LI S T O F B OO K S O N

S T EA M , O I L , A N D G A S E NGIN E S

A H A N D BO O K -
FO R S T E A M U S E RS : be i ng Ru l es
E gi D i t with N t St m
an d il
B o e r A e n d an s , tt
gi d B il
n ne r ve rs o e s on ea
M g t t i l r E x pl i By e me n an d S ea m B o
M P wi B L
n e an o er an a e o s on s .
. o s A Fc p 8
E, a . vo,

T H E G AS A N D O IL E N G IN E B y D U G A LD C L E R K .
,
M mb e f h I tit tier o f C i i l E gi
t e F ll w f h Ch mic l
ns u on o v n n ee rs , e o o t e e a
S y M mb
ocx e t f h R y l I tit ti F ll w f h I tit t t
t A g t W i th 8 I ll t ti
e er o e o a ns u on , e o o t e ns u e
fP t
,

o a en e n s.8 22 us ra on s . vo,

T HE ST E AM E N G I N E B y G E O RG E C V H O L M E S . . .
,
Ch i m f h B
a r d f W k
an o Ir l d W ith W dc t
t e oa r o or s, e an 21 2 oo u s.
Fc p 8
.

a . vo,

A PR A C T I C A L T R E A T I S E O N
T HE OTTO
C YCL E G A S E N G I N E B y W I LL I M N I A O RR S ,
W ith 7 I ll t ti
.

208 6d u s ra on s . v o, .

ST E AM B y W I LL I A M R I PP E R Pr f s o r f M e c h ic l o e s o an a
E gi
.
,
n i g i h S h i l d T ch ic l S h l With 4 Ill t
n ee r n n t e e e e n a c oo 1 2 us ra
ti C w 8
.

on s . 6d ro n v o, .

S T E A M E N G I N E T H E O RY A N D P R A CT I C E By
ic l E g i i g i h
.

W LL M R I
I IAP f f M ch PP E R , r o e s s or o e an a n ne er n n t e
S h f l d T ch ic l S ch l
e e W ith 4 3 8 I ll t ti
e n a 8 oo . u s ra on s . vo ,

T H E M A RI N E S T E A M E N G I N E A T r ti se fo : ea r
E gi n i g St d t Y g E i
ne er n d O fc
u en s. f th R y l ou n n n e e rs a n e rs o e o a
N y d M c til M i y h l t RI S t
E gi
av an e r an e a r ne . e a e C H A RD EN N ET T ,

n i C hi f f h N
n e e r- n - y t d H e j O o M S i
t e av . e c an E N RY . RA e n or
h A dmi lty I
.
,

E n I p ct
ineer ns ep ct f M chi
or y
at t e ra ns e or o a n er
Fl t W ith 4 4 D i g m
,

H . ee ,
8
e tc . 1 a ra s. vo ,

M A RIN E B O I LE R M A N A G E M E N T AN D CO N
S T R U CT I O N B i g T ti B il T bl e n d R p i a r ea se o n o er rou e s an e a rs ,
i F l dH t h p p ti f I d St l
.

C orr o s o n , u e s , an ea , on t e ro er es o r on a n ee , on

B i l r M ch ic
o e W k h p P cti
e an d B il s, D ig By
or s o ra ce s , an o er es n.
M Chi f E g i ch t S t m U
C E S T RO f h M
E Y E R, e n ne er o t e an es er ea s e rs
ci ti M mb f C ci l f h I tit ti f N l A rchi
. .

A s so a on , e er o ou n o t e ns u on o a va

t t t W ith 4 5 D i gr m t 8
e e s, e c. t 2 a a s , e c. vo , ne .

L O N G M A NS ,
G RE E N, A N D CO .

L ON D ON ,
NE W YO R K , AND B OM BA Y
WH I T WO R T H 3 X

I N GJ N F E

L E C T U RE R m I
R EG M I L
E! T E C H N C A

RO W , LO N D O N
 T H E

BY

R O B E RT M . N E ILS O N
r
WH I T WO R T H E X H I B IT I ONE R ; I
A S SO C A T E M M E B E R O F T HE I I
N ST T UT I ON OF M E CHAN I L
CA

E N G I N E E Rs ; M EM BE R O F T HE M A N CHE S T E R A S S O C A T I I ON OF EN GI N E E RS ;

FE LL O W OF T HE C H A R T E RE D I N ST I T UT E OF PA T E N T AGE NT s ;
L E C T U RE R O N ST EA M AND T H E ST EA M EN GI NE AT T HE H E G IN B O T T O M T E CH N C A I L
S C HO O L , A S HT O N -U N
D E R- L YN E

WI T H

L O N G M A N S, G RE E N ,
A N D CO .

39 PA T E RN O S T E R RO W , LO N D O N

N EW YO R K AN D B O M BA Y
1
9 0 2

l
A ll r ig /i t: r es e r v e d
 P R E FA C E

T H AT the steam turbine is likely to be extensively used in

the future is admitted by most engineers ; but al though a ,

good deal h as lately been written abou t this type of engine ,

this li terature has mos tly c ons isted of des criptions of the prin
cipal features only or of a cc ounts of the results of tests
, .

T he author has endeavoured in this book to des cribe ,

n ot

only the pri n c ipal parts of the leading types of steam turbine ,

but also the small details whi c h in the c ase of this motor
, ,

have su c h a preponderating inuen c e in determin ing su cc ess

or failure . The theory of the a c tion of the steam turbine is
also treated of ,
and the subje c t is likewise dealt with
histori c ally .

Comparisons have ne c essarily been made with the hydrauli c

turbine and with the re cipro c ati n g engine ; but with a View to,

exte n ding the usefulness of the book the author has assumed
,

on the part of the reader no prior knowledge of the hydrauli c

turbine and only an elementary knowledge of the re c ipro c ating
,

engine and of the laws of thermo dynami c s -

.

W ith a like obje c t in V iew the author has tried to make

the mathemati c al reasoning as simple as possible .

1 09 25 9
vi P RE F A CE .

As entropy temperature diagrams

-
ar e n ot yet widely
u nderstood a chapter on this subje c t has been given ; but the
,

matter has been treated as briey as possible .

The results of tests of steam turbines given throughout the

book have been c arefully sele c ted with a V iew to obtaining th e

stri c test a cc ura cy .

The author takes this opportunity of thanking the various

individuals and rms who have given him information and
assistan c e and of expressing
,
hi s indebtedness to M essrs . C A
. .

Parsons and N ew c astle -

on -
T yne , and the S o c i t de L aval

of Fran c e for the loan of several blo cks .

R M N
. . .

3 0, CRO S S S T RE E T , M A N
CH E S T E R ,

J u n e, 1902.
 CO N T E N T S

C HA PT E R PA G E

I . G E N E RA L RE M A RK S ON T U RB I N E S 1

II . H I S T O RY OF T HE S T E A M T UR B I N E 7

I II . H I S T O RY OF THE PA R S O N S S T E A M T UR B I N E 38

1V . PO IN T S OF RE S E M B LAN CE AND D I FFE RE N CE B E T WE E N T HE

S T E AM T URB I N E AND O THE R M O T O RS 50

V . VA N E S AN D VE L O C IT I E S . 57

VI . E N T RO P Y AN D E N T RO P Y -
T E M PE RA T UR E D I A G RA M S 70

VI I . T H E O RE T I CA L CO N S I D E RA T I O N OF D I FFE RE N T T RE A T M E N T S OF

S T E AM IN A H E AT -
EN GINE 75

V III . T H E D E L A VA L S T E A M T URB I N E . 90

IX . T H E RA T E A U S T E AM T URB I N E 106

X . F URT HE R RE M A RK S ON T HE PA RS O N S T UR B IN E 115

PA R S O N S T UR B I N E S

XI . S O M E RE CE N T T E S T S OF 126

X II . T H E ST E A M T U RB I N E A PP L IE D T o T HE PRO P UL S ION OF VE S S E L S 13 7

A PPE N D I X .
BR1T I S H PA T E N T S FO R O R RE LA T I N G To S T E AM T U RB IN E S
F RO M T HE E A RL IE ST RE CO RD S U P T o T HE EN D OF 18 9 9 14 9
 LIS T OF I L L U S T RA T I O N S

PL A T E S .

P L AT E FA C NI G G
PA E

I . l OOO- K I LO WA T T PA RS O N S T URB O -
L
A T E RN A T O R F r onti sp zece

II . I N CO UPL D T o A LT E RN A TO R
P A RSO N S S T E A M T URB E E 48

I II 100 . D E L A V A L T UR I N D YN A M O B E 100

M RO PO L I A N E L CT RI C S UPP L Y C O M PA N Y S S T A T I ON

IV . ET T E 120

V V I CT O RI A N RA I LWA Y S L I G HT I N G S T A I O N
. T 124

VI P A RS O N S T U RB I N
. CO UP L D o CE N RI FU G A L P UM P
E E T T 126

VI I V E N T I L AT I N G F A N D RI V N B Y P A RS O N S T UR I N E
. E B 13 0

VI I I . T HE
T URB I N I A

13 8

IX . SET OF EN GIN E S FO R T HE

V I PE R
14 0

[ L L US T R A T Z O N S [ N TE XT .

F IG . PA G E

1. i a g r ammatic I ll ustr ati n of T rb in e

D o u 1
2 A cti on of S te m i D L a v l T rb i e
. a n e a u n O

2A S e cti on of N ozz l of D e L av a l S te am T rbi n e

. e u
D
O

3 5 B l ade s an d S h r ou ds of a P a r son s Par all l ow S team T u r b i n e

. e - 0
0a
-
P
P

6 Par ti al A x i al S ection of P ar so
. P a r a ll e l w S te a m T u rbin e
ns -
o P
P

7 C r os s se ction o f P ar s on s P a r ll e l ow S team T ur bi e
.
-
a -
n
R
H

8 A ct i on of S te am on th e B l d e s of a P ar s s T u rb i n
. a on e
I
U

9 P a r son s R a d i al ow S tea m T u rbi n e Pa r t ial A x i al S e ct i on

I
-
.
, O

I O B l ad e s an d S h r o d s of a P a r son s R ad i al ow S te am T u r bi n e
I
T
. u -
O

l l H e ro s Rotat i n g S te am G l ob e
I
. K
l 2 Wol fg an g d e K e mpel e s T rb i e

O
. n u n O

13 D etai l s o f K e mpe l en s T rb i e
.

u n D
C

14 16 W att s T u r b i n e -
I I
. p l

17 S ad l e r s E g i e l
)
. n n b O

18 C r oss se ct i on of S ad le r s E g i n e
.
-
n HP F
 LIS T OF ILL US T R A T I O N S .

F IG . PA G E

19 . team Whe e l
N obl e

s S 15
20 E r i cs so T u rbi e
. n s n 16
21 22 Va e d Ch e l s o f E r i csson s T ur b i e

, . n s an an n n 17
23 S i m pl e T u rb i e o f Pi l b ow s

. n r 18
24 R v e rsi g T u r b i e f Pil bro w s

. e n n o 19
25 P i l b ow s A i r pr ope l l e r

. r -
19
26 Comb i n e d S te am T ur b i e a d A i r prop e ll e r
. n n -
I9
27 Pi l b ow s S cce si ve e x p ans i on T r b i n e : E le vat ion

. r u s - u 20
28 . P l an 21
29 . N ozz l e an d V an e s 21
3 0 Von R a th en
. rbi n e
s T u 22
3 1 Von R ath e n s Re v e r si n g T u rbi ne

. 23
3 23 5 F or ms of E xp a d i n g Con e or N ozzl e for V on Rath e n s T u r bi n e

. n 24
3 6 W i l s on s Ra d i a l ow T u rbin e w i th S i n g l e R i n g of M ovi n g B l ad e s :

-
.

S e ct i on al s i d e e l e vat i on 25
3 7 Wil s o s R ad ial ow T u r b i n e w i th S i n gl e R i n g of M ov in g B l ade s

-
. n

H al f sect i on a n d hal f fron t e l e v at i on 26

3 8 P a th of t h e S team th rou g h Wi l s o n s T u r bin e

. 27
3 9 Wi l s on s Radi al o w T u rb i n e w i t h a se r i e s of R i n gs of M ov i g B l ad e s

.
-
28 n

4 0 W il s n s Par a ll e l o w T u rb i n e

. o -
29
4 1 4 6 S tea m T u rbi n e D etai l s
-
. 3 13 3
4 7 Con ce n t ric Cy l i n de r s a n d N ozz l e s o f O u t w ar d o w T u rb i n e of M or to n s

. 33 -

4 8 S te am D uct an d N ozzl e of O u tw a rd o w T u rbin e of M or ton s

. 34-

4 9 S te am Pa s sa g e s for I n w a r d ow T u rbi ne o f M or ton s

.
-
34
5 0 I n w ard an d O u t w ar d ow T r bi n e of M or ton s

.
- u 34
5 1 A rr an ge me n t of V an e s an d Ch an n e l s i n M o r ton s T u rbi n e

. 35
5 2 S c r e w T ype of S t e am T u r b i e
. n 36
5 3 A d missi on P l ate
. 37
5 8 E a r l y Pa r son s T u r b i n e
. 39
5 9 E scap ed S team E j e cto r
.
-
4O
6 0 B e a r i n g for S p i n dl e i n E a r l y P a r s on s T u r bi n e
. 40
6 1 D ou bl e e n d e d P ars on s T u rb i n e o f I n cr e asi n g D i a me te r
.
-
41
6 2 6 3 S t eam or W a te r p ack in g for S p i n d l e of Pa rson s T u rbi n e
,
.
-
42
6 4 S e cti on o f P a r son s Rad i al ow T u r b i n e
.
-
43
6 5 S ect i on of B al a n ce P i s to o f sa me
. n 44
6 6 6 7 B ea r i n g for S p i n d l e o f Pa rs on s T u r bi n e
, . 45
6 8 6 9 E l ast i c B ea r i n g for P a r son s T u rbin e
, . 46
7 0 T h r u st bl ock of P a r son s T u rbin e
.
- 46
7 1 S l otte d R i g fo T h r u st bl oc k
. n r -
46
7 2 S e ct i on of P a rson s P a rall e l o w T u r bi n e
.
-
47
7 2A F i x e d a n d M ovi n g B l ad es of P a rs on s T u r b i n e
. 48
7 3 R e l ati ve V ol u me s of S team an d Wate r
.
52
7 4 7 8 D i a g r ams r e g ar d i n g V an e V e l oc i t i e s
-
. 5 8 62
7 8 A D i ag r am for proof r e g a r d i n g E ffe ct of Ce n t r i fu g a l F or c e
. 64
7 9 D i g ram sh o w in g Ve l oc i t i e s of F l u i d i n a Comp ou n d T u r bi n e th e vol u me
. a
,

o f u i d be i n g con stan t or i n c r eas i n g proporti on at e l y to i n cre ase of

se ct i on of p assage s 66
 LIS T OF I LL US TRA T I O N S . x i

F IG . PA G E

8 0 D ia . gr am sh ow i n g V e l ociti e s of F l u i d in a Compou n d T u rbin e th e ,

v ol um e of u id i n cr e asin g at a g r eate r r ate th an se ction of p assag e s 67

81 . Pa ssag e of S te am th r ou g h a P a r son s T u rb i n e 68
82 . E n trop y te mp e r atu r e D i a g r a m
-
72
83 . E n tr op y te m p e r atu r e D i agra m for Wate r an d S te am
-
72
84 . Case I :A d i abati c E x p an s i on ; i soth e r mal compr ession ; r an g e of te mp e
.

r atu r e 8 5 F 3 8 2 F
,

.

.
76
85 . Case I I : E x p an sion a l on g L i n e of D r y S atu r ate d S te am i soth e r mal
.

co m pr e s s i o n r a n g e of t e m p e r a t u r e 8 5 F 3 82 F ,

.

. 77
86 . Ca se E x p an si on w i th L e ak ag e of H e at ; i soth e r ma l compr e ssion ;
ran g e of temp e r atu r e 8 5 F 3 8 2 F ,

.

. 78
87 . Cas e I V : S u p e r h e atin g ; A d i abati c E x p an si on ; i soth e rm al compr e s
.

s i on ; r an g e of te m p e r atu r e 8 5 F 5 4 0 F

, . .
79
88 . Ca se I VA : S u pe r h e atin g ; A di ab ati c E x p an sion ; i soth e r mal compr es
.

s i on ; r an g e of te m p e r atu r e 8 5 F 3 8 2 F ,

.

. 8|
89 Cas e V : S u p e r h eatin g ; E x p an si on w ith L eak ag e of H e at ; i soth e rma l
compr es s i on ; r an g e of te mp e r atu r e 8 5 F
. .

5 40 F , .

. 82
90 . Cas e V I E x p a n si on p a rtl y a d i abatic an d p artl y u n re siste d ; i soth e r mal
.
,

com pr i
e ss on ; r a n g e of t e m p e r a tu r e 8 5 F 3 82 F ,

.

. 84
91 . Case VI I : A di ab at i c E x p an s i on ; h e at rej ecte d at con stan t v ol u me
.
,

follo w ed by i soth e r mal compr e ssion ; r an ge of temp e ratu r e 8 5 F ,

.

3 82 F . 85
9 2 Case VI I I
. p e rh eati n g ; A d i abatic E xp an sion ; h eat r ej e cte d at con
. :Su

s t an t vol u m e foll ow e d by i soth e r mal c ompr e ss i on ; r an g e of t e mp e r a

,

tu re 8 5 F 5 4 0 F,

.

. 87
9 3 9 4 E a r l y T u rb i n e of D r D e L ava l s

,
. . 90
9 5 F r i ction G e a r i n g
. 91
9 6 D e L ava l N ozz l e
. 91
9 7 F l e x i bl e S h aft S u pp ort
. 91
9 8 F l e x i bi l i ty g iv e n by Ru bbe r Rin g s
. 92
9 9 F l e x i bi l i ty g i v e n by S pr i n g
. 92
1 00 F l e x ibi l i ty g i v e n by D iap h r agm
. 92
101 103 F l x i bi l i ty g i v e n by T r an sv e r s e P i vots
. e 93
1 04 105 F l e x ibi l ity g i ven by Ru bbe r R i n g
, . 93
1 06 F l e xibi l i ty gi v e n by S ph e r i ca l E n d P ie ce s
.

1 07 D e L av al T u bi n e d y n am o 94
.
r (
-

108 Comp on e n t P a r ts of D e L a v al T u rbin e

.
95
109 N ozz l e an d V an e s of a D e L a v al T u rbin e
. 96
1 10 S e cti on of G ov e rn or
. 97
1 11 P a rts of G ov e r n or
. 97
1 12 H al f Cy l i n d e r s of G ov e r o r i n Pos i ti on
. n 98
1 13 Con n e ct i o of G ov e r n or w i th S te am A dmis s i on Valv e
. n 98
1 14 D e L av al T u r bi n e ( Pa rall e l ) Ce n tr i fu g al P u mp
. 101
115 D e L av al T u r bin e ( S e r i es) Ce n tr i fu g a l P u m p
. 103
1 16 D e L a v al T u rbi e B l o w e r
. n 103
1 18 R at e au S te a m T u r bi n e : L on g i tu dinal s ect i on
. 108
1 19 120 T r a n sv e rs e S e ction s of Rateau S te am T u r b i n e
, . 109
x ii L IS T OF ILL US T R A T I O N S .

FIG . PA G E

121 M e . thod of riveti n g the R t t i g B l ade s of Rateau T u rb i n e

o a n 1 10
1 22 . D i ap h r ag m an d D i str ib ti o V e of Rateau T r bi e
u n an u n 1 11
123 . P ar son s Combi e d T rb i e a n d C n den se r : V rt i ca l s e ction
n u n o e 1 16
124 . S
Pl an 1 17
1 25 .
Pa r ti a l v e r tica l i
s e c t on

on l in e A A of F ig 123 . 117
126 . Par son s A rr an g e me nt of M ai n an d Re v e r s i n g T u r b i n e s i n O n e Cas in g 1 18
127 . Par son s A rran g e me n t of T el e scopin g Re v e r si n g T u r b i n e w i th i n M a i n
T u rbin e 1 19
128 . F or m of B l ad e s a dopte d for Rotat i n g i n E i the r D i recti on 120

129 . E l e ctri c al G ov e r n or for P ar son s T u rb i n e 122

13 0 . E l ectr i cal G ove rn or for P ars on s T u r b i n e : S e cti on al e l e v at i on 124
13 1 . a, a,
P l an
a, o 124
13 2 . S te a m Con s u mp ti on of 5 00 K i l o w att P a r son s T u rbo al te rn ato r a t
- -

128

13 3 . S te am Con su m pti on of 5 00- K i low att Pa r so n s r

T u bo -
a l te rn ator at

13 4 . I OOO K i lo att P a r son s T rbo alte r n a tor

- w u -
D i ag ra m of total ste am
.

con su mption pe r h ou r

13 5 .
V ar i ati n in S p ee d w i th Ce n tr i fu gal G ove rn or : I n cre as i g L oad
o n

13 6 .
D e cr e as i g L oad n

13 7 .
V ari at i on i n S pe e d w i th E l e ctr i cal G ove rn r : I n cre as i g L oad
o n

13 8 .
D e cr e asin g L o ad
13 9 . P rope ll e r sh aft S u pport of Par son s an d Wass : S e c t i on l e n d e l e v at i n
- a o

14 0 .
S i d e e levat i on
14 1 .
S e ction al p l an
14 2 . 9;
Re ar su pport o f cen tre
sh a ft 146

14 3 . S pport for F o r Pr op e ll e r S h afts

u u 14 6
P ar son s Con st r u ct i on of P rope lle r Bos s to d i min i s h Cav i tation

14 7

14 5 . Cross se ction of B oss

- 14 7
 THE S TE A M T UR B I N E .

turbine will be dis c ussed more fully later on ; it is only desired

at present to give a general idea of a turbine .

T urbines may be c lassied in several ways Firstly they .

,

may be classied a cc ording to the a c tuating uid T h e u ids .

most c ommonly used are water and stea m and the turbines ,

a c tuated thereby are c alled re s pe c tively hydrauli c turbines and

steam turbines .

T urbines may be clas sied a cc ording to the dire c tion of ow

of the ui d into three c lasses : ( 1) I n r adi al ow t ur bines the -

uid travels from the c entre to the c ir c umferen c e of the wheel ,

or from the c ir c umferen c e to the c entre T his c lass is sub .

divided into outw ar d ow an d in w ar d ow turbines a cc ordin g

- -
,

as the uid pas ses from the c entre to the c ir c umfe ren c e or ,

from the c ir c umferen c e towards the c entre (2) I n par all el .

ow or ax i al ow t urbine s the dir e c tion of the ow of the

-

uid is p arallel to the axis of the wheel or in a spiral ,

co-axial with the wheel ( )

3 I n mi x e d ow
. t ur b in e s the -

uid ows both as in a radial ow and as in a parallel ow

- -

turbine .

T urbines are c lassied in other ways besides these ; but as

the other ways are not of importan c e or do not hold good ,

with steam turbines we shall not refer to them

, .

Fig 2
. illustra tes the prin ciple of a p a rall el -
ow D e L av al

steam turbine . The steam rea ches the wheel by way of the
divergent nozzles where it expands and attains a great velo city
, .

W ith thi s velo city it impinges on the vanes of the wheel and ,

c auses the latter to rotate at a hi gh sp eed T h e wheel is .

en closed loosely in a box or c ase from whi c h the steam es c apes

,

to the atmosphere or to a c ondenser A se c tion of one of the

.

nozzles is shown at Fig 2A drawn to an enlarged s c ale I n

. .

this gure the dotted line indi c ates the axis of rotation of the
 G E N E RA L RE M A RK S 0N T UR B I N E S .

wheel . T h e D e L aval turbine will be more fully des c ribed

later on .

FIG . 2 A c on of S e am i n D e
. ti t FIG . 2A S e ction of N o
. e zz l of D e La va l
L a a T ur bi n e v l . S te am T u bi n e r .

Figs . 3 ,
4 ,
5 , 6 , 7,
and 8 illustrate parts of a Par sons
par llel
a -
ow steam turbine I n this turbine the steam a c ts
.

su cc essively on a nu mber of rings of blades Par t of one of .

these is shown in perspe c tive V ie w in Fig 3 in elevation in .

,

FIG . 3 .
B l ade s a nd S h ro
u d s of Pa r son s Pa r all e l - ow S te am T u rbin e .

Fig 4 ,
. and in plan in Fig . 5 . E ach ring of blades in this
example is formed of blades ,
0, gripped in suitabl e re c esses in
shrouds ,
A and B . The rings thus formed ar e xed alternately
to the inside of the xed c ylindri c al c asin g of the turbine ,

and to a revolving drum mounted inside the c asing . F igs 6 .

4 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

and 7 S how parts of the c asin g and drum the c asing bein g ,

lettered I and the drum H Fig 6 is a se c tion taken through . .

F IG . 4 .

FIG . 5 .

B l ad es an d S h rou ds of a Pa rson s Parall e l -

ow S team T u rb i n e.

the axis of the c asing while ,

F ig 7 . is a c ross se c tion on the
-

line CD of Fig . 6 . Power is obtained from the s pindle

6
'

FI G . 6 .
Part i al A x i l S e ct i
a on . F I G 7 - C oss section
. . r -
.

Pa rson s P a rall e l -
ow S t e a m T u bin e r .
 G E N E RA L R E M A RK S 0N T UR B I N E S .

on whi c h the drum H is keyed . It will be seen that the

larger shroud A of ea ch ring is se c ured to the c asing or drum ,

while the smaller shroud B is free . The steam passin g in

the dire c tion of the arro w s in Fig . 6 a c ts on the moving
blades so as to rotate them and with them the drum and ,

spindle . The xed blades serve as guides to c ause the steam

\V

l
FIx Eo BL A D E S .

M o v m c BL A D ES .

FI XE D B

MO VI N G B L A D ES .

FIG . 8 .
A ction of S team on th e B l ade s of a Pa rson s T u rbin e .

after leaving one ring of moving blades to impinge in the

right dire c tion on the next ring of moving blades T h e a c tion .

of the steam on the blades c an be c learly seen in Fig 8 where .

,

the horizontal arrows S how

the dir e c tion of motion of
the moving blades and the
ve rti c al arrows the dire c tion
of ow of the steam It .

should be pointed out tha t

the c learan c e between the
x ed and the movin g blades
is very small not nearly so
great as is shown for the
S ake 0f Clearness on the FIG 9 . . r
Pa son s Rad al ow S e a m
i -
t
r
T u bi n e , P a rt i
a l A i a l S e c i on
x t .

F ig 9
. is a partial axial se c tion through a Par son s r adi al -
ow
6 THE S TEAM T URB I N E .

t ur bine and Fig 10 illustrates a ring of blades for the same

,
.

drawn to an enlarged s c ale T h e blades 0 both xed and m ovin g

.
, ,

are held in shr ouds a and b of a simil ar nature to the shr ouds
, ,

A and B of the parallel ow turbine T h e c ylindri c al c asin g

-
.

"
73 c arrie s intern al annular anges ,
z, to whi c h are atta ched the
larger shr ouds a of the xed rings of blades ; whi le the simil ar
shrouds of the moving rings of blades are supported on annular
'
anges ,
h, c arried by the spindle g . The smaller shrouds b of

F IG . 10
.

B l ade s an d S h r ou ds of a Pa r son s Rad i al -
ow S t e a m T u rb i ne .

both xed and moving rings ar e left free T h e path of the .

steam is indi c ated by the arrows in Fig 9 and it will be seen .

,

that the steam a c ts on the movi ng blades while owing

radially outwards in several stages .

T h e Parsons turbine in its several forms will be more

fully des cribed afterwards . T he short des cription just made
will however give a general idea of its nature
, ,
.
 CH A PT E R II .

H I S T O RY O F T HE S T E AM T URB N E I .

GO NG b
I a c k long before the days of W att and N ew c omen , w e

nd a rea c tion steam engine mentioned by the E gyptian

-

philosopher H er o in his book on Pneumati c s w ritten in ,

the se c ond c entury B C T his engine c onsisted

.
of a hollow
sphere rotating on two trunnions ,

thr ough one of whi c h it re c eived

steam from a generator situated
below the sphere . The sphere was
provided with two opposite proje c t
in g arms at right angles to the axis
of the trunnions the arms being ,

furnished ea c h with a nozzle at

right angles to the arms an d to the F IG 1 1 _H e m
r
s t
Rota i n g S tea m
mom
. ,

plane c ontaining the arms and the

:

trunnions Th e nozzles were pointed in opposite dire c tions

.
,

and the steam whi c h es c aped by them from th e sphere c aused

the rotation of the latter about the trunnions .

In A D
. . 1 5 77
a G erman me chani c is said to have used
H ero s engine to rotate a br e ach in pla c e of a turnspit

.

In 1 629 an I talian archite c t named Bra n ca des c ribed a

steam wheel or turbine in whi c h a jet of stea m was proje c ted
against a series of vanes on a rotating wheel .
8 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

In 16 4 2 a J esuit named K ir ch er used B ran c a s wheel but

with two j ets of vapour a c ting on its circ umferen c e instead

of only one .

I n 1 78 4 Wol fg an g de K empelen was granted a B ritish

patent for O btaining and transmitting motive power The .

patentee thus des c ribes his invention

When the ma chi ne a c ts by boiling water or rather the

,

vapour pro c eeding therefrom a boiler is to be c onstru c ted ,

( A Fi
, g 12) furn
. i shed with a val ve of se c urity ( )
B the weight ,

FIG . 12
.
-
Wol fg an g d e K e mp e l e n

s r
T u bi n e .

of whi c h is to be proportioned to the stre n gth of the ma chine .

A t the upper extremity of the boiler is to be xed a turn

c o c k ( C) upon whi c h the c ylinder (D D ) is to be s c rewed the

, ,

form of whi c h c ylinder appe ars in Fig 13 where D D is a .

,

hollow cycl in der or tube in the c entre of whi c h E is an ,

aperture to c ont ain the worm of the s crew F F is a tube .

of c ast iron having at the lower extremity a c ir c ular pr oj e c

,

tion or plate whi ch when this tube is pushed into the other
, ,
10 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

re qui ring a valve of se c urity weighing ve pounds the aper ,

ture near ea ch end of the moving cyl inder must be one in c h

in diameter T o put the ma chine in motion when the v apour
.

of the boili ng water is found strong enough to lift up the valve ,

the c o c k ( C) is to be O pened ; the vapour instantly rushes

through and lls the c ylinder D D and nding a vent through
, ,

the small apertures near its extremities on di fferent sides drives ,

the c ylinder round by rea c tion with ex c eedin g great velo city .

H avin g a cc omplished this rst moving power whi c h c onstitutes

the prin c iple of the ma chi ne any kind of ma c hine or engine
,

may very easily be put into motion by it by means of a handle

c rown wheel pinion or other c onne c tion adapted to it as is
-
, ,

done with respe c t to a double pump by the ex c entri c trunnion k , ,

Fig .

Th epatentee then des cribes in his spe c i c ation how his

engine c an be worked by water c onveyed from a height or by ,

water a c ted on by steam pressure T h e last mentioned method

.
-

is not illustrated but the patentee states that two re c eivers

,

of iron or c opper mus t be provided between the boiler and

the turning c ylinder and c onne c ted with both
,
T h e steam .

from the boiler is admitted alternately to the two re c eivers ,

and pressing on the surfa c e of the water for c es this into the
, ,

turning cylinder and rotates the latter by its rea c tive for c e
,
.

when issuing from the apertur es at its ends T h e water is .

returned to the re c eivers .

I n the same year Watt was granted letters patent for

c ertain improvements relating to s team engines M ost of the -
.

improvements relate to re cipro c ating engines but one improve ,

ment relates to a rotary engine or turbine T hi s e n gine or .

.
,

turbine is des cribed and illustrated in one of its most c om

,

m odi ou s forms by W att in his spe ci c ation A vessel A B D E C .

, ,
 H I S T OR Y O F TH E S TE A M T UR B I N E . I I

is rotatable on a pivot resting on the suppor t J ( g

F i . and
is also supported by a c ollar K at its upper end T h e vessel
, , .

h as a verti c al partition whi c h divides it into two c hambers and

, ,

ea c h c hamber has an aperture R at its upper end whi c h c an , , ,

c ommuni c ate with a pipe L ( Figs 14 and c onveying steam

, .

from a boiler . The rotating vessel is en closed in a c ontaining

tank or vessel M N whi c h is nearly lled with mer c ury water
, , , ,

oil or other li quid ; and valves F G are provided to allo w

, , , ,

F IG . 15 .

FIG . 14 . FIG . 16 .

W att s
r
T u bi n e .

this li quid to enter the two chambers of the rotating vessel .

F ig 16 is a se c tional plan of the rotating vessel and th e

.

en closin g tank O penings H (Figs 14 and

. are provided
, .

in the sides of the rotating vessel near the bottom

'

S team enters one of the c hambers of the rotatin g vessel

through its aperture R
,
and for c es the li q uid out of the
c hamber into the tank by way of the hole H the valve ,
F

or G as the c ase may be being kept c losed by the pressure of

, ,

the steam T h e rea c tive for c e of the j et issuin g from H

.
12 TH E S TE A M T UR B I N E .

rotates the vessel W hil e the steam is entering one c hamber

.

of the rotating vessel the steam from the other c hamber is

,

exhausting by its aperture R into the atmosphere or into the ,

tank to be c onveyed by the pipe 0 to a c ondenser T he .

es c ape of the steam from either chamber allows the li q uid in

the tank to enter that c hamber by th e foot valve F or G -
.

Power for driving ma c hinery is got from axle P I n W att s .

spe c i c ation drawing the rotating vessel is shown as bein g

about 12 in ches in diameter by about 3 0 in ches hi gh measured ,

to the top of the steam pipe -

.

I t will be seen that this turbine is the same in prin c iple

as the last mentioned form of D e K em pel en s turbine but as
-

W att s spe c i c ation was signed an d sealed by him only about

a month afte r D e K e mpel e n s and as he had been granted hi s

patent a few months previously it seems probable that he ,

devised his turbine q uite inde pendently of D e K empelen .

the days of J ames W att a great number of patents

S in c e ,

have been granted for inventions relatin g to steam turbines .

A sele c tion has been made of those whi c h the author c on

siders most interesting and most important but only a very ,

small proportion of those of re c ent years c an of c o u rse be

noti c ed .

In 17 9 1 J a me s S adl er ,
an engineer of the c ity of O xford ,

was granted a patent for an invention entitled A n engine ,

for lessening the Consumption of steam and fuel in steam or ,

re engines and gaining a c onsiderable E ffe c t in T ime and

,

3,
F or c e. Th e drawings enrolled with the spe c i c ation are

here reprodu c ed and the inventor s E xplanation is also
,

given in full Th e latter is as follows :
. Fig 1s t ( Fig . .

T h e S team generated in the B oiler A is con v e y d by y ? S team

pipe B into y ?
S pindle of y rotative
?
Cylinder C whi ch is left
 H I S T OR Y O F TH E S TE A M T URB I N E : I 3

hollow for that purpose c onne c ted with y pipe B by ?

means of a stu fn g B ox at N whi c h admits of the rotative

motion of y i spindle without loss of S team i t th ere passes

,

along y e
. A rms of y rotative Cylinder nearly to y ends
? e
.

thereof where it meets with a j et of c old W ater whereby it

FI G 17 S ad l e r s E n gin e

. . .

is c ondensed this j et is introdu c ed by y small pipes 0 0 e

.

whi c h c ommuni c ates with y spindle M whi c h is hollow and

?

re c eives y W ater by a hole at L the W ater falls thro y

?
,

?

?
bottom of y c ase D D into y pipe E and is together with
?

air admitted into y pipe G thro y Co c k F and des c end
? ?

ing when yi valve H is O pen into y? pipe I w hi c h has a

I 4 TH E S TE A M T UR B I N E .

rotative motion round y : end of y pipe G i t is thereby " ?

,

eje c ted thro y? valves K K the air whi c h is left in y

?

upper end of y pipe G is by turnin g y c o c k F su er d to

? ?

es c ape whilst an e q ual portion of W ater takes its pla c e ou t

of the Reservoir P O ther ,

ways y steam is admitted

?

into y

i Case DD, an d

rushing into the A rms of

y rotative
?
Cy li n der is
therein Condensed whi lst
y
?
external steam by its
a c tion on y A r m c auses ?

a rotative motion these

A rms may also be in cluded
in y ? B oiler A whi c h will
prevent the ne c essity of a
Case . F ig . 2n d Fi
( g 1 8 ) .

I s a S ection of y? M a c hi ne
a c ross y spindle of y ? ?

rotative Cylinder before

des cribed A A are two
small pipes whi c h c onvey
the Cold water for in j e c

tion into y ? ends of y ?

FIG 18 C ross se ct on
i of 5 adl e r s E n gI n e
Cyh n der Arm s at BB
. .

w hi ch as des cribed before passes down y pipe E thro y ? Co c k ?

F and valve H into y rotative arms II i t is eje c ted from them

?

by y? valves K K as before des cribed .

N obl e s Patent N o 3 28 9 of 18 09 A drawi n g from the

. .
,

spe c i c ation relating to this patent is here reprodu c ed (Fig .

T he a cc ompanying des c ription is not very good but it ,

 H I S T OR Y O F TH E S TE A M T URB I N E . I;

is gathered that steam pro c eeding from the boiler A by the

pipe B impinges on the c at ches and rat c hets of the wheel
C , and for c es the wheel to
rotate in the dire ction of the
arrow T h e rat chet wheel E
.

and pawl F prevent the pos

s ibili ty of a c ontrary rotation .

T r e vith i ck Patent , No

s .

3 922 of 18 15 O n e part of .

this invention c onsists in

c ausing steam of a high

temperature to spout out
against the atm O S Ph er e and , F IG . 19 .
N obl e
s S te am Wh e e l .

by its re c oiling for c e to pro

du c e motion in a dire c tion c ontrary to the issuing steam
similar to the motion produ c ed in a ro c ke t or to the re c oil
3
of a gun Th e patentee who seems fond of rearms as
.
,

similes states that the mode of c arrying this part of his

,

invention into e ffe c t wil l be readily understood by supposing

a gun barrel to be bent at about a quarter of its le n gth from

-

the muzzle so that the axes of th e two limbs shall be at right

,

angles to ea ch other and the axis of the tou c h hole at right

,
-

angles to the axis of the short limb or the limb c ontaining ,

the muzzle T hen in the top of a boiler suitable to the

.

raising [ of] steam of a high temperature make a hole and ,

insert the muzzle of the g u n barrel into that hole s o that -

,

the gun barrel may revolve in the hole steam tight and let
- -
,

the short bend of the gun barrel be supported in a verti c al

-

position by a c ollar whi c h will permit the bree ch of the gun

barrel to des cribe a horizontal c ircle the tou c h hole being at ,
-

the side of the barrel I f steam of a high pressure be then

.
16 TH E S TE A M T UR B IN E .

raised in the boiler it will evidently pass through the gun

,

barrel and spout out from the tou c h hole agai nst the atmo -

sphere w ith a forc e greater or less a cc ordi ng to the strength

of the steam and as the steam is als o exerting a c ontrary
,

for c e against that part of the bree c h whi c h is opposite to

the tou ch hole the barrel wil l re c oil and be c ause the other
-
, ,

end is c on fined to a c entre the bree c h end will go round in

a c ir cle with a speed proportionate to the pressure given ,

and may be readily made to c o mmuni c ate motion to mac hinery

in general Th e patentee gives this explanation merely to
.

c onvey to the mind a c lear idea of hi s
invention I n pra c ti c e he says he uses more
.
, ,

than one revolving arm and he makes the ,

.

ape rture through whi ch the

steam is proje c ted c apable of
being in creased or de creased
by means of a sliding pie c e
worked by a s crew S everal .

other variations may also he states , ,

be adopted .

Th e spe c i c ation of E ri csson s

Patent, N o of 18 3 0 des c ribes

. 5 96 1 ,

a s team turbine a se c tion of whi c h is given

,

in Fig 20 A is a xed c asing in whi c h

. .

revolves the shaft F c arrying the y drum -

H T his drum is atta c hed to the shaft by

.

means of the boss I and the plate L Channels .

provided in the plate L whi ch channels

FIG . 20.
E ri cs son s
,

r
T u bi n e open at 3 into the y -
drum . V anes J are
situated inside the y drum but are not c onne c t e d to it
-
, ,

bein g atta ched only to the xed c ollar a O n e of the c hannels .

18 THE S TE A M T URB I N E .

abutments like the teeth of a rat chet wheel are arranged

, ,

In a ri ng for the steam j ets to impinge on

-
.

T h e spe c i c ation of Pil br ow s Patent N o 9 6 5 8 of 18 4 3 , .
,

is very in teresting T h e inven tor seems to have experimented

.

and theorized on the expansion and impul sive for c e of steam

to a c onsiderable extent H e found out among other thi n gs
.
, ,

that with a nozzle having an ori c e three eighths of an in c h

,
-

in di ameter ( the form of the no zzle is unfortunately not stated ) ,

the imp ul sive for c e of the steam issuing into the atmosphere
was nearly pro portional to the gauge pressure for c ing the
steam out Th e pressures ex perimented with varied from
.

10 to 6 0 lbs above atmosphere and the impulsive for c e was

.
,

meas ured at the best d istan c e from the ori c e of the nozzle

( about three q uarters of an-

in c h )

W ith a gauge pressure
of 6 0 lbs the experimenter found that the total im pulsive
.
,

for c e (not the impulsive for c e per s q uare in c h) was about

14 lbs Pil brow c al c ula ted from this that the best velo c ity
.

for the vanes of his turbine using s team at , 60 lbs above

.

atmosphere wo ul d be about ,

125 0 feet pe r se c ond He .

admitted that this was a very

high velo city but hoped to ,

be able to utiliz e it .

Fig 23 S hows a simple

.

turbine w heel as proposed by

Pil br ow Th e steam n ozzle
.

is situate d inside the wheel

5 ,

F I G 23
.
S i mp l e T u rbi e of Pil b ow s
. n
and
r

p J
r o e c
.
ts S team ag al n S t

the vanes a where i ts motion ,

is reversed Th e xed vanes 0 lead the steam away

. T he .

change of momentum of the steam c auses the wheel to rotate .

 H I S T OR Y OF TH E S T E A IV
I T URB I N E 19

Fig . 24 shows In side elevation two su c h wheels mounted

on the same shaft and en closed in the same c ase T h e vanes .

are set O pposite ways on the two wheels one wheel being ,

intended for givin g a reverse motion to the shaft . Th e pipes

FIG . 24 .
R e v e rsi n g r
T u bi n e

of P i l brow s .

FIG . 25 .

P il b row s

A ir -
pr op e ll e r . FI G 26 .

Comb i n e d S team T u rbin e
an d A ir- prop e lle r .

c ondu c ting the steam to the two nozzles are shown in dotted
lines and lettered d and 9 . Of c ourse only one wheel and
one nozzle are used at a time .
20 T HE S TE A M T UR B I N E .

F or
pu rposes of land lo c omotion the inventor pro po ses
to use an air propeller as shown in Fig 25 xed to the
-
,
.
,

shaft of the steam turbine Fig 26 S hows in se c tion a c om . .

bin e d steam turbin e wheel and air propeller mm are the -

.

propell er blades su c h as those seen in Fig 25 and f g is

, .
, ,

the axle on whi c h th e blades are mounted . A rim ,

0, is
atta c hed to the tips of the blades and r evolves close to the ,

edges of the annular plates 03 whi ch with the hoop 6 form , , ,

27 Pil brow S u cce ssi ve-e xp r l e v ation

FIG . . s an si on T u b in e : E .

an annular gu tter I nside this gutter and atta ched to the

.
,

rim 0 are the vanes a whi c h are a c ted on by the steam

, ,

issuing from the nozzle 6 A n edu c tion pipe may be pro .

vi de d to lead the exhaust steam away from the gutter or ,

this steam may be allowed to es c ape only at the annular

openings between the xed plates d and the revolvin g
rim 0 .

I n order to get a steam turbine to work e i cien tl y at

a lower speed the inventor proposes the arrangement shown
,

in Figs 27 and 28
. A number of wheels ar e pla c ed to
.
 H I S T OR Y OF TH E S TE A M T URB I N E . 21

rotate on two parallel axes the rims of the wheels over ,

lapping as shown in elevation in Fig 27 and in part plan

,
.

in Fig 28 Th e wheels are arra ged as parallel ow turbines

. . n -
,

and the steam entering the rst wheel from the nozzle a ,

passes in su cc ession through the vanes of all the wheels .

