i to determine the length of the beam below. Fill
out the table below using GOYA-P but, while keeping Youngs modulus of the other members
equal toas the default value (E = 100 N/mm2). Sketch the deflected shape of the frame for each
case.
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