A PROJECT ON

NON-MONETARY MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS

In The Subject

Research Methodology

Submitted By

HEMALI DAVE

13

Under The Guidance Of

Prof. Bharat Pithadia

To

University Of Mumbai

For

Master Of Commerce Programme (Semester - III)

In

Banking & Finance

Year: 2016-17

SVKMS NARSEE MONJEE COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

&ECONOMICSVILE PARLE (W), MUMBAI 400056.
 EVALUATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the undersigned have assessed and evaluated the project on Non-
Monetary Motivational factors submitted by Hemali Dave student of M.Com. Part - II
(Semester III) In Banking & Finance for the academic year 2016-17. This project is original
to the best of our knowledge and has been accepted for Internal Assessment.

Name & Signature of Internal Examiner :

Name & Signature of External Examiner :

Principal

Amee Vora

2
 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I, Hemali Dave student of M.Com. (Part II) In Banking & Finance, Roll No.: 13, hereby
declare that the project titled Non-Monetary Motivational Factors for the subject submitted by me
for Semester III of the academic year 2016-17, is based on actual work carried out by me under
the guidance and supervision of Prof .Bharat Pithadia. I further state that this work is original and
not submitted anywhere else for any examination.

Place: Mumbai

Date:

Name & Signature of Student

Name: Hemali Dave.

Signature: _________________

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Projects have always been fun Learning experience, but with growing age, at this Masters Level,
it surely demands Corporate and Depth Approach.

This project was a great learning experience and I take this opportunity to acknowledge all those
who gave me their invaluable guidance and inspiration provided to me during the course of this
project by my guide.

I would like to thank Prof. Bharat Pithadia of Research Methodology

I would also thank the M.Com Department of Narsee Monjee College of Commerce &
Economics who gave me this opportunity to work on this project which provided me with a lot
of insight and knowledge of my current curriculum and industry as well as practical knowledge.

Would sincerely thank our coordinator Mr. Huzefa for constant guidance over the projects and
curriculums.

I would also like to thank the Library staff of Narsee Monjee College of Commerce &
Economics for equipping me with the books, journals and magazines for this project.

I would also like to thank my friends and fellow students who helped me in the cause of the
project.

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 CONTENT

Evaluation Certificate 2

Declaration by the Student 3

Acknowledgement 4

INDEX

Sr No, Particulars Pg No.

1 Introduction 6

2 Research Methodology 42

3 Bibliography

4 Questionnaire

5
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A) Question and Answer

Q.1) Define Research. What are the characteristics of research?

Ans: Research in simplified terms means searching for the facts searching for the replies to the
various queries and also for the solutions to the various problems. Research is an inquiry or an
investigation with a specific purpose to fulfil, it helps in clearing the various doubtful concepts
and tries to solve or explain the various unexplained procedures or phenomenon.

WilliamC.Emory in the books Business research methods defineresearch is any organised

inquiry designed and carried out provide information for solving problem

Research is a term loosely used in everyday speech to describe a multitude of activities, such as
collecting masses of information, delving into esoteric theories, and producing wonderful new
products. It is important that a student or practitioner embarking on a program of academic or
practical research has a clear idea of what the word research really means, and clears away any
misconceptions that might exist owing to the words common use in other fields. It is, therefore,
worth looking at a few of the ways that the word is used in common language to describe
activities, often called research, which are not research problem research in its real meaning, and
also at some of the emotive language that surrounds the term.

Research is defined as an academic activity that involves identifying the research problem,
formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing the data and reaching specific conclusions in
the form of solutions or general theories.

It is also defined as a systematic, self-critical enquiry. The enquiry is aimed at understanding a

thing or phenomenon or solving a problem. When an enquiry is aimed at understanding, it is
termed as basic or fundamental research, which pursues knowledge, and may or may not have
practical or commercial use. When the enquiry is aimed at applying the available knowledge for
practical or commercial use, or for solving a problem faced in practice, it is termed as applied
research.

1. Redman and Mory define research as a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

6
2. Clifford Woody defines research as defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis,
collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deduction, and researching conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

Qualities of a good researcher can be summarized as

1. Method of approach The researcher should adopt correct procedure for identifying a
problem and then for working on it, to find a solution for that problem.

2. Knowledge The researcher should be well aware and should have complete knowledge and
information of the field of investigation so that he can go in for correct planning and then
implementation of the correct and effective methods for selection of the problem and then for
solving it.

3. Qualification The researcher should have a good back ground of study, which will enable
the researcher to have a better knowledge and understanding of the subject.

4. Attitude The researcher must have a vision of his own, an aim with some objectives to
achieve something.

5. Should have an open thinking.

6. Should be stable, having consistent thinking.

7. Should be honest, sincere, brave and ambitious.

Characteristics of research:

1. Research originates with a question or problem- The world is filled with unanswered
questions, unresolved problems. Everywhere we look, we observe things that cause us to wonder,
to speculate, to ask questions. And by asking questions, we strike the first spark igniting a chain
reaction that terminates in the research process. An inquisitive mind is the beginning of research.
There is so much that we do not know that we do not understand! The hope of mitigating our

7
ignorance lies in the questions we ask and the information we gather and in whose collective
meaning we may find insight.

2. Research requires a clear articulation of a goal: A clear, unambiguous statement of the

problem is critical. This statement is an exercise in intellectual honesty. The statement asks the
researcher, What precisely do you intend to do? This is basic and is required for the success of
any research undertaking. Without it, the research is on shaky ground indeed.