FI G . 28 .
Pil brow
s S u cce ssi v e -
e xp an si on r
T u bi n e : P l an .

T his is illustrated as regards two of the wheels by Fig 29 ,

whi c h is dr awn to a large s c ale I t wil l be seen . that at the ,

parts adja c ent to the no zzle the vanes of the ,

two sets of

wheels move in o pposite dire c tions that is the ,
two sets of

FIG . 29 .
Pil brow
s S u ccessi v e -
e xp a n si on r
T u bi n e N ozz l e an d V an e s .

wheels have simi lar angular velo cities . The two axes may be
c onne c ted by cranks and c oupling rods -
.

T he inventor also apparently c on c eived the idea of redu c ing

the vane velo city without the ne c essity of a se c ond shaft by
using xed vanes or gui des for he says I also c laim the , ,

ex c lusive use of c urves or c avities in a stationary c ase t o

22 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

ree c t the steam ba c k upon the wheel for a se c ond or other

number of imp ul s es .

Th e inventor further des c ribes how the power of one of

his turbine wheels may be c omm u ni cated to ma c hinery by
fri c tion gearing.

T he most important part of this spe c i c ation is in the ,

3 0 V on B e t he r
T u bi n e

FIG . . n a .

author s opinion the des c ription of the method of redu c ing
,

the vane velo c ity without losing ei cie n cy by passing the

steam through a number of rings of vanes in series Th e .

adoption of thi s prin c iple in the Parsons turbine has c on

tributed mu ch to make the latter so servi c eable .

Von Rath en s spe c i c ation N o 11 8 00 of 1 8 4 7 c ontains

'
, .
, ,

des c riptions of several varieties of rotary steam or air engines ,

some at leas t of whi c h may be c lassied as turbines . F ig 3 0

.
 H IS T OR Y OF TH E S TE A M T URB I N E . 23

shows in se c tion one variety A is a xed c asing in whi c h .

rotates the boss B c arryin g the radial pipes P A t the end

,
.

of ea c h pipe P is a c one C whose smaller end c ommuni c ates

, ,

w ith the interior of the pipe by means of a small ori c e D , .

S team is supplied to the pipes P thro u gh the hollow boss L ,

and es c apes after expansion in the c ones by the pipe Q to

, , ,

the atmosphere or the c ondenser T h e boss B is mounted .

3 1 Von Rath e n Re v e rs i n g T u rbi n e

FIG . . s .

on an axle whi c h passes through the at sides or ends of

,

the c asing . To
render these parts steam tight the inventor -
,

proposes to use metalli c bushes or pa c kings and rings of ,

gutta perc ha s u lphuri zed c aou tc hou c or similar substan c es

-
, , .

Fig 3 1
. shows a modi c ation of the type of engine jus t men
t ion e d intended for reversin g . T he pipes P are here made
double . One chamber of ea ch pipe c ommuni c ates with a c one ,
 24 T HE S TE A M T URB I N E .

C, while the other c hamber c ommuni c ates with a pipe ,

'
S team c an be admi tted either to the c ones C or the c ones C,

and the engine c an therefore rotate in either dire c tion

, ,
. T he

FIG .

FI G .

inventor des cribes and illus

trates various c onstru c tions of
expan din g c ones or their e qui
v al e n t s S ome of these are
.

FIG
illustrated in Figs 3 2 3 3 34 .
, , ,
r
F o ms of E xp an d in g Co n e or N ozz l e for
V on R a th e n s T u rb i n e

and 3 0 S everal other vari eti es

.

of engine are des cribed in some of whi c h the c asing revolves

,

as well as the boss .

In 18 4 8 RobertWilson of G reeno c k was granted a patent

, ,

for improvements relating to rotatory engines H is improve .

ments are chiey with regard to the su cc essive expansion of

the s team W ilson states in his spe c i c ation that he is awar e
.

that previous to his invention steam h as been employed I n

, ,

re c ipro c ating engines to a c t su cc essively in two cylinders bu t ,

that rotatory rea c ting engines have hitherto been worked only
26 TH E S TE A M T UR B I N E .

box through whi c h passes a shaft F adapted to rotate on , ,

c oni c al pins a O n the shaft and between th e dis c s B and D

, .
, ,

is keyed a di s c G and this dis c c arries a number of c urved

, ,

vanes g whi c h ar e best seen in Fi

, , g 3 7 T h e dis c D c arries . .

1
a number of vanes r et c and als o ( presumably) a
, , .
,

number of blo c ks M separating c hambers m m m et c

,
2 3 4
, , , , .

3 7 Wi l son Rad i a l ow T u rbin e w i t S in gl e Ri n g h M ov i n g B l ade s :

FIG . . s -
of
H al s e ction an d al ron t e l e v ation
f h ff .

( lettered m in Fig T h e di s c D also.c arri es a number of

1 2
vanes 3 3 3 et c and (presumably) a number of blo c ks N
,
3
, , , .
, , ,

2 3
separating c hambers n a et c (lettered n in Fig , , . .

A l l the vanes are arran ged in t h re e c on c entri c rings so that

steam c an pass (for example ) through between the vanes
and g ,
or (for example) from the c hamber m
2
,
through between
 H IS T OR Y OF TH E S TE A M T URB I N E . 27

the vanes 3 and g to the chamber

1
without any movement
parallel to the axis of revolution of the shaft F T his is .

shown clearly in steam passes through the ring

Fig 3 6
. . Th e .

"
H at I and between the vanes 7 whi ch guide it to strike
,

the vanes g nearly tangentially to these Th e steam p asses .

1
through between the vanes g enters the c hamber a sweeps , ,

round this c hamber and r e enters the spa c es between the

,
-

1
vanes 97 by way of the xed vanes 8 T h e steam then enters .

the chamber m sweeps round it and again enters the spa c es

2
, ,

between the rotating

blades by way of the
2
xed blades T The .

steam thus pro c eeds

round the c asing with
a serpentine c ourse ,

and eventually leaves

the c asing at K T h e .

a c tual path of the

steam will be some
what as indi c ated in
Fig. 38 where the,

solid line represents

the path of the steam ,

F G 38
and the dotted lines
' '

the internal and external peripheries of the ring of movin g

vanes . The stream of uid will of c ourse spread out in its
path . The dis c G with its vanes g presumably moves at a
, ,

m u ch lower speed than the velo c ity of rotation of the steam

round the axis of rotation of the dis c . Th e multiple a c tion
of the steam thus allows nearly all the energy of the steam
to be c onveniently used and allows of the rotation of the
,
28 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

moving vanes at a spe ed whi c h is small c ompared with the

absolute velo city of the steam .

F ig 3 9 shows another form of W ilson s turbine in whi c h

.
,

the rings of blades 72 t and s are atta c hed to a dis c keyed

, ,

on a revolving shaft while the vanes w u and g are , , ,

atta c hed to a dis c whi ch is either stationary or is keyed

FI G 3 9 Wi l son s Rad i al r i th a se r i e s of Ri n gs of M ov i g B l ade s

. .
-
ow T u bin e w n .

to a shaft revolving in the opposite dire c tion to the r s t

mentioned shaft S team is supplied from the. boiler to the
spa c e a n enters at several points the S pa c es
,
between the
blades and works its way outwards thro u gh
,
all the rings
of blades Fig 4 0 Shows a third form of Wilson s turbine in
. .

whi c h the blades 9 u and w are atta ched to and revolve with
, ,

the shaft F while the blades t and s are xed to the c asing
, ,

H and do not move T h e last two forms of Wilson s tur

, .

bine are improvements on Pil br ow devi c e for obtaining

s
 H IS T OR Y OF TH E S TE A M T URB I N E . 29

m ul tiple a c tion of the steam and are the same in prin c iple
,

as su cc essful turbines of the presen t day Wilson s turbines .

were not intended to be mere toys O n e of them is shown .

in the spe c i c ation drawings as over 9 feet in diameter .

4 0 Wi l son rall e l ow T u rbin e

FI G . . s Pa -
.

F er nihou gh Patent , N o of 18 5 0 The patentee

s . .

des cribes an apparatus in whi c h the prod uc ts of c ombustion

from a furna c e mingled with steam or water spray are used -

to drive a turbine ,

I n 18 5 3 the Fren c h mini ng engineer T ournair e pointed

out very c learly the re q uisites of a su cc essful steam turbine .

T ou rn air e explai n ed that elasti c uids like steam a c q uire

enormous velo c ities ,
and that in order to properly utilize
these velo c ities in a simple wheel the latter would re qui re
,

to have an extraordinary great speed H e further explained .

that the dif c ulty of ex c essive speed of rotation c ould be

avoided by c ausing the steam or gas to lose its pressure in
a gradual manner or by su cc essive fra c tions and by making
, ,

it a c t in series on a number of turbine blades T ourn air e .

des c ribed a ma chine in whi c h there were several shafts all ,

of whi c h c arried pinions whi c h geared with a c ommon S haft

30 TH E S TE A M T URB I N E .

from whi c h power c ould be taken . E ach S haft c arried a

number of wheels with blades whi c h wheels alternated with ,

a number of rings of blades xed to an en closing c ylinder .

T h e steam after passing in series through the xed and

,

moving rings of blades in one cylinder was led to the ,

cylinder en c losing the se c ond shaft and so on T ou rn ai r e , .

re c ogniz ed that very goo d workmanship would be re quired

to prevent serious loss of power through leakage between the
xed and moving blades H e also re c ognized the dii cul ty
.

with toothed wheels rotating at the ne c essary speeds and ,

suggested the use of heli c oidal ge ari ng .

T h e good workmanship referred to by T ourn air e has c on

tributed l ar gely to the su cc ess of the Parsons turbine while ,

the heli c oidal gearing is an important feature of the D e

L aval motor .

Patent N o 3 16 1 of 18 73 T homa s B al dw in
. T his inven tor
, .
,

who led no drawin gs with his spe ci c ation proposed to use a ,

ma chi ne in the form of an hydrauli c turbine in whi c h the ow ,

of the steam might be inward or outward or parallel , He , .

mentions that a dis c may be c aused to rotate by the rea c tion of

st eam j e ts issuing from ape r tur es at its periphery
e
or by the ,

impulse on the dis c of steam jets issuing from apertures in the

-

c asing Th e inventor proposes to employ several ma chi nes in

.

seri es the steam whi c h exhausts from the rs t bein g employed

,

to dri ve the se c ond and then the others in su cc ession I t is .

proposed that the a c tion of the steam on the last ma chi ne should
be in c reased by leading it therefrom to an inje c tor or eje c tor
where the steam would be c ondensed and the kineti c energy ,

of the c ondensing water would then be utilized in a hydrauli c

turbine or water wh eel -
.

Patent N o 706 of 18 74 Al exa n der T eul on

. T his inventor
, .
 HIS TOR Y OF TH E S TEA M T URBINE .
31

proposed to utilize the ax ial thrust of a steam turbine to balan ce

the axial thrust of a s crew propell er .

Figs 4 1 to 4 6 show steam turbine details whi ch formed

.

the subje ct matter of several letters patent granted to J ohn S

-
.

Raw orth about 18 94 3

"
1,
Fig 4 1 are ports in com , .
,

mu n icati on with the no z zles of a turbine and 2 is a cir cular ,

valve furnished with

ports ,
in
the form of slots
with cir cular ends .

Th e governor is con
FIG ' 41

n e cte d
to the valve ,

so that when the load on the turbine falls the valve is turned
, ,

to the right and cuts off the steam supply rst to the port 1
, , ,

and then in su ccession to the ports 1 and When the load ,

is in creased the v alve is ,

aused to move in the opposite
c

dire ction .

Fig 4 2 shows a . ompound nozzle whi ch is intended to

c ,

be s crewed at 3 into the main

steam du ct Th e j et of steam .

owing from the main steam

du ct ommen ces to expand at
c

F IG 42
4, an d as the steam in cre ases
"

in velo city the nozzle is developed into two or more parts

, ,

5 , 6, 7 .

Figs . 43 and 44 show a devi ce or arrangement for redu cing

the hi gh speed of steam turbines by gearing to a speed suit
able for ordi n ary industrial purposes . Th e turbine shaft 1 .

is supported in a bearing , 2, and ca rries a small fri ction

No .
a e e cemb er 3 0
d t d D , 1893 ; N o 8 4, d t d J
. ae anu ary 2, 1894 ; an d
N o 1242,
. d at e d J an u ary 19 18 94 , .
32 TH E 5 TE A M T URBINE .

wheel , 3, whi ch gears with large fri ction wheel s

and 3 b 3
.

T hese large wheels are mounted on shafts 4 and whi ch ,

carry toothed pini ons 9 and whi ch gear with a spur,

wheel 9 mounted on a shaft 10 from whi ch power can be

, , , ,

taken Th e shafts 4 and 4

.

are supported in bearings in

b
levers 5 and 5 whi ch are , ,

pivoted at 6 and 6 to the

FIG . 43 . FIG . 44 .

base plate 7 and are linked together at their upper ends by

-
,

the rod 8 havi ng a head ,

and a nut A spring is
, , ,

arranged on the rod so that by adjusting the nut the ,

b
wheels 3 and 3 can be

pressed against the small

wheel 3 with any desired
pressure
Fig 4 5 shows another
.

method of redu cing the

speed T h e turbine shaft
.

'
a carries a pulley a , ,

which gears fri ctionally

with three wheels I) of , ,

which only one is shown .

F IG 45 . .

T h e wheels I) rotate on
studs f atta ched to swing frames 9 one of which is shown
, ,
-
, ,

separately in Fig 4 6 E a ch wheel I) is l u bri cated by means

. .
, ,
34 TH E S TEA M T URB INE .

another of M orton s engines (proposed if not tried ) the

In

steam was condu cted from the centre of a rotating part to the
circumferen ce by way of a number of converging channels and ,

was then allowed to expand in a tangential dire ction through

F I G 4 8 S t m D u t an d N
. . ea c ozzl e o f F I G 4 9 S t m P
. . ea as sa g es for I w ard n

O ut w ar
d ow T u bin
-
M r e o f or to s n

. ow T u bi nr e o f M orto s n

.

a number of di verging nozzles Fig 4 8 shows the constru ction . .

diagrammati cally one converging passage a and one diverging

, , ,

no z zle 6 being shown ; 0 represen ts the shaft which carries and

, ,

is driven by the rotating parts ; the arrow d

represents the dire ction of rotation of this shaft ;
and the arr ows e f represent the dire ction of
,

ow of the steam in the channel and nozzle .

Fig 4 9 indi cates diagrammati cally the

.

arran gement and form of passages y z for an , , ,

inward ow turbine the arrow 9 showing the

-
,

dire ction of rotation and the arrows h and k ,

the dire ction of ow of the steam relatively to

the rotating parts ; m is the axis of rotation .

Fig 5 0 illustrates diagrammati cally part of

.

a radi al ow turbine of M orton s in whi ch

-

FIG .5 0 _ I w ar d
the
.
steam
n
alternately passes inwards and out
d Q tW d w
an u
wards
ar
T h e arro ws indi cate the path of the
o
-

Tu b r of M
lne or
.

to s

n .
st e am whi ch ows freely from the centre of
,

the rotating conical chamber n to the periphery of the same ,

 HIS TOR Y OF TH E S T E / 1Z1! T URB INE .
35

where i t passes thro ugh diver g ent passages o of the nature , ,

of that shown at b in Fig 4 8 I t then has its motion

. .

c hanged by g uides , 1,
0 and traverses divergent passages , q ,

somewhat similar to that shown at y in Fig . 49 . Th e steam ,

c ontinually expanding has its motion the n altered by guide

,

vanes , and impinges on rotating vanes , s . It then passes to

the centre of the conical chamber t, where it es capes from the
turbine or is again similarly treated Th e passages o and g
, .

and vanes s are arranged so as all to help to rotate the

chambers 71. and t and the shaft 10 . T he c asing 72 is xed as ,

is also the dished plate whi ch supp orts the g uide vanes -

T he steam in the chamber n will press with equal intensity

on the plate 2 as on the plate 3; but the
steam in the chamber t will not press with
equal intensity on the plate 3 as on the
plate 4, if the xed plate w be made solid .

Further there is no portion of the plate

,
2,

and no portion of the plate 4 , c orresponding

to the c entral portion of the plate 3 ; and ,

as this centre portion of the plate 3 has u n

equa l pressures on its two sides (for the steam
expands in passing from the chamber 71 to the .

chamber there will be a net axial pressure

from left to right .

T his
axial pressure is balan ced by shutting
off a portion of the exterior of the plate 2
from the pressure in the casing 12 by means

of the ring 7 the part of the plate within F I G

,
51.
A rra g e. n

e of V a es d
m nt n an
the rm g be i ng su bJe cte d to the pressure in Ch a el s i M o
nn n r
t o s T r bi e

n u n .

the chamber t by means of the tubes 8 .

A nother arrangement of vanes and hannels

c is shown
36 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

diagrammati cally in Fig . 5 1, the steam passing radially outwards

as indicated by the arrows and ,

tr ave r sm g i n su ccession di ve r g

ing passages 9 10 1 1 G uide , , .

vanes 12 13 and 14 re ceive the

, ,

steam after leaving the diverging

pass ages and redire ct its course
,
.

Fig 5 2 shows in parti al s ec

.

t ion al elevation a steam turbine

of the s crew type experimented ,

.
on by Pr ofessor Hew i tt A shaft .

i
b
n
4 is provided in a c ylindri cal
r
u
T asing in the ends of wh i ch are
c ,

m s tu fn boxes Th e shaft is pro

g
a -
.
e
t
S
vided with s crew threads -
5,

f ,
o
e
p
y
whose pit ch in creases from the
T
w centre to the ends . S team or
e
r

S
c
other uid enters the casing by

2
5
.

way of the bran ch 2 and passin g , ,

through holes in the plates 6

.

G
I ,
F
gains a ccess to the heli cal grooves
between the s crew threads T h e -
.

steam leaves the casin g by the

bran ches 1 at the two en ds .

One of the plates 6 is shown

separately in Fig 5 3 Professor . .

H ewitt states that this tur bine

did not give good results and ,

that he considers that thi s was

due to the absen ce of gui de
plates for the steam . T his is probably the ase
c . Th e steam
 HIS TOR Y OF TH E S TEA M T URB INE .
37

would no doubt
, ,
act e ffe ctively when it rst stru ck the s crew
threads ; but after it had on ce been dee cted into a heli cal
,

course it would rush to the exhaust port without produ cing

, ,

mu ch additional effe ct as regards rotating the shaft .

FIG 53
. .
A dmi s sion P l a te .

O nl y a small sele ction of inventions relating to the steam

turbine co ul d be reviewed in thi s chapter . S everal not here
referred to ar e des cribed in the paper presented by M r .

S osnowski to the I nternational Congress on A pplied M e chani cs ,

held in Paris in th e summer of 19 00 .

 CH A PT E R I I I .

S
H I T O RY O F T H E PA R O N S S S T E AM B
T UR I N E .

the H onourable Charles A lgernon Parsons

O N A pril 23 , 1 8 8 4 ,

led t w o appli cations for letters patent T hese were the .

rst patents of the great inventor relative to steam turbines ,

although he had previously experimented with rotary e n gines

of another type O n e of these patents is entitled Improve
.

ments in Rotary M otors a ctuated by elasti c uid pressure ,

e tc . A n engineer readi n g this spe ci cation is at on ce stru ck

with the apparent practi cabili ty of the motor therein des cribed
c ompared with most of its prede cessors of a similar type .

Th emotor as des cribed and illustrated shows that an immense

amount of thought and attention had been spent on details
ou devi ces for redu cing cost of constr u ction for preventi n g
,

vibration for drawing off leaking steam for providin g e f cient

, ,

lubri cation e tc T his attention to details has chara cterized

,
.

the Parsons tu rbine thro u ghout its life (short as yet ) and ,

probably to this is largely due the immense su ccess of the

present day motor
-
.

attempt will be here m ade to des cribe in full the rst

No
P arsons turbine as some of the details are now obsolete
, ,

but some of its interesting features are here ill u strated and
explained Fig 5 8 is a plan partly in se ction of the main
. .
, ,

part of the motor A spindle S is form ed with a central

.
, ,
 HIST OR Y O F THE PA R S ONS S T E A II! T URBINE
.
39

3
collar S and redu ced ends
,
I
, , S . On S are pla ced a number
of rings B B whi ch are held
, , ,
-

1
in pla ce between the collar 8
2
and nuts S s crewed on the
spindle T h e rings are pro
.

vi de d at their cir cumferen ces

2
with blades b 6 whi ch , , ,

are interspa ced between

1 2
blades f f f xed in the
, , , ,

inside of the turbine casing .

S team is admitted to the

annular chamber 9 and , .

3
passed through the rings of 3
3
blades in series till it rea ches 8
3
the exhaust ports h It An y , . 8
5
steam that leaks through to 3
3
the annular chambers 0 0 5
, , ,
m
is led away to a chamber P ,
8
.

( Fig where by the a ction G

I
.

F
of a live steam jet issuing -

from the nozzle p it is eje cted ,

through the pipe 9 . As the

steam passes from the centre
to both e nds there can be ,

little axial thrust on the

shaft but what little does
,

o ccur is balan ced by the ex

haust steam at the ends of
the casing the arrangement ,

being su ch that a slight

movement of the shaft to either end of the casing che cks the
40 TH E S T E A IL
I T URB INE .

exhaust at that end and so in creases the ba ck pressure I n

, .

order that the shaft and rotatin g parts may rotate about their
centre of gravity instead of about their geometri c centre when
the t w o are not coin cident arrangements are provided for ,

allowing the shaft a little lateral play . One of these arrange

ments is shown in Fig . 6 0, where I is a light bush en closing

F I G 5 9 E
. . s ca pe d F I G (SQ B
. ear i ng for Sp i dl e n in E ar l y Parso s
n
ea
S t m Ej ec tor . T bi e
ur n .

the shaft S urrounding thi s bush are rings K whi ch tou ch

.
, ,

'
the casing but not the bush alternating with rings K whi ch , , ,

tou ch the bush but not the casin g Th e nut M compres ses .

'
the spiral ring L against the end rin g K T h e shaft can thus .

move laterally a certain extent say one hundredth of an in ch , ,

-
,

but this movement is resisted by the fri ction of the collars on

one another A system of for ced lubri cation is provided and
.
,

also a fan governor .

A steam turbine dynamo was constru cted in 1 88 5 by

M essrs Clarke Chapman Parsons
.
,
and Co Revolving at the
, .

rate of revolutions per minute it gave great satisfaction , ,

and was used for several years gen erating current for in can
des cent ele ctri c lamp manufacture .

A year or two later Parsons introdu ced an improved

42 THE S TEAM T URBINE .

and kept supplied by the pipe 76 with water from the hot
well or with steam either at bo il er pressure or partly expanded
,
.

Pa cki ng rings ,
2, l , m , were used as shown in Fig
,
. 6 2, or when
,

water was employed the spindle was sometimes cu t with right

,

and left hand threads as shown in Fig 6 3 so that its rotation

-
,
.
,

tended to repel the water leaking past .

FIG 62 . . F IG 63
. .

St ea m or W a ter pac k i - ng for S pi dl e o f Parso s T rbi e

n n u n .

In 18 9 1 the rst Parsons c ondensing steam turbine was

constru cted for the Cambridge E le ctri c S upply Company by
the rm of C A Parsons and . . just then formed ( M essrs .

Clarke , Chapman , Parsons and Co having dissolved partner .

ship in T his engin e was tested by Professor E wing ,

and its efcien cy proved to be equal to that of the best

re cipro cating engines of the same power .

T his condensing steam turbine was followed by many

others plants being supplied to the N ew castle an d

,
D istri ct
E le ctri c Lighting Company the Cambridge E le ctri c ,
S upply
C ompany ,
and the S carboro u gh E Iectr ic S upply Company .

At rst the turbines had all been c omparatively small but ,

larger ma chines were now made and the in crease in size , ,

44 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

together with improvements in design led to still higher ,

ef cien cies .

Fig 6 4 shows a re cent form of constru ction of radial

.
-
ow

Parsons turbine S team is led into the annular chamber H

.
,

and passed therefrom through the xed and m ovm g ri ngs of

blades G of whi ch the xed blades are atta ched to the casting
,

P and the moving ones to the dis c B

, T h e steam in a some .
,

what expanded state then doubles ba ck along the passage ,

Q and
,
works its way outwards again thr ough the rings of
blades G 1
T h e x ed blades in thi s case are atta ched to the
.

annulus M T h e a ction is repeated through the rin gs of

.

2 3 4 5
blades G G G and G Th e form of these rings of blades
, , , .

is shown in Figs 3 10 pp 3 6 T h e nal expansion of .

, .
-
.

the steam takes pla ce in the rings of blades N and N and the
1
,

ste am then reaches the passage 0 and pro ceeds to the condenser .

T h e method of tti n g the casting P to the parts M M M 1 2

, , ,

e tc .
,
by means of spigot and fau cet j oints is clearly shown ,
.

is a balan ce piston used to balan ce the end pressure of

E
1 2
the steam on the discs B B B e tc T his piston is provided , , , .

1 2
with deep proje cting anges a a a , , , ,

(
3
a Figs 6 4 and whi ch anges are .

adapted to rotate in corresponding r e

cesses provided in a ring se cured to

the castin g P . The anges are serrated

1 2
on one side as shown at b 6 6 , , , ,
FI G . 65 .

T h e resi stan ce to the ow of

o

and 133
.

steam thr oug h the tortuous passages between the x ed and

movin g anges is very great and leakage is thus reduced to a mini ,

mum . The a coni cal part of the S pindle

piston E is mounted on .

1
T he turbine spindle A is
constru cted with a collar 0 , ,

2 3
into whi ch are s crewed long studs or pins 0 0 whi ch pass , , ,
 HIS TOR Y O F THE PA R S ONS S TEA M T URBINE .
45

I 2
thr ough holes in the turbine dis cs B ,
R ,
B , e tc .
,
and through
holes in the balan ce piston E T h e dis cs and balan ce piston
.

are thus rmly held on the S pindle L ive steam is admitted .

1 2
to the annular spa ces f f f e tc to redu ce the condensa
, , ,
.
,

tion of the steam passing through the rings of blades .

I n order to damp vibration and to allow the spindle a

little transverse movement so that it may rotate about the
line containing the centre of gravity of the revolving parts ,

the spindle is en closed near both ends in a sleeve K (Figs , .

2 I
64 6 6
, ,
provided with a ange K and a collar R , , ,

FIG . 66 . F IG . 67

B earin g for S pi n d l e o f P arson s T u rbi e n .

S urrounding the sleeve and between the ange and collar

, ,

are pla ced three con centri c tubes A B and C Th e tubes are , , , .

bored so as to be an easy t on ea ch other an d on the

sleeve ; and oil is supplied to the thin annular spa ces so
formed so that any transverse movement of the shaft is
resisted by the uid fri ction of the thin lms of oil which
have to be squeezed from the parts where the tubes are com

pressed against ea ch other Figs 6 8 and 6 9 show an alterna

. .

tive con stru ction where two tubes A and E contain between
, , ,

them several segments F G H whi ch are cu t from a tube of

, , , ,

smaller diameter so that the ends of the segments tou ch the

 46 THE S TEA M T URB INE .

inner tube E, and the middle portions of the segments tou ch

the outer tube A . O il is suppl ied in this c ase also to the

FIG 68
. . F IG 6 9 . .

E l as ti c B eari ng for P arso s T rbi e n u n .

s pa ces between the tubes and sleeve but the uid fri ction is ,

a ided by the elasti city of the seg ments F G H I n both cases , ,

.

s uitable means su ch as proj e ctions D are provided to prevent

, ,

rotation of the sleeve K .

T h e end thrust of the spin dle due to the pressure of the

-

F I G 7 0 T
. . h r s t bl c k o f P arso s T rbi e
u -
o n u n . FIG 7 1 S
. . l otte d Ri g for T h ru st
n

bl oc k .

I 2
steam on the dis cs B R B e tc is taken up by the thrust
, , ,
.
,

blo ck L (Fig whi ch is made in halves and provided with

.

anges and re cesses to engage w ith re cesses and an ges on the

s pindle . S ometimes the onstru ction shown in Fig
c . 70 is
48 THE S TEA M T URBIN E .

adopted where rings j ,

73, ,
k, l ,
m ,
are used whi ch are ,

from both blo ck and spindle and are of su f cient ,

and thickness to possess the requisite elasticity T h e elasti city .

may be in creased by providing slots in the rings as shown in

Fig 7 1 or spring washers may be inserted between the rings
.

and the re cesses for them in the blo ck L .

A l l these devi ces for taking up end thrust and dam pin g -

v ibration have been patented by Parsons .

Fig 72 shows in verti cal longitudinal se ction a modern

.

Parsons parallel ow turbine S team passes through the

-
.

F I G 7 2A
. .
F i x e d an d M ovi n g B l a des o f P arso s T u rbin e
n .

equilibrium valve H and enters the annular spa ce J , from

whi ch it pro ceeds throu gh the xed and moving blades in
the high pressur e cylin der or part A ; then through those in
-
,

the interm ediate cylinder or part B ; and then through those

,

in the low pressure cylin der or part C T h e arrangement

-
,
.

and constru ction of the rings of blades will be best under

stood by referring ba ck to Figs 3 8 . .

I nstead of making the turbine c ylinder of in creasin g

 HISTOR Y O F THE PA RS ONS S TEA M T URB INE .
49

diameter the xed rings of blades at the high pressure end

,
-

may contain only a few blades the spa ces where blades are
,

not placed being o ccupied by solid or hollow segments .

T h e number of blades on the xed rings will then in crease

progressively from the high press u re end to the low pressure

- -

end of the turbine A l l the movin g rings however are pro

.
, ,

vi de d with blades round their whole cir cumferen ces A se ction.

of the xed and moving blades is shown drawn to a large

s cale in Fig 72A where
.
,
10 represents the xed blades ,
11

the spa ces between them for the passage of steam ,

12 the
segments o ccupying the remainin g S pa ce of the xed rin gs ,

and 13 the rotating blades .

Plate I I shows a Parsons steam turbine coupled dire ct to

.

a 5 00 kilowatt alternator I t is installed in the station of

-
.

the N ewcastle and D istri ct E le ctri c L ighting Company .

 CH A PT E R I V .

PO I N T S S B
O F RE E M L AN CE A N D D I FFE REN CE B E T W EE N T HE S T EAM
B
T UR I N E A N D O T HER M O T O R S .

T HE a ction of the steam turb ine depends on the conversion

of the heat energy of the steam into kinetic energy and ,

then in the transferen ce of this kineti c energy from the steam

to the r otating parts of the turbine T he latter p ar t of the .

a ction is thus in prin ciple mu ch the same as that of the

water turbine but the former part h as no parallel in
'

the hydrauli c motor I n a water t u rbine the uid is pr acti

.

cally at c onstant volume and at constant temperature and its ,

kinetic energy is gained at the expense of potential energy

due to pressure or position O n the other hand when steam .
,

is used this uid varies in volume within very wide limits

, .

T hus ,
14 1 cubi c feet of saturated steam at 200 lbs pressure
.

absolute produ ces 1 6 4 7 cubi c feet at atmospheri c pressure ,

and this produ ces only 1 cubi c foot of water when condensed .

T hesevolumes are represented respe ctively by the cubes A B , ,

and C in Fig 73 p 5 2 T h e temperature of the steam varies

.
, . .

also and care has to be taken to prevent as far as possible loss

, , ,

of heat by radiation a point th at does not call for attention

,

with a water turbi n e .

A nother important point of di fferen ce between the steam

turbine and the water turbine is the immense velo city of
 TH E S TEA M T URB INE A ND O THER MO TORS .
51

the uid in the former compared with the latter I n a water .

turbin e working under the large head of 15 0 feet the velo city ,

of the uid entering the wheel is about 96 feet per se cond .

steam turbines a ui d velo city of 2000 to 3 000 feet

In
per se cond is common T h e reason for high speeds with .

stea m can eas ily be seen . A c ubi c foot of water having a

velo city of 96 feet per se cond has a kineti c energy of about
9 000 foot lbs *
A cubi c foot of dry sat u rated steam at
-
.

5 0 lbs pressure absolute has however so small a mass that in

.
, , ,

order that it may have the same kinetic e n erg it must have
l
a velo city of about 2200 feet per se cond T hese differen ces
ae
.

in the physi cal properties of steam an d water ne cessitate

great differen ces in the construction of steam turbines and
water turbines I t should also be noted that all fri ction in
.

a water turbine means loss of e n er b but that in a steam

turbine the heat generated by the fri ction may serve to heat
the uid and thus in great part restore the energy absorbed
, .

T his wil l be referred to again .

Comparing
a steam turbine with a re cipro cating engine ,

we nd that although the greatest possible e f cien cy as deter

, ,

mined by thermo dynami c considerations is the same in both

-
, ,

TI T2
Car n ot

being represented by s formula the causes whi ch
TI

redu ce t hi s ef cien cy below this max imum are largely different

in the two cases O n e of the greatest losses in the r e cipr o
.

cating engine is due to the alternate conta ct of the inside of

mi) 2
6 2% x 9 6 2

e
K i n ti c e er g y o f 1 c
n u bi c foo t o f w a ter 2 2 x 322
9000 foo t l bs
-
.

app ro xima te l y .

K i e ti c e er g y o f 1 c u bi c foo t o f d y s a t r u mv z
01 2 x 2200
ra te d s tea m at 5 0l bs p re ssu re abso l u te }
n n

2 2x 322
9 000 foo t
.

l bs a ppro i ma te l y
. x .
5 2 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

the cylinder with the hot steam and with the comparatively
cold exhaust T h e cylinder walls rob the enterin g steam
.

of much of its heat energy S ome of this energy may be

.

re covered by the steam at a later part of the stroke but a ,

great part is given up to the exhaust and unless it can , ,

FIG . 73 .
A ,
ol u me o f stea m at 200 l bs absol u te ; B vol u m e o f
v .
, st eam at

a tmosph eri c p re s s u re ; C vol me of w ater

,
u .

wards be utili zed is lost T here is no su ch loss with the steam

,
.

turbine as the steam p asses constantly in the same dire ction

, ,

some surfa ces of the turbine making co n ta ct with the entering

steam and some with the exhaust but none with both , .

A nother loss w hi ch is s ometimes thought to be considerable

o ccurs with re cipro cating engines usin g slide valves or their -
 THE S TE A M T URBINE AN D O THER M O TORS .
53

equivalents and ,
onsists in steam leaking pas t the valve to
c

the exhaust . T hi s ,
of course , c annot happen in a steam turbine
where no slide valve or its equivalent exists
- .

A nother great sour ce of loss with re cipro cating engines is

due to fri ction T hi s fri ction sometimes absorbs more than a
.

quarter of the total I H P of the engin e E x cept for the

. . . .

fri ction in the bearings of the shafts the fri ction in a steam ,

turbine is of a totally di fferent nature from that in a r e cipr o

c ating engine . It c onsists in the fri ction of the steam against

itself and against the surfa ces of the turbine and the friction ,

of the water carried by or deposited by the steam W ater .

deposited on the xed parts of the turbine will c ause fri ction
by coming in conta ct with the rotating parts T h e amount of .

clearan ce between the xed vane s and the movin g vanes of a

Parsons turbine is very small and with a high speed of rota , ,

tion it is quite possible that the fri ction due to this cause may
,

be considerable . If saturated steam be used a certain amount ,

must be c ondensed in the turbine but by superheatin g the , ,

steam and ja cketing the turbine this condensation may be very ,

mu ch redu ced if not entirely prevented I t is noteworthy that

, .

superheating the steam very mu ch improves the e f cien cy of a

Parsons turbine M r Parsons considers that 5 5 C super
. .

.

heat reduces the steam consumption about 12 per cent I t .

should be borne in mind howe ver that a great part of the

, ,

heat developed by thi s fri ction as already stated will probably

, ,

not be lost S lightly more radiation may take pla ce from the
.

outside surfa ces of the turbin e and the exhaust may leave in a
,

Sli ghtly less condensed form than would otherwise happen but
a large portion of the heat it is presumed w il l be returned to
, ,

the workin g uid so as to be again utiliz ed . With the r ecipr o

c ating engine although the fri ction of the piston in the cylinder
,
54 TH E S TEA M T URB INE .

and of the slide valve or other valve in the steam chest may
- -

heat the steam yet as the exhaust steam re ceives part of this
, ,

heat and as there is mu ch fri ction caused by other parts

,

than the piston and valve we may safely assert th at in a ,

re cipro cating engine the greater part of the heat caused by

fri ction is lost .

A nother advantage whi ch the steam turbine possesses over

the re cipro catin g engine is that with the former there is , ,

no internal lubri cation required . Th e fa ct that the steam

turbine can take steam without any lubri cant whatever is
doubly advantageous In the rst pla ce the exhaust steam
.
,

is absolutely free from oil so that the water from the hot well
,

can be dire ctly returned to the boiler without the use of an

oil lter and without any da n ger of the boiler suffering from a
,

deposit of grease in it . T he se cond advant age arises when

superheated steam is used When this is employed in r e .

cipr ocatin g engines there are dif culties with regard to internal
,

lubri cation ; and there is also the danger of piston and valves
sti ckin g unless properly and carefully designed owing to
, ,

di fferen ce of expansion of different parts of the engine W ith .

the steam turbine no lubri cant is required to be added to th e

steam and the danger of harm arising from une q ual expansion
,

is not as a rule great I t should be noted that al though both

.
,

turbines and re cipro catin g engines improve in e f cien cy by

superheatin g the steam the reasons for the superheating are
,

not altogether the same T h e re cipro catin g e n gine gains

.

chiey ( or at least largely) by the redu ction or abolition of

initial condensation T his cannot be the chief r eason with the

.

s team turbine ; but the gai n in e com om y in the steam t u rbine

by superheatin g will be dis cussed later on .

T h e steam turbine benets more than the re cipro catin g

56 TH E S TEAM T URBINE .

same percentage variation of speed means the same per cen tage
variation of periodi city a drop ( or rise ) of say 5 revolution s
, , ,

per minute in the one case does not mean the same variation
,

of perio di city as in the other case ; for the number of altern ations
per revolution in the turbine driven alternator is owing to the
-
,

speed of rotation less than in the alternator driven by the

,

re cipro cating engine the mean peri odi city

, ha ng the same in
both cas es.
 CH A PT E R V

VA N E S AN D VE LO CI T I E S .

L ET us n ow c onsider the form of the vanes or blades and the

speed of rotation of a ste am turbine and in the rst i n stan ce it
, , ,

may be advisable to deal with turbines generally .

As we shall be using the terms absolute velo city and

relative velo city with respe ct to the motion of the uid it ,

will be better to state here that by absolute velo city is meant

a velo city whi ch would be absolute if the t u rbine c asing or
frame were at rest . A turbine m ay be on board a ship and ,

therefore have the velo city of the S hi p and even when on land
,

and what we call xed it nevertheless has the velo city of

.
,

the earth I t is convenient however to negle ct these velo cities

.
, ,

of the ship and the earth and su ch like a nd speak of the velo
-
,

city of a revolving part of the turbine or of the operating

.

uid as a bsol u te, when we mean that su ch a velo city would

be absolute if the casing or frame or xed parts of the t u rbine
, ,

had no motion W e shall speak of velo cities as r ela tive only

.

when they are relative to a moving part of the t u rbine T o .

ill u strate what is meant let X ( Fig 74 ) be part of a turbine

,
.

wheel moving with an absolute velo city W as shown by , ,

the arro w L e t V be the absolute velo city of a jet of ui d

. .

T hen the velo city of the uid relatively to the turbine

will be obtained by making QB W and,

c ompleting the
58 TH E S TE A M T URB INE .

parallelogram A FE Q when PB will represent the velo city of

,

the j et relatively to the wheel T his relative velo city PB is the

.

velo city whi ch the j et would have if a velo city were imparted
to both the wheel and the jet of an amount suf cient to
render the net velo city of the wheel equal to zero N ow a .
,

velo city whi ch wo ul d render the net velo city of the wheel

F I G 74
. .

equal to zero would be equal and O pposi te to W T herefore .

,

combine this velo city wi t h V and the velo city PB is obtaine d

, .

O r we may dene the velo city of the jet relatively to the wheel

as th at velo city which combined with the velo city of the wheel
, ,

produ ces the absolute velo city of the jet . N ow ,

PB represents
the velo city whi ch , c ombined with the velo city of the wheel

produces the absolute velo city represented by A B T herefore .

,

PB represents the velo city of the jet relatively to the wheel .

I n Fig 75 let V
.
,
the absolute velo city of the uid imping
ing on the blades or vanes of a turbine ; let W the velo city
of the turbine vanes . T hen R, the velo city of the uid rela
t ive l y to the turbine ,
can easily be determin ed If the course
.

of the uid is not to be abruptly altered it is ne cessary that

,

the vanes where the uid enters should be parallel to the

li ne of R and thi s is usually the case where possible If the
, .
 VA NES AN D VE L O CI TIE S .
59

se ctional area of the stream or jet of uid between two vanes

is maintained constant and the volume of the uid remains
c onstant then the velo city of
,

the uid relatively to the vanes A

will also be constant in magni

tude negle cting fri ction L e t
, .

I represent the velo city of the

uid leaving the ring of blades
,

\M
relatively to the blades T hen .

F I G 75
. .

T R i n magni tude : the dire c

'
tion only is altered . A B CD E F represents the path of the
uid relatively to the blades . T hat, however is not the a ctual
,

or absolute path of the ui d for the blades themselves have ,

a velo city equal to W I f we combine the velo city W with

.

the relative velo city of the uid at any point we get

,
the
absolute velo city . T hus at C the absolute velo city of the
uid is represented by CC ,
at D the absolute velo city of the
uid is represented by E D and at ,
E the absolute velo city
of the uid is represented by E K . T he a ctual or absolute

velo city of the uid will be in the line A B J LM . EL is

the distan ce through whi ch the blades move while the uid
is moving between the blades from B to E .

T h e absolute velo city of the uid when en closed by the

vanes is not important but the absolute velo cities when
,

enterin g and leavin g the rings of vanes are M por tan t as ,

the kineti c energies of the uid when entering and leaving the
rings of vanes are proportional to the squares of these
velo cities . Let 2; be the absolute velo city of the uid when
leavin g the ring of vanes . T hen the kin eti c energy given up
2
by the uid to the turbin e will be proportional to V v
2

V 2
5
2
2
and the e f cien cy negle cting fri ctional losses will be
, 2
V
,
60 TH E S TEAM T URB INE .

I t w i ll be seen that the angle of the vanes ex cept at the ,

poin ts of entran ce and exit cannot e ffe ct the e f cien cy ex cept

,

through in creasing or diminishi ng the fri ctional losses B y .

forming the vanes with a smooth gradual curve and with the ,

tangent of ea ch at the point of entran ce parallel to the relative

velo city of the uid at that point the frictional velo cities may
,

in most cases in an hydr auli c turbine be redu ced to an almost

inappre ciable amount T h e question of fri ction in a steam
.

t u rbine is more dif cult .

I t is obvious that it will be desirable to have 72 as small

as possible . N ow , with a given velo city V the smallness of 7)

,

depends u pon the velo city W of the vanes and on the angles ,

of the vanes at the points of entran ce and exit of the uid .

In Fig 76 let a b represent V in magnitude and dire ction

.
,

F IG 76
. .

and ob represent W in magnitude and dire ction : then a c

sents R in magnitude and dire ction L e t cd represent 9 in .
*

dire ction then if ed equals a c ad will also ( negle cting friction)

, ,

represent the magnitude of I f be be produ ced to k the angle ,

 VANE S A N D VEL O CITIES . 6 I

or a will represent the angle of the vanes at the point of

a ck, ,

entran ce and the angle at dclc or [3 will represent the angle of

, , ,

the vanes at the point of exit . B y completing the parallelogram

cbed, we obtain cc whi ch represents
,
22 in magnitude an d
dire ction .

D raw ag and eh perpen di cular to 67c .

2 2 2
T he ri cc 06 e6 2be 2: . 66 .

