12.19 The graphs of fix) = dic and its first
‘three polynomial approximations
KExample 2).
BB Power Series 665
Series (4) generates useful polynomial approximations of f(x) =2/x for values
¥ yy
3-3
Pax)
l Lee
3-24 Gees
and so on (Fig. #16). a
EXAMPLE 3 For whut values of x Jo the following power series converge?
: ZL
» Yen S
» Dow's
» Dep
Solution Apply the Ratio Test to the series 57 uy), where u
the series in question.
the mb term of
[fe
‘The series converges absolutely for [2] < 1. It diverges if |x| > 1 because the
rte dows ot Converge 9 20. AL = 1, we gt the aerating bani
Weer TASS At cab oaiege Aig ol ott
2-1/8 4-1, tc mga of tame se dep Ses
(a} converges for —1 1 because the
1 as dont st snlecpe fats AL = 1 Be ces Meee 19+
U/S-~1/7-4--+ which comergs by te Alteaing Stee There, Ile)
Soave 2 1 bone is ap a aematy oe fat ae
co for coven Te ie = i he capa fe ln
Series) comerges for 1 [eee = [ERE ona oo ules x
Tira dice teint of metre a
Example 3 illustrates how we usually test a power series for convergence, and
the possible results.655. Chapter & Infinite Series
"To slanplify the notation, Theorem 12 deals
wat the comergenoe of series ofthe form
Saat or series f the form Sas —a)*
‘We can replace x =. by x’ and apply the
ols othe series Day)
How to Test a Power Series for Convergence
Step 1: Use the Rovio Test (or nth-Root Tesi 10 find the interval where the
series converges absolutely: Ordinal his i an open interval
fe-ai R (il does not even converge conditionally),
‘because the mth term does not approach zero for those wales of 1.
Theorem 12
The Convergence Theorem for Power Series
WS get a5 aye one? +
Pz
sonverges for x = ¢ é 0, then if eanverges absolutely for all |x| < lel. I
the series diverges for x = d, them it diverges forall [x] > {dl
Proof Suppose the series 7 jaac" eonverges, Then Lit, a: dac*
there is-an integer N’ such that Jaye"| ld. we may take ¢ — ty it the First
half of the theorem and conclude that the series converges abwolutely at d- But the
seiies cannot converge absolutely and diverge at one and the same time: Henee, if
it diverges at. it diverges forall |x| > Id a