1

B49CE
MULTIPHASE THERMODYNAMICS

LABORATORY REPORT
(SHORT REPORT)

EXPERIMENT 5:
TRAINING SYSTEM: TEMPERATURE CONTROL

PREPARED BY:
SITI SARAH BINTI MASRUN
GROUP: 2
HWU ID: H00204573

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
20TH FEBRUARY 2017

SUBMISSION DATE:
6TH MARCH 2017
 2

CONTENTS:

I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 3

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4

III. CONCLUSION 9

IV. REFERENCES 9
 3

I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The base of leaning in this vast engineering field is the concern of obtaining and
maintaining a system. Many approaches had been done in order to reach such
desired aim but beforehand, one must study the mechanisms and methods of
controlling various types of system.

In this experiment, the model used in gaining further understanding of

controlling a system is known as GUNT RT 040 also known as the temperature
control system. This model is simple to handle for the measurements, readings,
and outputs are displayed directly onto a PC by GUNT software. Experimenter
can easily adjust and change the types of responses and system parameters and
the results obtained is instant and having a close relation to the real life situation.
Hence, the data obtained from this model is valid for comparing with the pure
system.
 4

I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

EXPERIMENT 1: Process Behaviours
Graph 1: Process Behaviour of a system for different temperatures, X1, X2, and X3 at
regulation ratio, Y values of 15% and 100%.

Graph 1
110.0

100.0 100

90.0

80.0

70.0
Temperature, T3 (C)

60.0

50.0
X1, Y15
40.0 X2, Y15
X3, Y15
30.0
Y15
X1, Y100
20.0
15 X2, Y100
10.0 X3, Y100
Y100
0.0
0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0
Time, t (s)

This experiment was set to a manual control and undergoes heating process. Hence,
Graph 1 is the transient response obtained. Based on Graph 1, it is shown that with high
value Y gives a faster response of the system compared to a lower Y value. Plus, by
increasing the system temperature from 20C to 60C increase the rate of the response
and hence, reducing the gap between the output values and set point value. This leads to
reducing the final error of the system. The initial reading of zeroC at time zero to
180seconds indicates a dead time. This shows that during this time, there is no response
observed (Eurotherm 2017). Since there is no oscillations observer, this response is best
explained with the first order model.
 5

EXPERIMENT 2: P Control (Continuous Control)

Graph 2
45

40

35
Temperature, T (C)

30

25
WT3, Kp10
20 T3, Kp10
WT3, Kp20
T3, Kp20
15 WT3, Kp40
T3, Kp40
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time, t (s)

Graph 2 illustrates the effects on the rise time, overshoot percentage (the distance of set
point line and the highest peak of response), and the steady-state error (the gap
between the set point line and the stabilized response) of three different responses over
three different proportional gain constant, Kp values 10 (orange line), 20 (green line),
and 40 (blue line) (NI 2011).

When Kp is set to 10, the rise time is much longer as compared to when Kp is 20
and 40. This however, reduces the setting rate (< 1000s) and reduces the
overshoot percentage but increases the steady-state error.
When Kp is 20, the rise time reduces as compared to when Kp is 10. The setting
rate is much longer (1000-1500s) but the steady-state error is reduced as
compared to when Kp is 10 and there is lesser overshoot percentage as
compared to when Kp is 40.
When Kp is 40, the rise time is reduced but creates ripples that lead to a certain
percent of overshoot above the set point.

This concludes that, to increase the time of rise and minimising the steady-state error
the Kp is to be increased but at a certain point, a higher Kp value would only increase
the percentage of overshoot (Redhesh 2008).
 6

EXPERIMENT 3: PI Control (Continuous Control)

Graph 3: Tn=1000, Tv=0

50

40
Temperature, T (C)

30

20
W, Kp10 X3, Kp10
10
W, Kp20 X3, Kp20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-10
Time, t (s)

Graph 4: Tn=800, Tv=0

45
40
35
Temperature, T (C)

30
25
20
15
W, Kp10 X3, Kp10
10
5 W, Kp20 X3, Kp20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Time, t (s)

Comparing Graphs 3 and 4 with reference from Experiment 2, it is clear that Kp 10 gives
faster setting time as compared to Kp = 20. However, the time of rise of the response is
much longer. Therefore, Kp is needed to be increased to reduce the rise time. In addition
of the Integral Time, Tn into the system, it is observed that when Tn is 1000 the time
taken for the control to stable is longer (setting time when Tn = 1000 is at 4600s) as
compared to when Tn is 800 (setting time when Tn = 800 is at 1800s). Thus, a low value
of Tn leads to a quick response of the system (Samson 1999, p.35).
 7

EXPERIMENT 4: PID Control (Continuous Control)

45
Graph 5: Kp=1

40

35

30
Temperature, T (C)

25

20

W, Tn=1000, Tv=10 X3, Tn=1000, Tv=10

15
W, Tn=1000, Tv=5 X3, Tn=1000, Tv=5
W, Tn=800, Tv=10 X3, Tn=800, Tv=10
10
W, Tn=800, Tv=5 X3, Tn=800, Tv=5

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
-5
Time, t (s)

Graph 6: Kp=2
45

40

35

30
Temperature, T (C)

25

20

15 W, Tn=800, Tv=5 X3, Tn=800, Tv=5

W, Tn=800, Tv=10 X3, Tn=800, Tv=10
10 W, Tn=1000, Tv=5 X3, Tn=1000, Tv=5
W, Tn=1000, Tv=10 X3, Tn=1000, Tv=10
5

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
-5
Time, t (s)
 8

Based on Graph 5 having Kp = 1, with reference from Experiment 3, it is clear that Tn =

800 gives a faster response and reduces that setting time. With addition of parameter
rate time Tv, this helps in improving the action of the controls. It is observed that when
Tv is at 10, the steady-state error is reduced very much as compared to when Tv is at 5.
On the other hand, Graph 6 shows a response of when Kp is set to 2 where when at Tv =
10, that responses showed a percentage of overshoot although an increase in Kp reduces
the rise time and steady-state error.

Thus, in handling a PID control to achieve high accuracy in the control system, the
parameters proportional gain constant (Kp), integral time (Tn), and rate time (Tv) are
important for they lead to a rapid increase for the responses to reach its set points,
faster stabilization, and less oscillations generated (Samson 1999, p.43).
 9

II. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that in ensuring a realistic and accurate result, the system
must be appropriately selected and be controlled in a manner that gives out a
little to no errors and this can be done by adjusting the main parameters of the
controller which are Y%, Kp, Tn, and Tv.

III. REFERENCES

Eurotherm (n.d.) PID Control Made Easy, Introduction to the Key Terms Associated with
PID Temperature Control [online], available: http://www.eurotherm.com/pid-
control-made-easy [accessed: 4 March 2017].
National Instruments (2011) PID Theory explained [online], available:
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3782/en/#toc1 [accessed: 4 March 2017].
Radhesh. (2008) PID Controller simplified [online], available:
https://radhesh.wordpress.com/2008/05/11/pid-controller-simplified/
[accessed: 3 March 2017].
Samson (1999) Part 1: Fundamentals, Controllers and Controlled System [online]],
available: https://www.samson.de/pdf_en/l102en.pdf [accessed: 4 March 2017].
Wikipedia (2017) Transient Response [online], available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_response [accessed: 4 March 2017].