N OW 6 6 cd ac

2 2
T herefore cc
2
06 ac 260 67c .

2
G6

a6
2
66 )

a6
2
260(a c cos a 6 6 cos
B)
a6
2
26c(a c cos a a c cos
B)
( )
2
a6 26c (
a c cos a cos 1

( )
2
T herefore 72
2
( V 26c . a c cos a cos 2

It is therefore evident that with a given initial absolute

2
velo city of the uid will be the 12
,

R n
smallest when 260 a c(cos a cos B)
is greatest I t can be seen that
.

thi s will o ccur w hen a and B n y

are each equ al to z ero and when ,

'
66 cg which in thi s case will 7
,

equal ac W would then equal

.
F I G 77 ' '

4V ,
and the vanes would be as shown in Fig 77 . .

If V velo city at A the velo city W of the vane should be

,

4 V . T h e velo city R of the uid relatively to the vane at A

woul d therefore be 4V T herefore the velo city 7 of the uid
.
'

relatively to the vane at B woul d also be 4V and therefore ,

the absolute velo city of the uid at this point would be zero .

N ot only when the angles and [3 are both equal to zero

a
,

but in any case when a and )8 are xed and V is also xed in,
62 THE S TEA M T UR BINE;

2
magnit u de it be seen from equation ( 2) that v is least
,
can

when ac 6c ( Fig 76) is a maximum

. S in ce the area of the
. .

triangle a bc w e 6c sin a and also equals a 6 cm ( Fig , .

where cm is perpendi cular to a 6 it follows that ,

ab . em
ac . 6c
s rn a

a6 cm
2
T herefore 6 is least when Is a m ax rm u m
S in a
.

B ut a 6 and sin a are both constant .

2
T herefore is least when 72

cm is a maxi mum .

T his o ccurs when m is the

middle point of a 6 .

For draw any other triangle

, ,

'
a6
a 6o
( Fig . on base and
'
with angle ac 6 an gle ac6 .

'
T hen the points a , c, c , 6 are
F IG 78 . .

on the r umferen ce of a Ci r cle

Ci c

whose centre will be on cm produ ced .

L et be the centre
0 .

J oin cc cutting a 6 at a
'
.
,

a6
' '
D raw c m perpendi cular to .

T hen cm
is less than on .

'

T herefore 00 cm is greater than 00 on .

Th erefore cm is greater than and therefore greater than

'
m
'
c .

T herefore cm is a maximum when m is the middle point

Of a6 . 0

T herefore 72
2 is least when m is the middle point of a6 ; that
ab
is when
,
60 a c, or when 60
2 cos 2
2
 64 THE S TEAM T URBINE .

2
29
T herefore 3 1700 X 77 8
1 00
1700 x 20 x 77 8 x 2g
T herefore
1 00
T herefore 72 4 116 feet per se cond
If this steam be allowed to act on a single ring of vanes
in a steam turbine then as we saw that for the greates t
, ,

ef cien cy the velo city of the vanes must never in any cas e , ,

be less than hal f th e velo city of the entering ui d it follows ,

that the velo city of the van es should not be less than 205 8
feet per se cond .

N ow,
it can be proved that if a ring whose thi ckness ,

measured radially is not great compared with its mean diameter ,

be rotated about its axis the stress produ ced in the material ,

due to centrifugal for ce will be approximately wv

z
f where
"
w

L et th e vel oci ty at ou ter cir cumfere ce of th e ri g sh o i n n w n n F ig . 7 8 A be

represe ted by V d th e radi s n an u to th e o ter
u

circ umfere n ce by R , .

V' x r
h erefore ve l oci ty at y radi s
T an u r
RI
.

L t de si ty o f material
e w 2:
. n .

T h ere fore ce tr if g al n u

force t r di s a 2 ad u r on 1rr . r aw V ,2 x r 2
x
ri g of i de i tely
n n n r R12
small breadth d r

FIG . 7 8A .

1
2m m
9
2
7
T h erefore total C F . .

2 1

( w h ere R2 i n te rior radi s o f ri u ng A)

7

dr

L et vel oci ty at mean radi s from ce tre

m
c u n .

R1
n g:
b
T he n 1) x or v,
l1 i
 VA NE S AN D VEL O CITIES . 65

is the density of the material (216 mass per uni t volume ) and .
,

v is the mean velo city that is the velo city at a point at the
, ,

end of a mean radius T h e width of the ring measured parallel

.
,

to its axis and the mean radius do not affe ct the result
, . E ven
if the thi ckness of the ring measured radially is great , ,
com

pared with the mean diameter the result is not greatly altered ,
.

If a steel ri n g therefore weighing

, ,
5 00 lbs per . c ubi c foot ,

could have a mean velo city of 2000 feet per se cond the stress ,

produ ced in it would be nearly 200 tons per s q uare in ch of

cross se ction
-
I f the interior diameter of the ring and its
.

velo city there be xed then any in crease in the external ,

diameter will in crease the stress .

T his shows that when high pressure steam is expanded -

all

at one step the ,

e i cie n cy of a turbine using it is limited by
the strength and weight of the materials available for its con
stru ction T his dif culty may be over come by expanding the
.

steam in steps so that an e f cient velo city may be

,
O btained
.

within the limits allowed by the material . On p . 63 it

was shown that the velo city of the wheel had to be half or ,

more than half ,

of the velo city of the entering uid if the ,

velo city of the uid when leaving the wheel was to be a

minimum B ut . the latter velo city need not be a minimum
if the uid has to act on another series of vanes T h e ui d .

T h erefore total CF
2m m 8
4 v R1
2
8 1r w v ( R

R2)
. .
?
3 13 1
2
R
( 1 E 2) ?

CF
orce ten di reak th ri across a ia e er
. .

N ow , th e f ng to b e n
g d m t 2:
7
CF 8 R ) 3

T h ere fore averag e stress of material .

2

X 2( R1 R2) 3 ( Rl B z) x 2
7"

4 w v ( R1 2 2
R,R2 + R 2
2
)
3 ( R1 R2) 2

Wh en R2 ppa roach es R 1, th e stres w h ic h wv

.

F
66 THE S TEAM T URBINE .

may act on several sets of vanes in su ccession and the angle ,

and velo cities of these vanes may be so arranged that the uid
gives up a portion of its energy to ea ch .

I n Fig 7 9 let
. a6 represent the absolute velo city of the uid
entering the rst series of vanes .

Le t a and B be the angles of

the vanes at the points of e u

tran ce and exit of the uid and ,

let c6 represent the velo city of

the vanes T hen a c represents
.

the velo city of the uid rela

tive l y to the vanes as it enters ,

and cd its velo city relatively to

th e vanes as it leaves I f the .

se ctional area of the uid while

passing through between the
vanes is constant and if the uid ,

neither expands nor contra cts in

volume then cd
, a c ; cc will

represent the absolute velo city

of the uid as it leaves the rst
series of vanes If the uid be
F I G 7 9 D i a g ram s h ow i g V e l oc i ti es
.

. . n

o f F l u i d i a Compou d T rbi e then guided S O that it takes the

n n u n ,

th e vo l u m e o f id b e i g co s t a t
u n n n

or i creasi g p ropor ti o a t e l y t i dir e ction 6f and if 6f be made

n n n o n ,
crease o f sec tio o f passa g es
n .

equal in le n gth to cc then ef ,

will represent the absolute velo city of the uid as it enters the
se cond series of vanes If these vanes are similar to the last
.
,

and have the same velo city whi ch is here represented by mf , ,

the relative velo city of the uid entering the vanes will be
represented by cm and the uid leaving this series of vanes
,

will have a relative velo city represented by c m whi ch is ,

 VA NES AN D VE L O CI T I E S . 67

equal to cm and an absolute velo city represented by

,
If
the uid be now guided into the dire ction op and made to ,

a ct on another series of similar vanes having a similar velo city ,

represented by qp the uid will leave this series of vanes

,

with an absolute velo city represented by 93 I t will thus be .

seen that the energy taken from the uid whi ch is proportional ,

to a 6
2 2
is a large proportion of the total avail able energy
'

93 , ,

2
wh ich is proportional to a 6 ; but the velo city of the vanes is
only a s mall fra ction of the initial velo city of the uid B y .

having a greater number of series of vanes ,

th e velo city of
these could be kept still lower .

The
several series of vanes can be all arranged on the
same shaft If all the series are pla ced the same distan ce
.

from the axis of the shaft 06 mf and will be equal O ther

, , , .

wise these lines will be une qual .

W e have assumed that the uid neither expands n or con

tra cts in volume from the time
'

it enters the rst series of vanes

to the time it leaves the last series .

If the uid is a gas however it , ,

usually will expand during the inter

val I f the area of se ction of the
.

passages for the uid through be

tween the vanes be correspondingly
in creased the diagram shown i n
,

Fig 79 will be unaltered O ther

. .

wise the diagram w ill be modied .

F I G 8 0 D ia g ra m s h o w i g V n e
Fig 8 0 shows a diagram for the l iti of F l id i a Compo d . . .

oc es
.
u n un
T rbi e th vo l u m e o f i d u n e
same vanes as shown in Fig 7 9 and i creas i t a g rea ter ra t e
.
, n
, u

g n a
t h a sec ti o o f p assa g es n n
with these vanes having the same .

velo city but with the uid expanding both while passi n g
,
68 THE S TEA M T UR BINE .

through ea ch series of vanes and i n passing from one series to

,

the next col is therefore greater than a c as a greater volume

.
, , ,

of uid le aves the rst series of vanes than enters it S i mi .

l ar l y cf is greater than cc as a greater volume of uid enters

, ,

the se cond series of vanes than leaves the rs t series S imilarly .

,

mm is greater than em
. than mo and gr than 09 T h e energy
, , .

2 2
taken from the uid is in this case not proportional to a 6 93 ,

as some of the initial energy of the uid exists as heat energy ,

and is convert ed into kineti c energ y during the passa e of g

the uid through the apparatus .

I n a Parsons steam turbine pra ctically the whole of the ,

expansion of the steam takes pla ce after the uid has entered
the rst series of vanes and as the steam passes through
, ,

a great many series of vanes its velo city is never exe cs ,

sive A s moreover with a

.
, ,

number of series of vanes ,

the velo city of the vanes

M O V /N G need only be a small fra c
tion of the velo city of the
F /X E D
steam it follows that vane
,

speeds be kept com

can

M O VI N G ra t i v l low without
p a e y
losing the e f cien cy Very
'

FIXE 0 good results have been oh

t ai n e d with Parsons tur

P M O VI N G bines running at nearly as

low a speed as that of fast
re cipro cating engines .

Fig 8 1 shows the xed .

FIG 81 P assa g e o f S tea m th ro u g h

. .
-

a P arso s T rbi e n u n and m ovm g vanes or blades

.

of a parallel ow turbine of the Parsons type the dot ted line and
-
,
 VANE S AN D VEL O CITIE S
. 69

small arrow heads showing the passage of the steam T h e xed

-
.

blades are for guiding the steam from one series of moving
blades to the next T h e relative and absolu te velo cities at
.

di fferent points are lettered to correspond with Fig 8 0 T h e . .

lin es a 6, a c, e tc .
,
are intended to represent only the dire ctions ,

and not the magnitudes of the velo cities

,
.

In order to redu ce the velo city of the uid a cting on the

vanes of a steam t u rbine it has been proposed to cause the
,

steam jet by an inj e ctor a ction to draw in air water or other

-
, , , ,

uid at atmospheri c pressure the velo city of the combined uid

,

being thus made moderate . T his would allow of a lower

e f cient vane speed ; but as a greater mass of uid would leave
,

the turbine and as this uid must have a certain velo city the
, ,

energy thus lost would be in creased w ithout an y in crease in

the energy entering the turbine .
 E N T RO PY A N D E N T RO PY -
T E M PE RAI URE
'
D I AG RA M S .

As we shall be dealing with entropy temperature diagrams -

,

and as this subje ct is not very well known it may be advisable , ,

in the rst pla ce to explain what is meant by entropy and
, ,

what can be determined by an entropy temperature or as it is -

, ,

sometimes called a theta phi diagram

,
-
T o an engineer a ccus .

tome d only to diagrams in whi ch the ordinates and abs ciss ae

represent readily appre ciable quantities su ch as pressure or , ,

volume or steam consumption the idea of entropy is rather

, ,

dif cult to grasp T his ghostly quantity as Professor Perry
.
,

calls it is not per ceptible by th e senses and cannot be measured

, ,

dire ctly by any gauge or meter I t is nevertheless a very con

.
, ,

ve n i en t term of expression and entropy temperature diagrams

,
-

are very instru ctive and very useful .

I n an ordinary pressure volume or pressure distan ce di agram

- -
,

as for example an indi cator diagram the ordinates represent

, , ,

pressure the abs ciss ae represent volume or distan ce travelled

, ,

and the are as represent energy re ceived or reje cted or work ,

done N ow when heat is put into or taken out of a sub

.
,

stan ce any small part of the heat so dealt with is e qual to

,

the t emperature at whi ch it was put in or taken out multi , ,

plied by some quantity T his quantity is called change o f

.

entropy or differen ce of entropy

, .
72 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

T emperatures are re ckoned from absolute z ero wh i ch is ,

represented by the line O X .

E ntropy m ay be re ckoned from

any point but it is convenient

, ,

in dealing with water and

steam to consider z ero entropy
,

to be that of water at freezing

point (3 2

T his will then

be represented by O Y Quan .

tities of heat always refer to

one pound of the working
substan ce
.

In Fig 8 3 A B is an en
.

F I G 8 2 E n t p t mp
. . ro y e
-
era tu re tropy curve for
Di g m a ra .
water raised in temperature
from 100
to
F .

4 00 F

T h e tem.

p e r atu r e s are indi

cate d both on the

ordinary Fahrenheit
and on the absolute
s cale I t w ill be
.

seen that the differ

en ce of entropy be

tween water at 100
F and water at
.

4 00 F equals .

T h e amou n t of heat
l5

FIG . 83 E tropy te mp era t re D i a g ra m for W a ter

. n -
u re q uired to 8 3 23 013
a d S t ea m
n
this physi cal chan ge
.

pn the water is represente d by the area aA B 6 . The c urve AB

 ENTROP Y TEMPERA T URE DIA G RAMS -
.
73

may be drawn by obtainin g from a table the en tr O py of water at

several temperatures and plotting these values ,
. I f the water at
4 00

F be converted into steam at that tempe rature the entropy
.
,

temperature curve will be parallel to O X, as the temperature is

un changed . The c hange of entropy will be represented by 6d,

and the heat put into the substan ce by the area B D d b T h e .

heat put into the water is ob vi ously the latent heat of steam at

4 00 F ( 8 6 0 abs ) Thi s equals 8 3 0 units T h e change of
.

. .

e ntropy 6d is therefore equal to or 09 6 5 as indicated on the ,

diagram I f now the steam expand adiabati cally against a resist

.
, ,

an ce the temperature will fall but as no heat is being imparted

, ,

to or taken from the steam it is obvious that the area below the ,

c urve of expansion must be z ero that is that no change of ,

e ntropy will take pla ce T h e entropy temperature curve will .

-

therefore li e along D d and will be represented by D E if ,

the temperature fall to 100 F I f heat be now abstra cted

.

from the steam and water ( for some of the steam will have
c ondensed during expansion till all the uid exists in the
)
liquid state but without lo w ering the temperatur e the entropy
, ,

temperature c ur ve will be E A, whi ch is parallel to OX . Th e

quantity of heat taken from the uid will be represented by

the area a A E d T h e total heat supplied to the ui d is there
.

fore proportional to the area a A B D d and the heat abstra cted ,

to the area a AE d . The heat converted into work is therefore

proportional to the area A BD E, and the e f cien cy of a heat
area A B D E
e ngine working on this cy cle
area a A B D d
'

I f, instead of allowing the steam to expand adiabati cally ,

we had durin g expansion supplied j ust suf cient heat to it to

, ,

maintain it in a dry sat u rated condition the entropy temperature

, ,
-

. c urve for expansion would be DC instead of DE . If heat h a

d
74 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

then been taken fro m the steam without redu cing its tempera
ture till the whole had condensed the drop of entropy would
,

be represented by A G (or a9 ) and the q uantity of heat

,

abstra cted by the area a A Gg T his last q uantity is obviously

.

the latent heat of steam at 100 F and it is evident that

.
,

the ratio of the area a A Ed to the area a A Gg is the fra ction

of the latent heat available to be given up after the steam has
expanded a ccording to the line
,
DE . T his ratio must therefore
represent the amount of steam un condensed at E . T he areas
AE
are proportional to the lines AE and AG an d therefore
,
KG
represents the dryness fra ction or the fra ction of the steam
,

un condensed after the adiabati c expansion D E has taken pla ce ,

or when the poin t E I s rea ched during the isothermal with

dr aw al of heat G A S imilarly if any other horizontal line
.
,

HK
su ch as HKL be drawn will represent the dryness fra ction
HL
of the steam at the point K of the adiabati c expansion D E .

T h e curve D G may be drawn by obtaini n g from a table

the entropy of dry saturated steam at several temperatures or

, ,

it may be obtained in another manner A G X A a area a A G g. .

B ut a A represents a certain temperature and a A Gg represents ,

the latent heat of steam at that temperature . T herefore the

length of AG can be obtained by dividing the latent heat by
the temperature S everal horizontal lines su ch as A G and H L
.
, ,

can thus be determined and the curve D L G drawn thro u gh

,

their ends .
 CH A PT E R VI I .

S
T HEO RE T I CA L CO N I D E RAT I O N O F D I FFE REN T T RE A T M EN T S OF

S T E AM IN A HE AT E N G I N E -
.

IT is intended in this chapter to consider the effe cts of treating

steam in different ways on the e f cien cies of heat engines with -

spe cial referen ce to the steam turbine .

L e t us consider the transfer of heat energy into me chani cal

energy in a heat e n gine or apparatus

-
omprising a boil er in
c

whi ch water is heated to a certain temperature and then con

verted into steam a turbine or other motor in whi ch the steam
,

is expanded and loses some of its heat and a condenser in ,

whi ch more of the heat is taken from the uid before the latter
is returned to the boiler .

Th e di fferent cases whi ch will be c onsidered have been

chosen not to represent what o ccurs in pra cti ce but to indi cate ,

th e effe cts of different treatments of the steam so that it can be ,

as certained what had best be done with an y type of turbine in ,

order to prevent waste and promote e f cien cy and what is likely ,

to be gained or lost by any alteration in treatment su ch for

-

, ,

example as by superheating the steam

,
.

CA S E 1 .

Let us suppose in the rst instan ce that feed water is

, ,

re ceived into a boiler at 85

F .
,
and heated to 3 82

F . T he
76 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

entropy temperature curve for t hi s heating is sho w n at

-
A B,
in Fig 84 . .

T his absorption of heat is

represented by B C L e t .
'

the steam now expand

adiabati cally doing work , ,

till the pressure falls to

06 lb absolute
. Th e .

tempe r ature correspondin g

to this pressure is 8 5 F
.

T hi sexpansion is r epr e
sented by the line CD on
the diagram S ome of the
.

steam will c ondense durin g

0 102
EN TR .

F I G 8 4 C ase I : A di aba ti c E p ans io ; i so

. . x n
and w e thl s
can ex p ans mn
.

t h er ma l compr e ss i o ; r g e o f t e m n d the wetness at an

n an

p erat e 85 Fur ,
3 82 F
.

.
y
point in CD by the method ,

des cribed in conne ction with Fig 8 3 L astly let heat be . .

,

abstra cted from the uid till the whole of the steam has
c ondensed but without any redu ction of temperature and let
, ,

the water be returned to the boiler . T his a ction is represented

by DA
on the diagram ( Fig I t does not m atter whether
.

the heat be abstra cted from the s team in t h e turbin e or in

a condenser or in any other vessel provided that it takes pla ce
, ,

after the expansion and the fall in temperature are completed .

T h e heat s u ppli ed to the uid is then represented by th e

area a A B Cd and the heat abstra cted by the area a A D d T h e

, .

heat converted into work is therefore represented by the area

A B CD and
 C ONSIDERA TION O F TREA TMEN T O F S TEA M .
77

area A B CD
T he e f cien cy
area a A B Cd

CA S E 11 .

us suppose now that the steam generated at 200 lbs

Le t .

pressure i n stead of expanding adiabati cally be suppl ied during

, ,

expansion with s u f

cient heat to pre

vent any condensation .

T hi s might be ap

proximately attained
by ja cketing a steam
turbine with high
temperature steam .

T h e condensation will
then all take pla ce at
c onstant temperature ,

as shown by E A T h e .

entro W temPer atur e

FIG . 8 5 C ase I I : E xpa n s io a l o g L i e o f D y
. . n n n r

diagram wil l then be a ra e S tea m ; i soth erma l compress ion ;

S tu t d
ra g e o f te mp eratu re 8 5 F
n ,

3 82 F
.

.

as shown in Fig . 85 .

The heat supplied to the uid is represented by the area

a A B CE c and the heat abstra cted by the area a A E c T h e
, .

heat converted into work is therefore represented by the area

A B O E and ,

area A RCE
T h e ef cien cy
area a AB CE c

Compared with Case I . it will be seen that there is an

in crease both in the heat supplied and in that converted int o
work but the latter is not in creased proportionately to the
, .

former and hen ce the drop in the efcien cy

,
.
78 THE STEA M T URBINE .

CA S E III .

S uppose
in this case that the steam instead of re ceiving ,

heat while expanding has heat taken from it as for example by

, , , ,

radiation from the exterior of a turbine S uppose that by thi s .

means twi ce as mu ch
steam is condensed
durin g expansion as in
Cas e I Th e e n tr O py .

temperature diagram
will then be as shown
FE
in Fig . 8 6, where
AB

is the fra ctio n of the

steam that is con
de n se d at the end of

the expansion Th e .

FIG . 86.
Case I II : E x p a s i on w i th L ea k a g e o f
. n
rem ai nder Of the
H ea t ; i soth er ma l compress i o ; ra g e o f s team 1s condensed
n n
t e m e atu e 8 5 _3 8 2 F
p r r ,
o 0
.

at c onstant tempera
ture as shown by the line
, FA . The heat supplied to the uid
is represented by the area a A B Cd and the heat withdrawn by ,

the area a AF Ccl Th e heat converted into work is therefore

.

represented by the area ABOE ,

and

Th e ef cien cy

heat supplied is the same as in Case I but the portion

T he .
,

of this that is converted into work is less than in Case I by the .

amount represented by the tria n gle C FD T h e ef cien cy is .

therefore less than in Case I .

Th e total leakage of heat during expansion is represented

80 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

CG being the c urve for the superheating a ction . I t will be

seen that the line G K of adiabati c expansion c uts the line
CE of dry saturated stea m at the point H
,
T his indi cates to .

us that during the fra ction of the adiabati c expansio n r epr e

,

sented by G H the steam is superheated ; while during the

, ,

remaining fra ction represented by H K i t is wet at the point ,

H it is dry and saturated T h e heat suppli ed to the uid is

.

represented by the area a A B CG g and the heat abstra cted by ,

the area aAKg . T he heat c onverted into work is therefore

represented by the area A B CG K and ,

area A B CG K
Th e ef cien cy 03 2
area aA B O Gg

T he heat supplied to the uid d u ring the superheating a ction

is represented by the area d CGg . Of this the portion r e pr e

sented by the area D CG K is converted into work T h e fra ction .

of the heat supplied whi ch is converted into work is therefore

greater during this a ction than during the a ctions of heating the
feed water and generating the steam and it is this whi ch raises ,

the ef cien cy slightly above that i n Case I .

T o draw the curve C G we must make an assumption regard

ing the spe ci c heat of steam at constant pressure L e t this .

spe ci c heat be denoted by K and let us assume that K is ,

a constant and equal to

,
04 8 . T hen from equation p 71
.

1000
de
Pa
(

T
842

the numbers 1000 and 8 4 2 denoting the temperature on the

absolute s cale and (p1 and (pg denoting the entropy respe ctively
, ,

before and after the superheating a ction .

N ow d Q K ar .
 C ONSIDERA TION O F TREA TMEN T O F S TEA M . 81

1000 1000
K dr dr
T herefore (pg p
( l 04 8
T T
84 2 84 2

log e 8 4 2) 04 8 x 0 1720

T hi s is the differen ce of entropy between C and G, and

determi nes the length dg . Th e height 9G is of course deter
mined by the temperature namely A n y other point on , ,

the cu rve CG can be similarly lo cated and the curve thus ,

obtained .

CA S E I V A .

In the case j ust des cribed the higher limit of temperat u re

and the range of temperature e x ceed that in the other cases and ,

therefore in order to make a fair comparison we m ust consider

, ,

the case of an engine

w orking on a cy cle as ,

in Case I V but with the

.
,

same limits of tempera

ture as in Cases IL ,

and III .

us suppose then
L et , ,

that steam is generated

at 224 F and super

.
,

heated to 3 82 F the
.
,

cy cle otherwi se being

the same as in Case I V .

E N TR .

T h e e n tr O py temperat ur e
88 C ase I VA f: S u perh eati g ; A di abatic
-

FIG . . n

di ab ram W I11 then be as

0
o
a s o ; i soth erma l comp ressi o ; ran g 6
E xp n i n n
o f e era tur e 8 5 F 3 8 2 F
t mp ,

.
-
.

shown in Fig . 8 8, where

the heat supplied to the ui d is r epresented by the are a
G
82 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

a and the heat withdrawn by the area a A Ps

AM N Ss, The .

heat converted into work is therefore represented by the area

A M N S P, and
area AM N SP
Th e e f cien cy 0 20
area aA M N SS

e f cien cy is less than in Case I be cause although the

T he .
, ,

maximum and minimum temperatures are the same as in

Case I most of the heat is absorbed by the uid when at
.
,

a lower temperature .

CA S E V
I f in Cas e I V ( Fig
. the uid instead of expandin g
,

adiabati cal ly had had the ,

sam e amount of heat ab

s tracte d from it during
expansion as in Case I I I .

Fi
( g .
the entropy
temperature diagram would
be as shown in Fig 8 9 .
,

where the total leakage of

heat is represented by the
area gQJGg which corre ,

S pon ds to and eq u als the

area f F CD d in Fig 8 6 . .

Th e heat supplied the heat ,

withdrawn and the heat ,

converted into work are

F IG 8 9 Case V : S per h ea ti g ; E x p a s io
u n n n
. . .

w i th L ea k a g e o f H ea t ; i s th er ma l
o om
represented
c
r e s pectl ve l b
y y
i
q
ra g e o f t e mp era t re 8 5 h
u
0

pig g
s n n
the areas a A B CGg a A QJ G g
,
,

and A B CG J Q .

area A B CG J Q
T he e f cien cy 0 26
'

are a a A B CG g
84 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

In Fig 9 0 A B represents the heating of the feed water

.

B C the generation of steam and CX the adiabati c expansion of ,

the steam as in the previous cases S uppose that free e x pan

, .

sion then takes pla ce till the steam is completely dried and is
superheated . The s tate of the steam will then be represented
by the point Y on
the di agram I f the.

steam had been dried ,

but not superheated ,

the point Y would

have been on the
curve CZ We can
.

not conne ct X and

Y by a straight line

to represent the free

expansion ,
as this
0 10 2 E N TR woul d indi cate that
FIG . 90 C
. ase V I E x pa s io par tl y a di a ba ti c d heat had been ab
. n n, an
ar l y res i ste d ; i so th erma l comp ress io ; ra ng e
p t un n
o f e era tu re 8 5 F 3 8 2 F
t mp ,

.

sorbed by the steam
.

whi ch is not the case I f we want an unbroken cur ve we .

,

must conne ct X and Y by means of the straight lines X d dc , ,

and cY Y e of course equals X d as the temperature is u n

.
,

changed S uppose that after the free expansion the steam

.
, ,

expands adiabati cally doing work till the temperature falls, ,

to 8 5 F T hi s expansion is represented in the diagram by Y E

. .

Th e isothermal compression E A completes the diagram as in ,

the previous cases Th e amount of free expansion has been

.

so chosen that after the last expans ion the steam is dry and
, ,

saturated as indi cated by the point E being on the curve CZ

, , .

T h e heat absorbed by the uid in this case is represented

by the area a A B Cd and the heat reje cted by the area a A E c .
 CONSIDERA TION O F TREA TMEN T O F S TEA M 85

The heat c onverted into work is represented by the area

aA B Ccl the area a AE e and
B aA E 6

i i 36;
area a d 18
T he e fcre n cy 0 08
r aA

C AS E V I I .

In this c ase let us suppose that the feed water is heate d ,

the steam generated and the adiabati c expansion ,

ommen ced
c

as in Case I ; . but let

the adiabati c exp ansion
continue only till the
temperature falls to
25 0 F as indi cated by 2

.
,

the point V T hen let .

heat be abstra cted from

the uid a t consta n t
vol u me till temperature

8 5 F is rea ched as in

.
,

di cat e d by U Fig 91 ,
. .

T h e isothermal compres
M M

5 1011 UA c om pletes the FIG . 91 Ca se VI I : A diaba tic E xp a s io ;

. .
n n

h ea rej ec te d at co s t a t vol me foll ow e d

t n n u ,

by iso th erm a l comp ress io ; r a g e of te m n n

T he c urve V U is O h _ p e rat u r e , 85

F . 3 82
F .

'
tain e d as follows L e t a be the volume of 1 lb of saturated
. .

steam at 25 0 F (the temperature at V) and l e t a be th e

'

.
,

volume of the same at any other temperature 7 between V , ,

'
and U L et g be the dryness fra ction of the steam at V
.
,

and g be the dryness fra ction at the temperatur e T hen ,

negle cting the volume of the water

ga

be cause the uid is e x panding at c onstant volume . If l is

86 TH E S TEA M T URB INE .

the point on the curve where the temperature is and ml n is a

horizontal line dra w n to meet the line of saturated steam CZ
ml
9
can

31
therefore ml q x mm . mm
a

72V
q of course equals and a and a can be O btai ned from a
V 19
3

table of the properties of saturated steam H en ce ml can .

be obtained S imilarly any number of other points can be

.
,

O btained on the cu rve V U .

heat supplied to the u

T he id in this case is represented by
the area a A B Cd and the heat reje cted by the area a AU Vcl
,
.

T h e heat converted into work is represented by the area

A B CV U and ,

area A B C V U
T he e f cien cy 2 0 18
area a A B Ccl

T histreatment by whi ch part of the heat is reje cted at

,

c onstant volume and part at constant tempe rature gives a

, ,

redu ced ef cien cy ompared with the treatment in Case

c I .
,

where all the heat reje cted was given up at constant tem
p er atu r e I
. n re cipro cating c ondensing engin es the heat is
commonly reje cted neither on a constant volume line nor on
,

a constant temperature line but on a line between the two , .

T h e nature of the reje ction of heat in a steam tur bine is

pretty mu ch a matter of conje cture .

CA S E VI I I .

S uppose
in this case that the feed water is heated and the ,

steam generated superh eated , ,

and expanded adiabati cally as in ,

Case I V t ill the point T Fig is rea hed where the

.
, ( 9
. 2) c ,
88 TH E S T E A IV T URBINE .

TABLE I .

M ax M in E me l
M eth od of r
t e atme n t .
temp F .
,

. te mp F
,
.

, enc y .

a a c e xpa s io I soth erma l om

A di b ti
l a s o a l o g l i e of dr sat rate d V
n n. c
1 3 82 85 03 1
-
'

p ress
i n o
E xp n i n
V
n n
II y 3 82
u
85
s t eam I s th erma l compre s s i o
.

. o n
E X PM l i O w i th l ea k a g e o f h ea t
W
I

{ S u perh eati p A diaba ti c e x a sio

S n so
111 38 2 85
.

t h er m a l c o m re i o ss n

V
g n
IV n .
p 5 40
n .

85 032
-

I so th erma l co mp ress io n

S u p er h ea ti g A di ab a ti c e xp an s i o
n n
V
I VA
W 3 82 85
. .

I so th er ma l comp ress io
.

V
S u p er h ea ti g E x p a s io w i th l ea k a g e
O f h ea t
n .

I so th erm a l comp ress io

n
54 0
n

n W ,
85

W
.

VI
E x pa s ion p ar tl y a d iab ti c a d p ar tl y
n,
382
a n
85 008
un resis te d I so th erm al omp re ss i o
. c n

A di aba ti e xp a s i oc H ea t rej ec te d a t
n n .

VI I . co s ta t
n vo l u m e
n follo w e d by i so , 3 82 85
t h erma l co mp ress i o n

S p er h ea ti g
u A d i aba ti c e x pa s io
n . n n .

VI I I . H ea t rej ec te d t co s ta t vo l u me a 5 40 n n , 85
f o ll ow e d by i soth erma l comp ressio n

I t should be borne in mind however that a change in the , ,

ran ge of temperature will alter the relative e f cien cies It .

should also be remembered that arbitr ary quantities have as ,

a rule been chosen for the amount of superheating amount of

, ,

free expansion e tc ; and that if these are altered the results

, .
, ,

may be considerably modied A n d it mus t not above all .

,

things be forgotte n that there are pra cti cal considerations

,

w hi ch ae ct the ef cien cy For example there is the uid

'

.
,

fri ction in a turbine I t is probable that the diminution of .

this ui d friction by superheatin g the steam a ccounts in part

for the in creased e conomy obtained by superheating ; for the
results obtained by the tests of Par son s t urbines S how a gr eater
percentage in creas e in e f cien cy w ith superheating than is due
to thermo dynami c reasons -
T able I I shows the e ffe ct of . .

superheatin g on the steam consumption of a Parsons turbine .

 CO N S I D E R A T I O I V O F TREA TMEN T O F S TEA M . 89

T ABLE II .

T ES T OF 5 00 K I - LO WA TT TU R B O A LTE R N A T O R C O N ST R UC TE D B Y M E sss s
- . C A . .

PA R SO N S AN D CO . F O R T H E CO R P O R A T I O N O F B L A CK PO O L .

Pr essu re of V acu u m in
st ea m abo v e r
Su pe h e at at th e t u bi n e r v l
Re o u ti on s L oad S te am u s
atmo s ph r
e e at st op- a v lv
e . cy n d e li r .
p e r mi nu te .
ed

( B ar .

l bs p er
. s q. in . d eg r sF
ee . in s . of me cu r ry .
k il ow att s . l bs pe r h r l b s p er k w
. . . . hr .

14 6 70 27 1 '
25 00 5 15 213 5
15 0 0 27 0 '

25 00 5 02 23 1
13 5 0 27 3 '

25 00 4 97 24 0
133 66 25 00 5 07
 CH A PT E R VI I I .

T HE D E L AVA L ST EAM T UR I N E B .

A B O UT 18 8 2, D r . G u s taf de L aval invented a turbine on the

prin ciple of H ero s engine
. t u rbine is ill u strated diagram
T his

maticall y in Figs 9 3 and 94 S tea m

. .

(or other uid ) ente r ed the c asing a

by the no z zle 6, and pass ed alo n g the

curved hollo w arms c 0 T hese arms ,
.

were formed like the buckets of an

F 19 93 .
outward -
ow hydrau li c t urbine and ,

the passage of the steam along them

c aused them to revolve and to rotate
the shaft d T his shaft drove another
.

shaft at a slower speed by means O f

fri ction wheels T h e requisite pres .

sure between the surfa ces of these

wheels was obtained by utilizing the
F I G 94
. .

E arl y T rbin e o f D ax ral thrust of the turbi ne wheel

u r . De .

L a va l s

T h e turbine shaft 0
5 was supported in
'

bearings which allowed it an axial movement T his shaft (see .

Fig 9 5 ) carried a bevel fri ction wheel e and the axial thrust
.
,

of the turbine wheel forced this bevel wheel against the bevel
wh eel f carried by the power shaft 9 .

In 18 8 9 D r . D e L aval applied for a B ritish patent for

N o 7 14 3
. o f 18 8 9 .
92 TH E S TEAM T URBINE .

rubber rings f f as shown T h e body is of course also sup

, , .

ported by another shaft at the other side .

F I G 98 . .
F l e x i bi l i ty g iv e n by R ubb er Rin g s .

In Fig . 9 9, spiral sprin gs g , g ,

ar e substituted for the rubber
rin gs .

FI G 99 . .
F l e x ibi l i ty g iv e n b y S p ri n g .

In Fig . 100, the shaft 6 is conne cted to the rotatin g body by

F I G 100 F
. . l e x ibil i ty gi ve n by D i p a h ra gm .

means of the exible diaphragm It held in pla ce by the ,

gland k .

I n the devi ce shown by Figs 101 102 103 in end eleva .

, , ,

tion side elevation and se ction respe ctively the shaft

, , , 6 is
 TH E DE L A VA L S TEA M T UR BINE .
93

supported at ea ch end in bushes m which by means of the , ,

transverse pins mat ,

can swing in the st andards 0 .

F I G 101. . F I G 102
. . F i g 103
. .

F l e xibil i ty g ive n by T ran svers e Pi vots .

In Figs . 104 an d 105 , the bearing bush 2

9 ( on e of these is

F I G 104 . . F i g 105
. .

F l e x ibi l i ty g ive n by Ru bbe r Ri n g .

provided at ea ch end of the shaft ) is supported in the cyl in

dr ical top O f the standard 0 by means of the rubber ring 9 ,
.

I n Fig . 106 the S haft is provided with

spheri cal end pie ces ,
r .

B ri tish pate n t, N o of 18 9 1 granted .

,

to D r D e L aval has referen ce to the exhaust

.
,

passage from the turbine whi ch is con ,

FI G
stru cted of a divergent shape i n order to

e
g i v n by S p h er i ca l
E n d P l e ce s
.

produ ce an eje ctor a ction Th e velo city of t

the uid at the outer en d O f the noz z le is less than at the inner
end owing to the in crease in the se ction of the passage
, ,
an d .

c onsequently the pressure at the inner end is less than at the

 94 TH E S TEA M TURBINE .

outer end . If , therefore the pressure at the outer end is atmo

,

spheric a partial va cuum will exist at the inner end of the

,

passage and around the wheel thus dimini shing fri ction , .

Fig . 107 shows a D e L aval turbine dynamo as constru cted

-
,

F I G 107
. .
D e L a va l r
T u bi n e d y amo
-
n .

by the S o ci t de Laval ( Fran ce ) for horse powers from 5 to 3 0

, .

Th e cylinder to the right contain s the turbine wheel and the ,

intermediate cylinder is the gear box in whi ch the high rot ar y

motion of the wheel is geared down to a speed suitable for
d riving the dynamo whi ch is shown at the left of the gur e
, .

Fig 1 08 shows the prin cipal parts of a turbine su ch as that

.

shown in Fig 107 but tted with a pulley ins tead of being con
.
,

with a dynamo
n e cte d A is the turbine shaft on whi ch is
.

mounted th e dis c or wheel B furnished with a series of vanes

, .

T hese vanes can al so be seen in Fig 109 where they are .

,

lettered W C is a double heli cal pinion whi ch gears with the

.

toothed wheel M the teeth on the wheel and pinion being

,

formed at an an gle of as is shown in the gure G reat .

96 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

'

strength is not required in these teeth as the ,

for ce s e x er te d on
the m are not ex c essive o wing to the , hi gh speed of rotation of
the shaft A and the s mall dia meter of the pinion
, . I t c an be
seen by a s m all c al c ul ation that if the diam eter of the pinion C ,

he say one in c h an d the spee d of rotation

, , , revo l utions
per m inute the for c e exerted , on the teeth will be very s m all ,

even if the m otor be of c onsiderab l e po wer . D is the end

bush of the turbine shaft an d ,
F the m iddl e bush m ade in ,

F I G 109
. .
N o zz le a nd Va n es of a D e L aval T rb i n e u .

1 m ade
'
t w o parts . is a tightening bush al so ,
in t w o parts .

0 ,
O are the gear whee l shaft bushes whi c h support the po w er
,
-

shaft N, whi c h c arries the gear whee l M and the driving ,

pul l ey R . S is a stop nut for the po w er shaft and ,

H a
ball bush with adj usting spr ing for the turbine shaft . U
is an adjusting nut and ,
V a fri c tion gl an d . I is a steam
nozz l e of whi c h several are usuall y provided distributed round
, ,

the wheel K is the s tu fn g box for the spindl e stop val ve - -

,

whi c h c an be a c tuated by the hand wheel L P is a l u bri -

.

c ating ring and Q is the governor whi c h is m ounted on the

,

po w er shaft .

A se c tion of a D e L aval governor as c onstru c ted by the

 TH E DE L A VA L S TEAM ! T URBINE .
97

S o c i t de L ava l (Fran c e) is sho w n in Fig 110 an d the parts .

,

are sho wn separate l y in Fig 1 11 T h e ha lf c yl in d ers 8 8 are

. .
, ,

F iG 1 10
. .

S e ctio n of Gover nor .

pivoted in the c ase 10 by the knife edges - 14 , and have proj e c t

ing l ugs whi c h press on the spindl e 11 through the agen c y of
pins 13 .

F I G 1 11
. . P ar ts of Gover nor .

Fig . 112 sho w s the hal f cy l inders in their c orre c t positions ,

but re m ove d from the other parts . T he S pind l e 11 a c ts by

m eans of a l ever on the steam admission val ve c entr i
. Th e
fugal for c e is bal an c ed by a spring , 9, whi ch c an be adj usted
by m eans of the nut 12 .

T he c onne c tion of the governor w ith the steam ad m ission or

throttl e val ve is sho wn in Fig 1 13 w here A is the spindl e
, .
,

H
93 THE S TEA M T URB INE .

w hic h w as m arked 1 1 in Figs . 110 and 1 11 . C is a l ever

p ivoted near its c entre and arranged so that the spindl e
,
A c an
a c t on its l o wer end w hil e its upper end ,

is c onne c ted to the l ever G by m eans

of a l ink whi c h is adjustabl e by m eans
of the nuts EF . The l ever G operates
the val ve .

T he
c hara c teristi c featur e of the D e
L ava l steam turbine is the fa c t that the
F I G 1 12 H a1f 0y1in d e r s
.
stea m is com pl e te1y or n earl y Com ple te l y
of Govern or i n P o s i io n
t .
)

expanded before it rea ches the whee l .

T his expansion is a cc o mpli shed by m eans of the diver ent g

nozzl e w hic h is best seen in Fig

,
. 109 . I t will be seen fro m
this gure that any nozz l e m ay be
c l osed by s c re wing do w n the sp indl e ,

and the reby preventin g the entry of

stea m into the nozz l e fro m the di s tri
bu tion c onduit Y T his distribution .

c onduit is c ast in one of th e parts of

the c asing in w hi c h w orks the tur
bine wheel the c ondui t being c l osed
,

by a ring Z ,
.

T he form of the nozz l e I is m ost

i m portant . The se c tional area of the
s m aller end has to be l arge enough
to all o w of the passage of the requi
FIG 0f G o e r
n or W ith eam
St
f i
A d m l s sw

n
site am ount of stea m whi l e a suf c ient ,

V alve

se c tion is required at the l arger end

for the c o mp lete expansion of the steam . T he l ength of the
nozz l e m ust al so ex c eed a c ertain am ount or the steam will ,

take an eddying or i rregul ar c ourse through it T oo l ong a .

nozz l e is obje c tion abl e on a cc ount of fri c tion

, .
1 00 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

Thediameter of the turbine whee l is on ly 12 c enti m etres

for a m otor of 10 w here the whee l revol ves at the rate of
revol utions per m inute and 3 0 c entim etres for a turbine
,

of 100 with a wheel vel o city of revol utions per

m inute whi l e the turbine w heel w ith an angul ar ve l o city of
, ,

75 00 revol utions per m inute bel ongin g to a 3 00 B H P m otor

, . . .
,

has a diam eter of 70 c enti m etres .

Pl ate III sho w s 100 B H P D e L aval stea m turbin e dynam o

. . . .

m ade by M essrs . G reen w ood and B atl ey , of L eeds . T his

m a chine has been del ivered to and is no w at the w orks of

, ,

the M orris A im ing T ube and Am m unition Co , L td , E ssex

. . .

I t wi ll be seen that there are t w o ar m atures . T hese are

m ounted on shafts whi c h c arry inside the gear box heli c al -

toothed wheel s whi ch gear one on ea c h side w ith a pinion

,

m ounted on the turbine shaft . Th e turbine whee l c ase is

seen at the right of the gur e with the w heel s for c ontro ll ing
,

the suppl y of steam to the several noz z l es T h e ange for .

c onne c tion to the steam supply is seen over the t ur bine c ase ,

an d the exhaust out l et is sho w n at the botto m of the c ase .

Th e w eight of this m a chine c om pl ete is 6 tons ,

and the
designed speed of rotation of the arm ature -
spind l es is 105 0

r evol utions per m inute . A m a chine of the sam e po w er

as this but of earl ier design has been in c onstant
, ,
u se for
several years at the Al bion W orks of M essrs Green w ood and .

B atl ey .

Fig . 114 sho w s a D e L ava l turbine c entrifugal pum p

as supp l ied by the sam e rm . T is the turbine whee l c asing
-
,

s u rroun ding w hi c h c an be seen the wheel s W for c ontroll in g

the steam j ets . G is the gear wheel c asing e m erging fro m
-
,

whi ch c an be seen the t w o pu m p shafts w hi c h are driven like ,

th e arm ature shafts of the turbine dyna m o just d es cribed .

10 2 TH E S TEAM TURBINE .

these pu mps to w ork very quiet l y and the high speed of ,

rotation all o w s the w ater to be raised to c onsiderabl e heights .

Fig . 1 16 sho w s a turbine bl o w er as c onstru c ted by the Fren c h

c o mpany .

T abl e I V gives parti c ul ars of tests m ade by M essrs E rik

. .

A ndersson K arl W alli n and A xel E stell e at the w orks of the

, , ,

A k tiebol age t de L aval s A n g tur bin in S w eden in 1 8 95 on a

5 0 H P turbine dynam o
. S team was generated at 1 18 l bs . .

per square in ch and redu c ed by a throttl e val ve T h e turbine

, .

had 6 indu c tion nozzl es .

T A B L E IV .

T s sr '
or DE L AVA L T U RB IN E D Y NAM O .

D at O f e E H F . . e m p es
St a r ;V acu u m ; l bs N um ber f L bs of s te a m
s e ; lb p per re
. .
.

O
v ol ts x amp pe r E H F
ML
73 6
.

sq re i h
ur
ua
s
nc
. er
. in c
ua

,
n ou l e sed
u '

per h
. .

ou r .
.

F e b 15 . 4 9 02 114 13 6 24 5
M ar 4 . 5 005 1 14 6 24 2

217 2 1 14 3
25 3 4 93 8 13 2 7 4 27 4 9
'

12 8 7 74 13 5 3 320

I t shoul d be noted that the e l e c tri c al horse po w er unit is -

ob t ained by dividi n g the produ c t of vol ts and am peres by 73 6

i n stead of by 74 5 as is done in this c ountry T h e s te am
, .

c o n sum ption w as obtained on M ar c h 4 by insertin g one of ,

the steam n ozz les into a pipe l eadin g to a vesse l c on t ainin g a

quantity of w ater w here the steam w as c ondensed . T he a m ount
of ste am passin g th rou gh this nozzl e w as th u s a s c ertaine d and ,

it w as a ssu m ed that th e am u o nt passin g t hrou gh eac h of the

oth e r ( a c tin g) nozzl es w as the s am e the design and c ross
'

se ctions of the nozz l es bein g identi c al Th e am ou nts probabl y .

1 15 D e L aval
i
.

i
Tu rb i n e ( S er es) Ce ntri f g al P
u p
um .

F I G 1 16
. .
D e L aval Tu rbi n e B lower .
10 4 THE S TEA M T URB INE "
.

w ere nearl y the sa m e as w as sho w n by a che c k test but it , ,

c annot of c ourse be assum ed that this w ill be so in every c ase

, ,
.

T ab l e V sho w s the resul ts of tests on a D e L aval turbine

.

m ade by Professor Ce der bol m of S to ckho l m in N ove m ber , , ,

18 9 7 T h e pow er w as m easured by a brake

. .

T AB L E V .

D E L A VA L T U RB I N E or 15 0 B R A K E H O RS E PO W E R -
.

St e am press eur Vacu u m

s mp ti
Con u on of
m
.

g
f a
.
r
No of r ke B
'

les h e
. a e

hes
n ozz o rs
se d p wer K i l s pe r L b per M il l i m of 1 I nc of
ei h
u o . o s.
t im sq e ry e ry l os
. .

s q. con . u ar nc . | m rc u . m rcu . Ki . L bs .

I
7 16 5 3 1 13 6 70 26 4 105 7 17 3
5 8 00 1 13 06 6 26 2 105 7 17 6
3 1 12 68 5 t 27 0 106 0 18 7

I n 18 9 6 t ests were m ade of the steam c onsum ption of one

of the turbine dyna m os supp lied by the S o ci t de L ava l to
the E dison E l e c tri c I l l u m inating C o m pany of N e w Y ork . T he
tests w ere m ade at the w orks of the I ll u minating Co m pany in
N e w Y ork .

The foll o wing is a summ ar y of the trial the report on ,

whic h is signed by Messrs S m ith .

,
V an V l e c k , and D e K er m e l
representing the E dison E le c tri c I ll um in ating C o m pany an d ,

M r P ar w ho represented the S o c i t de
.
, L aval .

Du ra tio n of trial 6 h o u rs .

M ea n stea m p ress u re 10 kilos p er s qu are .

c e n ti me tre or 14 3 ,

l bs p er s qu are i n ch
. .

M ea n va cuu m i n co n d e n ser 6 5 ce n ti me tres or 25% ,

i n ch es .

D yn ma o No 1, m ea n vol ts 127 25 mea n a mp eres 708 5 6

'

,
.

D y n a mo No . 2, mea n vol ts 128 26 m ea n a mp eres 7 27 4 7 , .

T he total po wer generated w as therefore about 18 3 kil o w atts .

 C H A P TE R I X .

T HE RAT E AU S T E AM T U RB INE .

IT has al ready been pointed out that in the P arsons turbine

the steam is expanded graduall y in passing al ternatel y t hrough
xed and m oving rings of bl ades whil e in the D e ,
L aval type
of turbine the steam is expanded in a divergent nozz l e before
,

it rea ches the vanes of a singl e rotating w heel . I t has a l so

been pointed out that the D e L aval type of m otor has an
advantage over the P arsons type in so far that the a m ount of
c l earan c e round the w hee l does not need to be s m all I n a .

P arsons turbine the am ount of c l earan c e spa c es bet ween the

,

xed and m oving rings of bl ades have to be m ost m inute to

prevent ex c essive l eakage of steam espe cia ll y at the hi gh ,

pres sure end of the turbine I t is tr u e that the l eakage of

.

steam round the rings of bl ades ins te ad of through bet wee n

,

the b l ades does not represent the sam e l oss of po w er as the

,

l eakage of stea m past the piston of a re c ipro c ating engine for ,

the steam that l eaks past one ring of bl ades reserves its energy
for the next ring or gives up its saved heat to the rest of the
,

steam . I t wi ll ho w ever be obvious on a litt l e c onsideration

, ,

that this l eakage of steam m ust entail a l engthening of the turbine

c ylinder and an in crease in the nu m ber of rin gs of bl ades in
, ,

order to expand the steam to the desired extent . T his invo l ves
in crease in b ul k w eight c ost and radiation
, , , .
 TH E RA TEA U S TEA M T URB INE . 10 7

T o m ini m ize the l eakage of steam great a cc ura c y and good

,

w ork m anship are required ; and al though these requisites c an ,

be c o mm anded by M essrs C A P arsons and . . . Co .

, they m ight

not be obtained in l ess w ell equipped or l ess w e ll m anaged

- -

w orks .

The disadvantage of the D e L aval type of steam turbine

is the ex c essive vel o c ity whi c h the b l ades m ust have ,
n e ce s s i

tating the u se of gearing to obtain speeds of rotation w hi c h c an

be utilized for industrial purposes . I n the m ore po w erfu l
D e L aval m otors the l arger turbine w heel s e m pl oyed all o w
,

so m e what s m all er angul ar ve l o c ities to be obtained without

redu cing the ve l o c ity of the vanes ; but in all c ases the nu m ber
of revo l utions per m inute of the turbine w hee l is very high .

A par t fro m the obj e c tionabl e feature of gearing the ve l o c ity ,

of the vanes is l im ited by th e strength of the m aterial s of

c onstru c tion . A s has al ready been pointed out in Chapter V .
,

the stress due to c entrifugal for c e in a rotati n g rin g be c o m es ,

enorm ous at high ve l o cities T h e v ane speed in a D e L ava l

.
-

turbine is thus li mited by the strength of m aterial obtainabl e .

I n creasing the diam eter of the w hee l m akes approxim ate l y no

di fferen c e if the vane speed re m ains c onst ant
-
. B y arra n gin g
the vanes on the periphery of a dis c w hi c h in c reases in thi c k
ness from the c ir c um feren c e to the c entre a som e what higher ,

speed m ay be obtained the inner parts of the dis c supporting

,

the outer but sti ll a lim it is rea c hed to the safe speed before
,

the best vel o c ity is obtained for util izin g the energy of high
pressure steam .

T h e Rateau steam turbine as no w c onstru c ted by M essrs

, .

S autter H arl and Co of P aris and by the M as chinenfabrik

, .
, ,

O erlikon of S witzerl and has been devised w ith the obje c t of

,

obtaining the a d vantages of the D e L aval m otor w hil e adopting

1 10 TH E S TEAM T URB INE .

T he pl anes of se c tion of the l eft and right hand parts of Fig -

. 120

are represented on Fig . 1 18 by the lines X X 3 3

and X X 4 4

respe c tivel y .

1
c ast iron or c ast stee l c yl inder D D D is m ade in
The - -
,
2
,
3

several parts and is strengthened by c ir c u m ferential ribs T he .

high pressure end of the cy lin der is c l ose d by the dished p l ate
-

F to a ange on whi c h is atta ched the steam pipe A S tea m -

.

passages ,
a
1
,
a
l
,
are provided to all o w of the steam rea ching the
1
rst distributor or guide ring B . T his distributor c onsists of
a series of b l ad es w hi c h o cc upy a portion of the inner cir c u m
feren c e of the c asing . T hese b l ades gui de the steam in the
1
proper dire c tion on to the bl ades C of the rst rotating dis c
T his di s c is of thin stee l s lightl y dishe d and is atta c he d to an
annu l ar ange form ed on a hub m ounted on the turbine shaft
H . T he dis c is form ed with a c ir c u m ferential ange to whi ch
the bl ades are atta ched . Fig . 121 sho w s a m ethod of riveting
the rotating bl ades C to the anged periphery
P of the dis c t wo c onse c utive bl ades being
,

sho wn Th e pie c es U are c ast on to the bl ades

.

at their anged ends to stiffen the m I t w ill .

F I G 121
. '

be seen fro m the gures that the arrange m ent

is very l ight . T h e stea m on passing the rotating bl ades C 1

l
enters a c ham ber en cl osed bet w een the dis c c and a diaphrag m
m 2
. Thi s diaphragm extends from a hub ,
2
6 ,
whi c h s ur rounds
2
the shaft w ithout tou ching it to the distributing b l ades B .

T hese b l ades are xed to a c asting whi c h is atta c hed steam

tight to the inside of the cy l inder c onstru c tion is su c h that
. The

the steam c an enter the c ham ber onl y by w ay of the rotating

b l ades and c an l eave the c ham ber on l y by w ay of the
2
distributing bl ades B . T hese distributin g bl ades dire c t the
2
steam on to the se c ond set of rotating bl ades C ,
after passing
 TH E RA TEA U S TEA M T UR BINE . I

through whi c h the steam enters another c ham ber en c l osed

b et w een the dis c 0
2
and diaphrag m m 3
,
w hi c h is atta che d to
the di stributing b l ades the diaphragm B 3
and to the hub 6 3
, ,

distributing bl ades and hub being sim il ar to the pre c eding

, ,

ex cept that the area all o wed for the passage of stea m is greater .

Th e c onstru c tion is c ontinued in a si m il ar m anner to the en d

of the cy l inder T h e diam eter of the c ylinder is i n c reased at
.

D 2
to a fford greater area to the steam . A ny stea m that m ay
l ea k out bet w een any set of distributing b l ades and the su cc ee d
ing rotating bl ades is in a cl osed c ham ber bet w een the diaphragm
of this set of distributing b l ades on the
l eft hand and th e diaphrag m of the next
set of distributing b l ades on the right
hand . E ach revol ving dis c ,
therefore ,

rotates in a c l osed c ham ber j ust l ike a

D e L aval turbine the pressure on both ,

sides of the rotating dis c being appr ox i

m ate l y the sam e . T here is of c ourse a
, ,

s l ight l eakage of steam bet w een the hubs

b , 13
2 3
,
et c .
,
and the shaft ; but a cl earan c e
of a fe w m i ll i m etres here does not all o w
a l arge area for the es c ape of steam and ,

any distortion of the m a c hine is not so

like l y to c ause rubbing at this point as at
the c ir c um feren c e of the rotating dis c s .

Fig . 122 sho w s one of the diaphragm s

atta c hed to the distributing b l ades of a
F1 122
D l ap

hl g l 1
g n ig anb
.

sh h l
di fferent des i gn to that sho wn I n
t y
g u d D i s tr i bu ti g t
O f Rate au T u rb i n e
Fig 1 18 T h e bush 2 inserted in the hub
.

. .

is just c l ear of the shaft . Th e part 3 ts into a groove in

the surro unding cy linder . O ne of the distributing vanes is
1 12 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

sho w n at B these vanes being usually tted on ly on a s m a ll

,

part of the c ir c u m feren c e at the hi gh -

pressure end of the
turbine and in c re asing in nu mber to w ards the l o w press ur e end ; -

4 is a pl ate riveted on the front of the diaphragm in order to

present a s m ooth surfa c e to the steam and so redu c e fri c tion .

21 25
The l ast ve rings of rotating bl ades 0 to 0 ar e not
m ounted like the others but are att ached to the exterior of
,

a dru m w hi c h is c onne c ted to the shaft H by the di s c s 0

21

21 25
and 025
T h e distributing bl ades B to B
. are c onne c ted onl y
to the en cl osin g cyl inder . K is the exhaust passage and it ,

25
w ill therefore be seen that the ba c k o f the pl ate 0 is exposed
to the pressure of the exhau st w hil e the front of the p late ,

21
0 is exposed to the press ure of the steam w hi c h a c ts on th e

b l ades A n ax ial thrus t is thus exerted on the rotating

parts of the turbine and thi s axial thrust is used to w h o
,
ll y
or partially bal an c e the thrust of the s c re w propell er . In a
turbine used for driving a dyna m o or otherw ise where no
axial thrust is required this arrangem ent of b l ades whi c h is
,

the sam e as that in a P arsons parall e l -

ow turbine m ay be
dispensed w ith . Th e arrange m ent has the disadvantage ,

m entioned at the beginning of this chapter that l eakage of ,

steam will take p l a c e bet w een the inner periphery of the

distributing rings of bl ades and the exte rior of the dru m
c arrying the rotating bl ades .

For rotating the turbine in a reverse dire c tion (when this

is required) a num ber of vanes N are provided the c urvature , , ,

of whi c h is opposite to that of the other m oving vanes

S team .

is guided on to these vanes by nozz l es M l eading fro m a , ,

suppl y c onduit L Th e rotating vanes N are c arried by the

.
, ,

dis c 0 and the stea m exhausting from these vanes is guided

25
,

by the annul ar trough n to the exhaust passage K .

1 14 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

were arranged to proj e c t the steam on to the l o w er part of

the dis c so that the i m pa c t of the steam hel ped to bal an c e
the w eight of the dis c . O ne or m ore of the nozz l es c oul d
be put out of a c tion to de c rease the po w er of the m otor . Th e
best resul ts w ere obtained by supporting the dis c shaft in
one bearing on l y T h e dis c had thus a s light p l ay o wing to
.

the exibility of the shaft and w as ab l e to c hoose its o w n

,

c en tre of ro tation . G earing w as e m pl oyed to reduc e the

speed of th e dis c the gear wheel s be ing of doubl e hel i c oidal
,
-

form and en cl osed in a dust proof box -

. Th e best form of
pa c king tried at the pl a c e w here the shaft p assed t hrough

the side of the c asing c ontaining the dis c c onsiste d of a ring

split into three pie c es al ong three dia m etri c a l pl anes T his .

S p l it dis c w as pressed against the si d e of the c as ing by m eans

of springs .
When the shaft did not vibrate the ring worked ,

as if sol id whil st w hen the shaft

, ,
di d vibrate the three pie c es
,

m oved apart to give it freedo m . T his pa cking w as found to

be tight as l ong as the v ibrations of the shaft w ere not c on
s ide r abl e .
 C HA P T E R X .

F U RT HE R RE MARK S ON T HE A
P RS ONS T U RB INE .

T HE e f c ien c y ofc ondensing steam turbine depen d s

a
l argel y on the pressure at the exhaust end or in other w or d s , , ,

the nu m ber of in ches of va c uum at this end T ab l es V I and . .

V I I sho w the effe c t on a P arsons turbine of al tering the va c uu m

.

in the c ondenser I t will be seen that every ad d itional in c h

.

of va c uu m redu c es the steam c onsum ption about 4 per c ent .

T AB L E V I .

loN S UM PT I O N OF AT T PA RS ON S T U RB O A L T E RNAT O R RU NN I N G A T 25 00
5 00-K I L O W -

R EV O L U T I ON S W I T H 14 0 L B S S T E A M P R E S S U RE A T T H E S T O P VA L V E A N D
.
-

N o S UP E RH E A T ( B ase
. d o n res u l t s f tes ts ) o .

V acu u m st c on an t

%ii ggg
0
m s mp t i s te m p er k il ow att h our
u fn

glggg
fro u t 0 Con u on of a o
.

10 0119 3 0f m er y
cu r full load . h lf load
a .
qu art er l d oa . no l d
oa ,

29 15 00
28 222 25 13 3 224 17 00
27 23 1 34i 3 1900
26 24 0 28 Z 3 6 13 2100
29 7 23 00
'

25 25 1 3 9 f)
24 26 2 3 1Z 4 l 2 25 00
23 27 5 44 f3 27 00
22 28 9 29 00

B arome ter 30 in s .
1 16 THE S TEAM T URB INE .

T A B L E VI I .

U M PT I O N O F 1000 K I LO WA T T T URB O A LT E RNAT O R CO N ST RU CT ED B Y M E S S RS

CO N S -
.

C A PA RSO N S A N D Co F O R E LB RP L D CO RPO RA T I O N
. . . N o S U P E RH E A T
E E . .

Pr V ac 1
il St e x
llv i 230 i
l e 11 a
d t lb
s r
K o w atts
Barom ete k il o
'

stox t e . ns .
- i ur .

l bs per sq i n
. . . i nc hes of m er rycu . l bs .

15 7 5 26 9 7 1010 23 08
15 3 0 104 1 25 2 5
1 25 0 27 10

1022 20 4 7

B ut even w ith a good va c uu m in the c ondenser the ,

e f c ien c y may be spoil t by the thrott lin g of the exhaust by

narro w pipes or passages bet ween the turbine and the c ondenser .

To prevent any possibili ty of this Mr P arsons has invented , .

V erti cal sectio n

F I G 123. .

P arson s Combi n e d T u rbin e a nd Co nd en ser .

and patented a c o m bined turbin e and c ondenser w hi ch is ,

ill ustrated in Figs . 123 , 1 24 , and 125 , the turbine bein g of

the parall e l -
ow type . Fig . 123 S ho w s the c o m bination in
1 18 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

top chamber when c e it des c ends through the tubes 3 to

the c o m part m ent t, and l eaves the c ondenser at It .

When i t is desired to c ause the S haft of a turbine to revol ve

in a reversed dire c tion this ,
is usuall y a cc om plished by pl acing
a reversin g turbine on the sam e shaft as the m ain turbine .

T h e m ain and reversing turbines are u sually in separ a t e c asings ,

and steam is ad m itted to one or the other a cc ordin g to the

d ire c tion of rotation desired . B oth have their exhaust ends
perm anent ly c onne c ted to the c ondenser so that the one not ,

w orking rotates in the c ondenser va c uum and as there are no

,

rubbing parts within the casing of a turbine the drag of the ,

i m perative turbine is al m ost inappre ciabl e .

Th e m ain and reversin g turbines may how ever with , ,

advantage be pl a c ed withi n the sam e c asin g . Fig . 126 sho w s

F I G 126
.
P arso n s A rran ge me n t of M ai n a nd Reversi n g T u rbin es in O n e Casin g .

an exam pl e of this T h e m ain tur bine at is en cl osed chiey in

.

the c asing c whi c h is bol ted at e to the c asing d Th e c asings

,
.

cand d are c ast w ith feet A and B and the c asing d al so c arries
, ,

an internal c ylinder 1 whi c h en cl oses the reversing turbine 12

, ,
.

B oth turbines are of the parall e l -

ow type and both have their
,
F UR THER REMA RK S ON THE PARS ONS T URBINE . 1 19

m oving rings of b l ades atta c hed to the spindl e f T h e l o w .

pressure ends g and h of the t w o t ur bines O pen into the

passage 13, l eading to or form ing a part of the c ondenser . The

steam supp l y for the m ain t u rbine enters by the passage

72, whil e that for the reversing turbine is adm itted through the
c asing d at m . The turbines sho w n in Fig . 126 are intended
for m arine purposes and the reversing turbine is therefore
,

s m all er than the m ain turbine as the astern spee d of a vesse l

,

is not usually required to be so great as the ahead speed .

Fig . 127 show s another exam p l e of m ain and reversin g

F I G 127
. . P arso n s A rra n geme n t of T eles opi n g c R eversin g Tu rb in e wi th i n
M ai n T rb in e u .

turbines in one c asing . The reversing turbine b is here

t el es c oped w ithin the m ain turbine to save l ongitudinal spa c e .

Th e stationary rings of vanes of the m ain turbine are xed ,

as is usual to the c asing c the m oving rings being atta c hed

, ,

to the drum 0 whi c h is xed to the shaft f T h e reversing

, .

turbine has its xed rings of b l ades atta c he d to the exterior

of the cy linder 1
9, whi c h is xed to the c asing d, w hil e its
m oving rings are c arrie d by the c asin g 7 whi c h is rigid with ,

the dru m 0 T h e steam enters the m ain turbine at a w hil e

.
,
1 20 TH E S TEA M T URB I ZVE .

it gains a cc ess to the reversing turbine by the pipe r . The

exhaust ends , 9 and h, of both turbines o pen dire c tl y into the

c ondenser passage
A P arsons turbine c an be reversed by inter c hanging its
steam and exhaust c onne c tions so that the steam passes through
the turbine in the reverse dire c tion but the e f c ien c y is not ,

as great . I f the b l ades are designed for m axim um e f c ien c y in

one dire c tion the ef c ien c y when rotating in the other dire c tion
,

is m u ch redu c ed . The usual c onstru c tion of b l ades has been

al ready sho w n in Figs and 72A I t wi ll be
. 3 ,
4, 5 ,
8 , 10, .

seen that both in the xed and in the m oving b l ades the spac e
bet w een t w o adj a c ent bl ades c onverges fro m the side at whi c h
the stea m ente rs to the side at whi c h it l eaves c on c ave fa c e . The
of the b l ade at the side at whi c h the stea m enters is alm ost
at right angl es tothe di re c tion of m otion of the m oving bl ades .

W hen the o w of steam is reversed the b l ades are m u c h ,

l ess ef cient . M r P arsons has patented the form of bl ade

.

illustrated in Fig 128 for use in turbines intended to run in

.

.3

F I G 128
.
Form of B la d es a dap te d f or o a in g i n E i th er D ire ction
R t t .

both dire c tions . H ere the b l ades are straight for the greater
part but ea c h bl ade is holl ow ed out at both ends at
, , g and It ,

so that whi c hever

, w ay th e steam o w s it i mpinges on a
,

c on c avity . T h e xed b l ades are l ettered f and the revolving ,

F UR THER REMA RK S ON TH E PA R S ON S T URBINE . 12 1

bl ades The l atter m ove in the dire c tio n of the arro w 3

w hen the steam passes as indi c ate d by the arro w 1, and in

the dire c tion of the arro w 4 when the steam o w s as in d i c ated
by the arro w M essrs C A P arsons an d Co have a very
2 . . . . .

ingenious m a c hine for c onstru c ting the rings of bl ad es used

in their turbines S hrouds of suitab l e m etal preferab ly brass
.
, ,

are form ed into a c ir c l e or seg ment of a c ir c l e ,

. O n one e d ge
of the strip teeth of spe c ial shape are c ut by m eans of a c ir c ul ar
,

c utter . Th e form of the teeth is su c h that w hen the b l a d es ,

are l ai d in the grooves and the teeth turne d over the m the ,

teeth and bl a d es t ea c h other c l ose l y an d form a se c ure ,

fastening . T his wi ll be cl ear by referring ba c k to Figs . 3,

4, an d 5 . I n Fig . 3 so m e of the teeth of the s hr ouds are
sho w n before they are bent do wn over the bl ades . The bending
do w n of the teeth is perform ed by a pun c h w hi c h a c ts about
three or four teeth behind the c utting tool so as to give the -
,

attendant ti m e to insert the b l a d es . T he rings of b l ades are

usuall y c onstru c ted with a heavy shroud at one en d an d a
l ight shrou d at the other the heavy , S hr ou d being inserted
and c aul ke d into a groove in the turbine c asing or revol ving
drum .

T he governing of a P arsons turbine is usua ll y e ffe c ted by

varyin g the duration of pu ffs or b l as ts of stea m ad mitted to
the turbine . Fig . 129 sho w s an e l e c tri c al governor arrange d
for this purpose . The so l enoid U is energized by e l e c tri c
c u rrent (fro m the e l e c tri c generator driven by the turbine) ,

so that in c rease or de crease of speed of the turbine c auses

2
the l ever U to over c om e the resistan c e of the spring U I
,
or
to be over c o m e by it . T his l ever by m eans of the proj e c tion
,

U 3
, m oves a cam on the se c on d m otion shaft O
s l eeve ,
V ,
- I
.

The s l eeve , al though free to s lide al ong t h e shaft rotates ,

1 22 TH E S T E A JV T URB INE .

w ith it and the

,
cam surfa c e c ut on the s l eeve a c ts on a roll er
so as to depress the steam val ve spin dl e R against the spring
-

R I
.T h e cam surface is so arranged that in one position of

the s l eeve V, the steam val ve is hel d open during the w hol e
-

revol ution of the shaft O that is steam is ad mitted c on

l
,

tin u ou sl y by the stea m va l ve to the tur bine ho w ever .

,

F I G 129
. .
E le ctri cal Gover n or for P arso n s Tu rb i n e .

the sol enoid gets m ore strongl y energized it pull s the s l eeve
,

V to su c h a position that steam is ad m itted to the turbine

1
onl y for a portion of a revol ution of the shaft Q ; and the ,

greater the energizin g c urrent the further the S l eeve

,
m oves

al ong so that steam is ad mitted to the turbine for a s mall er

,

and s m al l er fra c tion of a revol ution of the shaft O T h e shaft

I
.

1
Q is driven by the fri c tional c onta c t of a w hee l or dis c c arried
by it w ith the end of the turbine spindl e the speed of ,
r e v ol u

1
tion of the S haft Q being m u c h l ess than that of the turbine
spindl e .
I 24 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

y
o
u

A
8
5
9
c
5
6
H

8
:
0

2
m
m
 C H AP T E R X I .

S OM E RE CE NT TE ST S O F P RS A ONS T U RB INE S .

T HI S chapter will be devoted to giving the res ul ts of so me

re c ent tests of P arsons turbines .

AB L E T VIII .

T E ST O F 24 K I L O W A T T -
T U RB O D Y N A M O-
FO R M ESS RS S PI L L E RS A N D B AK E RS
.
,

NEWCA ST L E O H T Y N E - -
, CO N S T RU OT E D BY M E SS RS C A PA RSO N S A N D Co
. . . .

Pr ess re of
s te m b ve S perhe t t rbi e
u
Vacu u m i n t h e
a a o
e der
u a a
tu n cyl l n
Pe r min u3
Loa d St e am u s ed
Ba r =30;
fg :
.
n 9
.
o
v .

. .

a t

l bs p er
. s
q in. degrees F . in s . of e
m rcu r y . k i lowat ts l bs per h r l bs pe r k w
. . . . .
-
hr .

80 0 28 8 4 99 0 24 7 7 12 28 8
77 0 29 0 4 63 0 1 18 4 00 33 9
74 0 4 570 23 5 45 6
78 0 26 0 4 900 23 8 7 98 33 5
79 0 0 4 780 19 7 13 5 0 68 5

sho w s that good ef c ien cies c an be O btain ed even with

T his
steam turbines of c om parative l y s m all siz e I t al so sho w s the .

e ffe c t of better va c uu m and hi gher l oad on the steam con su mp

tion T h e former w as al so sho wn by T ab l es V I and VI I
. . .
,

pp 115 and 116

. .

T AB L E I X .

5 O K I L O W A T T S T E A M A L T E RNA T O R S U P P L I ED B Y M ESS RS C A P ARSO N S AN D CO

-
. . . .

T o T HE B L A CKPOO L CO RP O RA T I O N .

Press e of
v
b ve S pe he t t
ur
ac u u m i n th e
s te am a
bi e Rev l ti s e sed
t m s p h e re
o u r a a o u on
st p v l ve mt cyl i n Loa d St am u
p r mi te
n . .
a o o -
a e nu
Bat
t st p v l ve
d er
. .

a o - a .

l bs pe r
. sq . in . d egr ees F . in s . m
of er rycu . k i low tts
a .

126 0 28 0 5 04 4 5 27
13 2 0 28 5 4 88 0 0
1 28 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

13 2 and 13 3 S ho w the ste am c ons umption graphi c all y . T he

s traightness of the li ne in Fig . 13 3 wi ll be noti c ed .

T A B L E XI .

T EST S OF 500- K IL O W A T T PAR S O N S T URB O AL T E RNA T O R

- AT C A MB RID G E .

l n um ber E ff e t i ve el e tri l
c c ca
T ria '
ou tp t i
u n ki l w t ts
o a .

l bs .
pe r h our . l bs per k w
. .
- h0ur .

5 18

T ria l s of J an 9 . 27 3 %
1 6 0%
0
A
{
5 35
P reli min ar y tr al s of Ja n i . 8
B
.

O 3 00

g
so

a 40

k
\l
K

3
Q
0

Q
'
1 5
" D
V

I00 20 0 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00

F IG . 13 2 S team Co n s um p tio n of 5 00 K ilowa tt

.
- P arson s T r bo al tern a tor at
u -

Ca mb ri d ge .
 S OJI E RE CENT TES TS O F PA RS ONS T URBINES . 1 29

r 5
F 0o
u
o
h
IOO O
r
e
p
m
,

a
e
t
0O 0
S
/
'OO
1

o
s
b
L 3

IOO 2 00 3 00 w e 5 00 6 00 7 00

E l e c tr ic a l O u tp u L in K i l o w a tt s .

F I G 13 3 .
S tea m (b n sum ption
ilowa tt P a rson s T r bo al ter n ator at of 5 00-K u -

Ca mb ri d ge .

T ab l e X II sup lies parti cul ars of the press ur es te m peratures

p .
, ,

spee d s et c ,
.

T AB L E X II .

T ES T S O F 5 00 K IL O W A T T PA RSO N S T URB O A L T E R NA T O R A T CA M B RID G E

- - .

N um ber of tr ia l . 1 . 2. 3 . 4 . 5 . A . B .

Electri l o tp t i n kws ca u u . 5 18 5 86 27 3 % 160% 535 3 00

Vol ts t termi n als of a
gamm a ,
revol t io n s per
i s i:
Sp i
e u

Ai r p mp di h arge l b s
-
u sc , .

per h o r u

A i p m p di h ar g e l bs
r- u sc ,
20 0 24 4 28 3 33 1 O 24 6
.
,

per k p h o r w s . er u
P ress re t top v 1m
}
u a S 3
14 3 145 15 1 15 1 121 145 15 0
l bs per sq i n
. . .

V m i
ac u u o nde n s er n c ,
2A 8
]
'

27 9 28 2 28 3 28 3 26 6
in h e s
'

V a m i n t b i n e yl i
cu u ur c n 1

25 4 27 2
"
27 8 28 1 26 2
d er in h es , c
0

T e mpera t re f air p m p u o -
u
O4
n .

0/ O 06 90
.

di s h arge F c ,
0
.

T e m p ra t re f e i u o c r cu
40 4O 38 39 36 41 39
la ti g water i nle t F
n , ,
0
.

T e mpera t re f i u o c rcu
71 725
-
60 57 46 91 71

Ba rome te r i n ch es , 29 9 3 29 9 9

I n J anuary ,
1900, tests w ere m ade at the w orks of M essrs .

C A P ar sons and Co N e w c astl e

. . .
,
-
on - T yne of a
,
1 000 kil o w att
-

K
1 30 TH E S TEA M T URB I N E .

turbine generator c onstru c ted by that

-
,
rm for the el e c tri c
station of the c ity of E l berfe l d . T his m a c hin e is shown in
Pl ate I . Th e tests w ere c ondu c ted by W H . . Lind l ey, E sq, .

and Professors S ch r Ote r and Weber of the P oly

S team w as supp lied by one B ab c o c k and
t e ch ni cu m , Z ur i ch .

Wil c ox boi l er t wo m arine boil ers and a l o c om otive boiler

, , .

A B ab c o c k and W il c ox superheater w ith independent ring

w as introdu c ed into the m ain steam pipe -
. T h e m a c hine w as
l oaded w ith a w ater resistan c e c onsisting of four e l e c trodes
i m m ersed in four iron vesse ls tte d with w ater c ool ers whi l e ,

an auxiliary adj ustabl e w ater resis tan c e w as e m pl oyed to

regul ate the l oad .

Th e tests extended over three days ex cl usive of a preli m inary ,

trial and the resul ts as regards steam c onsum ption are given in
,

T ab l e X II I .

TA B L E X III .

T E ST S OF 1000 K I L O W
-
AT T PA RSO N S S T E A M T U RB O A L T E RNA T O R
-
F OR E LB E RF EL D
C O RP OR AT I O N .

N um ber 1 St ti ti
ata
S n
A m ou n t ow aa.

k ws . h r
ou .

l bs . k gs . k gs .

A . P relimin ar y trial 1 17 27 18 22 8 26
II . Overloa d 1 19 0 1 19 4 3 88 1
I . N ormal loa d 9 94 8 20 15 9 14
III . T h ree q ar t er loa d
-
u 74 5 3 223 1 10 12
IV . H al f loa d 4 98 7 25 20 11 4 2
V .
Q art er loa d
u 246 5 33 7 6 15 3 1
VI . N o loa d with al tern a tor e x ci te d 0
VI I . N 0 loa d with o t e x ci tatio n
u 0

The sam e steam pressure and the sa m e am ount of superheat

-

w ere not u sed in all the trial s . The steam c onsu m ption w as ,

therefore c al c ul ated by the experts c ondu c ting the tests for a

,

stea m tem perature of 19 73 thi s being a superheat of

 S OME RE CENT TES TS O F PA RS ONS T URB INES . I 31

14 3

C ; .
and to enab l e a c om parison to be m a d e with
,

the steam c ons um ptions of engines w orking w ith saturate d

steam the equival ent c onsum ptions for saturated steam at
,

el even at m ospheres w ere c al c ul ate d . T he resul ts are given

in T abl e XI V .

Fig . 13 4 sho w s the steam c onsum ption graphi c all y .

l2000

h ou r

l 0000

8 000

6 000

4 000

2000

25 0 75 0 IOOO l 25 0

F I G 13 4
. .
-
1000 K ilowa tt P arso n s T r bo al ter n a tor
- u - . D iagram of total steam
o n s mp tio n per h o r
c u u .

T ab l e X V . sho w s the variation in the speed bet w een no l oad

and full l oad . T he num ber of revo l utions per m inute w as
ob t ained by noting the tim e o cc upied by 200 revol utions Of the
driving whee l of the va l ve gear and air pum p this driving
- - -
,

whee l rotating at one eighth of the S peed of the turbine - .

1 32 TH E S TEA M TURBINE .

i s:
( r val 0
'
3 21 I) :
5 m
s nu
E
o
e m[ osq3 '
u s A m
. o
w m P
P
0
n g
& :
i n [ 118 9 19 paqam i as j o
w
b
H .

& w
: S
\J g
n ond m n s u oo u rp u od seu og
) A

Q
u
a

(L X a
5 8
. m
2m 2S 8
.

8
?5
1

2 3 S 0
m oq m s I ad 19 3 11
.
- .
5 : 2 5
:
:
6
30 u ond mns u oo pam s se m
.

m
.

8 3 2
o 5 Q .

s
s
'
z
m L
m 8 W 2 w 9 w G

c
o
MQ
3 8 8
e
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i
w
3 3 8 M
m g
o w w o
5
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.

8 2 H 8
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m 3
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@
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.

D
8 3 d m
.

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9 9 3so e H h c m .
9 5
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3E r
.

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.

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0
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w w w w m
H
8 3 g E w w w o
N .

5 e
o

u
m h q . . .

q 3 8 5 S N N 2
m
m S 5
0 : o .

$ 5
8
3 3
T 3
w m 2
9 n 2
0 5

.

9 t

w
A 3 3 8a : : S
B 0 m 3 x n

S
H

M '

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.
N T 9 T O $ m
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w
2
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o
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: H m H a

S
s
o '
S A BA I as l u n
m a
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. .

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N 8 H
o 2
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8
1 34 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

m
E9
O N
m
.
.
H
3 3 H
.

:
23

.

o 5 wa3 8
@
a S 8 a n S
9 E o
5 m d m
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k
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g
o
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.

l
:
.

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3
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.

8
9
m m
a
n 8 2 m m
9 % :

a e
w m m
3
o o 5
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d H b b 5 o
6
8
.

E 3
r % .

N a
3 5 n n o m 3
2 a 9
o u m o >
b b b d

q
3 o
3 3
#
4
3 a
d % :
m m b
3
r w w
a m m m m
a
; : A
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3 o

o
>
T n o m

o
o b b e o
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w
go P 9 m
a a
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m a w
5
e
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5 3
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x
p
a o o c w
t m o o o
.

m m m 3
s
l T l l
8
o o o m
m m o m
b m m m 1
:
 TE S TS 0F P ARS ONS T UR B I N E S 13 5

m
S
.
. c
m 2
3 m a
m a #
.

e
.
5
S
3 a 3
N N N
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B 8
@
s o
: z 8 w W w
9 Em
o a
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8
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n
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w
m 8 5 a
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3
.

a 2 3
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s
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9

3
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3
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l
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8
: : : Z 2
S 3
a
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m o
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r a
m 2 H
2
: : S : d
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.

8
$ 3 m $ 9
I
.

A 2 5 g 3
m Q

v
8
$ $ 2 9

2
. 3 5 3

3
3
> 6 a >
N 8 v
I
a
2
m
m ? ? : i
t

H 3

m
a E
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a

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l s a E
3 o :
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5
8 8 n m E :
.

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a m w
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.

w :
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? : :
o
1 36 TH E S TEA M T URBIN E .

Fig s . 13 7 and 13 8 and T able XV II show the effe cts of .

governing with an el e c tri c al governor .

W r e as my l oa d

?
a
L
T
o

1Z
af ce r a r e as mg loa d

F I G 13 7
. .
-
I nc r easin g L oad .

a f ter de cr e as in g l o a d

L5
d
"

be fo r e de cr e a s in g lo a d

FI G 138
.
D r ec eas in g L oa d .

Vari ation in spe e d w i th el ec tri cal gove rn or . a

I t will be noti c ed that the c entrifugal governor in c reas es

the speed w ith diminishing lo ad and re du c es the S peed with
in crea s ing load while the a c tion of the ele c tri c al governor is
,

the reverse .
x 38 TH E S TEAM T URBINE .

velo city (t he e x a c t value of whi c h depends on the si ze and form

of the propeller) an almos t perfe c t c ylindri c al va c uum is
formed around the propeller c ausing great loss of power
,
.

A s a steam turbine c o u ld n ot be run e c onomi c ally e x c ept at

a high velo c i ty above the limiting velo c ity of a propeller
t he difc ulty arose of getting an ef c ient c ombination W ith a .

lo w velo ci t y the steam c onsumption w as e x c essive ; wi t h a high

velo c ity the waste of po w er by the propeller w as enormous .

T he designers of the T u r bin i a and her propelling gear how ,

ever energeti c ally and s cienti cally grappled with the di f c ul t y

, .

Trials were made with s crews of v arious pat terns a spring ,

torsional dyn an om e ter was c onstruc ted and tted bet ween t he
turbine and the propeller shaft t o me as ure the a c tu al tor que
-
,

and a series of e x periments were c arried out in a tan k wi th

model propellers whi c h were illu mi nated by the light from an
,

ar c lamp thrown on to them for a single instant in ea c h r e vol u

t ion A t length aft er a great amoun t of labour the efforts of
.
, ,

the e x perimenters were crowned with su cc ess a c ombination ,

and arrangement of turbines and s crew propellers being obtained

whi ch gave e x c ellent res ul ts results as g ood a s the most
optimisti c of well wishers had ever hoped for
-
.

T he solution of the dif c ulty was found in dividin g up the

power into three turbines driving t hree propeller shaft s E a c h -
.

shaft c arried thr ee pr O pel l er s of a spe c ial form A s the .

e c onomi c speed of a turbine depends on the di fferen c e of

pressure of the entering and e xh austing steam it will be ,

obvious that by dividing the total range of pressure into three

,

p arts that is in e xpanding t he steam only about one t hird in
,
-

ea c h turbine the minimum e c onomi c speed of ea c h ma chine

c ould be very mu c h redu c ed in fa c t redu c ed to about one half
,
-
.

T he propeller shafts c ould thus rotate at one half the speed I n

- -
.
I 40 THE S TEA M T URB INE .

rotating parts of the turbine are arranged as far as possibl e to

bal an c e one another ; but s m all thrust bearings are provided -

in the turbin e bearings to withstand any differen c e or error of

bal an c e . L ignu m -
vitae bearings are used for the prope ll er shafts -
.

A stern m otion is given to the vesse l by m eans of a reversing

turbin e situated on the c entral shaft .

The
hu ll of the boat is buil t of m il d steel p l ates varying ,

in thi c kness fro m 133 in c h at the botto m to { 6 in c h at the sides

near the stern Water tight bul kheads divide the vesse l into
.
-

ve c o mpart m ents .

The su cc ess of the a bi n i a , whi c h w as onl y buil t for

experi m ental and de m onstrative purposes l ed to the form ation ,

under the sa me dire c torate of a l arger c o mpany the P arsons

M arine S tea m T u rbine Co L td an d the c onstru c tion of .
,

the ill fated torpedo boat destroyers Vip er and Cobr a O f

- -
,
.

these the rst w as bui l t to the order of the B ritish A d miral ty ,

w ho subsequently pur c hased the other after c o m pl etion .

T he Vip er w as 210 feet l ong ,

21 feet beam and ,
12 feet 9

in c hes m oul ded depth the hu ll being c onstru c ted w ith the
,

standard A d miral ty s c antlings for 3 0 knot

-
destroyers and ,

further strengthened in parts for the higher speeds c onte m

pl ated . The displ a c e m ent w as 35 0 tons . T here w ere four
shafts and t w o prope ll ers on ea c h shaft the after propell er ,

on ea ch shaft havi n g a s lightl y greater pit c h than the forw ard

one . O n ea c h side of the vessel a high pres sure turbine -
dr ove
the outer and a l o w pressure turb ine the inner shaft
-
. The

inner shaft on ea c h side w as al so tted w ith a reversing turbine ,

the t w o reversing turbines bein g c apabl e of driving the vesse l

astern at a speed of P l ate l X reprodu c ed by kind
15 knots . .
,

perm ission fro m E ng i n eer ing sho w s one set of turb ines T h e,
.

c yl inder on the l eft is the high pressure turbine and the one -
,
142 THE S TE A M T URBINE

A t a prel i minary trial instituted by her c ontra c tors the ,

Vip er , with a displ a c e m ent of

tons attained a m ean speed 3 80 ,

on t w o runs w ith and against the tide of 3 6 8 4 9 knots T h e .

m ean

speed for an hour s run al ternate ly with and against the
tide w as knots the m ean revol utions bein g
, 118 0 per
m inute Th e steam pressure during the six hours ran up

.
-
ru n

to 200 1bs .
,
and the m ean air pressure in the stoke hol ds w as
- -

4; in ches T h e speed w as c hanged fro m 14 knots to 3 6 5 8 5

.

knots in t w en ty m inutes .

T h e Vip er w as w re c ked it wi ll be re m e m bered off Al derney , ,

in a fog during the naval

,
m anoeuvres in the summ er of 1 9 01 .

T h e Cobr a; w as buil t by S ir W G Arm strong Whi t w orth and. .

,

Cc Ltd
.
, .
,
and engined by the P arsons M arine S team T u rbine Cc .
,

L td . T his boat w as s lightly l arger than the Vip er al though of ,

l ess beam ( the s m all beam being noti c eabl e in m any w ar vesse l s -

of E l s wi c k design ) . T he l ength w as 223 feet 6 in ches ; beam ,

20 feet 6 in c hes ; dr aught ,

6 feet ; displ a c e m ent ,
4 00 tons .

T h e Cobr a foundered during a gal e on S epte m ber 18 , 1 9 01,

whil e being taken fro m the T yne to P orts m outh D o ckyard to

undergo trial s by the Ad miral ty . S he w as not quite so fast
a vesse l as the Vip er .

T h e rst m er c hant steam er to be prope ll ed by stea m turbines

is the K i n g E dw ar d w hi c h c o m m en c ed running in J uly 1 901
, , .

T his vessel w as buil t by M essrs William D enny and B ro s of .

,

D u mbarton and is engined w ith P arsons turbines
,
.

T h e di m ensions of the vesse l are as fo ll o w s : l ength 25 0 ,

feet ; beam 3 0 feet ; m oul ded depth 10 feet 6 in ches to the

, ,

m ain de ck and 1 7 feet 9 in ches to the pro menade de ck S team

,
.

is suppl ied by a doub l e ended ret ur n tube S c ot c h boil er of the

- -

usual m arine type having four furna c es at ea ch end

,
. T here

are three propell er shafts of whi c h the t w o outer ones ea ch

-
,
 MA RINE PROP UL SION . I43

c arry tw o prope ll ers the c entral shaft being provided with on l y

,

one . A high pressure turbine is situated on the c entral shaft

-
,

in w hi ch turbine the steam supp l ied at 15 0 l bs is expande d

.

about 5 fol d and then passes to t w o l o w pressure turbines

- -
,

on the w ing shafts where it is expanded about

'
,
25 -
fo l d the ,

total expansion therefore being a bout 125 fol d Reversing is

, ,
-
.

done by t w o turbines situated in the e xhaust ends of the c asings

of the m ain l o w pressure turbines S team c an be supp lied
-
.

dire c t to the l o w pressure c yl inders and the high pressure

-
,
-

turbine and its shaft c ut out of use in order to obtain greater

m anoeuvri ng po wer for negotiating piers . T he w eight of the
m otors ,
c ondensers with w ater in the m steam pipes auxil iaries ,
-
,

c onne c ted with the propelling m ac hinery shafting prope ll ers , , ,

et c is
.
, 66 tons w hi c h is very m u c h l ess for the po w er deve l oped
,

than the propelling m a chi nery of re c ipro c ating engine padd l e -

,

prope ll e d passen ger stea m ers of the sam e type .

T h e K i ng E dw a r d w as e m p l oyed for passenger traf c

bet ween Fairlie and C am pbe l to w n in the summ er of 1 901,

and gave great satisfa c tion . Th e turbines pro d u c e no vibratio n

whatever a s l ight vibration aft being due to the propell ers
, .

I n the trial s of the K i n g E dw a r d , on J une 26 19 01, ,

on the
C lyde a m ean speed of
,
204 8 knots w as obtained on several runs
over the m easured m il e at S kel m orl ie Th e m ean revo l utions .

at thi s trial w ere 74 0 per m inute T h e steam pressure at the .

-

boi lers w as 15 0 l bs .
,
and the va c uu m 26 % in ches . Th e air
pressure in the stoke ho l d w as equal to 1% in ches of w ater
-
.

Figs 13 914 2 ill ustrate a propell er shaft support re c ently

.
-
,

patented by M essrs P arsons and W ass as applie d to a vesse l w ith

.
,

a at botto m up w ard ly in cli ned at the stern . Fig . 13 9 sho w s

the support in end e l evation partl y in se c tion , . Fig . 14 0 is a
side e l evation of part of the vesse l with the support and
I 44 TH E 5 TE A M T URBINE .

prope ller shafts -

. Fig . 14 1 is a se c tion on a line bel o w the part
of the vesse l sho wn in Fig 14 0 T h e suppor t c onsists of t w o . .

shaped bra c kets of e ll ipti c a l se c tion as sho w n at a Fig 14 1

Y -
, ,
. .

T he approa ching ar m s of the t w o bra ckets are c onne c ted by a

boss whil e ea c h of the outside arm s al so c arries a boss
,
. T he se

bosses are l ined with l ignu m vitae or white m etal - . E a ch

bra c ket c arries a sol e B whi ch is pl a c ed in a so cket O in a sol e

, , , ,

pl ate D whi ch is m a chin ed to re c eive it T h e sol e pl ates are

, ,
.
-

preferabl y form ed of c ast stee l and are per manently atta ched to ,

F I G 139
. .
P ropeller sh a ft S u ppor t of P ars o n s a nd Wa s s
~ S e tion al e nd eleva tion
c .

the fram ing E and pl ates F of the vessel the pl ates being c ut ,

a w ay to all o w of the insertion of the sol es . I f the bra ckets are

form ed of al u m inium bronze ,
m anganese bronze or gun ,
-
m etal ,

strips H are provided round the sol es to prevent c orrosion . T he

end support for the c entral shaft is sho wn in Fig . 14 2 . An
arrangem ent of bra ckets for four prope ll er shafts is sho wn in -

Fig . 14 3 .

I t w ill be seen that these r ope l l e n sh aft supports w ill offer

p
very littl e resistan c e to passage through the w ater and will be ,

light an d eas il y tted c orre c tl y to the vessel .

Mr P arsons states that he has found that the c avitation

.

whi c h attends high speed propell ers o cc urs prin cipall y in t w o

-

pl a c es nam el y at the bac k fa c es of the b l ades near the tips and

, , ,
1 46 THE S TEA M T URBIN E .

A devi c e for diminishing c avitation round the c oni c al end

of the boss has been patented by Mr P arsons and is sho wn .
,

applie d to a propell er in Fig 14 4 V anes r are xed on the

. .

F I G 142
. . P ropeller sh a ft S upport of P arso n s a nd Wass : Rear s ppor t
- u of c e n tre
sh a ft .

c oni c al end a the vanes being para ll el or nearl y so to the axis

, , ,

of the shaft g . Fig . 14 5 is a c ross se c tion through the c one and

-

vanes . Th e w ater put into rotation by the prope ll er b l ades -

F I G 143. . Su ppor t for Fo r P ropeller S h afts

u .

cl oses in on the c one a but tends to retain its ve l o c ity I t

, .

therefore rotates w ith a greater angul ar vel o city than the c one .

Th e vanes v are therefore c onsidered to produ c e t w o bene c ial

, ,

res ul ts Firstly som e of the kineti c energy of the rotating

.
,

w ater is given up to the shaft whi ch it hel ps to rotate ; and

 MARINE PR O P UL SION . I 47

se c ond ly o wing to
,
d im inution of the vel o city of the w ater
th e

rotating round the shaft c entrifugal for c e is redu c e d and the

, ,

FIG 14 4 P arso n s o n s tr io n P ropeller B oss to di mi n is h Cavi tation

. . C u ct of .

water c l oses in m ore readi ly and pressing on the c one , , a,

i m parts an additional for ward thrust to the shaft .

T he stea m turbine possesses several advantages over the

F I G 14 5
. . C ross se tio n of B oss
-
c .

re cipro c ating engine for m arine propu l sion . I n the rst p l a c e ,

there is the absen c e of vibration

an i m portant point both as ,

regards c o m for t in passenger steam ers and as regards a cc ura cy

14 8 THE S TEA M T URBINE .

of gun re in naval vessel s T hen there is a distin c t saving in

.

w eight T his is not so m arked in vessel s of the destroyer type

.
,

where the engine roo m w eights are c ut dow n to an abnorm all y

-

s m all am ount ,
as in l arger vessel s and espe c iall y in the
,

m erc antil e m arine . T hi s saving in w eight c an of c ourse be used

, ,

either in in c re asin g the engine po w er and c o n sequentl y the ,

speed of the vesse l or in adding to its c arryin g c apac ity

, , . Th e
l o w situation of the engine -
roo m weights in a turbine prope ll ed
-

vesse l al so tends to i m prove the stability and in the c ase , ,

of a w ar vessel -
,
pl a c es the engines in a m ore pro te c ted
position .
1 50 TH E S TEA M T URB INE .

18 4 5 .
18 5 7 .

M ea d e .
I vor y .

o ar d
L mb .

18 4 8 .
3 06 1 Park er .

T a ylor . 18 5 8
B esse mer .
14 4 J and E
. . H arth an .

18 5 9 .

18 4 7 .

8 05 I vor y .

Von Ra th e n T aylor
1 04 1
.
.

18 4 8 .
18 8 0 .

119 B utch e t, Von w il l er ,

Wilso n .

Ex all .
an d S eiler .

S te n so n .
B oyman .

B udd e n (P ilki n g to n ) .

18 5 0 .

18 8 1 .

B ar cla y .
7 70 Ch evill ar d .

F e r n ih ou gh .
Co ffe y .

M a i n tosh
c .

18 5 1 .

18 8 2 .

A n d rews
Park er
.

552 .

B ra k e ] H oe hl and
, ,

18 5 2 .

G u n th er .

Gor ma n .
Bra dd o ck .

14 9 Wh eel .
B u dd e n (P il ki n gt o n ) .

7 76 P resso n .

18 8 3
S la te
.

T h o mso n .

18 5 3 .
L lo y d .

V erra n .

4 80 N ich ol l s .

73 5 B row n . 18 8 4 .

S och e t
5 02 S o u th a m
.
.

N ew to n .

18 5 4 . G allowa y .

3 15 T o u rn e y .
18 6 5 .

94 4 D an ch el l
B r o okes ( P i l t,
.

949 er r g au
e le y
T t .

F arcot , F ar cot, Far

c ot, Chte au , a n d
18 5 5
F ar cot)
.

P o ulso n . S teve n so n (Ve n zan o) .

 A PPENDIX .

18 8 8 .
18 7 0 .

A strop,W .

891 \Ve nn er .

L a k e W R ( S mi th
New to n and
. .
,
1 206 (F ar cot
J .

Pe rrigaul t)
S co tt B C
.

. .

Fraser .
,

Whi te (S ellie r and 18 7 1 .

H e rman t) .
G ri fn , G F . .

N ew to n (H arris) .

18 7 2 .

L ake , W . R (H arris
18 8 7 .
J
Ro ber tso n J
04 6 Clark , \V (L e mle y G
.
,
r .
.
,
C o tter R ,
. H .

98 4 M oll J A
, . .
18 7 3 .

Bu r n e tt W , .

B al d wi n T ,
.

18 8 8 .

18 74
P ark er J
.

7 84 , .

8 83 B ee ch T S L . . .
706 T e ulo n , A .

New to n \V E (Boor ,
. .
L o u ch e , J . H .

man J ,
18 7 5
.
.

B roo m a n C E ( H ie , . .

l ak k er J .
51 T urn ock , J .

H u n ter J M . .
67 B oyman , R B . .

Robertso n J N ew ton , H E . .
(B ab
, .

bi tt, B
M el dru m E .

A M (d e
, .

L a k e W R (d e A me Clar k , . . Ro
. .
,

z aga milly H F L ,
. . .

,
P reiswerk ,
L .

Preiswerk ,
L .

18 8 9 .

18 7 8 .

68 L egg , B .
Po p e A ,
.

208 Coo k a n d W a tso n .

Cotto n S ir A ,
.

1 15 9 B ro oma n , C E (G 0 . .
Clark A M (D ufor t
,
. .
,

g u e ],
E F . . J .

Clar k , A . M .
(L c sn ar d
, A pperl y J , .

H a rris J , .

M a yall J J ,
. . E .

M ller J A
u , . .
18 7 7 .

\Valk er , \V , . and 862 A ppe rl y, J .

D avies , D . L e k e ,w R ( A versen g, . .

G or ma n , \V . M A . .

O utra m, J . S mith , T J (P e nn in g . .
,

3 705 B ou r n e , J . G . A d e) . .
152 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

18 78 .

B ry d ges ,
E . A (B a z in .
,
9 11 Ca p ell , G . M .

E n gel , F H . . F (Laval .
,

A ppe rl y, J .
G d e)
. .

L u mle y , H R . .
J o h n so n J ,
. H . D
( e .

M ills ,
B . J . B .
(G fe l ler , la u rie r E J ,
.

J L ake W R (E m
, . .

T uck e y , T .
m a n u el ,

18 8 4 .

18 7 9 .

De L aval G , .

4 09 Abel ,
C D . .
(Binzer J , .
P arso ns H on C A ,
. . .

vo n a n d,
B e n tz e n , P arso n s H o C A ,
n . . .

D u moulin A J A ,
. . .

D avies , P .

Rigg, A . 18 8 5 .

Cutler W , . H .

J o h n s on J .
,

( H owell J A and , . .
,

18 8 0 . Pain e F , .

L as t W I
17 J e n se n P (Hahn E , . .

Curtis N \V
. .
, ,

J H ows on J T
,
. .

Pr ow ett W
. .
,
, .

H ows on J T a n d , . .
, 18 8 8 .

T a te W , .

N e dden F zur , . .
N eil W ,
.

T e mple G .
T h eve n e t J , .
,

J e n se n P ( Ha h n E
,
.
,
T on gu e , J . G (Bru n
J n e r,

L a k e W R (Cole J
, . .
, .
W h ittle \V , .

De L aval , G .

18 8 7 .

18 8 1 .

177 I mra y J , .
P ars on s C A ,
. .

25 5 Wille t T .
G w y nn e J E A ,
. . .

3 69 T e mple , G .
M cCon n e l l J , .

98 1 Wil le t , T .

18 8 8 .

L ev e rk u s, K W A . . .

New ton H E
T h o mp so n , W P (E r
(D e s
. .

.
,
win J
.

ru ell es L A W , .

,
M ort o n A
. . .
,

a n d Carlier C , .

K ra ni ch F
.
,
.
,

H o d ge ma n H D , . .

18 8 2
H a dd a n R (D ow J
.

. .
, ,

Ch arl to n , G .
,
and 0
H a n d D ow H
.
, ,
.

Wrig h t J , . M orto n A ,
.
I 54 TH E S TEA M T URBINE .

L ak e , \V . R .
( Con M ills ,
C . K .
(Curtis ,

soli d a te d Car H ea t C .

in g Mills ,
C . K .
(Cu r tis ,
L arr A F S va n d e
, . . . . C .

Ra tea u A C E , . . . J e n se n (Ak tiebol age t

V oj ace k , L . d e L avals A n g
18 9 5 .
M a ckin tos h J , .

Ferra n ti S J d e , . . .
H ug , D .

Ra wor th J S ,
. . Fisch er , A .
, a n d H el d ,

H ewi tt J T ,
. . A .

G ra u e ] H , .

J 0n sso J L n,
18 9 7 .
. .

901 Pa rso n s C A ,
. .

18 9 8 .

M arti n d ale M D ,
. .

24 B u ch mul l er, C Rin gel ma nn M

. .
,

180 B oll ma nn , L .
, an d W e ich el t ,
C .

K oh n be rger, S . M ar ti n ,
H . M .

B e n ze , L .
, and B a ch H e y s, W G (Ca z in . .
,

may r , E . F .

Coo k , D . M ar tin dal e M D , . .

Ca p e ], H . C, . an d S to n e J H ,
. .

Clarkso n , T . Philipp O . .

Bou se l d, J . E .
( S oc . Fie dler L R ,
. .

d es Pr ove de s D es Parso n s C A ,
. .

d e Georges)
g otfe et . H i ck so n E (H i ck so n ,
.

H ewso n R W h y te , .
, ,
S . A .

N C a n d Ro m e L
. .
, , .
J o h n so n J ,
. Y .

de .
(S h ar ples P ,
.

Parso n s C A ,
. .
M cAl lister J ,
.

Parso n s C A ,
. .
H a k a n sso n L M ,
. .

H o u se H A , . .
,
and Ul e n hu th , E .

S y mo n R R , . .
L o h ma nn , C . F . C .

P arso n s C A , . .
M arcon n e t, G . A .

H a y war d W ,
.
H ayot, L .

L acaval e rie , S .
M ills , C . K (Cu r tis .
,

M c A l liste r , J .
C .

D avi d so n S C , . .
S eger , E .

D ugar d W H , . . S e n ior, T E . .

D o mi n y G a n d S tu r , .
,
S eger , E .

mey J H , . .
H u ggi n s , \V , . an d
T rossi n O , .
M Cal l u m, D

.

S ch mi d t J , .
G r abi n ski , F vo n . .

Ra m s te d t C W ,
. .
P arso n s C A ,
. .

Mills C K ( Curtis
, . .
,
J ou rdan e t A a n d ,
.
,

C .
G a u th ier J P ,
. .
 A PPENDIX .

G ra y , T M . .
,
a n d B ass ,
H o u se , I . M .
,
an d

F . O ve r e n d, W J . .

B oy d F A
, . . P rall W ,
. E .

T h omp so n W P ,
. .
CE ,
(I rge n s P a n d , .
,
a n d S au tter ,
H arl ,
B r u nn G ,
. and
H u ber C , . Coar d J B M A a n d
,
. . . .
,

S cott J , . Ch ar p e n tier E A ,
. .

B aill y P ,
.

T h r u pp E C ,
. .

18 9 8 .
E dge H T . .
,

18 9 9
Miles ,
R .
.

Clar k e , an d W . H .
,
19 5 S ch roe tter, J . F .

War bu r to n F J , . .
W eih e , C L . .

S tuart H A ,
. .
G omm e r at, J F , . . an d
Addin gto n A M ,
. .
G omme rat, L .

T h or ssin J ,
.
Nie p ma nn , F .

S to n e J H
, . .
Vij gh , G va n de r . .

S tol z e F , .
En o ch A G a n d ,
. .
,

G roterj am, C .
E n o ch D , .

S to n e , J H . .
Parso n s C A ,
. .

Clark e , W an d . H . ,
B a k er R E D i x o n
,
. .
, ,

Warbu r to n F J .
T .
B .
,
, .

Pa ige J W a n d
,
. .
,
Fole y E Cole ma n ,
.
, ,

D ix o n T S E , . . .
T D e nn e h y P B
.
, , . .
,

Y a tes J a n d B ellis
,
.
, ,
O B rie n J Cro tty

,
.

T K
. . J . Ru sse l l E B
, , . .
,

S ch ulz R ,
. N oo n a n J M ou ris ,

S ch u l z R ,
. se y W a n d O Co
, .
,

n

Ca nn i n g A H ,
. . n ell M , .

P e tersso n F and , . T h o mp so n W P ,
. .

Fra n c C ,
.
(B ra d y J , .

J o h n so n C M ,
. . J a ck so n J , .

T h o mp so n W P , . . B e tsch er , G .

(P rall 1V , . L ou n t, S .

B 0k , N . S . B il l ar don , A L .

M o ntag ,
G .
, H ii te r , F .
,
B u rgu m, J .

a n d K ar b M ,
. H a dd a n , R .
( Rah me r,

B ii ckstrbm, C . A .

L o h ma nn , C . F . C . W e iche l t , C .

M cCol l u m, J . H . K . B r u d er , P .

V a n d el X C L , . . . G . P arso n s C A ,
. .

D avi d so n S C , . . P arso n s C A a n d ,
. .
,

H e y s W G (H eil
,
. . Car n egie A Q ,
. .

m a nn J ,
. S p e n ce J , .
1 56 TH E S TEAM T UR BINE .

Ri char d s , R S . . Z oell y, H .

Pa rso n s
C A , S to n e y ,
, . . Ferre tti E,
.

G G , an d F u llagar ,
. . T h omp s on W ,
.

H F
. .
( ra dy J
B , .

N ive rt, E . T a y lor C H

,
. .

P ai n e ,
H . D .
,
a nd Nilss on N
,
.

Pain e ,
E G . .
 158 INDEX .

Bu dd e n 15 0 , C o nde n ser va cu u m , e ffe ct o n e f ien y c c ,

B rg u m J 15 5
u ,

B u rn e t t W 15 1 , .
, Cond e n sin g stea m t rb i n e rs t u ,

B u r tall 14 9
s , P arson s 4 2 ,

Co n soli d a te d C r H ea ti n g Co 15 4 a .
,

Cook ,
C D 15 4
.
,

C A M B RI D G E E le tri c c Su ppl y Co , 4 2,
.
C ord e s 14 9 ,

127 129 C t J P 15 3
o , . .
,

C a nn in g A H 15 5 , . .
,
C o tter R H 15 1 , . .
,

Cape ] H C 15 4 Co tto n S i A 1 5 1 ,
r .
,
,
. .
,

C apell G M 15 2 Co us cn s, R L . .
, 15 3
,
. .
,

Care y A E 15 3 , . .
,
C raig 14 9 ,

C arlier C F 15 2 C ro t ty J , .
,
,
. .
,

Carn egie A Q 15 5 .
C rt is C G 15 4
u ,
. .
,
, ,
.

C avi t a tio n 13 7 13 9 14 4 14 7 , ,
N W 15 2 15 3 . .
, ,

C azi n F M 15 4 C tler W H 15 2
u , . .
,
, . .
,

C e n tri f gal for e e ffe t f 6 4

u c , c o , , 6 5 , 107 ,

g over n ors 9 6 9 8 123 125

, , , ,

p mp drive n b y ste a m t rb i n es
u s u ,

100103 125 P la t e V I , , .

Ch ara teris t i fea t re

c f D e L av l c u o a
D A N CH E L L , 15 0
t rb i n e 9 8
u ,
D avid so n , S G . .
, 15 4 , 19 9

Ch arl to n G 15 2 , .
,
D avies D , .
, 15 1

C h arpe n tier E A 15 5 P .
, 15 2
,
. .
,

Ch atea 15 0 u, D e l au ri e r, E . J 15 "

Ch evillar d 15 0 ,
De L aval ,
2, 3 , C h ap V III . .
, 106 , 107 .

Ch ristoph e A 15 3 ,
.
,

C l rk A M 15 1
a , . .
,
D e nn e hy P , . R .
, 15 5

W D e sg o e , A
'

.
, 15 1 .
, 15 3

C larke W H 15 5 , . .
,
et d e G eorges , S oc . d es Prove des ,

C lark s o n T 15 4 ,
.
,
15 4
Clas i a t io n f t rb i n es 2
s c o u ,
A W 15 2
D e s r u e l l es , L . . .
,

C leara n e aro nd t r bi n e w h eel i n D e

c u u D i s tri bu ti n g bla d e s or pa ss ages of

L aval t r b i n e 99 u , Ra teau t u r b i n e 1 101 12 ,

b e twee n b lad es i n Parso n s t r bi n e u ,

D iver g e n t n ozzles for d is ch arge of

5 s te a m , 2, 3 , 2224 , 3 1, 6 3 , 9 1, 9 3 9 6 , -

C oar d J B M A 15 5
, . . . .
, 98
Co ffe y 15 0 ,
D ixo n , T H . .
, 15 5
C o g h lan J B 15 5 , . .
, T . S E . .
, 15 5
Cole J W 15 2
, . .
, D o m i n y G 15 4 ,
.
,

Cole ma n T 15 5 ,
.
,
D o u ble e nd e d Par s on s t rb i ne 3 8 4 2
- u ,

C o mb i n d t r b i n e a nd air prope ller

e u -
,
D o u g h t y C L 15 3 ,
. .
,

D ow H H 15 2
, . .
,

and o nd e n ser 116 118 c ,

-
J H 15 2 15 3 . .
, ,

Co mpe n sa ti n g f wa n t f b ala n e i n or o c D r y n e s s fra ctio n o f tea m 7 4 8 5 s , ,

ro tatin g mas s 9 19 3 , D ufor t J H 15 1 , . .

,

Co nd e n ser omb i n e d with t rbi n e c u ,

D gard W H 15 4
u , . .
,

1 6 1 18
1 D mou li n A J A 15 2
u ,
. . .
,
 INDEX . 159

E Fros t W 15 3 , .
,

F llagar H F
u 15 6
ED GE H T 15 5
, . .
,
,
. .
,

E d u ctio n n ozzle fro m t u rb i n e casi n g ,

d iverge n t 9 3 ,
G
n ozzles 7 9 14
22 24 3 3 3 4 9 3 , , , , , , G A L O WA Y 15 0
L ,

E d war d s E A 15 3 , . .
, Garsi de A A 15 3 , . .
,

E f cie n cy o f sim ple t u r b i n e lim i te d Ga th ier J P 15 4

u , . .
,

by stre n gth an d weigh t of m a terials , Geari n g f r Ra tea t rb i n e 114 o u u ,

65 Gear w heels of D e L aval t rb i n e u , 94

of steam tu rbin e grea test possible , , 96
51 Georges S 1 8 P ove d e s D e sg ffe
, oc . ( 6 r o
Ej e ctor fo removin g leaki n g steam 4O
r , e t d e 15 4 ,

E las ti b eari n g f t rb i n e spi nd le 4 8

c or u , , G feller J 15 2 ,

9 193 Giorgio L 15 3 ,
,
.

E l b er fel d 13 013 6 , Gog el E F A 15 1

u ,
. . .
,
E le tri al gover n or s 13 5 13 6
c c , , G mme t J F a nd L 15 5
o ra .
, . .
,
E lki n g to n 14 9 , Gorma n 15 0 15 1 , ,
E mma n el C 15 2 u , .
, Gover n ors 9 6 9 8 121125 13 1 13 6 ,
-
, ,
-

E d th r s t f tu r b i n e spi nd le taki n g
n u o , Gra el H 15 4
u , .
,

u p, 3 9 , 4 6 , 9 0, 9 1 Gra y T M 15 5 ,
. .
,

E n gel F H F 15 2
, . . .
, Grifn G F 15 1 , . .
,

E n o ch A G a nd D 15 5
, . . .
, G r i se n th w ai te , 14 9
E n trop y Chaps V I a nd V I I G rote rj a m, C 15 5
.
, . .

,
.

E ri c sso n 16 17 14 9 , , , G ru bin sk i , F . vo n , 15 4
E rwi n J B 15 2 ,
. .
, G n th er 15 0
u ,
Ex al l 15 0
, G wy nn e J E , . . A .
, 15 2
E x pa n sio n ofs team i n n oz zle of De
L aval t u rb i n e 9 1 9 8 9 9 , , ,

H
F
H A D D AN H J , . 15 3
R .
, 15 2, 15 3 , 15 5
F AN S or b lowers d rive n b y s tea m
'

t ur H ah n E J ,
. .
, 15 2
bi n es 102 103 125 P la te V I I
, , , , .
, 13 9 H aka n sso n ,
L M . .
, 15 4
F arcot, 15 0, 15 1 H arris 15 1 ,

F e rn ih ou g h , 29 , 15 0 J .
,
15 1
F erra n it , S Z de, 15 1
. . H ar th au J a nd E 15 0 ,
. .
,

F erre tti E 15 6 ,
.
,
B a y o t L 15 4 ,
.
,

F ie dler L B 15 4 , . .
,
H ay ward W 15 4 , .
,

F is h er A 15 4
c ,
.
,
H ea th 14 9 ,

F le x i b le s h a ft 9 1 ,
H eil ma nn J J 15 5 , . .
,

s ppor t f t rb i n e
u or u ,
4 0, 4 5 , 4 6 , H el d A 15 4 , .
,

H eli cal va n es a nd grooves 3 6 , , 37

F ole y E 15 5 , .
,
H elicoid al gearin g 3 0 9 4 96 , , ,
114
F ra n C 15 5
c, .
, H e r man t , 15 1
Fraser 15 1 ,
H ero 2 ,

Fri ctio n geari n g fo re d u in g spee d f r c o H ewi tt J T 3 6 , . .

, , 3 7 , 15 4
s tea m t rb i n e 22 3 13 3 90 9 1 u , , , ,
H ewso n R 15 4 , .
,

in s tea m t rb i n e losses d t u , ue o, H e y s W G 15 4, . .
, , 15 5
5 1, 5 3 , 8 8 H i ckson E 15 4 , .
,
160 INDEX .

Hi ckson , S . A . E .
. 15 4 L
H i e l ak k er , J . V .
, 15 1
L A CAV A L E RI E , S 15 4
H o bd a y 14 9
.
,

H od g e m an n ,
,

H D 15 2
L ake H H 15 3
, . .
,

H oe h l 15 0
. .
,
W R 15 1 15 2 15 4 . .
, , ,

L a nd loco mo tio n P il b proposal

,
row s
H opkin s G M 15 3 ,
, ,
s tea m t rb i n e f 20
. .

t o u se u or ,
Hou se H A 15 3 15 4
, . .
, ,
L arr A F S va n d e 15 4
I M 15 5 . .
,
,

L as t W I ,15 2
. . .
,

Howd e n J 15 3 ,
, .

L aval C G P d e 2 3 Ch ap V III
H owell J A 15 2 , . . .
, , , . .
,

106 109, 15 2, 15 3
,
. .
,

H owso n J T 15 2 ,
. .
,
L eg g R 15 1
H u b er C 15 4 , .
,
L e mle y G W
, .
,

, 15 1
1
3;
. .
,

.5 .
E
L e ve r k u s K W A , . . .
, 15 2
L i mi ti n g velo i ty rb i n e w h eel
9
'
9
c of tu
H u n ter J M 15 1 ,
. .
,
,

64 . 6 5 1 13
H u tch in so n w N 15 3 1
,
loy d
. .
,
L 100
H iite r F
.
15 5
L o ke
c 14 9
Hy d ra u li c rb i n e
tu c o mpare d wi th ,

L O b man n : Q R C " 15 4 . 15 5
s tea m t u rb i n e 5 0 , , 51
o b ard
L m 15 0
,

L o he J
uc , . H .
, 15 1
I zou n t , S .
, 15 5
IM RA Y J 15 2 , Lu b ri ca n t n o n e requ ire d i n s tea m
,

I ndu ctio n n ozzles ,

2, 3 , 16 21, 26 , tu r b i n e 5 4 ,

3 1: 3 4 , 9 1, 9 6 , 1 13 L u mle y H R 15 2 ,
. .
,
I r g e n s, P .
, 15 5
I vor y , 15 0 M
M oA L LI e R, J 15 4
M Cal l u m, D , 15 4

J A CK SON J 15 5 ,
M cCol l u m, H K J
.

15 5
Ja mes 14 9 ,
M c Con n e l l , 15 2 J
. . .
,

J e n se n P 15 2 1 5 4
M cI n tos h , 14 9
.
, , ,

J o h n o n C M 15 5
s .
,
M aci n tosh 15 0
.
,

J H 15 2 . .
,
M acki n to sh J
,

15 4
J Y 15 4 . .
,
M arcon n e t ,G A 15 4
,

J o n es 14 9 15 2 15 3
.
,
.

, , ,
M ari n e S team T rb i n e C 13 7 u o
J H 1 5 2 15 3 . .
, ,
M ar tin H M 15 4
.
,

J ii J L 15 4
n s son , . .
,
,

M ar ti ndale M D 15 4
. .
,

Jo le s e x peri me n t 8 3
u

,
M as h i ne n fa brik Oerlikon 107 109
c
,
. .
,

, ,
J ou r dan e t, A 15 4
,
M a yall J J E 15 1
.

Ju t sie P c , . M .
, 15 3
M ea de 15 0
, . . .
,

M eld r m R 15 1 u ,
.
,
K
M e tropoli ta n E le tri c S ppl y Co 125 c u .
, ,

K AR E, M .
, 15 5 P late I V .

K e mpele n ,
8 10, 14 9 M iles B 15 5,
.
,

K in g E dw a d , t r s ea mer , 14 2, 143 M iller 14 9 ,

K ir h er
c ,
8 M ills B J B 15 2
, . . .
,

K oh n b e rg er , S , 15 4 . C K . .
,
15 4
K ch , F , 1 5 2
ra n i . M ixe d -
ow tu rb i n e d e ne d , 2
 I 62 I ZVD E X .

Radi al w t b in e d e n e d 2
-
o ur ,
Sos n owski paper b y 3 7 , ,

B a h mer P 1 5 5 , .
,
S o th a m 15 0
u ,

Ra ms te d t C W 15 4 , . .
,
S pe i h ea t f s tea m 8 0 8 1
c c o , ,

Ra tea A C E 15 4 15 5 Ch ap I X
u, . . .
, , , . . S pee d f ro ta tio n li mi te d b y s tre n g th
o

Ra th e n vo n 22 24 15 0 , ,
-
,
a nd weigh t f ma terials 6 4 6 5 o , , ,

Raworth J 3 1 3 3 15 3 15 4 ,
.
-
, ,
107 , 1 13
Re ipro a ti n g e gin e o mpare d wi t h
c c n c of De L aval t rbi n e u , 96 , 99 ,

s tea m t rbi n e 5 15 6 u ,
1 00
Re fe rn , C F . .
, 15 3 S pe n e J 15 5
c ,

Rela ive velo i ty d en e d 5 7

t c ,
S tea m j t 1Pi 1b o e x perime n ts o n
e , r w s

Reversin g s tea m t rb i n es 19 u , ,
23 , 24 , i mp lsive for e f 18
u c o ,

1 12, 118 - 1 21 S tea m ti g h t pa ki n g f

- sh a ft 23 4 1 c or , , ,

R i h ar d s R S 15 6
c ,
. .
,
4 2, 1 13 , 1 14
Rigg A 15 2 ,
.
, St e n s on 15 0 ,

R i n g el ma nn M 15 4 , .
,
S teve n so n 15 0 ,

Rober tso n J 15 1 ,
.
, S tolze F 15 5 ,
.
,

Rob i n so n M H 15 3 , . .
, S to n e J H 15 4 15 5
, . .
, ,

Ro me L d e 15 4 , .
,
S to n e y G G 15 6 , . .
,

Ro mill y H F L W d e 15 1 , . . . .
,
S tre gth of wh eel or rin g or d is c to
n

Ro tary spe e d limi te d b y s tre n g th a n d re s is t ce n tri f gal for e 6 4 6 5 107 u c , , , ,

wei g h t f materials 64 6 5 107 1 13 o , , , ,

1 13
Ro th er y G W 15 3 , . .
,
S tu t, H
ar . A o
. 15 5
Rowe R 15 3 , .
,
S tu r me y, J H 15 4 . .
,

R ssell E B 15 5
u , . .
,
S u cc essi ve e x pa n s io n of s tea m i n
Ru tch e t, 15 0 t rb i n e 2022 24 3 0 3 3 3 6 6 5 6 9
u , , , , ,

Ch ap s III I X X . .
, .
, .

Su perh ea te d s team fo s tea m t r bi n e r u ,

S e ffe t o n e f ie n y 5 3 5 4 8 8 8 9
c c c , , , , ,

127
S AD L E R 12 14 , 14 9 -

W
, '

S u tcli e 15 3
S a u tter H arl a nd Cc 107 109 ,
, .
,
,
y on
.
, .

S m R R 15 3 , 15 4
15 5 , . .
,

h id t J 15 4
Sc m ,

S ch roe tter J F , . .
, 15 5
S ch u lz R 15 5 ,
.
,

o
S c tt , B C . .
, 15 1 T A T E W 15 2
, .
,

J 15 5 T a ylor 15 0 15 6 , ,

W H 15 3 . .
, C H . .
, 15 6
S rew t r bin e 3 6 3 7
c u , , e ple G 15 2
T m , .
,

S e g er E 1 5 3 15 4
,
.
, , T es ts f D e L aval
o tu r b i nes , 102, 104 ,
S eiler 15 0 , 105
S ellier 15 1 , Parso n s t rb i n es 8 9 1 15 116
of u , , , ,

S e n ior T E 154 , . .
, Ch ap X I . .

S h arples D T 15 3 , . .
, T e tle y 15 0 ,

P M . .
, 15 3 , 15 4 T e u lo n A 3 0 3 1 15 1
, .
, , ,

S late 15 0 , T h e ta ph i d iagra m s Ch aps V I VI I

-
, . .
, .

S mith I 15 3 , .
, T heve n e t J 15 2 ,

J Y 15 1 . .
, T h o mp s o n J E 15 3 , . .
,

T J 15 1 . W P 15 2 15 3 10 15 6
. .
, , , 5 .

S och e t, 15 0 T h o mso n 1 5 0 ,

S oci ete d e L aval

, 9 4 1 04 -
T h o s si
r J 15 5 n,
 INDEX .
16 3

T h ro ttle valve , 9 8 , 121123 Von R th , 2224 , 15 0

a en
T h r u pp E C ,
. .
, 15 5 Von w il l er , 15 0
T o n gu e J G , . .
, 15 2
T ou r nai r e , 29
o rn e y
T u , 15 0

T revi th i ck 15 16 149 , , ,
W A L K E R W 15 1 , .
,

T rossi n O 15 4 ,
.
,
Wal th er 14 9 ,

T ke y T 15 2
uc , .
,
Warb r ton F J
u , . 15 5
T r b i n e d e n i tio n f 1
u , o ,
Wass 143 14 6
,

T r b i nes classi ca tio n of 2

u , ,
Wa ter pa kin g f
-
c or tu rbi n e spindle , 4 1,
T bi i
ur 13 7 14 0 P la te V I I I
n a, 42
, .

T u rn ock
, J .
, 15 1 Watki n son W , . H .
, 15 3
Wa tso n 15 1 ,

U Wa tt 10 14 9
, ,

We ich el t , C , 15 4 , 15 5
.

U L E N H UT H , E .
, 15 4 Weights of D e L aval t rb i n es 9 9 u ,
U s st x
n re i e d e pan sion ,
83, 84 f mari n e s tea m t r b i nes 13 9
o u , , 14 1,

V Wei h e C L 15 5
, . .
,

V A CUU M i n c o n d e n ser e ffe c t of o n , ,

We nn er 15 1 ,

e f cie n cy 5 1 5 2 115 116 126 , , , , ,

West J 15 3
,

V a nd el X C L G 15 5 , . . . .
,
Wh eel 15 0 ,

V a n es of D e L aval t u r b i n e 2 3 9 4 , , ,
Wh i te 15 1 ,

96 W h i ttle W 15 2 , .
,

of P arso n s tu rb i n e , 3 6 , 4 8 , 4 9 , Why te N C 15 4
, . .
,

6 8 , 120, 121 Wille t T 15 2

,
.
,

of R t a eau si ng le d isc -
tu rbi n e ,
Williams 149 ,

113 Wi l so n 24 15 0, ,

V el i y
oc t of s tea m i n s tea m tu rbi n e ,
Wre n h W G 15 3
c ,
. .
,

5 0, 5 1 Wrig h t J 15 2 ,

of va n es , Pi l bro w
s c al la tio n s
cu

on , 18
Y
V e n zan o, 15 0
V erran 15 0 , Y A T E S J 15 5
,

Vi ctoria n Rai l wa y s L igh t in g St t a io n ,

Y iel d i n g b eari n g for P arson s turbI n e ,
125 P la te V , . 4 0, 4 5 , 4 6
Vij g h G va n d er 15 5
,
.
,
for R te a au tu rb i n e ,
114
Vip r torpe d o b oa t d es tro y er
e ,
-
, 14 014 2
Voj ace k , L .
, 15 4
Z
V ol u me of s tea m at d i ffere n t press u res ,

5 0, 5 2 Z O E L LY , H .
,
15 6
 2 S cien tic Wor k : p u bl ished by L ong ma m , G r een , dr Co .

C H E M IS T RY .

A RR H E N I US A T E X T B O O K O F E L E C T RO C H E M I S .
-

T RY B y S AN E AR H E N I U S Pro fess r t th
. U n i ve rs i t y o f S t k h ol m
V T R , o a e oc .

T ra s l a t e d fro m t h G e rm a
n E di t i o n by JO H N M C C R A E Ph D W i th 5 8 e n , . .

I ll s t a ti o ns 8
u r 6d t . vo .
, . ne .

CR O O K E S .
S E LECT ME T HO D S I N CH E MICAL
AN AL Y S IS hi e y I org ani B y S i W I L L I A M C R OO K E S
, c n c . r , t T hi r d
e c .

E di t i o R e r i tt e d E n l ar g e d
n , W it h 6 7 W d ts 8
w n an . oo cu . vo .
, n et .

P UR N EA UX .
E L E M E N T
A RY C H E M I S T R Y I no rgani c an d ,

O rg a i By W F URN EA UX
n c L e t re r C h e m i s tr y L on d o c u on n
W th 6 5 I ll s tra t i o s an d 5 5 E pe i m e n ts C ro w 8
. .
, ,

S h oo l B oar d
c . l 6d u n 1 x r . n vo .
, 25 . .

G A R R E TT E N A N E L E M E N T A RY C O U RS E
AN D H A RD
O F P RAC T I CA L O RG A N I C C H E M I S T RY B y F C G A RRE M s . . . TT ,
. c.

(V i t tc . Ass i st an t L e t r e r d D e m on s tr t or i n C h e m i s t y th
c c u an a r ,
e
D rh a m C o ll e g e o f S i e
u e N ew as tl e T yn e ; and AR H U H A RD E N c nc ,
c -
ou - T R ,

M S . C .Ph D Ass i s tan t L e t r e r an d D e m on s trat or i n C h e m is t y th

. .
,
c u r ,
e

O we n s C o ll e g e M a n h es t e W i th 4 Ill s tra ti on s C ro w 8
,
c r. 1 u . n vo . , 25 .

AGO W o rk s by W JA G O F I C
[ .
,
. . .

I N ORG A N I C C H E M I S T RY T H E ORET IC A L AN D
W i th an I tro d t i o t the Prin i p l es o f C h e m i l A l y s is
,

P RAC T I C A L . n uc n o c ca na ,

In org i a d O rg an i W i th 6 3 W o d ts d n m erou s Q es ti o ns d
an c n c . o cu an u u an
E e r i ses Fcp 8 o
x 6dc . . v .
, 25 . .

AN I NT RO D U CT I O N TO P RA CT I C A L I N O RG A N I C
C H E M S T RY I . C ro w n 8 yo .
, 6d .

I N O RG A N I C C H E M I S T R Y, T H E O RE T I CA L AN D
PR C T C A I A L A M an a l for S t d e ts i Ad a e d C l a sses o f th u u n n v nc e Sc ie n ce

e p a t m e t Wi th Pl at e o f S p tra and 7 8 W oo d ts
.

a n d A rt D r n . ec cu . C ro w n

8 yo , 6d . .

M E LL OR H IG H E R M AT H E M AT I CS FO R S T U D E NT S
W i t h S p i a l Re fe e n e t P tical
.

O F C H E M I S T RY A N D P H YS I C S
'

. ec r c o ra c

W ork B y J W M E L L O R D S l at e S e ni or S h o l r an d 8 5 E hi b i t i o
. . . , . c .
,
c a , 1 1 x n

S c h o l ar N Z e l an d U i ve r s i t y ; R ese r h F e l l o w th O we n s C o ll e g e M
,
ew a n a c ,
e , an

ch es te r W i th 4 D i ag am s 8
. 6d t 1 2 r . vo .
, 1 25 . . ne .

M E N D E LEE E E T HE P R I N C I P L E S O F C H E M I S T RY .

B y D M N D E L EE T a s l a t d f m th R s i an (S i t h E di t i o n ) b y GE O R G E
E FF r n e ro e us x

o f t h I m p er i l M i t S t P t b g p d E dit d by
.

K A MEN S K Y A
.

e a n , . e e rs ur an e
, .

T A L A W S ON B S
. .
Ph D F e ll o w o f th I s t i t t e o f C h e m is t y
, . c With 96
.
, . .
,
e n u r .

D i a g ra m s a n d I ll s t ra t i o n s vol s 8 36 u . 2 . vo .
,
5 .

M E YE R .
O U T L I N E S O F T H E O R E T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y .

By L O T H A R M E Y E R Pro fess or of C h e m i st y i ,
r n th eUn i ver s i ty o f T ub i g en n .

Tra s l at ed b y Pro f ss ors P PHIL L IP S B E D S ON

n e . , D Sc , . . an d W C A RL ET ON .

W IL L I A MS B s 8 9 , . e . vo .
,
5.

I
M L L E R I NT RO D U CT I O N T O T H E ST U D Y O F I N
.

O R G AN I C C H E M I S T RY B y W AL L E N M I L L E R M D LL D W ith . . , . .
,
. .

7 I ll s t1ra t i o s F p 8 3u 6 d n . c . vo .
, 5 . .
 Wor k: pu l zsltea by L ong ma m , G r een , <59 Co


j

S a krztz zc

.
3

/
C H E M I S rnv Co n ti n u e d
'
.

M UI R A . C O U R S E O F P R A C T I CA L C H E M I S T R Y B y M . .

M P M U I R M A F e ll o w
. . d Pr e l e t or i C he m ist ry of G o vi ll e
, . .
d C ai us
, an a c n n an

C o ll ege C a mb ri d ge (3 P art s )
, . .

P art I E l ementary Cro w n 8 vo 4 s

. . .
,
.

P art I I In te rme d i ate C r o w n 8 vo 4 s 6 d

. . .
, . .

P art I I I .
[ p p
I n r e a r a tion .

NE W T H W o rk s by G S N E WT H , F I C . . . . . D e m on
strato r in th e R o y al Co ll e g e of S c i e n c e , L on d o n .

C HE M I CA L L E CT U R E E X PE R I ME N T S . W i th 23 0
I ll s t ra t io s
u n . C ro w n 8 vo .
, 63 .

C H E M I CA L A N A L YS IS ,
QU A N T I T A T IVE A N D QUA L I
T AT I V E W ith I ll s t ra t io s C ro w 8
. 6 6d 1 00 u n . n vo . , 5 . .

A T E X T B O O K O F I N O R G A N I C CH E M I S T R Y
-
W i th 1 5 5 .

I ll s t rat io s
u C ro w 8 6d n . n vo . , .

E L E M E N T A R Y P R A C T I C A L CH E M I S T R Y Wi th 1 0 8 .

I ll s tr t io s
u d 5 4 E xperi m e t s
a C ro w 8
n 6d an 2 n . n vo .
, 25 . .

OS T WA L D S O L UT I O N S . B y W O S T W A L D P r o fe ss or o f . .
,
C hem ist ry i th e U n iversity of L eip ig B ei n g th F ou rt h B ook wi th some
n z . e ,

add itio s of th Secon d E d it io n of O s w ald s L ehrb ch d e a ll gem ei n en

n , e
'
u r
C he m ie T ra s l a ted b y M M P A TT I S O N MU I R F e ll o w an d P rae l ec tor in

. n . .
,

C he m istry of G o n vi lle an d C aiu s C o ll ege C a m brid ge 8 o 6d , . v .

, .

P E R K M
I Q U A L I T AT I V E C H E M I C A L A N A L YS I S (O R
G AN I C A N D I N O RGAN I C ) By F M O L L W O P E R K I N Ph D H a d of th . .
, . .
, e e
C he m ist ry D part m e t B oro gh P o ly tech ic I s tit te L o d o
e W i th 9 n , u n n u , n n .

I ll t ra t io s
us d Spec t r m P l a t e 8n 3 6 3 an u . vo , . 5 . 0.

R E YN O L D S E X P E R I M E N T A L C H E M I S T RY
. FO R
J U N I O R ST U D E N T S By J E M ER S O N R E YN O L D S M D P ro . .
, . .
,

f of C hem is t ry U iversi ty of D b l i F p 8 w i th m ero s W ood c t s

es sor , n u n . c . vo .
, nu u u .

P art I Intro duc to ry F cp 8 vo 1 5 6 d

. . . .
, . .

P art I I N on M e tal s w i th an A ppen di x o n S y stemati c T e sti n g

.
-
,
for A ci d s F p 8 6d . c . vo .
, 25 . .

P art I I I M e tal s an d A lli e d B o d i e s F cp 8 vo

.
, . . .
,

P art I V C arbon Comp oun d s f cp 8 vo

. . . .
,

S H E N S O
T N E W o rk s by W A SH E N S T O N E , F1 R S. . . . . L e c turer
,

o n C h e m i stry i n C lifto n Co ll e g e .

T HE M E T H O D S O F G LA SS B L O W I N G A N D O F WO RK -

I N G S I L I CA I N T H E O X Y G A S F L A M E F th U of Physical -
. or e se
and C he m ical S t d e t s W it h 4 3 I ll stratio s C ro 8 6d u n . u n . w n vo. , 23 . .

A P R A C T I C A L I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H E M IS T R Y .

I te d ed t give a P rac t ica l ac q ai t a ce w i t h t h E l e m e t ary F c t s

n n o d u n n e n a an
Pri cip l es of C hem ist ry W ith 5 I ll s tra tio s C row 8
n . 2 u n . n vo .
,
 f g ma m

S a e iztz
' '

4 zc I Vo r s
p u l zs l ze d by L on /
, G r een , 69
C0 .

C H E M IS T RY Co n ti n u e d r

SM I TH AN D H A L L T H E T E A CH I N G O F
CH E M IS T R Y
A N D P HY S I C S I N T H E S E C O N D A RY S CH O O L By A LE XAN DER .

S M I T H B S P h D A ssocia te P rofessor of C he m is try i th U iversi ty of

, . c .
, . .
, n e n
C hicag o d E D W I N H H A LL Ph D Professor of P hysics i H arvard U i
,
an .
, . .
,
n n
versi ty W i th W oo d c ts B ib l iographies d I d ex C ro w 8
. 21 6 t u , , an n . n vo .
, 5. ne .

T H O RN T O N AN D P E A RS O N N O T E S O N VO
L U M E T R IC
A N A L YS IS By A R T H UR T H O R N TO N M A
. d M A R CH A N T P E A R S O N B A , . .
, an , . .
,

A ssis t a t Scie ce M as t er B ra d ford G ra m m ar Sch o l

n n M ed i m 8 , o . u vo .
,
25 .

T H O R PE .
W o rk s
by T E T H O R P E C B D Sc Ph D . .
,
. .
, . . . .
,

P ri n c i pal O f th e G ove rn me n t L abo rato r y Lo n do n , .

A ss i s te d b y E m i n e n t Con tr i buto rs .

A D I C T I O N A R Y O F A PP L I E D C H E M IS T R Y 3 vo l s .
-
.

8 vo V ols 1
. d II each V l I I I 6 3
. . an .
, . o . .
, 5 .

Q U A N T I T A T I V E C H E M IC A L A N A LYS IS W i t h 8 8 W oo d .

c ts F p 8
u .
4 6d c . vo .
, 5 . .

T H O RPE AN D M OVE Q U A L I T A T I V E C H E M IC A L A N
AL YS S
I AN D L A B O RA T O RY P RA C T I C E By T E T H O R P E C B Ph D . . .
, . . . .
,

D Sc ,
. . and M M P A TT I S O N MU I R M A
. W i th Pl a te of Spec tra d
.
, . . an
ll s ra io s
57 I u t t n . F cp . 8 vo .
, 35 . 6d .

T l L D E N W o rk s by W I L L I A M A . T I L D E N D S c L ond o n ,
. .
,

P ro fe ss o r o f C h e m i s try in th e R o y al Co ll e g e o f S c i e n c e ,

Sou th K e n s i n g to n .

A SH O R T H IS T O R Y O F T H E P R O G R E S S O F SCI E N T I F IC
C H E M I ST R Y I N O U R O W N T I M E S C ro w 8 5 t . n vo .
, 5 . ne .

I N T RO D U C T I O N T O T H E S T U D Y O F C H E M I C A L
P H I L O S O P HY T h P ri cip l es of T h ore t ica l d Syste m at ic C hem ist ry
. e n e an .

Wi th 5 I ll s tratio s F p 8 u Wi th A N S W E RS t P ro ble m s F p
n . c . vo .
, o . c .

8 vo .
53 6d
. .

P R A C T I C A L C H E M IS T R Y . T he p r nci i pl e s o f Quali tati ve

A a lysisn F p 8 6d . c . vo .
,
.

WA T T S I C T I O N A R Y O F C H E M IS T R Y R evi se d an d e n

D .

t i l y R e w ri tte
re b y H F O R S T ER M O R L E Y M A D s n F e ll o w of d l te l y .
, . .
, . o .
, , an a
A ssis ta t P rofessor of C he m is t y i
n U ive si ty C o ll ege L o d o d M M r n, n r , n n an . .

PA TT S O N M U I R M A
I F e ll o w d P r e l ec t or i,
C he m is try of
. .
, ,
an a n ,

Go vi lle d C ai s C o ll ege C a mb ri d ge A ssis t d by E m i e t C o tri b tors

n an u ,
. e n n n u .

4 vo l s 8 5 t . vo .
,
ne .

WH I T E L E K W o rk s by R LL O Y D WH I T E L E Y .
,

P ri n c i pal o f th e M u n i c i pal S c i e n ce S ch oo l W e st B ro mw i ch ,
.

C H E M I C A L C A L C U L AT I O N S W i th E x pl an atOry N o te s .
,

P rob l e ms d A s wers specia lly a d ap ted for an i C o ll eges n d Scie ce ,

use n an n

Schoo l s W ith a P reface by Professor F C L O W E S D S

.
F I C .
, . c . . . .

C ro 8 w n vo .
,

O R G A N I C C H E M IS T R Y : the Fatt y Co m poun d s W i th 4 5 .

I ll t ra t io s usC ro w 8 6d n . n vo . .
6 S cien ti c Wor ks pu bl ished by L on gma n s, G r een , 63
Co .

P H YS IC S . ET C Co n t i n u e d .

WA T S O N W o rk s by W WAT S O N .
, D Sc . .
,

A s si stan t P r o fe ss o r o f P h y s i c s at th e R o y al Co ll e g e o f S ci e n ce ,

Lo n do n .

E L E M E N T A RY P RA C T I C A L P HYSI CS : a L ab o rato ry
M a a l for Unu se i O rga ised Scie ce Schoo l s
n Wi t h
n n . 1 20 I ll st ra t io s
u n an d
1 9 3 E xercises . C row 8 6d
n vo .
, 2s . .

A T E XT B O O K O F P HYS ICS-
W i th . 6
5 4 D i ag ram s an d
I ll s t ra t io s
u L arge cro w 8 6d n . n vo . , 1 0s . .

WO R T H I N G T O N A F I RST C O U R S E O F P HYS I C A L
LABO RAT O RY P RA C T I C E . C o t ai i g 6 4 E xperi m e t s B y A M
n n n 2 n . . .

WO R T H N GT O N M A F R S I , . . , . . . W i th I ll s t ra tio s C ro w 8 4 6d u n . n vo .
, s . .

WR I G H T E LE M E N T A RY P H YSI CS By M A R K R . .

W R I G H T M A P rofessor of N or m a l E d catio D rha m C o ll ege of S cie ce

, . . , u n , u n .

Wi th 4 I ll t ra t io s C ro 8
2 2 6d us n . wn vo .
, 2s . .

M E C HA N I C S , D Y N A M IC S , S T AT I C S , HY D RO
S T A T I C S , ET C .

B ALL A C L A SS B O O K -
OF M E C H A N I CS . By S ir R . S .

B A LL L L D 8 9 D iagra m s
, . . . F c p 8 vo . .
, Is . 6a
'
.

G O O D E VIE W o rk s by T M G O O D E V E M A fo rme rl y . .
,
. .
,

P ro fe ss o r O f M e c h an i cs at th e N o rmal S c h oo l o f S c i e n c e an d ,

th e R o y al S c h oo l o f M i n e s .

T H E E L E M E N T S O F M E CH A N I S M W i th 3 5 7 I ll u s tra .

t io s C ro w 8 n . n vo . , s .

P R I N CI P L E S O F M E CH A N I CS Wi th 2 5 3 I ll us trati o n s an d .

m ero s E xa m p l es
nu C ro w 8 6 u . n vo . , s .

A M A N U A L O F M E C H A N ICS : an E l e m e n tary T e x t B oo k -

for St d e ts of A pp l ied M echa ics Wi t h 3 8 I ll s t ra tio s d D iagra ms

u n n . 1 u n an

d 88 E xa m p l es t ake fro m t h Scie ce D epar tm e t E xa m i a t io P a p rs

an 1 n e n n n n e ,

w ith A swers F p 8 6dn . c . vo .

, 2s . .

G O OD M AN M E CH A N I CS A PP L I E D T O E N G I N E E R I N G
By J O H N G O O D M A N W h S h A M I O E M I M E P rofessor of E gi eeri g , . c . . . . . . . . . . n n n
i t h Y orkshire C o ll ege L ee d s (V ic t oria U iversi ty )
n e Wi th 6 I ll s t a tio s ,
n . 20 u r n
and m ero s exam p l es
nu C ro w 8 7 u6d t . n vo . ,
s. . ne .

G R I E VE L E SS O N S . IN E LE M E N T A RY M E C H A N ICS .

B y W H G R E V E l a te E g i e r R N
. . I , n n e ,
. .
, Scie ce D e m o s tr t or for th L o d o
n n a e n n
Schoo l B oard t , e c .

St ge
a W ith 6 5 I ll s trat io s d a l arge
I . 1 u n an n u mb er of E xam p les . Fc p . 8 yo .
,

15 . 6d .

St age W i th
2 . 1 22 I ll s tratio s
u n . F c p 8 vo . .
, i s 6d . .

S t age 3 W i th
. 103 I ll s t ra t io s
u n . F c p 8 vo . .
, 1 s. 6d .
 S ci en ti c Wor ks pu bl ished by L ong ma n s, G r een , Co .
7

M E C H A N IC S . D Y N A M IC S . S T A T IC S . H Y D RO S T A T IC S . ET C .

Co n t i n u e d .

M A GN S
U W o rk s b y SIR P H I L I P MA G N U S ,
B Sc . .
, B A . .

L E SS O N S I N E L E M E N T A R Y M E CH A N I CS I n tr o ducto r y .

t tho s t d y of P hysica l Scie ce D esig ed for th U of Schoo l s d of

e u n . n e se , an
C a d i d ates for th L o d o M a tric l at io
n d o t her E xa m i a t io s
e W ith n n u n an n n .

m ero s E xercises E xa m p l es E xa m i at io Q es t io s
nu u d So l t io s
, t , n n u n ,
an u n , e c . ,

fro m 87 8 9 5 W it h A s wers d 3 Wood c ts F p 8

1 0- 1 .
3 6d n , an I I u . c . vo . , s. .

K ey for th of T eachers o l y price 5 3 % d e use n ,

s . .

HY D R O S T A T ICS A N D P N E U M A T I CS F cp 8 vo I S 6 d ; . . .
,
. .

or w i t h A s w ers
,
T h W orke d So l t io s of th P ro b l e m s
n , 2s . e u n e , 2s .

P UL L E N M E CH A N I CS : T h e o re t i c al , A pp li e d , an d E x pe r i
m e t al B y W W
n . . . F P ULL EN W H S C
.
, . . W ith
31 8 D iagra m s d an nu m ero s E xam p l es C ro w
u . n 8 vo .
, 4s . 6d .

E LE M E N T S O F D Y N A M I CS i n e ti c s
R OB N S O
I N ( K an d
S t at ics ) Wi th n u m erou s E xercises
. . A T ex t b ook for J ior S t d e ts
-
un u n .

B y th e Re v .
J . L . RO B I N S O N , M A . . C ro w n 8 vo .
, 6s .

SM TH
I W o rk s b y J H A M B L I N S M I T H M .
, . A .

E L E M E N T A RY S T A T I CS . Cro w n 8 vo .
, 3 S

E L E M E N T A RY HY D R O S T AT ICS C ro w n . 8 vo .
, 3s .

K EY T O S T A T ICS A N D HY D RO S T AT ICS . Cro w n 8 vo .

, 6s .

TA RL E T O N AN I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E MA T H E
M A T I C A L T H E O R Y O F A T T RA C T I O N B y F R A N C S A T A R L ETO N . I .
,
LL D S D
. F e ll o w of T ri i ty C o ll ege
.
, c. d P rofessor of N a t ra l P hi l osophy
.
,
n , an u
i t h U iversi ty of D b l i
n e n C ro w 8 6d u n . n vo .
, 1 0s . .

T A YL O R W o rk s b E T A Y LO R, M A
.
y J . . . .
,
B Sc . .

T H E O R E T I C A L M E C H A N ICS i n c l ud i n g H y d ro stati cs an d ,

P e m at ics V\i th 7 5 D iag a m s d I ll s tra t io s

n u .d 5 E xa m i a t io

I r an u n , an 22 n n
Q es t io s d A s wers C ro w 8
u n 6d an n . n vo . 2s . .

T H E O R E T I C A L M E CH A N I CS S O L I D S W i th I 6 3 I ll us .

t ti ra W orked E xa m p les d over 5 E xa m p l es fro m E xam i at io

o n s , 1 20 an 00 n n
P apers t C ro w 8 6d , e c. n vo .
, 2s . .

T H E O R E T I CA L M E C H A N I C S FL U I D S W i th 1 2 2 I llu s .

t ti ra m ero s W orke d E xa m p l es
on s , n u d ab o t 5 E xa m p l es fro m E
u , an u 00 x
am i atio P apers t C ro w 8
n 6dn , e c . n vo .
, 2s . .

TH O R 1V O
T N T H E O R E T I C A L M E C H A N ICS S O L I D S .

I c l d i g K i e m at ics S t at ics
n u n d K i e t ics
n B y A R T H U R T H O R N TO N M A
, an n .
, . .
,

F R A S
. With
. I ll s t ra t io s
. .
3 W orked E xam p l es
2 00 d over 9 u n , I 0 , an 00
E xa m p l s fro m E xa m i a t io P ap rs
e t C ro w 8 4 6d n n e , e c. n vo . , s. .
8 S cien ti c Wor hs pu bl is hed by L ong ma n s , G r een , 69
Co .

M E C H A N IC S . D Y N A M IC S . S T A T IC S . H Y D R O S T A T IC S . ET C .

Co n t i n u ed .

T W SD
I E N W o rk s by th e R e v J O H N F T W I S D E N M A . .
, . .

P R A C T I C A L M E C H A N I CS ; an E l e m e n tary I n tro duc ti o n to

t heir S t d y W i t h 8 5 5 E xercises d 8 4 F ig res d D iagra m s C ro w
u .
, an 1 u an . n

8 vo .
, 1 05 . 6d .

T H E O R E T I C A L M E CH A N I CS W i th . 1 7 2 E x ampl e s ,
m ero s E xercises
nu d 5 4 D iagra m s
u C row 8 , an I . n vo .
, 8 s 6d . .

WI L L A M S O N
I I N T R O D U CT I O N T O T H E MA T H E
M A T I C A L T H E O R Y O F T H E S T R E SS A N D S T RA I N O F E L A ST I C
S O L I D S By B E N JA M N W LL A M S O D S F R S C row 8
.
5 I I I N , . c .
, . . . n vo .
, 5 .

WI L L I A M S O N AN D TA RLE T O N .
A N~
E L E M E N T A RY
S Y M C S C o t ai i g A ppl ica t io s t T herm od y a m ics
T RE A T I E O N D N A I . n n n n o n ,

wi h
t ero s xa p l es By B E N JA M N W LL A M S O D S
nu m u E m d . I I I N , . c .
, an
R C R LET
F A N IS A T A C ro w 8
O N LL D 6d .
, . . n vo .
, 10 s . .

WO R T H I N G O
T N D Y N A M I CS O F R O T AT I O N : a n E le
m e t ary I t rod c tio
n n u n to R igi d D y n a m ics B y A M W O RT H I N G I O N . . .
'

, M A . . ,

F R S
. C ro w 8
. . n vo .
, 4s . 6d .

M E N S U RAT I O N . S U RVE YI N G , ET C .

B RA B AN T T HE E LE M E N T P LA N E A N D S O L I D S OF
M E N S U RAT I O N . W i th C opio s E xa m pl es d A sw ers By F G u an n . . .

B RA B A N

I ,
M A . . C ro w 8 3 6d n vo . , s . .

G R I B B L E P R E L I M I N A RY S U RV E Y A N D E S T I M AT E S
. .

B y T H E O D O RE GR A H A M GR L E C ivi l E gi eer I cl d i g E l e m e tary IBB ,

n n . n u n n

A s tro o m y R o te S veyi g T acheo m e t ry C rve R a gi g G raphic M e s ra

n , u ur n , , u n n ,
n u
t io n E s t i m a tes
, H y d rography d I s t r m e ts W i th 3 3 I ll s t ratio s
, an n u n . 1 u n ,

Q a ti ty D iagra m s d a M a a l of th S l i d e R le F p 8
u n 7 6d ,
an nu e -
u . c . vo .
,
s . .

L OD G E M E N S U RA T I O N FO R S E N I O R S T U D E N T S By
. .

A L F RE D L O D G E M A l ate F d y F e ll o w of S t J oh s C o ll ege O xford ;

, . .
, e re a . n ,
P rof ssor of P re M a the m a tics t th R oya l I d ia E gi eeri g C ollege
e u a e n n n n n ,
C ooper s H i ll W i th A s wers C ro w 8

4 6d. n . n vo .
, s . .

L UP T O N A P RA C T IC A L T R E A T I S E O N M I N E S U R V E Y
IN G By A R N O L D L U P T O M i i g E gi e r C erti ca ted C oll iery M a ager
. N , n n n n e ,
n ,

S rveyor M e m b r of th I s ti t t io of C ivi l E g i ers t Wi th 6 I ll s

u , e e n u n n ne ,
e c . 21 u
trati M ed i m 8
ons . t u vo .
, 1 zs . ne .

N E SB I T . W o rk s by A . N E SB IT .

P R A C T I C A L EM E N S U R A T I O N . I ll ustrate d by 70 0 P racti cal

xa m p les d 7 W ood c ts
E m an
3 6d K Y 5 00 u . I 2 o .
,
s . . E , s.

P R A C T I C A L iLA N D S U R V E YI N G fo r t h e U se O f S ch oo l s -
,
d P riva t e S t d e t s
an E d i t e d b y W B UR N E S S F R A S W i th 4 Pl ates
u n . .
, . . . . 1 ,

F ig res
22 1 d a F ie l d B ook u 8 , an -
. vo . , 1 2s .

SM I TH CI R C U L A R S L I D E RU L E . By G . L . SM IT H .

Fc p .
10 S ci en t i c W or ks p u bl ishe d by L ong ma n s, G r een , (5

Co .

T H E C A LC U L U S ,
LO G A RIT HM S , ET C .

B ARKE R G RA P H I C A L CA LC U LU S By A R T H U R . H .

B A R K ER B A , B se
.
, . . Wi t h an In t rod c t io by J O H
u GO O D MA N n N ,

Wit h 6 D g 1 a r am s . C row 8 n vo .
, 4 s 6d
. .

M UR R A I A N . I N T R O D U C T O RY C O U R S E I N DIF
F E RE N T I A L E Q U AT IO N S By D A N I E L A L E X A N D ER MURR A Y .
, Ph D . .

C row n 8 vo . , 4s . 6d .

TA TE . P R I N CI P L E S O F T H E D I FF E R E N T I A L A N D
I N T E G RA L C A L C U L U S A pp l ie d t th So l t io of U sef l P rob l e m s i . o e u n u n
M a the m a tics d M echa ics B y D I O M A S T A T E m
an 4 6d n .
'

. 12 o, s . .

T A YL O R . W o rk s by F G L A N V I LL E . T A Y LO R .

AN I N T RO D U C T I O N T O T H E D I FF E R E N T I A L A N D
I N T E G RA L CA L C U L U S A N D D I FF E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N S .

C ro w B 9 n vo . ,
5 .

AN I N T RO D U CT I O N T O T H E P RA C T I C A L U S E O F
L O G A RIT HM S W IT H E X A M P L E S I N M E N S U RA T I O N Wi th ,
.

A s w ers t E xercises
n C ro w 8 6do . n yo .
, 1s . .

WI L L I A M S O N Wo rk s . WI L L I A M S O N , D S c
by B E N JA M I N : . .

A N E L E M E N T A RY T R E AT IS E O N T H E D I FF E R E N T I A L
C A L C U L U S ; co t ai i g th T h v of P l a e C rves w i th m ero n n n e e or n u nu us
E xa m p l es C ro w 8 6d . n vo .
,
1 0s . .

AN E L E M E N T A RY T R E A T IS E O N T H E I N T E G R A L
C A L C U L U S ; co tai i g A ppl ica ti o s t Pl a e C rves d S rfaces d n n n n o n u an u , an
a l so a C hap ter th C al c l s of V ariat io s w i t h m ero s E xa m pl s
on e u u n ,
nu u e .

C row 8 n 6d vo .
, 1 os . .

G E O M ET RY A N D E U C LI D .

F or othe r W or k s ,
see L on g ma n s r Co
.

s Ca ta l og u e f
o E d u ca ti on a l and S chool B ook s .

ALL M A N G RE E K G E O M E T RY FRO M T H A LE S TO
EU CLID . By G .
J . A LL M A N . 8 vo .
, 1 05 . 6d .

CA S E K W o rk s by J O H N CA S E Y L L D F R S , . .
, . . .

T H E E L E M E N T S O F E U C L I D B O O K S I V I a n d Pr o , .
-
.

posi tio s I X X I f B ook X I

n d A ppe d ix of t h Cyl i d er Sphere
.
-
. O .
,
an an n e n , ,

C o e t W i th C opio s A o t atio s d m ero s E xerc i ses F p 8

,

n e c . u nn n an nu u . c . vo .
,
,

4 6d
s .KE Y t E xercises F p 8
. 6 o . c . vo .
, s
'

A S E QU E L T O T H E E LE M E N T S O F E U C L I D IIPar t I . .

B ooks I V I W i th m ero s E xa m p les F p 8

.
-
.
3 6d nu u . c . vo . , s . .

A T R E AT I S E O N T H E A N A L Y T IC A L G E O M E T R Y IIO F
T H E P O I N T L I N E C I RC L E A N D C O N I C S E C T I O N S ,
C o tai i g ,
. n n n

A cco
an t of it m os t rece t E x te sio
un C ro w 8 s n n n . n vo . , 1 2s .
 S cien tic Wor k s pu bl ish ed by L ong ma n s, G r een , 69
Co . 1 1

G E O M E T RY A N D E U C L I D Co n t i n u e d .

H AM I L T ON ELE M E N T S Q U A T E RN I O N S By th e OF .

l ate Sir W I LL I A M RO W A N H A M I LT O N L L D E d i t e d b y C H A R LE S , . .
,

J A S P ER J O L Y M A F e ll o w of T ri i ty C oll ege D b l i ,
l 4t . .
,
n , u n . 2 vo s . o . 2 1s .

ne t each .

H I M E T H E O UT L IN E S O F
. QU A T E R N I O N S . By L i eut .

C o lo el H W n . . L . H M E l a te Roya l A rti ll ery C ro w 8

I ,
. n vo .
,
I os .

LO W T E XT B O O K O N P RA CT I C A L S O L I D A N D D E -
, ,

S C RI P T I V E G E O M E T RY B y D D A L L A L W P rofessor of E gi eer . AV I N O ,
n n

i g E as t L o d o T ech ica l C o ll ege

n ,
C ro w 8 n n n . n vo .

P art I Wi th 1 1 4 F igure s 2 s
.
, .

P art I I W i th 6 4 F igure s 3 s
.
, .

M O RRI S W o r k s by I H A M M O N D M O RR I S . .

P R A C T I C A L P L A N E A N D S O L I D G E O M E T R Y i n c l ud i n g ,

G raphic A ri th m e t ic f ll y I ll s trated w i th D mg prepared specia lly by th u u ra w s e

A t hor C ro w 8
u 6d . n vo .
,
2s . .

G E O M E T R I CA L D RA W I N G FO R A RT ST U D E N T S .

E m b raci g P l a e G eo m e t ry d it A pp l ica t io s t h U
n of Sca l es d th
n an s n ,
e se ,
an e
P l a s d E l eva tio s of So l i d s as re q ired i Sectio I of Scie ce S bjec ts
n an n u n n . n u .

C row 8 n vo .
,
2s .

S M I T H E LE ME N T S M E T RY By J H A M B L I N OF G EO . .

S M T H M A C o tai i g B ooks t 6 d por tio s of B ooks

I , . . d of n n n 1 o , an n 11 an 12 ,
E c l i d w i t h E xercises
u ,
d N o t es C ro w 8 3 6d K E Y cro w 8 an . n vo .
,
5 . .
, n vo .
,

85 . 6d .

B oo k s I an d 2 , li m p c l o th ,
1s . 6d .
, m ay be h ad se para te ly .

SP O ON E R .
T H E E L E M E N T
M E T R I C A L D RA W S O F G EO
IN G E l e m e t ary T ex t b ook
: an P rac t ica l P l a e G eo m e try i c l d i g
n -
on n ,
n u n an
I t ro d c t io
n t So l i d Geo m e try Wri tte t i c l d e th re q ire m e ts of th
u n o . n o n u e u n e
Syll ab s of th B oar d of E d catio i G eo m e trica l D ra w i g d for t h
u e of u n n n an e u se
S t d e ts prepari g for t h M il i tary E tra ce E xa m i a tio s B y HE N R Y J
u n n e n n n n . .

S P O O N ER C E D irec t or of t h P o l y t ech ic Schoo l f E g i er

, . .
, e n o n ne
i g
n t,
C ro w 8
e c .
3 6d n vo . , s. .

WA T S O N E L E M E N T S O F P L A N E AN D SO LI D G EO
M E T RY B y H W W A T S O N M A F cp 8 o . . .
, . . . v .
, 3s 6 d . .

WI L S O N G EO M E T R I C A L D RA W I N G F or . th e u se O f
C a d id ates for A rm y E xam i at io s d as
n I t ro d c t io n n ,
an an n u n to M echa ical n
D ra w i g B y W N W L S O N M A P ar ts I d I I C ro w 8
n . . . I , . . . an . n vo .
, 4s . 6 d each . .

WI N TE R . E LE M E N T A RY G E O M E T R I CA L D RA W I N G .

B y S H W N T ER . . I .

P art I I n clud i n g P rac ti cal P l a n e G e o m e tr y th e Co n s truct i o n o f

.
,

Sc l es t h U of th Sec tor th M ar q ois Sca les

a , e d th P ro trac tor
se e ,
e u , an e .

W i th 3 P l ates d E xercises d E xa m i at io P apers P os t 8 an

5 I O CO an n n . vo .
,
s.
12 S cien tic bVor k s p u bl ish ed by L ong ma n s, G r een , { 9
Co .

T RI G O N O M ET RY .

CA S E K A T REAT IS E O N E L E M E N T A R Y IT R I G O N O
M ET R Y . B y J O H N C A S E Y L L D F R S l ate Fell ow of th Royal U iv rsi ty
, . .
, . . . e n e
of I rel a nd . Wi th m ero s E xa m p l es d Q es tio s for E xa m i a tio
nu u m an u n n n . 12 o,

CL A R K E P L A N E T R I G O N O M E T R Y Co n tai n i n g th e lm ore
. .

ad va ced P roposi t io s So l tio of P rob le m s d a m pl t S m m ary of F

n n ,
u n an co e e u or
m l B ookw ork t t oge ther w i th rec t E xam i atio P ap rs for th A rmy
u ae , , e c .
, en n n e e ,

Woo lw ich t W i th A s wers B y th R A D A W S O C L A R K E M A S t

, e c . n . e ev . . N , . .
,
.

J oh s C oll ege C a m b ri d ge C row 8

n

, 5 . n vo .
, s .

GOO D W I N W o rk s by H B G O O D W I N M A
. . .
, . .

P L A N E A N D S P H E R IC A L T R I G O N O M E T R Y I n T h re e .

Par ts co m prisi g t hose por tio s of th s bjec ts theore t ical d prac tica l
,
n n e u , an ,

which are req ired i t h F i al E xa m i a t io for Ra k of L ie te a t j t

u n e n n n n u n n a
G ree wich 8 n8 6d . vo .
,
3 . .

E L E M E N T A R Y P LA N E T R I G O N O M E T R Y Wi th n u me rous .

E xa m p l es d E xa m i a t io P apers t t th Royal N aval C o ll ege i rece t

an n n se a e n n
ye rs Wi th A s wers 8
a .
5 n . vo . ,
s .

[ O N E S T H E B E G I N N I N G S O F T R I G O N O M E T R Y By .

A C LE M E N T JO N ES M A
. Ph D l a te O pe S ho l ar d Se ior H l m e
, . .
,
. .
, n c an n u
E xhi b i t io er of B rase ose C o ll ege O xfor d ; Se ior M a the m a t ica l M as ter of
n n ,
n

B ra d ford G ra m m ar Schoo l C ro w 8 . n vo .
, 2s .

M U R R A K P I A N E T R I G O N O M E T R Y FO R C O LL E G E S
.

A N D S E C O N D A RY S CH O O L S B y D A N E L A MUR R A Y B A Ph D I
C ro w 8 y o 3 6d W i th
.
. .
, . .
, .
,

I s t r c t or i M a the m a t ics i C or e ll U iversi ty

n u n n n n . n .
,
s . .

L ogari t h m ic d T rigo o m e t ric T a b l es

an C ro w 8 5 n . n vo . , s .

CM I T I I E LE M E N T A R Y T R I G O N O M E T R Y
. By H A M B L I N .

S M I T H M A C row 8 , 4 6d
. K ey 7 6d
. n vo .
, s . .
,
5 . .

O PT I C S , P HO T O G RA P HY , ET C .

A B N E Y A T RE AT IS E O N P H O T O G R A P HY By S ir W I L L I A M .

D E W I E E SL E A N EY V L P ri cipa l A ssis ta t Secretary of th

I B , n n e
Seco d ary D epar t me t f th B oard of E d ca tio
n Wi th 34 I ll s tra tio sn o e u n. 1 u n .

F c p 8 vo
. .
, 5s .

D R UD E .
T H E T H E O R Y O F O PT I CS
By P A U L D R U D E .
,

P rofessor f P hysic t th U iversi ty of G i sse T ra sl ated fro m th G erm a

o s a e n e n . n e n
b y C R O RG M A . d R O ER T A M L L K
IB A ssis ta t Professors of
NN an B . I I AN ,
n
Physics t th U iversi ty of C hic go W i th
a e D iagra m s
n 8 5 t a . 1 10 . vo , 1 . s . ne .

G L A ZE B R O O K P HYSI C A L O P T ICS By R T G L A Z E . . .

RO O K M A
B P ri cipal of U iversi ty C o llege L iverpoo l Wi t h 8 3
, . .
, n n , . 1
W o d c ts of A pparat s t F p 8 6
o u u , e c . c . vo .
, s .

VA N D E R P O E L C O L O R P R O B L E M S : a P rac t i ca l M a nual
.

for th L y S t d e t of C o l or B y E M L Y N Y E S V RR O
e a u n Wi th 7 . I O AND P EL . 11
P l a tes i C ol or S q are 8 n t . u vo .
,
2 1s . ne .

WR I G H T O P T IC A L P R O J E C T I O N : a T re ati se o n th e U se
of th L a ter i E xhi b i t io d Scie t ic D e m o s t ra t io By L E W S W R G H T
e n n n n an n n n. I I ,

A t hor of L igh t a C o rse of E xperi m e t a l O p t ics

u Wi th 3 I ll s tra tio s u n

. 2 2 u n .

C ro w 8 6n vo .
, s.
14 S ci en tic Wor ks p u bl ished by Long ma n s , G r een , 63
Co .

H OLM E S T HE ST E A M E N G I N E By G E O R G E C V . . .

H O L M ES , C hair ma of th B oar d of W orks I re l a d W ith

n I ll s tra t io s e ,
n . 21 2 u n .

F cp 8 vo . .
, 6s .

N E I L S ON T HE
S T E A M T U RB I N E By R O B E RT M . .

N E L S O N W hi tw ort h E xhi b i tio er A s ocia te M e m b er of th

I , I s t i t t e of n , s e n u
M e ha ica l E gi eers L c t rer
c n S tea m d th S t ea m E g i e t th
n n , e u on an e n n a e
H g i b tt m T ech ica l Schoo l A sh t o
e n o o d er L y e Wi th 4 5 I ll s tratio s n , n -u n -
n . 1 u n .

8 vo .
, 7s 6 d . . net .

N O R R I S A P R A C T I C A L T R E A T IS E O N T H E O T T O

CYC L E G A S E N G I N E B y W I LL A M N O RR S W i th 7 . I I , 20
I ll s t ra t io s
u 8 6d n . vo .
, 1 os . .

R PP
I E R W o rk s b y W I L L I A M R I PP E R P ro fe s so r o f M e c h an i
.
,

c al E ngi n e e r i n g l n t h e S h e fe l d T e c h n i cal S c h oo l .

S T E A M W i th 1 8 5 I llus trati o n s C ro w n 8 vo 2s 6 d
. . .
, . .

S T E A M E N G I N E T H E O RY A N D P RA C T IC E W i th 4 3 8 .

I ll t ra t io s
us 8 o n . vo .
,
s .

SE N N E T T A N D O R A M T H E M A R I N E ST E A M E N G I N E :
A T rea t ise for E gi eeri g S t d e ts Y o g E gi eers d O i n o f th n n u n , un n n an ce rs e
R oya l N avy d M erca t i l e M ari e By th l ate R I CH A R D S N N E T I
an n n . e E

E gi eer i C hief of t h N avy

n n -
t n- d HE N R Y J O R A M Se ior E g i eer e , e c . an .
,
n n n
I spec t or
n t th A d m ira l ty I spect or of M achi ery i
a H M
e Fl t t , n n n . . ee , e c .

W i t h 4 4 D iagra m s 8 1 . vo .
, 2 15 .

S T R O M E YE R M A RI N E B O I LE R MA N AG E M E N T AN D.

C O N ST RU C T I O N Bei g a T rea t ise B oi l er T ro b l es d Repairs . n on u an ,

C orrosio F e ls d H a t n, th pro pert ies of I ro

u d S t ee l
, an Boi l er e , on e n an , on
M echa ics Workshop Prac tices d B o i l er D esig By C E S T R O M E Y E R
n , , an n . . .
,

C hief E gi eer of th M a ches ter S tea m U sers A ssociat io M e mber of

n n e n

n ,

C o ci l of th I s ti t tio of N ava l A rchi t ec ts t W i t h 4 5 D iagra m s t

un e n u n , e c . 2 , e c .

8 vo .
, 1 2s . n e t .

A RC H I T E C T U RE , B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N , ET C .

AD V AN C E D B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U CT I O N By th e Auth o r .

of Ri i
v n g to n s N o tes

B i ld i g C o st r c tio Wi t h 3 8 5 I ll s trat io s
on u n n u n

. u n .

C ro w 8 n vo .
, 4s 6d . .

B UR R E L L B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N B y E D WA R D J . .

B URRE LL Seco d M as ter of th P eop l e s P al ace T ech ica l Schoo l L o d o

, n e

n , n n .

Wi th 3 3 W orki g D ra i gs C ro w 8
0 6d n w n . n vo .
, 2s . .

G W I L T AN E N CYC L O P /E D I A O F A RC H IT E CT U RE .

B y J O S E P H G W LT F S A Revised wi th A l terat io s d C o si d erab l

I , . . . n an n e
A d d i t io s by W Y TT P A P W R T H
n Wi th 7 E gravi gs 8 A t O . 1 00 n n . vo .
,
2 1s . ne .

PA R K E R A N D UN Wl N T H E A R T O F B U I L D I N G A
H O M E A C o ll ec tio of L ec t res d I ll s trat io s By B A RR Y P A R K ER d n u an u n . an
RA Y M O N D U W W i th 6 8 F ll page Pl ates 8 N 6d t IN . u -
. v0 , 1 os . . ne .

R I CH A R D S B R IC K LA YI N G A N D B R I C K C U T T I N G
. By .

H W R CH A R D S E xam i er i B r i ck w ork d M aso ry t th C i ty d G i l d s

. . I ,
n n an n o e an u
of L o d o I s ti t te H ea d of B i l d i g T ra d es D epartm e t N or ther Pol y
n n n u , u n n ,
n
tech ic I s t i t t e L o d o
n N n Wi th over I ll s t ra t io s
u 8 ,3 6d n n ,
. 200 u n . vo . ,
s . .
 S ci en ti c W or ks p u bl ish ed by L ong ma n s, G r een , 69
Co . 1
5

A R C H IT E C T U R E , B U IL D IN G C O N S T RU C T IO N , ET C .
Co n ti n u e d .

SE D D O N B U I L D E R S WO R K A N D T H E B U I LD I N G

T RA D E S By C o l H C S E DD O N R E l ate S peri te d i g E gi ee
. . . .
, . .
, u n n n n n r,
H M D ockyar d P or t s m o t h ; E xa m i er i B i l d i g C o s t r ctio Scie ce
'
. . s ,
u n n u n n u n ,
n

and A t D epar t m e t So t h K e si gt o
r W it h m ero s I ll st ratio s n , u n n n . nu u u n .

M ed i m 8 6 u vo . , 1 s.

VA L D E R B O O K O F T A B L E S gi vi n g th e Cub i c Co n te n ts o f
.
,

fro m O t T hir ty P ieces D eal s B a tte s d Sca t l i gs of th Si es s all y

ne o , n an n n e z u u
i m por ted or sed i th B i l d i g T ra d es t oge ther w i t h A ppe d ix show i g a
u n e u n , an n n

l arge m b er of si es th C o te t s of which m y b fo d by referri g t th

nu z , e n n a e un n o e

aforesai d T a bl es B y T H O M A S V A D R O b l o g 4 t 6 t . L E . n o .
,
s . ne .

RIVINCT O NS CO URS E O F B UILD ING CO NS T RUCT IO N .

NOT ES O N B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N A rra n g e d to m e e t .

t h re q ire m e t s of t h sy ll a b s of th B o r d of E d ca t io
e u n M ed i m 8 e u e a u n . u yo .

P art I E l e m e n tar y S tag e W i th 5 5 2 I llu strati o n s os n e t

. .
,
. .

P art I I A dvan c e d S tag e W i th 4 79 I llustrati o n s 9 s n e t

. .
, . .

P art I I I M ate r i al s Course fo r H o n ours W i th 1 8 8 I ll us tra

. . .

t io s 8 t n , 1 s . ne .

P ar t I V C al cul ati o n s fo r B u il d i n g S tr u c tu re s
. Co u rs e fo r .

H o o rs W it h 5 5 I ll s t ra tio s 3
n u . t 1 u n , 1 s . ne .

E L E C T RIC IT Y A N D M A G N ET IS M .

A R R H E N I US A B O O K O F E L E CT R O C H E M I S
. T E XT -

T RY B y S A T E A RR H E U S P rofessor t th U iversi ty of S tockho l m

. V N N I , a e n .

T ra s l ated fro m t h G er m a
n E d i t io
8yo
by J O H M C CR A E Ph D W i t h 5 8
e n n N
. .
,

I ll s tra t io s
u 9 6d t n . .
, s . . ne .

C A R U S W I L S O N E L E C T R O D Y N A M I CS th e D i re ct -

C rre t M ot or B y C H A R L E S A S H L E Y C RU S W L S M A C a t a b W i t h
u n . A -
I ON , . . n .

7 D iagra m s
1 d a Series of P ro b l e m s w i t h A s w ers
,
an C ro w 8 7 6d , n . n vo . , s . .

C U M M I N G E L E C T R I C I T Y T R E A T E D E X PE R I M E N .

T A L L Y By L CU MM G M A Wi h 4 I ll s trat io s C r 8 4 6d
. I N N IE U S IN , . . t 2 2 u n . . v0 . s . .

D A K E X E R C I S E S I N E L E CT R I CA L A N D MAG N ET I C
M E A S U R E M E N T S wi th A s wers B y R E D A m 3 6d , n . . . Y . I 2 o .
, s . .

F I T Z G E R A L D T H E S CI E N T I F I C W R I T I N G S O F T H E .

L A T E G E O R G E F RA N C I S F IT Z G E RA L D S D , c . .
,

F e ll o w of T ri i t y C o ll ege D b l i C o ll ec ted d E d i te d w i th
n H i s t orical , u n . an ,
an

I tro d c t io by J EP H L R M R F e ll o w of S t J oh s C o ll ege

n u n OS A O n

C a m b rid ge W i t h P or t ai t 8 y o 5
, , .
,

. r . .
,
1 s .

G O R E T H E A R T O F E L E C T R O M E T A LL U R G Y i n c l ud i n g
.
-
,

all k o w P rocesses of E l ec tro D eposit io B y G G RE L L D F R S W i t h

n n -
n . . O , . .
, . . .

5 6 I ll s t ra t io s
u F p 8 6 n . c . vo .
, s .

H E N D E R S O N W o rk s b yJO H N
P RA C T I C A L E L E C T R I C I T Y A N D M A G N E T IS M . W i th
1 ll s trat io s d D iagra m s C row 8
59 I u 6 6d n an . n vo .
,
s . .

P R E L I M I N A RY P R A C T I C A L M A G N E T IS M A N D E LE C
T RI C IT Y C ro w 8 . n vo .
, 1 s.
 16 S cien ti c Wor ks pu bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 63
Co .

E L E C T R I C IT Y A N D M A G N E T I S M Co n t i n u e d .

N N E L E C T R I CI T Y A N D M A G N E T I S M By F L E E M I N G
f E K I .

J EN K IN , Wi th 7 7 I ll s tra tio s F p 8 3 6 d
1 u n . c . vo .
, s . .

] 0 UB E R T E L E M E N T A R Y T R E A T IS E O N E L E C T R ICI T Y
AN D M A G N E T I S M F o d ed . un on J O U B ER T S T rai t El m t i d El
en a re

ec

t r ic it

B y G C FO S T ER
. . . , an d E A TK N S O N Ph D Wi th I ll s
. I , . . u

t ra t io n s C ro 8
. wn vo .
[N ew E d i t i on i n th e P r ess .

j O Y CE E X A M P L E S . IN E L E C T R I CA L E N G IN E E RIN G .

By S A M UE L J O Y C E ,
C ro w n 8 vo .
, 5s .

M A CL E A N AN D M A R CH A N T E L E M E N T A R Y QU E S
T IO N I N E L E T R I IT S C C Y AN D M A G N E T I S M W i th A s wers C m . n . o
pi l e
d by AGN S A AN M U M CL E D S , . c . , d E W M A RCHA N T D s an . .
, . o .
,

A I E E
. . n 8 vo , 1 s
. . C ro w . .

M E RRI F I E LD . M A G N E T IS M A N D D E V I AT I O N O F T H E
C O M PA SS . B y J O H N MERR F E L D L L D I I , . .
, 1 8 mo .
, 25 . 6d .

PARR P RA C T . IC A L E L E C T R I C A L T E S T I N G I N P H YS ICS
A N D E L E C T RI CA L E N G I N E E RI N G B y G D A S P I N A L L PA RR A ssoc . . .
, .

M I E E
. Wi t h 3 I ll st ra tio s 8
. . 8 6d . 2 1 u n . vo .
, s . .

P O YS E R . Wo rk s by A W P O YS E R , M A . . . .

MAG N E T I S M 23
5 I ll u st ra t i o n s A N D E LE CT R I C I T Y W i th . .

C ro w 8 6d n vo .
, 2s . .

A D V A N C E D E L E C T RI C I T Y A N D M A G N E T IS M W i th .

3 7 I ll s t ra t io s
1 C ro w 8 4 6d u n . n vo .
,
s. .

R H O D E S AN E LE M E N T A RY T RE A T IS E ON A LT E R
N AT IN G C U R RE N T S B y W G . . . R O H DE S, M sc . . C o s l ti gn u n
En n gi eer W i th 8 D iagra m s 8 7 . 0 vo .
, s . 6d . net .

S L I N GO A N D B R OO K E R . W o rk s by W . SLIN G O an d A .

B RO O K E R .

E L E C T R IC A L E N G I N E E R I N G FO R E L E C T R IC LIG HT
S
A RT I A N S A N D S T U D E N T S Wi th 3 7 I ll s tratio s C ro w 8 . 1 u n . n vo .
, 1 2s .

P R O B L E M S A N D S O LU T I O N S I N E LE M E N T A RY
E L E C T R I C IT Y A N D M A G N E T I S M Wi th 9 8 I ll s t at io s C r 8 . u r n . . vo .
,
2s .

T YN D A L L Wo rk s byJ O H N T Y N D A LL , See p 3 6 . .

T E L E G RA P H Y A N D T H E T E L E P HO N E .

H O P K I N S T E LE P H O N E LI N E S A N D T H E I R PRO
P E RT I E S By W LL I A M J H O P K S Professor of P hysics i th
. I . IN , n e D rexe l
I s t i t t e P hi l a d e l phia
n u C ro w 8, 6 . n vo .
,
s .

P R E E CE AN D S I VE WR I G H T T E L E G R A P HY By S ir W . .

H P REE C E
. F R S C E , . . .
, . . , e c t C o s l ti g E gi eer d
.
, n u n n n an
E l ec t ricia P os t O f ce T el egraphs ; d Sir J S
n, an . IVE WR IG H I G e era l '

, n

M a ager So t h A fri ca T el egraphs W i th 67

n , u n . 2 I ll s t ra t io s
u F p 8 6 n . c . vo .
,
s.
18 S cien tic Wor ks p u bl ished by L on gma n s, G r een , 69 *
Co .

LO N G M A N S C I VI L E N G I N E E RI N G S E RI E S

.

C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G A S A PP L I E D T O C O N S T R U C T I O N .

B y L E E S O N F R A N C S V ER N O N H A R C O UR T M A
V W i th 3 6 8
I -
,
. .
,

I ll s tra t io s
u M ed i m 8 4 t
n . u vo .
, 1 s . ne .

C T T M tri l Pr l i m i ry W rk F d ti d R d R i lw y B i dg d oun e an
l E g i r i g I rri g t i W rk D k W k d
ON EN S a e a s, e na o s, a on s an oa s a a r
l E g i ri g R iv r
.

Tun n e n nee d C n e an an a n n ee n a on o s oc or s an

M i ti m E g i
ar e i g S i t ry E gi ri g
n n e er n an a n nee n .

N O T E S O N D O CK S AN D D O CK C O N ST RU CT I O N . By C .

C O LS O N , C B . .
, W i th 3 6 5 I ll s t ra t i o s
u M ed i m 8 n . u vo .
, 2 1s . ne t .

C A L C U L A T I O N S I N HY D R A U L I C E N G I N E E R I N G : a
Prac t ica l T ex t Book for t h of S t d e ts D ra gh ts me d E gi e rs By
-
e us e u n . u n an n n e .

T C L A X TO N F I D LER
.
,

P art I F l ui d P re ssure a n d th e C al cul a ti o n o f its E ffe c ts in E n

.

gi i g S t r c t es W i t h
n ee r n m ero s I l l t d E xa m p l es 8
u 6 6d
urt . nu u us ns . an . vo .
,
s . . ne .

P art I I C al cul ati o n s in H y d r o K i n e ti cs W i th n ume r ou s I llus

.
-
.

t ti rad E xa m p l e 8
on s a n 7 6d t s . vo .
, s. . ne .

R A I L WA Y C O N ST RU C T I O N By W H M I L L S . . .
,

En gi eer i C hief f th G r a t N ort her Rai lway of I rel a d Wi th

n -
n- 0 e e n n .
5 16 I ll s
u
tra ti d D iagra m s
on s a n 8 8 t . vo .
, 1 s . ne .

P R I N CI P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E OF H A R B O U R CO N .

ST RU C T I O N B y W I L L I A M S H I E L D .
, W i th 97 111 us
t ti ra M ed i m 8
on s 5 t
. u vo . , 1 s. ne .

T I D A L R I V E R S : th e ir ( 1 ) H y d rauli c s (2 ) Improve m e n t (3 ) , ,

N avi g a t io By W H WH EE L ER n . W i th 7 5 I ll st ratio s . .
, u n .

M ed i m 8 6 tu vo .
, 1 s . ne .

M A C HI N E D RA W I N G A N D D ES I G N .

LO W W o rk s b y D A V I D A L LA N L O W,
P ro fe ss o r o f E n gi n e e r
in g, E ast L o n d o n T e ch n i cal Co ll e g e (P e o pl e s P al ac e )
.

I MP R O V E D D RA W I N G SC A L E S 6 d in case . . .

A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O M A CH I N E D R A W I N G A N D
D E SIGN Wi th 5 3 I ll stra io s d D iag a m s C ro w 8
.
6d 1 u t n an r . n v0 , 25 . .

LO W AN D M A N U A L O F M A CH I N E D R A W I N G
B E VI S .
-
A
A N D D E S I GN B y D A V I D A L LA N L o w d A LF RE D W LL A M B E S an I I VI
M I M ech E W i th 7 I ll tratio s 8 ,

. . .
7 6d . 00 us n . vo .
, s . .

UN WI N T H E E L E M E N T S OF M A CH I N E D E SI G N . By
W C A WT HO R N E U N WI N F R S
.
, . . .

P art I G e n e ral P r i n c i p l e s
.
, Faste n i n g s , an d T ra n s m i s s i ve
M ach i ery W i th 34 5 D iagra m s
0

n .
, e tc . F c p 8 vo . .
, 7s 6 d
. .

Part I I C hic y on E n gi n e
.
D etail s , W i th 2 59 I llu strati o n s ,
F c p 8 vo . .
, 65 .
t.
 Sci en tic Wor ks p u bl ished by Long ma n s, G r een , (59 '
Co . 19

N AVA L A RC HI T E C T U RE .

ATT WO O D .
T E X T
B O O K O F T H E O R E T I CA L N A V A L -

A R CH I T E C T U R E a M a a l for S t d e ts of Scie ce Cl asses d D ra gh ts nu u n n an u

m en E gage d i Ship b i l d ers d N ava l A rchi tec t s D ra wi g O f c
n h By u

an

n es .

E D W A R D L E W S A TT W O O D A ssis t a t C o s t r c t or R oya l N avy

I Wi th 4 , n n u , . 11
D i gra m s
a C row 8 7 6d . n vo . , s. .

WA T S O N N A V A L A R CH I T E C T U R E : A M a n ual o f L ay ing
off I ro S tee l d C o m posi te V essel s B y T H O M A S H WA T S O L ect rer
n, an . . N , u on
N ava l A rchi tec t re t th D rha m C o ll ege of Scie ce N u tl po T y ea e u n ,
ew cas e-u n- n .

W i th mero s I ll s tratio s R oya l 8

nu 5 u t u n . vo . , 1 s . ne .

W O RKS HO P A P P LI A N C ES ET C , .

N OR TH CO T T L A T H E S A N D T U RN I N G S im pl e M e cha
.
, ,
i l
n ca d O r a m e t a l B y W H N O R T H CO T T W i t h 3 3 8 I ll s t ra t io s 8
an n n 8 . . . . u n . V0 .
,1 s.

S H E L L E K W O R K SH O P A P P L I A N C E S i n c l ud i n g D e scr ip ,

t io s of so m e of th G a gi g
n d M eas ri g I s t r m e t s H a d c tt i g T o l s
e u n an u n n u n , n -
u n o ,

L a t hes D ri ll i g Pl , i g d o t her M achi e T oo l s sed b y E gi eers

n , By
an e n , an n u n n .

C P B S H E LL E Y
. . . W ith ad d i tio a l C hap ter M i ll i g by R
, an n on n .

R L I S T ER
. Wi th 3 3 I ll s trat io s F p 8
.
5 2 u n . c . vo . , s .

M I N E RA LO G Y M I N I N G M E T A L L U RG Y ET C , , ,
.

B A UE R M A N W o rk s b y H I L A R Y B A U E R M A N F C S , . . .

SYS T E M A T I C M I N E R A L O G Y Wi th 3 7 3 I ll ustrati on s . .

F c p 8 vo . .
, 6s .

D E SC R I P T I V E M I N E RA LO G Y . Wi t h 2
3 6 I llu strati on s .

F cp . 8 vo . , 6s .

B RE A R L E Y AN D I B B O T S OIV . T HE A N A L YSI S OF
ST E E L W O R K S MA T E R I A L S
-
B y H A RR Y B RE A R L E Y d FRED . an
I B O TSO N B S
B D e m o s t ra t or of M icrographic A a l ysis U iversi ty
, . c . n n , n

C o llege She f e ld W i t h 8 5 I ll st ra t io s 8
, 4 t . u n . vo . , 1 s. n e .

GO R E T H E A RT O F E L E C T R O M E T A LL U R G Y
. By G -
. .

GO RE L L D F R S W i th 5 6 I ll st ratio s F p 8
, . .
, 6 . . . u n . c . vo . . s .

H UN T I N G T O N A N D III M I L L A I V M E T A L S : th e i r P r o perti e s
.
-

d T rea t m e t
an B y A K HU N T I N G TO N P rofessor of M etall rgy i K i g s
n . . .
, u n n

C o llege L o d o d W G M M I L L A N L ec t rer M eta ll rgy i M aso s

, n n , an . .
, u on u n n

C o ll ege B irm i gham W i t h

, I ll s tra t io s F p 8n 7 6d . 1 22 u n . c . vo .
, s . .

L UP T O N W o rk s b y A R N O L D L U P T O N e tc ,
.

M I N I N G A n E l e m e n tary T r e ati se o n th e G e t ti n g o f M i n e ral s

. .

Wi th 5 9 6 D iagra m s d I ll s tratio s C row 8 9 t an u n . n vo .

, s . ne .

A P R A C T I C A L T R E A T I S E O N M I N E S U RV E YI N G .

W i th 9 I ll s tratio s 8 20 t u n . vo .
, 1 2s . ne .

RH E A D M E T A LL U R G Y
. By E L RH E A D L e cture r o n . . .
,
M eta ll rgy t th M icipa l T ech ica l Schoo l M a ches ter W i th 9 4 I ll stra
u a e un n , n . u
t io s nF p 8 .
3 6d c . vo .
, s . .

RH E A I J A N D S XT O
E N A SS A YI N G A N D M E T A L L U R
G I G A L A N A L YS I S for th of St d e ts C hem is ts d A ssayers B y E L e u se u n , an . . .

R H E A D L ec t rer M eta ll rgy M icipal School of T ech o l og y M ches ter

, u on u ,
un n ,
an
d A HU M B O L D T S E X T O N
an . F P rofessor of M eta ll rg y Gl go w , u ,
as
d W es t of Sco t l a d T ech ical C o ll ege
an 8 6d t n n . vo .
, 1 os . . ne .

R UT L E K T H E S T U D Y O F R O C K S : an E l e me n tar y T e x t
b ook f P e tro l ogyo B y F R U TL E Y F G S W it h 6 P l at s d 8 8 other I llus . .
, . . . e an
tra t io n s . F cp 8 vo . .
, 4s 6 d . .
20 S ci en ti c W or ks pu bl ished by L ong ma n s, G r een , 69
Co .

A S T RO N O M Y , N A VI G A T I O N , ET C .

A B O
B T T E L E M E N T AR Y H E O RY O F T H E T I D E S : T
t h e F un d a m e t a l T h ore m s D e m o s t rat e d w i tho t M at he m a t ics
n e d th I n u an e h
ue n ce o n th L e g t h of th D y D isc ssed
e n By T K A O TT B D F e ll o e a u . . . BB , . . , w
an d T u t or T ri i t y C o ll ege D b l i
, n C row 8 , u n . n vo .
, 2s .

B ALL Work s by S ir R O B E RT S . B A LL , LL D . .
,
F R S . . .

E LE M E N T S O F A ST RO N O M Y . W i th 1
3 0 F igu re s an d D ia
gram s F p 8 o . c . v .
, 6 s 6d
. .

A C L A SS B O O K -
OF AST RO N O MY . W i th 4 1 D i ag ram s .

F c p 8 vo . .
, 1 s. 6d .

GI LL T E X T B O O K O N
.
-
N AV I G AT I O N A N D N A U T IC A L
A S T RO N O M Y By J G I LL . . , l a te H e ad M as ter of th e L iverpoo l
C orporat io N a tic l C o lleg e n u a . 8 vo . , 1 0s . 6d .

G O OD WI N AZ I M U T H T A B L E S F O R T H E H I G H E R
D E C L IN AT IO N S ( L i m i ts of D ec l i a tio n 4 to b o t h i c l sive )

. n 2 n u .

B e tw ee n the P ara ll e ls of L a t i tu d e nd W i th E xa m p l es of th U se of 0

a e

t h e T a b l es in E n g l is h an d F re ch B y H B G O O D WI N N ava l I ns tru c t or n . . .
, ,

Roya l N avy R oy al 8 vo 7 6d . .
, s. .

H E R S CH E L O U T L I N E S O F A S T R O N O MY . JO HN
B y S ir
F . W . H ER S C H E L B art , .
, K H . .
, e tc . Wit h 9 P lat s e an d nu m ero s D iagra m s u .

8 vo .
, 1 2s .

LA U G H T O N AN
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E F RA C
T I C A L A N D T H E O R E T I C A L S T U D Y O F N A U T I C A L S U RV E Y I N G .

By J O H N K N O X With 3 5 D iagra m s C ro w 8 . n vo .
, s .

LO WE L L M A R S By P E R C I VA L L O W E L L F e ll o w .
, A m e ri c an
A ca d e m y M e m ber R oya l A sia t ic Societ y G rea t B ri t ai n a d
, , n Ir ela nd , e tc .

Wi t h 24 P l ates 8 o 1 as 6 d . v .
, . .

M A R T I N N A V I G AT I O N A N D N A U T IC A L A S T R O N O M Y .

C o m pi l ed by Sta ff C o m m a d er W n . R MA. R TI N , R N . . R oya l 8 vo .

, 1 8s .

M E R RI F I E L D IS E O N .

A T R E AT N A V I G AT I O N . Fo r
th U e of S t d e ts B y J ME RR F I E L D L L
se u n . . I , . D . , F M S . . . W i th
C ha rt s d D iagra m s C ro w 8
an . n yo. ,

PA R K E R .
E LE MEN T S O F A ST RO N O M Y . W i th N um e r ous
E xa m p l es d E xa m i atio P apers B y GEO R G E W PA R K ER
an n n . .
, M A . .
, of
T ri i ty C o ll ege D bl i Wi th 8 4 D iagra m s 8
n 6d
,
t u n. . vo .
, . ne .

WE B B C E L E S T I A L O B J E C T S F O R C O M M O N T E L E
.

S C O P E S B y th Re v T W W E B B M A F R A S F ift h E d i tio n
. e . . . , . .
, . . . .
,

Revise d a d grea tl y E n l arge d b y th e Re

n T E E S PIN M A F R A S (T w o v . . .
, . .
, . . . .

V o l m es ) V ol I w i t h P ort ra i t a d a Re m i isce ce of th e A t hor

u . . . , P la tes n n n u , 2 ,

an d n u mero u s I llu s t rat io n s C ro wn 8 vo V o l I I w i t h u me rou s I ll us t a . . , . .

, n r

t io s C ro wn 8 vo os 6 d
n . . , . .
22 Scien tic Wor ks p bl ishe
ud by L on
g ma n s, G r een , Co .

WO RK S B Y R IC H A R D A . P R O C T O RCo n ti n u e d .

THE S T A R S I N T H E I R S E A S O N S : an E as y G u i d e to a
K o wl ed ge of th S tar G ro ps I
n L arge M aps
e -
u . n 12 . Im p rial 8e vo .
, 5s .

RO UG H WA YS
MA D E S M O O T H . Fam ili ar E ssa y s on
Scie t ic S bjec ts C ro w 8
n u
3 6d . n vo .
,
s . .

P L E A S A N T WA YS IN SCI E N C E . C row n 8 vo .
, 3 s . 6d .

N AT U R E ST U D I E S . By R . A . P R O CT O R , G RA N T A L L E N , A .

W I LS O N T FO S T ER
, .
, an d E . C LO D D . C row 8 3 n vo .
,
s. 6d .

L E IS U R E RE AD I N G S . By R A P R O CT O R . .
,
E . C LO D D , A .

WI LS O N , T . FO S TER , an d A . C RA N YA RD C row 8
. . n vo . , 3s 6 d . .

P HY S I O G RA P HY A N D G E O LO G Y .

B I RD Wo rk s b CH A RL E S B I R D B A
.
y , . .

E L E M E N T A RY G E O L O G Y W i th G e o l o gi cal M ap o f th e .

B ri t ish I s l es d 4 7 I ll s tra t io
,
an C ro w 8 2 6d u ns . n vo .
, 2s . .

A D VA N C E D G E O L O G Y A M an ual fo r S tud e n ts i n A dvan ce d .

Cl asses d for Ge era l Rea d ers Wi th over 3 I ll s t ra tio s a Geo l ogical

an n . 00 u n ,

M p of th B ri t ish I s l es (c l o re d )
a e d a t of Q es tio s for E xa m i a tio
o u . an se u n n n .

C row 8 7 6 d n vo .
, s. .

G R E E N P HYS IC A L G E O L O G Y F O R S T U D E N T S A N D
G E N E RA L RE A D E R S B y A H GREE N M A F G S W i th 3 6 I ll s . . .
,
. .
,
. . . 2 u
t r a tio ns . 8 vo .
,
2 1 s.

M OR GAN W o rk s
M O RG A N M A D S c by A L E X .
, . .
,
. .
,

E L E M E N T A R Y P HYSI O G RA P HY T re ate d E x p e ri me n tall y . .

W i th 4 M aps d 4 3 D iagra m s C row 8 an 6d 2 . n vo .

, 2s . .

A D VA N C E D P HYS I O G R A P HY W i th 2 1 5 I llustrati o n s . .

C ro w 8 n
4 6d vo .
,
s. .

N W o rk s by H O R N T O N M A T
T H O RN T O J .
,
. .

E L E M E N T A R Y P R A C T I C A L P HYSI O G R A P HY .

P art I Wi th 2 1 5 I ll ustrati ons C ro w n 8 vo 2s 6d

. . .
,
. .

P art I I W i th 9 8 I ll ustrati o n s Cro w n S YO 2s 6 d

. . .
, . .

E L E M E N T A R Y P HYSI O G R A P HY : a n I n tr o du c t i o n to th e
S t d y of N at re W ith 3 M aps d 9 5 I ll s trat io s Wi t h A ppe d ix
u u . 1 an 2 u n . n on
A s t ro o m ica l I s t r m e t s
n d M eas re m e t s
n C row 8
u 6d n an u n . n vo .
,
2s . .

A D V A N C E D P HYS I O G R A P HY Wi th 1 1 M aps an d 2 5 5 .

I ll s t ra t io s
u C ro w 8 n 4 . 6d n vo . , s. .
 S cien ti c Wor ks p u bl ished by L on g ma n s, G r een , 69 *
Co . 23

N AT U RA L HIS T O RY A N D G E N E RA L S C I E N C E .

B E D D AR D T H E S T R U C T U R E A N D C LA SSI F IC A T I O N
.

OF B I R D S B y F R A N K E B E DD A R D M . .
, . A .
, P rosec t or an d V ice
Secretary of th Zoo l ogica l Society of L o d o e n n. Wi th 25 2 I ll s
u 8 . vo .
,
z rs . net .

F UR N E A UX W o rk s b W I L L I A M F U R N E A U X F
.
y ,

T H E O UT D O O R WO R L D ; Youn g Co ll e c to r s H an d
o r, T he

ook Wi t h 8 P l a tes 6
b . 1 , 1 of w hich are co l o red d 5 4 9 I ll stratio s i th u , an u n n e
ex t C ro w 8
T 6 .t n vo .
, s . ne .

L I FE I N P O N D S A N D S T R E A M S Wi th 8 Co l oure d P l ate s .

d 3 3 I ll t ra t io s i th T ex t
an 1C ro w 8 6 t us n n e . n vo .
, s . ne .

B U T T E R FL I E S A N D M O T HS (B r i ti sh ) W i th 1 2 Co l oure d .

Pl ates d 4 I ll s t rat io s i th T ex t C ro w 8
an 6 t 2 1 u n n e . n vo . , 5 . ne .

H UD S O N B R I T I S H B I R D S By W H H U D S O N . . .
,
Wi th 8 C o l o red P l ates fro m O rigi a l D rawi gs by A T H O R UR
u d 8 P l at es n n . B N , an
d anF ig res by C E L O D G E
1 00 d 3 I ll s t ra t io s fro m P ho t ographs
u . .
, an u n .

C ro w 8 6 t n vo .
, s. ne .

MI L L A I S T H E N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y O F T H E B R I T IS H
.
*

S U RFA C E FE E D I N G D U CK S B y J O H G U L E M LL A S F
- t . N IL I I , . e c .

W i th 6 Phot ograv res d 6 6 P l ates (4 i co l o rs ) fro m D ra wi gs by th A thor u an 1 n u n e u

A R CH A L D T HO R U R N d fro m P ho t ograp h s
IB R oya l 4 t 66 t B , an . o .
, 5 . ne .

N A N S E IV .
THE P O LA R E X N O RW E G I A N N O RT H
PE D I T I O N 8 9 3 8 96 Scie ti c Res l ts E d i ted by F R D TJO F N A N S E N
1 -
1 : n u . I .

V ol m e I W i th 44 P l ates d m ero s I ll t ti i th T ex t D e m y
'

u . an nu u u s ra on s n e .

4t 4 o t os . n e
T T T h F mT h J r i F
. .

C ON EN S : f C p Fl r
e W i th G l g i l S k t h
ra e u ass c a un a o a e o a a eo o ca e c
f C p Fl r d it N i g h b rh i l Pl t fr m F r f
.

o a e o a an d F s J L ed A A t f
ou oo os s an s o an z os e an h cc o u n o
t h B ir d C r
e s t u s a ce a .

V ol me I I W i t h C hart s d 7 P l at es D e m y 4 t 3
u t 2 an 1 o os ne
t i mR
. . . .
, .

C T ONT A tr
EN m i l O b rv ti
S : T rr tri l M g
s on o l t f th P
ca d l m se a on s e es a a ne s es u s o e en u u
O b r t ise va d m R m rk
on s a n th C ti t t i f th E
so h Cr t e e a s on e on s u on o e ar t

s us .

V ol m e I I I W i t h 3 3 P l ates D e m y t 3
u . t . o .
,
2s . ne .

C T T Th O
ON EN g r p h y f th
S : N rt P l r B
e i O H ydr m t r d th
ce a n o a o e o o a as n - n o e e s an e
S rfu T
ace i f L iq id
e n s on o u s.

S TAN L E K A F A M I L I A R H IS T O R Y O F B I R D S By E . .

S T A N L E Y D D for m erly B ishop of N or w ich W i th 6 I ll s tratio s C ro w

, . .
,
. 1 0 u n . n
8 vo .
, 3 s 6d .

M A N U FA C T U RES ,
T E C H N O LO G Y , ET C .

BE LL J A C QU A R D W E A V I N G
. AN D D E S I G N I N G . By F . T .

B E LL W i th 99 D iag am s 8
. 1 r . vo . . 1 2s . n et .

CR O S S AN D C R O SS an d E J B E V A N
B E VA N w o rk s by C F . . . . .

C E L L U L O S E an O u tli n e O f th e C h e m i s try O f th e S truc tural

E l e m e t s of P l a t s W i th refere ce t their N a t r l H is t ory d I d st ria l
n n . n o u a an n u
U ses ( C F CR O S S E J B E A N
. d C BEA D LE ) . W i th 4 P l a tes
.
, . . V an . . 1 .

C ro w 8 t n vo .
,
1 2s . ne .

R E S E A R CH E S O N C E L L U L O S E I 8 9 5 1 9 0 0 C ro w n 8 V 0 ,
-
. .
,
6s . n et .
24 S cien tic W or ks p u bl ished by L ong ma n s, G r een , 67
Co .

M A N U FA CT U RE S . T E C H N O LO G Y o ET C Co n ti n u e d .

M O RRI S AN D WI L K I N S O N T H E E L E M E N T S O F CO T
TON S P I N N I N G B y J O H N M O RR I S d F W I LK N S O N W i th a P reface . an . I .

by Sir B A D O S O N C E . W i t h 6 9 D iagram s d I ll s tratio s

. B , . .
, 1 an u n .

C ro w 8 7 6 d t n vo .
, s . . ne .

R I CH A R D S B R I C K LA YI N G A N D
C U T T I N G By BRI CK -
.

H W R I CH A R D S E xa m i er i B rick w ork d M a o ry t th C i ty d G i ld s
. . , n n an s n o e an u
of L o d o I sti t t e H ea d of B i l d i g T rad es D epa t m e t N or ther P o ly
n n n u , u n r n , n
tech ic I s t i t te L o d o
n N Wi t h over
n I ll s t a t io u M d 8 3 6d ,
n n , . 20 0 u r ns . e . vo .
,
s . .

T A VL O R . C O T T O N W E AV I N G A N D D E SI G N I N G . By
JO HN T . T A YL O R Wi th 37 3 D iagrams C ro w 8 . . n vo .
, 7 s 6d . . net .

WA T T S AN I N T RO D U C T O R Y M A N U A L FO R S U G AR
G RO W E R S . By F R A N C S WA TTS F I C W i th I ll s tra tio s
I , . . . 20 u n .

C row 8 6 n vo .
, s .

H EA LT H A N D HY G I E N E .

A SH E K H E A LT H I N T H E N U R S E R Y . By H E N RY A S H B Y,
M D. .
, F R C P .W i th 5 I ll stratio s C ro w 8
. . . 2 u n . n vo .
, 3s . n et.

B U CK T O N H E A LT H I N T HE HO USE . By M rs . C . M .

B U C KT O N . Wi th 4 W ood c t s 1 u an d D iagra m s C row . n 8 vo .

, as .

CO R FI E L D T HE . L AW S OF H E A LT H . By W H . . CO R
F IEL D , M A . .
, M D . . F c p 8 vo . .
, 1s . 6d .

F UR N E A UX E LE M E N T A RY . P RA C T IC A L HY G I E N E .

Sec tio n I . By W LL I A M S F U R N E A U X Wi th 4 6 I ll tra tio s C r 8

I . . 1 us n . . vo . , as . 6d .

N O T TE R AN D FI R T H W o rk s by J . L . N O T T E R, M A . .
, M D . .
,

an d R . H . F I RT H ,

HY G I E N E Wi th 9 5 I ll us trati o n s C ro w n 8 vo 3 s 6 d
. . .
, . .

P RA C T IC A L D O M E S T I C HY G I E N E W i th 8 3 I llustrati o n s . .

C ro w 8 6d n vo .
, 2s . .

P O O RE .
-
W ork s by G E O R G E V I V I A N PO O RE M D ,
. .

E SS A YS O N R U R A L HY G I E N E . C r o w n 8 vo 6 s 6 d .
, . .

T HE D WE L L I N G -
HO USE W i th .
3 6 I ll u s t r at i o n s C r o w n .

8 vo .
, 3 s 6d . .

T H E E A RT H I N R E L A T I O N T O T H E P R E S E RV A T I O N
A N D D E ST R U C T I O N O F C O N T A G IA b ei g t h M i l roy L ec t res : n e u
d el ivered t th R oya l C o ll ege of P hysicia s i
a 8 99 t oge t her wi t h o ther
e n n 1 ,

P apers Sa i t at io Wi t h 3 I ll s trat io s C ro w 8
on 5 n n . 1 u n . n vo , . s.

WI L S O N . A M AN U A L OF H E A LT H SCI E N C E -
. By
AN D RE W W LS O N I ,
e tc Wi th 7 4 I ll s trat io s
. u n . C ro w n
8 vo . , 2s . 6d .
26 S cien ti c Wor ks p u bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 63 *
Co .

M E D I C I N E A N D S U R G E RY Co n t i n u e d .

CH E YN E AN D B UR G H A R D A
M A N U A L O F S U RG I C A L .

T RE A T M E N T B y W WA T S O N C H E Y N E C B M E . .
, . . . . .
,

P rofessor of S rgery i K i g s C o ll ege L o d o S rgeo t K i g s C o ll eg

u n n

, n n, u n o n

e
H ospi t al t d F F B UR G H A R D M D
, e c . d M S an T eacher f . .
, . . an . .
,
o
P rac t i ca l S rgery i K i g s C o llege L o d o S rgeo t K i g s C oll eg
u n n

,
n n, u n o n

e ,

H ospi ta l t e c .

P art I T h e T r eatm e n t o f G e n e ral Surgi cal D i se as e s i n cl ud i n g

.
,

I a m m a tio
n S pp ratio U l cerat io G a gre W o d s d t heir C o m pli
n , u u n , n , n ne , un an

ca tio s I fec t ive D iseases d T m o rs ; th A d m i i s t ra tio f A es the ti cs

n , n an u u e n n o na .

W i th 6 6 I ll s t ra tio s Roya l 8 6d u n . vo .
, 1 0s . .

Par t I I T h e T re atm e n t o f th e Su rgi cal A ffe c ti o n s o f th e T i s sue s

.
,

i c l d i g th Ski
n u d S b c ta eo s T iss es t h
n e N ai l s t h L y m pha t ic
n an u u n u u , e , e
V esse l s d Gl a d s th F asci e B rs e M sc l es T e d o s
an d T e do
n , e a , u a , u , n n an n n
shea ths N erves A rteries d V ei s D efor m i t ies W i th 4 I ll s tratio s
, , an n . . 1 1 u n .

R oya l 8 4 vo .
,
1 s .

P ar t I I I T h e T re atme n t o f th e Surgi c al A ffe c t i o n s O f th e B o n e s

. .

A m p t a t io s W i th u I ll s tra t io s R oya l 8
n . 1 00 u n . vo . , 1 2s .

P art I V T h e T re atm e n t o f th e Surgi c al A ffe c ti o n s o f th e J o i n ts

.

(i c l d i g E xcisio s ) d t h Spi e W i t h 3 8 I ll s tra t io s R oya l 8

n u n n an e n . 1 u n . vo .

P art V T h e T re atm e n t o f th e S u rgi c al A li e c tio n s o f th e H e ad

.
,

F ace J a w s L ips L ar yx , d T rach a ; ,d th I t ri sic D iseases of th

, n an e an e n n e
N ose E d L ary x b y H L A M ER T L A C K M D
,
ar an n , . B , . .

S rgeo t th H ospi t a l for D ise ses of t h T hroa t G o l d e Sq are d t

u n o e a e ,
n u , an o

th T hroa t
e d E D epar t m e t T h C hi l d re s H ospi tal P a d d i gt o
an ar n , e n

, n n
G ree W i t h 4 5 I ll s t ra tio s R oyal 8
n . 8 1 u n . vo .
,
1 s .

P art V I S e c ti o n I T h e T re atm e n t o f th e S u rgi cal A fi cc tio n s o f

. .

th T o g e e d F l oor of t h M o t h th P hary x N ck ( E
n u an ph g St o m h e u , e n , e ,
SO a us , ac
d I t es t i es
an W i th 4 I ll s t ra tio s Royal 8
n n . 8 12 u n . V0 .
,
1 s .

S e c ti o n I I T h e T re atm e n t o f th e Surgi c al A e c tio n s o t .

th R ec t m L iver Sp l ee
e P a creas T hroat B re t d G i to i ary
u , , n, n , , as an en -
ur n

O rga s W i t h I ll st ra tio s Roya l 8

n . u n . v0 .

CL A R K E PO S T M O R T E M E X A M I N AT I O N S I N M E D I C O
.
-

L E GA L A N D O R D I N A R Y C A S E S Wi t h S pecia l C hap ters th L eg l . on e a

A spec t s of P os t m t m d C er t ica t es of D ea th By J J A C K SO N
-
or e s, an on . .

C LA R KE M B L o d , A ssis t a t S rgeo
. . t t h N or t h w es t L o d o
n .
,
n u n a e -
n n

d C i ty O r thop d ic H ospi t a l s
an t F p 8 6d ae , e c . c . vo .
, 2s . .

COA TS A M A N U A L O F PAT H O LO G Y
.
-
By J O S E P H .

C O A T S M D l ate P rofessor of P atho l ogy i th U iversi ty of Gl asgow

, . .
,
n e n .

F o r t h E d i t io
u Revised t hro gho t d Ed i t ed b y L E W S R S U TH ER L A N D
n . u u an I .
,

M D P rofe sor of Patho l ogy U iversi ty of S t A d re w s W i th 4 9 I ll s t a

. .
,
s ,
n . n . 0 u r

t io s 8n 3 . 6d V0 .
, 1s . .

CO O K E W o rk s by T H O M A S C O O K E
.
-
Eng B A , ,
. .
,

E Sc . M D P ar i s
.
,
. .
, .

T A B LE T S O F A N A T O M Y B e i n g a S y n o psi s o f D e m o n stra .

t io s give i t h W es t m i s t er H ospi t a l M ed ica l Schoo l

n n n E l eve t h E d i t io
e n . n n

i T hree P ar t s t horo gh l y b ro gh t
n p t d a te d w i t h over 7
,
I ll s t ra u u u o , an 00 u
t io s fro m a ll t h b es t So rces B ri t ish
n d F oreig P os t 4 t e u , an n . o .

P a r t I T h e B o n e s 7s 6 d n e t. . . . .

P art I I L i m bs A bd o m e n P e l vi s 1 0 s 6 d n e t
.
, ,
. . . .

P art I I I H e ad a n d N e ck T h orax B rai n i o s 6 d n e t

.
, , .
. . .
 S cien tic Wor ks pu bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 62
Co . 27

M E D IC I N E A N D
S U R G E R Y Co n t i n u e d .

C O OK E Wo rk s by T . H O M A S C O O K E (con tin u ed) .

A P H O R I S M S I N A PP L I E D A N A T O M Y A N D O P E R AT I V E
S U R G E RY I c l d i g T ypica l i d Q est io s S face M arki g
. n u n 1 00 v r/ v oce u n on ur n ,

t C ro w 8 3 6d
e c . n vo .
, 5 . .

- D AKIN A H A N D B O O K O F M I D W I FE RY By W I L L I A M .

RA D F O R D D A K I N M D O b s te t ric P hysicia d L ec t rer

, . .
,
n an u on
M i d w ifery t S t G eorge s H ospi ta l t a W it h 3 9 4 I ll s trat i o s L arge
.

, e c . u
.

n .

cro w 8 8 n vo . , 1 5.

D I CK I N S O N . W o rk s by W . H O W SH I P D IC K I N SO N , M D . .

Can tab .
,

ON RE N AL AN D U R I N A RY A FF E C T I O N S . W i th 12
P l a tes an d 1 22 W oo d c ts u . T hr e e P ar ts 8 vo 3 45 6 d
. .
, . .

T HE T O N G UE AS I N D I CAT I O N
AN OF D IS E A S E :

b ei g th n e L u m l e ia n L ec t res d e l ivere d M arch

u 88 8 , 1 8 vo .
, 7s 6d . .

O C CA S I O N A L PA P E R S ON M E D IC A L S U B J E C T S , 1 855
1 8 96 . 8 vo . 1 25 .

M E D IC I N E O L D A N D N E W A n A dd re ss D e li ve r e d o n .

th O ccasio of th O pe i g of t h W i ter Sessio 8 999 t S t G eorge s

e n e n n e n n, 1 1 00 , a .

H ospi ta l M e d ica l Schoo l md O c t o ber 8 99 C row 8 6d , on 2 , 1 . n vo .

, 2s . .

D U CR W O R T H _ . Wo t k sby S m D YC E D U C K W O R T H , M D , . .

L L D , F e ll o w . . an d T re a su r e r o f t h e R o y al Co ll e g e o f Ph y
s ic ian s , e tc .

T HE S E QU E L S O F D IS E A S E : be i n g th e L u m l e ia n Le c ture s ,

1 8 96 . 8 vo .
, 1 05 . 6d .

T HE I N F L U E N C E O F CH A R A C T E R A N D RIG H T
'

J U D GM E N T I N M E D I C I N E th H arveia O ra tio 8 9 8 : e n n, 1 . P os t 4 to .

2s . 6d .

E R I CH S E N T H E SCI E N C E A N D A RT O F S U R G E R Y ;
a T rea tise S rgica l I j ries D iseases d O pera tio s By Sir J O H N E R I C
on u n u , , an n .

E R I C H S E N B ar t L L D E di ,H M Ch d . I re l a d
, . . n .
, on . . . an n .

I ll s t ra te d b y ear l y
u E g avi gs W ood vo l s Roya l 8
n 48 1 000 n r n on . 2 . vo .
, 5 .

FO WL E R AN D ISEASE S O F T H E G OD LE E T H E . D
L U N GS By J A M ES K N G S TO N F O WL ER M A M D
. P hysicia I , . .
, . . , n
t oth M id d l esex H ospi ta l d t th H ospi ta l for C o s m p t io
e d D iseases an o e n u n an
of th C hes t B ro m p to t
e d R C K M A N J O H N G O D L E H o orary S r g eo
, n , e c . an I E , n u n
i O r d i a y t H is M ajes ty M S
n n F
r o F e ll o w d P rofessor of Cl i ica l , . .
, . an n
S rgery U i versi ty C o lleg e L o d o t W i th 6 I ll s tra t io s 8
u , n
5 , n n, e c . 1 0 u n . V0 . ,
2 s.
28 S cien tic l Vor ks pu bl ish ed by L ong m a n s , G r ee n , 69
Co .

M E D I C I N E A N D S U R G E R Y Co n t i n u ed .

G A RRO D . W o rk s by S I R A L FR E D B AR I N G G A RRO D ,

M D , . . e tc .

A T RE AT IS E O N G O U T A N D R H E U M A T I C G O U T
R H E U M A T O I D A RT H R IT I S ) W i th 6 P la tes co m prisi g F ig re . , n 21 u s

4 C o l o red )
1 d 7 I ll s t ra tio s e g aved
u W ood 8 , an 2 u n n r on . vo .
, 2 15 .

T H E E SS E N T I A L S O F M A T E R I A M E D I C A A N D T H E R A
PE U T I C S C ro w 8 6d . n vo .
, 1 25 . .

GO A D B K T HE M YC O LO G Y O F T H E M O U T H a T e x t
Book of O ra l B ac teria By KE N E TH W G O A D B Y L B S . N . , . . .

D P H
. L R C P
. . Bac teriol gis t d L ec t rer B ac teri . . . .
, o an u on

o l ogy N a tio a l D e ta l H osp i tal t

,
Wi th m ero s I ll stra tio s 8
n n , e c . nu u u n . vo .

G O OD SALL AN D M I L E S D I S E A SE S O F T H E A N US A N D
RE C T U M By D H G O O D S A LL .Se ior S rgeo M et ropo l i t . .
, n u n, an
H ospi ta l ; Se ior S rge S t M ark s H ospi t al ; d W E R N E S T M I L E S
n u on, .

an . ,

F A ssis ta t S rgeo t t h C a cer H spi t a l S rge ( t pa t ie ts ) n u n o e n o , u on ou -

n ,

t th
o G ord o H ospi ta l t ( I T P arts ) P art I W i t h 9 I ll s tra t io s
e n , e c . n w o . . 1 u n .

8 vo .
, 7 s 6d . . net .

G RA Y .
A N A T O SU R G IC A L B y MY , D E SC R I P T I V E A N D .

HE N R Y GR A Y F l ate L ec t rer A a t o m y t S t G eorge s H ospi t a l

, u on n a .

M e d ica l Schoo l T h F ift ee t h Ed i t io E l ge d ed i t e d b y T

. PI C K ER I N G e n n n ar , .

PI CK C o s l t i g S rge t S t George s H osp i tal t a d by

, n u n u on o .
'

,
e c .
,
n

RO B ER T H O W D E N M A M E C M P rofessor f A t m y i th U ivers i ty of
, . . . .
,
. .
,
o na o n e n

D rha m
u t W i th 77 I ll s t rat io s a l arge proportio of which are C o l o red
,
e c . 2 u n ,
n u ,

t h A r teries b ei g co l o re d
e d th V ei s b l e d t h N erves ye ll o w
n Th u re ,
e n u , an e . e
a t tach m e ts of th m sc l es t th b o es i t h sec tio
n O s t o l ogy are
e u o e n . n e n on e .

al so sho w i col o red o tli e Roya l 8 o 3n n t u u n . v .

, 25 . ne .

H A L L I B UR T O N W o r k s by W . D H A LL I B U RT O N , M D
. . .
,

P ro fe ss o r O f P h y si o l o g y in K i n g s Co ll e g e , L o n d o n

.

A T E XT B O O K O F C H E M IC A L P HYSI O L O G Y A N D
-

PA T H O L O GY W ith 4 I ll stra tio s 8 8 . 10 u n . vo .

, 2 s .

E SS E N T I A L S O F CH E M IC A L P HYSI O L O G Y W i th 7 7 .

I ll s t ra t io s 8 5
u n . vo .
, s .

LAN G T HE M E T H O D IC A L E X A M I N A T I O N O F T H E
E YE Bei g P art I of a G i d e t th P rac tice of O pht ha l m o l ogy for S t d e ts
. n . u o e u n

an d P rac t i t io ers By W LL I A M L A N G F R C S E g S rgeo t th Roya l

n . I , . . . . n , u n o e
L o do O ph t ha l m ic H ospi t a l
n n M ld t Wi th 5 I ll stratio s , oo r e s, e c . 1 u n .

C row 8 3 6d n vo .
, s .

L UF E T E X T B O O K O F F O R E N SI C M E D I C I N E A N D
-

T O X I C O L O GY By A R T H UR P L U FF M D B s . Physicia . , . .
, . e . n
i
n C harge of O t Pa t ie ts d L ect rer M ed ica l J rispr d e ce u d -
n an u on u u n an
T oxico l ogy i S t M ary s H ospi t a l W i t h 3 f ll page P l a tes ( i col o rs ) d
n .

. 1 u -
1 n u an

3 3 I ll s t ra t io s i t h T ex t
u vol s Cro w 8 n 4 n e . 2 . n vo .
, 2 s .
3 0 S cien tic Wor ks p u bl ished by L ong ma n s, G r een , 63
Co .

M E D IC I N E A N D S U R G E RY Co n ti n u ed .

I N QU A I N S ME D I A RD ) D I C T I O N A RY O F
QUA (

. S I R R I C H
C I N E B y V ario s W ri ters T hird E d i tio E d i t ed by H M O N T A G UE
. u . n . .

MURR A Y M D J oi t L ec t rer M e d ici e C hari g C ross M e d ica l

, . .
, n u on n ,
n

S hool d P hysicia t O t P at ie t s C hari g C ross H ospi t a l ; assiste d by

c ,
an n o u -
n , n
JO H N H A RO L D M B B C h Physicia t S t J oh s d S t E l i a
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. .
, . .
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an . z

be th s H ospi t a l ; d W CE C I L BO S A N QUE T M A M D

an .
, . .
, . .
,

Physicia t O t P atie ts V ic toria H ospit a l for C hi l d re C he l sea Wi th

n o u -
n , n, .

21 P l a tes ( 4 i C o l o r ) d m ero s I ll s tra tio s i t h T ex t 8

1 n u an nu u u n n e . vo .
, 215 .

ne t b ckra m ; or 3
, u t ha l f m orocco 05 . ne ,
-
.

Q A QU A I N S O F A N AT O MY (J O N E S ) E LE M E N T

U I N S .

T h T e t h Ed i tio
e E d i t ed b y E D W A R D A L ER T SC H AF ER
n n . P rofessor B ,

of Physio l ogy i t h U iversi ty of Ed i b rgh d GE O R G E D A N C ER T H A N E

n e n n u an ,

P rof ssor of A at o m y i U ive si ty C o ll ege L d o

e n n n r , on n .

VO L . PA R T I E M B RYO L O GY V O L . PA RT I I T H E N E RV E S . . . .

By E A S C H AF ER F R S Wi th
. . By G D

T HAN E With , . . . . . . 1 02

2 00 I ll s t ra t io s R oya l 8
u 9 Ill t r ti n R y l 8
.
9 vo .
, 5 . us a ons . o a vo .
, 5 .

VO L . P A R T 11 G E N E RA L A N A VO L .
PA RT I I I T H E O RG A N S
T O M Y O R H I ST O L O GY
. .

By E O F T H E SEN SES By E A . .

A S C H KF E R F R S
. Wi t h 9 S CH K R F R S
,
W .
ith 7 8 111
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1
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us
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I ll s t ra t io s R oya l 8
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u 6d n .
t ti R y l 8 vo . , 1 25 . .
ra ons o a vo
VO L . PA R T I O ST E O L O GY V 11 1 P
.

I V S PL A N C H
. .
,

A RT H RO L O GY B y G D T H A N E OL A RT
. . . .
.
N .

N O L O Y B E A S C H AFE R
Wi t h 4 I ll s Roya l 8 22 u
R
.
G
J
y
O H N SO N S Y M I N G T O N
vo .
, 1 15 .
. . .
,

VO L . P A R T I I MYO L O GY F
M
S
W
d
ith Ill .

t ti R y l
. . . an ,

A N G E I O L O GY B y G D T H A N E D 3 3 7 . . . .
. . u s ra ons . o a

Wi th 99 I ll s t ra tio s Roya l 8
1 u
8 6 n . vo .
,
vo .
, 1 5 .

6 1 5 . A P N D IX S U PE R F I C I A L AN D P E .

VO L . PA RT I T H E S PI N A L S U RG I C A L A N A T O M Y
. By .

C O R D A N D B RA I N By E A Pr f r G D T HAN d P . . . o e ss o . . E an ro

S CH K R F R S FE Wi th 3 9 111 , .f R J GO DL . . M S W ith 1 us es s o r . . EE, . .

t ti
ra Roya l 8
on s . 6d 9 Ill t r ti R y l 8 vo 6 6d.
, 1 25 . . 2 us a on s . o a vo .
, 5 . .

S CH AF E R W o rk s by E A SC H AF E R

. . .
, P ro fe ss o r o f
P h y s i o l o g y in th e U n i ve rs i ty O f E d i n b u rg h .

T HE E SS E N T I A L S H I S T O L O G Y D e sc ri pti ve
OF . an d
P rac tica l . F o r th e U s e of S t d e ts Wi th 4 6 3 I ll s tra t io s 8
u 9 n . u n . vo .
, 5 . net .

D I RE CT I O N S C L A SS WO R K I N P R A C T I C A L FO R
P HYS I O L O GY E le me tary Physio l ogy of M sc le d N erve d of t h : n u an an e
V asc l ar d N ervo s Sys t e m s
u Wi t h 4 8 D iagra m s d 4 pages of p l ai
an u . an 2 n
pa p r t d for N o tes 8
e a
3 t en . vo .
, 5 . ne .

S M A LE AN D C O L YE R D I S E A S E S A N D
IN JU RIE S O F .

T H E T E E T H i c l d i g P a t ho l o g y d T rea t m e t By M O R TO N S M A L E
, n u n an n . ,

D e t a l S rgeo S t M ary s H ospi t a l D ea of

t n u n o . , n
th Schoo l D e ta l H ospi ta l of L o d o t
e , d J F C O L Y ER
n n n, e c . an . .
,

D e t a l S rgeo t C hari g C ross H ospi ta l d t th n u n o n an o e

D e t a l H ospi t a l of L o d o
n Se o d E d i tio Revised d E l arge d by J F n n . c n n an n . .

C O L Y ER W i th 6 4 I ll s tra tio s L rge cro w 8

. t 0 u n .
'
a n vo .
,
2 15 . ne .
 Wor ks p u bl zsked by L ong ma n s , G r een , 67
'

S a en tgr Co
' '

.
3 1

M E D IC I N E AN D S U R G E R Y Con ti n u e d .

SM I TH ( I f . E ) .
-
T H E H A N D B O O K F O R M I D WI V E S . By
H E N RY F L Y S M I T H , B A . .
, M E O . . x on . , 41 W oo d u s c t . C r 8 vo . .
, 55 .

S T E VE N S O N WO U N D S o f th eir IN WA R : th e M e c ha n i sm
P d cti
ro u d th i r T r t m
on an t By S rg C l l W F S E E N SO N
e ea en . u e on - o on e . . T V

(A r m y M d ic l S t f
ef) A B M E MaC h D bli U iv r ity Pr f
a , r f . .
, . .
, . . u n n e s , o es so o
M i l it ry S r g ry A r m y M d ic l S ch l N t l y W ith 8 6 Ill t r ti
a u e , 8 8 e a oo , e e . us a on s . vo . 1 5.

TAPPE I N E R I N T R O D U CT I O N TO
. C H E M I CA L
M E T H O D S O F C L I N I CA L D I A G N O S I S By D H T A PP I N E R . r . . E ,

Pr f r f Ph r m c l gy d Pr i ci p l f th Ph r m c l gic l I tit t f
o e ss o o a a o o an n a o e a a o o a ns u e o
th U iv r ity f M
e n ich T r l t d by E D M O N D J M C W E E N E Y M A M D
e s o un . an s a e .
, . . . .

(R y l U iv f I r l d )
o a n . t Cr w 8
o e an ,
e c . o n vo .
,

WA L L E R . W o rk s by
A UG UST US D WA L L E R , M D , . . .

L e ctu re r on Ph ysio l o gy at S t M ary s H o sp ital M e dical S c h oo l ,

.

L o n d on 3 l ate E xte r n al E x amin e r a t t h e Victo rian U ni v e r sity .

AN I N T R O D U C T I O N T O H U M A N PH Y S I O L O G Y . T hird
E d iti R vi d W ith 3 4 Ill t r ti
on , e 8 8 se . 1 us a on s . vo .
,
1 5 .

L E CT URE S O N PH Y S I O L O G Y . Fir st S e rie s . O n A n imal

E l e ct r icity . 8 vo . , 55 . n et .

V E T E RI N A RY M E D I C I N E , ET C .

F] T Z W YG R A M H O R S E S A N D S T A B L E S B y Lie ut G e n e ral . .
-

S ir F F I T Z W YG R A M B r t
. W ith 5 6 p g s o f Illu s t r ati o s 8 vo 35 n e t
, a . a e n . . , . .

S T E E L W o rk s b y JO H N H E N RY S T E E L ,
l ate Pro fe ss o r o f V e te rin ary S cie nc e an d P rin ci p a l of
B omb a y V e te ri n a ry C o ll e g e .

A T R E AT I S E O N T H E D I S E A S E S O F T H E D O G ; be ing
a M an u a l
th l gy E p ci ll y d p t d f th
of C a n n e Pa i fV t i ry o o . s e a a a e or e u se o e er na
Pr ctiti ar t t W ith 8 8 Ill t r ti
on e s and S u den
8 6d s . us a on s . vo .
, 1 05 .

A T R E A T I S E O N T H E D I S E A S E S O F T H E O X ; b ei n g a
M l f B vi P th l gy E p ci lly d p t d f th
an u a o o ne f V t ri ry a o o . s e a a a e or e us e o e e na
'

Pr ctiti ar d S t d t W ith Pl t
on e s an d 7 W dc t 8 5 u en s . 2 a es an n oo u s . vo . 1 5 .

A T R E AT I S E O N T H E D I S E A S E S O F T H E S H E E P b e in g .

M
a l f O m P th l gy f t h
a n ua o f V t ri ry Pr ctiti r
v e d a o o or e u se o e e na a one s an .

St d tu W ith C l r d Pl t d 99 W d c t 8
en s. o ou e a e an oo u s . vo .
, 1 25 .

Y0 UA T I I W o rk s by W I L L I A M YO U A T T .

T H E H O RS E . With 5 2 Woo d E n g ra v ing s . 8 vo .

, 75 . 6d .

T HE DO G . W it h 33 W oo d E n gra v in gs . 8 vo .
,
65 .
3 2 S cien ti c Wor ks p u bl ished by L o ng ma n s , G r een , 69
Co .

P HY S IO LO G Y , B IO LO G Y , Z O O LO G Y , E T C .

(A n d se e M E D I CI N E A N D S U R G E R Y , p ag e
H
A S B Y N O T E S O N PH YS I O L O G Y FO R T HE USE OF
S T U D E N T S PR E PA R N G F O R E XA M N A T O N By ENR ASH B , I I I H Y Y .

M D L on d ,
. . hy ici
P s an t o t h e G e n e a os p a
. fo r S C d en , r l H it l ick hi l r
ch t r f r rl y
M a n es e ; o me tr t r
D e mo ns a o of P s o o ,
L e oo S oo of hy i l gy iv rp l ch l
ici
M ed n e W ith 148 Ill tr ti
us a o n s 1 8 mo , 5 s
. . . .

B A R N E T YI T H E M A K I N G O F T H E B O D Y : a C hil d re n s

B k A t m y d Phy i l gy By M S A B A RN T T With 3 Ill

oo on na o an s o o . rs . . . E . 11 us
t ti ra Cr w 8
on s 9d . o n vo .
, 1s . .

B E D D A R D W o rl<s b y F R A N K E B E D D A R D M A O x o n
. .
, . . .

E L E M E N T A R Y PR A C T I C A L Z O O L O G Y W ith 9 3 I llustra .

ti Cr w 8
on s 6d
. o n vo .
, 2s . .

T H E S T R U C T U R E A N D C LA S S I F I C A T I O N O F B I R D S .

W ith 5 Ill t r ti 8 2 t 2 us a on s . vo .
,
z rs . ne .

I
B D GOO D A C O U R S E O F PR A C T I C A L E L E M E N T A R Y
.

B IO LO G Y By J O H N B I GO O D B S F L S W ith 6 Ill t r ti
. D , . c .
, . . . 22 us a on s .

Cr w 8 o 4 6d n vo .
, s . .

B O S E X R E S PO N S E I N T H E L I V I N G A N D N O N L I V I N G -
.

B y JA G A D s C H U N D E R B O S M A D S
I Pr f r Pf esi E, . . . c . o e ss o ,

d y C ll g C l c tt W th 7 Ill t r ti
ene o e 8 6d e, a u a . i 11 us a ons . vo .
, 1 0s . .

T h i s vo l u me desc r i bes ex pe r i men ta l i n v es t iga t i on s on a n i m a l , v eg e ta bl e a n d

i n org a n i c s u bs ta n ces r eg a r d i ng th e i r r espon se to s t i m u l u s T h ese r ese a r ch es sh ow th a t .

th e ej e cts of f a t ig u e , s ti m u l a n ts , d epr essa n ts a n d poi son s a r e a l ih e i n th e org a n i c a n d

i n org a n i c , a n d de mon st r a te th a t th e r espon se p he n o me n a i n th e l i v i ng h a ve been

'

for esh a dow e d i n th e n on l i v i ng -
.

B R OD I E .
-
T HE E SS E N T IA L S OF E X PE R I M E N T A L
HYS I O L O G Y F t h U
P f St d t By T G B RO I M D . or e se o u en s . . . D E, . .
,

ct r r
Le P hy i l gy S t T h m
u e H p it l M d ic l S ch l W ith
on s o o , . o

as s os a e a oo . 2
l t P a d 7 7 Ill t r ti
es i t h T xt
an 8 6 6d I us a on s n e e . vo .
, s . .

CH A P M A N T H E F O R A M I N I F E R A : A n I n t ro d uction to th e
S t dy f th u Pr t By FRE RI C K C H A M A N
o e o o zo a . DE P ,

W ith 4 Pl t d 4 Ill t r ti i th T x t
I 8 9 t a es a n 2 us a on s n e e . vo .
, 5 . ne .

F UR N E A U X H U M A N P H Y S I O L O G Y B y W FU RN E A U X
. . .
,

F R G S . W ith 8 Ill t r ti
. . Cr . 8 6d 21 us a ons . ow n vo . . 2s . .

H UD S O N A N D G O S S E T H E R O T I FE RA or WH E E L .
,

A N I M A C U L ES By C T H U D SO N L L D d P H G O SS F R S

. . .
, . .
, an . . E , . . .

W ith 3 C l r d d 4 U c l r d Pl t
0 I 6 P rt
o ou e 4t 6d ch an n o ou e a es . n a s . o .
, 1 0s . . ea .

S p pl mu t 6d C m pl t i
e v l w ith S pp l m t 4 t 5 4 4
en 1 25 . . o e e n 2 o s .
, u e en , o .
, , s .

M A CA L I S T E R W o rk s by A L E X A N D E R M A C A L I S T E R .
,

M D . .

I N T R O D U CT I O N T O T H E S YS T E M AT I C ZO O L O G Y
AN
AN D M O R P H O L O G Y O F V E RT E B RA T E A N I M A LS W ith 4 . 1
D i gr m 8 a 6d a s . vo . , 1 0s . .

Z O O L O G Y O F T H E I N V E R T E B R AT E A N I M A L S With .

5 9 D i gr m F p 8 , 6d a a s . c . vo . 1s . .

Z O O L O G Y O F T H E V E RT E B RAT E A N I M A L S With 7 7 .

D i gr m F p 8
a 6d a s . c . vo .
, 1s . .
34 S cien tic Wor hs pu bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 69
Co .

B A C T E R IO LO G Y Co n t i n u e d .

K L O CK E R .
FE R M E N T A T I O N O RG A N I S M S IN T HE
T H Y
E O R A N D PRA C T C E O F T H E A L C O I H I
O L C FE RM E N T AT O N I
IN D UST R , S pe a Y w ith ci l r f r c
e e e n e t o th e C o n s u o n an d o t r cti
o f L ab o ra W rk
t ri
o es for th e P s o o an d Te no o hy i l gy ch l gy
o f F e me n a o n By A L B r t ti . .

K L OC K E R T an s a e d b y G E A . r l t
A N , E sc , a n d LL M A R, F I C J H I LL . . . . . . . .

W ith 146 us a o n s in t h e e 8 vo Ill tr ti t xt . .

BO T ANY .

A I TK E N E L E M E N T A RY T E XT B O O K -
OF B O T AN Y .

By E D T H I A I K T EN ,
l t a e S ch l r o a of G it
r on Co ll g e e. W ith 4 00 D i gra am s .

r w
C o n 8 vo .
, 4s . 6d .

B ENNE TT AN D M UR R A K H A N D B O O K O F C R Y PT O
G A M C BO T AN I By A Y . L RE D W B N N T T M
F . E E , . A .
,
B Sc . .
, Le ct r r u e

on B o an at S t Tt y
omas s

h H p it l ; d G O R G
os a an E E M U RR A Y F K pree e
W i th 3 7 8 Ill t r ti
. ,

o f Bo a n , B s t y riti h
M use u m . us a ons . 8 vo .
, 1 6s.

C R O S S A N D B E VA N W o rk s k
by C . F CRO SS , E. .
J . B E VA N
an d C B E A D L E . .

CE L L U L O S E o f th e C h e m istry o f th e
: an O utl in e S tru ctural
E e men l t f Pl t W ith R f r c t th ir N t r l H i t y
s o an s . e e en e o e a u a s or an d I n d us t ri l a
U ses . With 4 Pl t Cr w 8 I t a es . o n vo . , 1 2s. n e .

R E S E A RC H E S O N C E L L U L O S E , 1 8 9 5 -
1 900 . C r 8 vo 6 s . .
, . n et .

E D M ON D S .

W o rk s by H E N R Y E D M O N D S , B S c . .
,
L ondon .

E L E M E N T A RY B O T A N Y . With 3 4 2 I llus tration s .

B O T AN Y FO R B E G I N N E RS . With 85 I ll ustratio n s . Fc p .

F A RM E R .
A
I N T R O D UCT I O N T O T H E PRA C T I C A L
S T U D Y O F B O T A N Y F l w r g Pl t By J B R L A N D F A RM R F o e in an s . . ET E ,

M A Pr f. r f B t y i th R y l C ll g f S ci c L d
.
,
o e ss o W ith o o an n e o a o e e o en e, on on . 121
Ill t r ti
us Cr w 8 a 6d on s . o n vo , 2s . .

K I T CH E N E R A YE A R S B O T AN Y

. . A da pte d to H ome an d
S ch l U oo se . B y FRA N CE S A . KI T CHE N ER . W ith 1 95 Ill t r ti
us a o n s. C r 8 vo . .
,

LI N D LE Y AN D M O 0R E T H E T R E A S U R Y O F B O T A N Y . .

Ed it ed by J . L I ND L Y MD E , . .
, an d T . M O O RE , F L S . . . W ith 20 S t l ee
Pa l t es an d n u m e ous r W dc t oo u s . T w o pa t s r . F c p 8 vo . .
, 1 25 .

M CN A B .
C L A SS B O O K -
O F B O T AN Y . By W . R . M C N AB .

M O RP O L O G H Y AN D HY S I
P C L A S S F CA T O N I I I OF PL A N T S .

O LO G Y . With 42 D i gr ma a s . With 1 18 D i gr
a am s . F c p 8 vo , . .

F cp . 8 vo . , 1s . 6d .

S O R A UE K .
A P O PU L A R T R E A T I S E O N T H E P H Y S I O
LO G Y O F PL A N T S B y D PA U L S O RA U R . r. E . T r ans a e d l t by F . E . WE I SS ,

B Sc. . E L S
, With 33 Ill t r ti
. 8.
9 . us a ons . vo .
, 5 . n et.
 S cien ti c Wor hs p u bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 69 5 Co .
35

BOTANY Con ti n u e d .

T H O /WE AN D B E N N E T ZT S T R U C T U RA L A N D PH Y S I O
L O G CA L B O T A N I Y . By O T T O WI L L
H E M T H O M E a n d b y A F RE D L W .

BE N N E T T , B S c F L S . . . . . W ith
C o o ure d M a p an d 6 00 l
ood u s F c p 8 vo W c t . . .
, 6s .

T U B E (I E D I S E A S E S I N D UC E D B Y OF PL A N T S
C RY PT O G A M I C PA RAS I T ES I t r d cti t th S t d y f P th g i . n o u on o e u o a o en c
F gi S l i m F gi B ct r i
un , d A lg By D
e K A R L F RE I H E RR V O N
un , a e a an ae . r .

T U B E U F Priv t d c t i th U iv r ity f M ich E gl i h E d iti by

, a o en n e n e s o un . n s on
W I LL I A M G S M I T H B S Ph D L ct r r .Pl t Phy i l gy U iv r ity , . c .
, . .
, e u e on an s o o , n e s
of E d i b rgh W ith 3 3 Ill t r ti
n u R y l 8 8
. t 0 us a on s . o a vo . , 1 5 . ne .

WA T T S A S C H O O L . FL O RA . F o r th e u se of E l e m enta ry
B ot ic a l C l as se s By W
an . . M A RS H A LL W A T T S , D S c L on d
. . . C r , 8 vo .
, 2s . 6d .

A G RI C U LT U R E A N D G A R D E N I N G .

A D D YM A N A G R I C U L T U R A L A N A LY S I S A M a n u al o f .

Qu an tit a tive A n a l ys i s fo r S t u d e n t s o f A gr ic u l t u r e By F RA N K T A D D YM A N . .
,

B Sc . . F I C . . . With 49 Ill t r ti us a on s . C row n 8 vo .

, 5s . n e t.

COLE M A N AND A D D YM A N P RA C T I C A L AG RI CU L
T U RA L C E M S T R By H I Y .
J . B E RN A RD C O L M AN E , and
F RA N K
T A D D YM A N , B S c . . . F I C . . . W ith 24 Ill t r ti
us a ons . C ro w n
8 vo , I s 6 d n e t
. . .

H A G G A RD . W o rk s by H . R I D E R H A G G A RD .

F A R M E R S YE A R be in g h is C om m o n p l ac e B oo k fo r

A : 18
98 .

W ith 3 6 Ill t r ti us a on s by G . L EO N L IT T L E an d th r ee o th r e s . C r ow n 8 vo .
,

7s 6d . . n et .

R U RA L E N G L A N D . With A gricu l tural M a p s an d n ume ro u s

Ill t r ti
us a on s fr om P h t gr
o o a ph s . 2 v l o s . 8 vo .

WE A T H E R S A PR A C T I CA L G U I D E T O G A R D E N .

PL A N T S C o ta i i g D e s c r i p ti o n s o f t h e H a rd i s t an d m os t B ea u tiful
. n n n e

A n n u al s an d B i e ial s H ar d y H e rb ac o s a d B ulb ous Pe re n i ls H ard y

nn , e u n n a ,

Wa t e r an d B og Pla t s Flo we ri n g an d O rn am en t al T re e s an d S h ru bs C on ife rs

n , , ,

H ard y F e r s H ard y B ambo os d o the r O r a m e n tal G rasses ; a d also th e

n , an n n

b e s t ki d s o f F r it a n d V e ge t ab l e s th a t m ay be gro w n i th e O pe A i in th e
n u n n r
B r iti sh I s l a d s w ith F l l an d Pr a ctic al I n s t ru cti o n s s t o C u l t u re an d P O pa
n , u a r

g a t io B y J O H N W E A T H E RS
n. l a t e A s i s t a t S e c r t a r y t o t h e R o yal , s n e

H or ticu l t u r al S o ci ty fo r m r l y f th e Roya l G ar d e n s K e e tc , W ith 6 3 e o , ew , . 1

D i ag ra m s 8 o n et . v .
, 2I s . .

WE B B W o rk s by H E N R Y J W E B B .
, Ph D . .
, B Sc. .

E L E M E N T A RY AG RI C U LT U RE . A T e x t B oo k -
p e ciall y
s
a d ap e d req i r m t f th B rd of E d c ti
t to th e u e en s o e oa u a on , th J u ior
e n
Ex mi ti of th Roy l A g r ic l t r l S oc ty d th r E l m
a na on e a u u a ie , an O e e en a t ry E a m i x
tina W ith 3 4 Ill t r ti o
on s Cr w 8 o
. 6d us a ns . o n v .
, 2s . .

A G R I C U L T U RE A M an u al fo r A d va n ce d S cie n c e . S tud e n ts .

With 00 I l l st r ti o C ro w 8
1 7 6d t u a ns . n vo .
, s. . ne .
36 S cien t i c Wor ks p u bl is hed by L o ng ma n s , G r ee n , Ca r
Co .

W O R KS B Y J O HN T Y N D A L L, LL D . .
,
F RS . . .

LE CT U RE S O N S O U N D With F ro n tispie c e o f F og .
-
S yre n ,
an d
20 3 o th r W oo d c u t s a d D i a g ra m i t h e T xt
e C ro w 8 o n s n e . n v . , 1 0s . 6d .

H E AT , A MODE OF M O T IO N . W it h 12
5 W oo d c ut s an d
i gr m D a a s . C r w o n 8 vo .
, 1 zs .

L E CT U RE S ON LIG H T D E L I VE R E D U N IT E D IN T HE
S T A T E S I N 1 872 A N D 1 87 3 . With Po r t r it L ith ogr phic Pl t
a , d 59 a a e ,
an

D a am si gr C o n 8 vo 5 5 . r w .
, .

FR A G M E N T S o f D e tac h e d E s says
OF SC I E N C E : a S e r ie s ,

Addr d R i w v l Cr w 8
es s e s , a n 6 ev e s 2 o s o n vo 1 s
V l I T h tit ti f N t r R di ti
. .
,

R l ti
. .

C O R di t H t i th
ti f B d i N C h m ic l R ti
o e on s u on t o a u e a a on n a an ea n e a on o e
C l r d C h m ic l C tit pr d c d by
. .

L i ght O D t d D i V y g Ni g r
o ou an e a on s u on o o es ew e a e ac on s o u e
A l ri t
n b r us th E li p
an s e as e o a e to e a o o se v e e c se a a a
Th P ll l R d f Gl R yA l p i l t r R c t E xp i m t F g
S i g l O S t dy f Ph y i O g
oa s o
O P
e ar a e en o ne u e en er en s on o
C ry t ll i
cu e
th d S l ty C l
m g ti
na s u e u o s cs n s a ne an a e a va e u ar a ~
d D i m g ti F r Phy i l B i f S l C h m i t yE l m t ry
M g ti m O
a ne c an a a ne c o ce s s ca as s o o ar e s r e en a
Fa r C t i b ti
ne st M l c l r P h i L if u d L tt
o ce f on r u ons o o e u a cs e an e e rs o
F T h C pl y M d ll i t f 87 T h C pl y d l l i t f 87 D th by
L i ght i gS i c d th S i it
A R A D AY e o e e a s o I c e o e e a s o 1 I ea

d c
n n c en e an e p r s
V l I I R Pr y r d N t r l L M ir l d Sp i l P i
.

i e c t on s o n O
V it l it yM tt r d F rc S ci ti fi c M
o e a e an a u a aw a c e s an ec a r ov en es u
F m f Phy ic l E
. .

P y
f th I m gi
ra e r as a or o s a ner a a e an o e en a
t i l i m A Add T h B lf t
o

er a St d t s i t i U n ti r e ss to u en s c en c se o e a na on e e as
A dd A l g y t h B lf t A dd T h R J M M I or t e d th
g g
re ss o o e as re s s e ev A ES A RT N E AU an e
B lf t A d F m t ti i y d M di i S p
.

e as d it B S
ess er en a on , a n s e ar n s on ur er an e c ne on
t G r ti S i d M P f V d E l ti T h
E l t i L i ght
a n e ou s en e a on c e n ce an an ro e s so r i RC H o w an vo u on e
ec r c .

N E W FR A G M E N T S C r o w n 8 vo 1 0 5 6 d
T h S b b thG th
.
,
. . .

C F r b l hr At m M l l d E th r W
'

d it C i
O N T ENT S e a a oe e s a en e e -
o s, o e cu es , a n e a ve s
C t R mf dL i P t h i L if d L b r T h R i b w r
.

d l i r d t t h B i kb ck I tit t i
ou n u or ou s as e u r , s e an a ou s e a n o an s or cu e s
A dd re s s e ve e O ct b r
a 8 84 T h m
e Y r L i th
e ns u o n on o e 22, I o as ou n

e n e

A l p A b t C mm W tP r l R c ll ti f Th m C lyl O il i g t h
O i gi Pr p g ti
s ou o on a er e s on a e o ec on s o o as ar e u nve n e
St t f Th m C rly l O th d P ti f Phthi i O l d
g i g Alp L g
a ue o o as a e u e r n, o a a o n , an re ve n on o s s

A lpine J tti o A M n s or n n on us en .

E S S A Y S O N T H E FL O A T I N G M A T T E R O F T H E A I R I N
RE L AT I O N T O PU T R E F A C T I O N A N D I N F E C T I O N W ith 4 W d . 2 oo

c t Cr u s 8 .
7 6d ow n vo . ,
s . .

RE S E A R C H E S O N D I A M AG N E T I S M A N D M AG N E C RY
S T A L L I C A C T I O N ; i c l d i g th Q ti f D i m g tic P l r ity C r n u n e ues on o a a ne o a . ow n
8 vo .
, 1 25 .

N O T E S O F A CO U RS E O F N I N E L E CT U RES O N LIG HT .

d l i e r d t th e R o y l I
e v tit ti e a a ns u on of G r t
ea Br it i a n , 1 869 . r w 8 C o n vo .
, 15 . 6d .

N O T ES O F A C O U RS E OF SEVE N L E CT U RE S ON
E L E CT R C A L P E N O M E N A A N D T I
E O R ES H H I , d li r de t th ve e a e Ro y l a

I tit ti
ns u o n o f G ea B a n I 87O C o n 8 vo , r s 6d r t rit i , . r w . . .

L ESSO N S IN E L E C T R I C I TY AT T HE RO YA L I N ST I
T U T IO N r w 8
1 87 5 6d -
1 876 . W ith 5 8 W ood c t
u s an d D i gra a ms . C o n vo .
, 2s .

T H E G L A C I E R S O F T H E A L P S : b e in g a N arrat iv e o f E x cu r .

i d A c t
s o ns a n A A cc t f t h O r igi d Ph m f G l ci s a d
s en s . n ou n o e n an eno ena o a er , n

E x p iti
an f th P hy ic l Pr i ci p l t
os w hich th y onl t d W ith o e s a n es o e a re re a e .

7 Ill t r ti Cr w 8 us 6 6d t a on s . o n vo .
, s . . ne .

H O U R S O F E X E R C I S E I N T H E A L PS With 7 I ll u st ra t io n s .

Cr w 8 6o6d t n vo .
, s . . ne .

F A R A D A Y A S A D I S CO V E R E R C ro w n 8 vo 3 s 6 d . .
,
. .
3 8 S cien tic Wor ks p u bl ish ed by L ong ma n s, G r een , Er Co .

A D VA N C E D S C I E N C E M A N UA LS .

I
B U LD N G I C O N S T RU CT I O N By . G EO LO G Y t fo r S u d e n ts in
: a M a n ua l
th e A u th r f Ri i g t N t o o

v n on s

o es on A d an v cd le C asses an d for G e n e a r l
i l i g C t cti W ith 3 8 5
,

Bu d n o n s ru on

. Rea d e r s L I
B y C H A R E S B RD , B A
. . .

Ill t r ti us d A pp d ix a f on s an an en o W ith v r
F G S o e 3 00 . us . . I ll
E x mi ti a Q ti Cr wna on u es on s . o n t r a t io n s l gic l
a G eo o a , M a p o f the
8 vo .
, 4s 6 d . . B r iti h I l c l r
s s es ( o ou e d ) , a n d a se t of
ti x i ti
Qu e s on s fo r E am n a on C ow n . r
T H E O RET ICA L M E C HA N I CS .
8 vo , 7 s 6d
. . .

S lid
o i c l d i g K i m tic S t tic
s, n u n ne a s, a s,
d Ki tic B y A T H O R N T O N P H Y S I O L O G Y z a M a n u a l f0 ! "

an ne s
t t v c l
.
.
,

M A With Ill t r 2 20 us a S u d e n s in a d a n ed C ass e s o f th e

ci c p t t
. .
,

ti on s ,
3 W rk d E x m pl dI O o e a es , an S e n e a n d A r t D e ar m e n By .

v r 9 E x m p l fr m E x m i ti
o e 00 J a es W ith o a na on O H N T H O RN T O N , M A . .

P p r
a t Cr w 8 6d
e s, e c
4
Ill t r ti m of which n vo s us a on s , so e o are
C l rd d ti f
. .
.
, .

t f Q o ou e , an a se o u es on s or
E x mi ti Cr w 8 6 a na on o n vo s
H E A T By M A R K R W R I G H T H
. .
,
on .
. .
, .

I t r BS
n e W ith 3 6 Ill
.
PH Y S I O G RA PHY
. c .
By JO H N T H O RN 1 us
m r E x m pl
.
~

ti d d W ith 5 5 I llus
t ra on s an
TON M A
nu
M p e ou s a e s an
11 a s, 2
ti P p r Cr w
~

E x mi
. .
,
a 8
na
t on
ti d C l r d M p f O cea
a e s . o n vo .
,
ra o ns , an o ou e a o n
D p it Cr 8 4 6d e os s. ow n vo .
, s . .

L I G HT By W J A E M T A G
. M A A G R I C U L T U RE .
By H E N RY J WE B B
. . E , . .

W ith 3 Ill t r ti
. .
,

C 8 2 2 Ph D E Sc us With a I ll t r ti
ons . r . vo .
, s .
. . . 1 00 us a o ns .

Cr w 8 7 6d t o n vo .
,
s. . ne .

M A G N E T I S M A N D E L E CT RIC IT Y
B y A RT H U R W I LL I A M PO Y S E R M A
HY G IE N E ByJ L A N E N O T T E R M A
.

. .
, . .
,

M D Pr f r f H ygi i th
. .
,

W ith 3 7 Ill t r ti Cr w 8 1
A rmy M d ic l
us
S ch l
a
N tl y
on s . o n vo . ,
. .
, o e s so
e a
o
oo
ene n

e e
e

6d , ,
C l l R y l A my M d i h
4 s . .

o one , o a r e ca
C rp ; d R H FI RT H o s an . .
,

I N O RG A N I C C H E M I S T R Y T H E O l t A i t t Pr f r f H ygi , a e ss s a n o ess o o en e
RET ICA L AN D P RA CT I C A L l th A r m y M d ic l S c h l N tl y . n e e a oo , e e ,

B y W I LL I A M J A GO F I C M j r R y l A r m y M d ic l C rp s ,
. . . a o , o a e a o .

With Pl t f S p ct r d 7 8 W d W ith 95 Ill t r ti

a e o Cr w
e 8 o a an oo us a on s . o n v .
,
c t Cr w 8
u s 4 6d
.
3 6d
o n vo .
, s . . s. .

E LE M E N T A RY S C I E N C E M A N UA LS .

Wr i tten specia l ly to m e e t th e r e qu i r e me n ts o f th e E L E M E N T AR Y S T A G E
O F S C I E N C E S U B yE C T S l a id d o w i n the S y l l a bu s f th e D i r ec

as n o e

tory o f th e B O A RD O F E D U CA T I O N .

I
PRA C T C A L , PL A N E , A N D S O L D I T E XT BO O ON P RA C T C A L , K I
G EO M ET R , Y i cl i g
n ud n G a r phic I I IV
S O L D , O R D E S C R PT E G EO
A rith tic
me B y I H M O RR I S Fu . . . . ll y M ET R Y I LL
By D AV D A A N LO W .

Ill t r t w ith r wi g
us a ed D a n s C o n . r w ( Whit w th ch l r
or S o a ) rt
Pa 1 C r ow n . .

8 v o as 6d .
, . . 8 vo , 2s rt I I r w
Pa
. C o n 8 vo , . . .

G E O M E T R CA L D RA NG FO R I WI
A RT ST U D E N T S E mb a n . r ci g
l
P a n e G e om e a n d it s A p a on s, t ry p l ic ti AN I N T RO D U C T I O N T O M A C H I N E
t h e U se o f S a e s a n d t h e Pl an s a n d c l , D RA W I N G A N D D ES I G N By .

l ti
E e va o n s o f S o d s B y I M C RR I S li . . H . . 0 D A V I D A LL A N L o With 5 3 111 w . 1 115
r w
C o n 8 v o 2s . . . tra ti Cr w 8
on s 6d . o n vo . , 2s . .
 S cien ti c Wor ks p u bl ished by L ong ma n s , G r een , 69
Co .

39

E L E M E N T A RY S C I E N C E M A N U A LS Co n t i n u ed .

I I
B U L D N G C O N S T RU C T O N A N D I O RG A N C C E M S T R I H I Y th F tty : e a
D RA NG WI
By E D W A RD .
J . C o m ou n d s By R Lp . . L O Y WH I T E D
B U RR E LL W ith
3 08 us a on s . Ill t r ti LEY F C S
, . . . With 4 5 Ill us
an d o n D a W rki g r w i g
n s C o n 8 vo . r w . t r a t io n s r w 8 3 6d . C o n vo . , s . .

2s 6 d . .

C O U RS E O F Y I N O RG A N I C C H E M I S T R Y T H E O ,
A N E LEM EN T AR RE T I C A L AN D P RA C T I C A L
M AT H
E M A T C S C o n t a in in g A r ith I .
B y W I LL I A M J A GO F I C
me tic
; E u l d (B o o I , D educ ci k . with W ith 6 3 Ill t r ti d m r us us a on s
,

an nu
.

e o
. .

ti
ons an d E e s es ) ; a n d A eb a x rci lg r .

Q ti
ues d E x r ci F p 8
on s an e se s c vo .
r w
C o n 8 vo 2 s 6 d . , . .
2s . 6d .
. .

T H E O RE T I CA L M E C H A N I C S I h

c l d i g H y d r t tic d P m tic A N I N T RO D U C T I O N T O P RA C T I
.

u n os a s an n eu a s
I I H I Y
.

By J E T A Y L O R M A B S W ith C A L N O R G A N C C E M S T R c .

W I LL I J A GO
. .
. .
, .
, .

m r
nu E x m pl
e ous d A w r B y a
A M F I C
es an ns e s, , . . .

d 7 5 D i gr m
an 1 d Ill t r ti a Cr w 8 a 6d s an us a on s .
o n vo 1s . .

Cr w 8 6d P RA C T I C A L C H E M I S T RY
o n vo 2s
th
.
.
, .

e
T H E O RE T I C A L M E C HA N ICS S O Pr i ci p l f Q l it tiv A ly i B y n es o ua a e na s s
L ID S T A YLO R M A
.

By J E .
W I LL I A M A T I LD E N D S
. .
F p , . .
, . c c
W ith 6 3 Ill tr ti
. .
, .

B S . c . 8 6d 1 us a ons , vo 15
W rk d E x m pl
.
,

d v r 5
. .

I 2O o e a es , an o e 00
E x m pl a fr m E x m i ti P p r E L E M E N T A RY I N O R G A N I C C H E
es o a na on a e s,
t e c Cr w 8 6d o n M I S T R Y B y W I LL I A M F U R N E A U X
vo 2s .
,

Cr w 8
. .
, . .

6d
T H E O RE T I C A L M E C H A N I CS
o n vo .
, 2s . .

FL U ID S B y J E T A Y LO R M A .
E L E M E N T A RY G EO LO G Y
.
By .
, . .
,

B S (L d
. c . W ith Ill t r ti
on C H A R LE S B I R D B A F G S
.
W ith 1 22 us a on s ,
.

m r W rk d E x m p l
. .
, .
, . .

nu e ou s d C l r d G l gic l M p f th
o e a es , an
o ou e eo o a a o e
b a t 5 E x m pl fr m E x m i
ou 00 B r iti h I la
d d 4 7 Ill t r ti
es o a na
s s an s , an 2 us a on s .
ti P p r t C r w 8
on a e s, e c 6d Cr w 8 .
6d o n vo .
, 2s . .
o n vo .
,
as . .

A M A N U A L O F M E C HA N IC S With H U M A N P H Y S I O L O G Y B .

3 81 Ill t r ti dusD i gr m a d
W Ion s a n
LL I F U RN E A U X
y a a s, an
.

8 8 E x m pl
1 t k fr m E x m i
a
Wes
ith
AM
8 Ill t r ti
a
Cr
en
8
o a na
,

ti P p r w ith A w r B y T M
on a e s,
6d
ns e s . . .
21 us a ons . ow n vo . ,

Cr w 8
as
G O O E VE M A 6d
. .

D , . . o n vo .
, 2s . .

SO UN D L IG HT , A N D H E AT B y A C O U R S E O F P RA C T I C A L E L E
,

M E N T A RY B I O L O G Y
.

M A R K R WR I G H T M A . W ith 6 By , J . 1 0 . .

B I D GO O D B S W ith 6 Ill t r
.

D i gr m a d Ill t r ti
a s an Cr w us a on s . o n , . c . 22 us a

8 vo . 6d , 25 . .
ti Cr w 8 4 6d on s . o n vo . , s. .

M E T A L L U RG Y El m t ry T xt E L E M E N T A R Y B O T A N Y T H E O
: an e en a e
B k B y E L RH A
oo . W ith 94

RE T ICA L .
AN D .
P RA C T I C A L E D .
,

Ill t r ti Cr w 8
.

us a on s
3 6d B y H E RY E D M O N D S B S
. o W ith n vo .
, s. .
N , . c .

P HY S I C S A lt r tiv C r
. By 3 4 Ill t r ti
e na Cr w 8 6d e ou s e .
2 us a on s. o n vo , 2s . .

M A R K R WR I GH T M A . W ith 4 S T E A M B y W I LL I A M R I PE R M m b r , . . 2 2
P
Ill t r ti us Cr a 8 on s 6d .

f th I tit ti f M ch
ow n
ic l vo .
, 2s . .

o
.

e ns u on o
,

e
e
an
e
a
M A G N E T I S M A N D E L E C T R I C IT Y E gi r With 8 5 Ill t r ti . n n ee s. 1 us a on s.
B y A W PO Y S E R M A . W ith 3 5
. Cr w 8 6d , . . 2 o n vo 25 . .

Ill t r ti us Cr w 8
a on s 6d o n vo 2s
E L E M E N T A RY P HY S I O G R A P H Y
. . .
, .

P RO B L E M S A N D S O L U T I O N S I N
.

E L E M E N T A RY E L E C T R I C I T Y
By J T H O RN T O N M A W ith 3 .
, . . 1

AN D M AG N ET IS M By W M p d 9 5 Ill t r ti W ith a s an 2 us a on s.
A pp d ix A tr m ic l I t . .
en on s on o a n s ru
S d A B RO O K R Em r
GO m t m t Cr
L IN an E
d M . .
en s an e a su e en s ow n
b r ci g C mpl t S t f A w r
.

a n a o e e e o ns e s
8 6d vo 2s .
t th o S th K i gt P p r f
e ou e ns n on a e s or
.
, .

th y r 8 8 5 8 9 9 d S r i f A G R I C U L T U R E B y H N R Y J WE B B
e ea s 1 -
1 , an a e es o . E .

With 6 7 O r igi
,

O r igi l Q ti na Ph D
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T H E LO N D O N S C I E N C E C LA S S - B O O K S .

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