3. Research requires a specific plan of procedure: Research is not an excursion into happy
expectation, of fondly hoping that the data necessary to solve the problem will somehow
fortuitously turn up. It is, instead, a carefully planned attack, a search-and-discover mission
explicitly planned in advance. Consider the title of this text: Practical Research: Planning and
Design. The last three words are the important ones. The overall research effort must be
explicitly planned and logically designed. Researchers plan their overall research design and
specific research methods in a purposeful way- that is, to yield data relevant to their particular
research problem. Depending on the specific research question, different designs and methods
will be more or less appropriate.

4. Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub problems: The
whole is composed of the sum of its parts. That is a universal natural law; that is also a good
precept to observe in thinking about ones principal goal in research. We break down principal
problems much more frequently than we realize. Lets take an everyday problem to see how it
breaks down into a number of sub problems. Suppose you want to get from your town to a town
50 miles away. Your principal goal is to get from one location to the other as expeditiously as
possible. You soon realize, however, that at the outset some sub problems must be considered.
Here is a structuralisation of the problem and its attendant sub problems:

Main Problem: How do I get from Town A to Town

B?
Sub Problems: 1. What is the most direct
route?
2. How far do I travel on the
thruway?
3. What is the number of the

8
 exit I take in leaving the
thruway?

If researchers dont take the time or trouble to isolate the lesser problems within the major
problem, their research projects become cumbersome and unwieldy. From a design standpoint,
therefore, it is expedient to reduce the main problem to a series of logical sub problems that,
when resolved, will resolve the main problem.

5. Research is guided by the specific research problem, question, or hypothesis: Having stated
the problem and the attendant sub problems, each sub problem is then viewed through a
construct called a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an
educated conjecture. It may direct your thinking to the possible source of information that will
aid in resolving the research problem through the resolution of each attendant sub problem.
Hypotheses are nothing new. They are constant, recurring features of everyday life. They
represent the natural working of the human mind

6. Research accepts certain critical assumptions: In research, assumptions are equivalent to

axioms in geometry- self-evident truths, the sine qua non of research. The assumption must be
valid or else the research cannot proceed. For this reason, careful researchers- certainly in
academic research-set forth a statement of the assumptions as the bedrock upon which the study
must rest. A distinction should be made here between a hypothesis and an assumption. A
hypothesis is a conjectural supposition that is posited in order to facilitate the search for facts but
that is held in abeyance until the data are available and have been interpreted.

7. Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem
that initiated the research: Having now isolated the problem, divided it into appropriate sub
problems, posited reasonable questions or hypotheses, and recognized the assumptions that are
basic to the entire effort, the next step is to collect whatever data seem appropriate and to
organize them in meaningful ways so that they can be interpreted.

8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical; or more exactly, helical: The research process follows a
cycle and begins simply. It follows logical, developmental steps:

9
 A questioning mind observes a particular situation and asks, why? What caused that?
How come? (This is the subjective origin of research.)
The answer to those questions becomes formally stated as a problem. (This is the overt
beginning of research.)
Data are gathered that seem to bear on the problem.
The data seem to point to a tentative solution of the problem. A guess is made; a
hypothesis or guiding question is formed.
The quest for more data continues.
The body of data is processed and interpreted.
A discovery is made; a conclusion is reached.
The tentative hypothesis is either supported by the data or is not supported; the question
is partially/completely answered or not.
The cycle is complete.

Q.2) Explain the need of research in business of social science.

Ans: Social sciences refer to business, commerce, demography, psychology, sociology, etc.
Research in social sciences deals with the peoples behavior in their different roles, such as
consumers, consultants, learners, teachers, trainers, employees, executives, producers, parents,
artists, advisors, etc.

Nowadays, there is a growing need and importance of research in social sciences. The research in
social sciences provides workable solutions to economic and social problems. The following
points bring out the significance of research in social sciences.

1. Social Welfare: Government organizations can undertake social research to enhance social
welfare of the society. Research can help to design suitable package of measures to reduce
income inequalities, to reduce poverty and unemployment, to overcome the problems of social
evils such as drug addictions, abuse of alcohol, gambling, and so on.

2. Formulation of New Theories: Social research helps to formulate new theories. The existing
theories can be reevaluated and modified with the help of social research.

3. Modifies Social Behaviour: Social research studies social behavior. Almost all our social
problems could be attributed to certain social behavior of the members of the society. Social

10
research collects relevant data on social behavior, analyses it and recommendations of social
researchers, steps can be taken by the concerned authorities to modify the societal behavior.

4. Social Development: Social research contributes to societal development. Social development

can be measured in terms of literacy, life expectancy, and other social development indicators.
Research can be undertaken to improve social development standards of the society.

5. Social Planning and Control: Social research is a tool for social planning and control. Any
constructive action needs to be planned for effective implementation so as to achieve the desired
outcome. Also, the research may indicate suitable control measures to correct deviations as and
when the deviations occur.

6. Economic Planning: Social science research can be of immense use in economic planning in a
given society. Economic planning requires basic data on the various aspects of our society and
economy, resource endowment and the needs, hopes and problems of the people, etc.

7. Prediction of Events in Society: Research can be undertaken to predict future events in the
society and their impact. For instance, research may be undertaken to find out the incidence of
poverty and its impact on the society. The findings of such research would not only indicate the
causes of poverty and its current and possible future impact on the society and on the nation.
Such research may make the concerned authorities to take appropriate measures to reduce the
incidence of poverty, thereby, reducing the negative consequences for the society.

8. Development of Methodology: Development of methodology to deal with social issues is one

of the contributions of social research. For instance, organizations face the problem of executive
stress, lack of concern for ethics, poor leadership styles, employee absenteeism and turnover, etc.
To overcome such problems, certain methodology needs to be developed. Social research enables
the organizations to develop appropriate methodology to study, analyse, and to take suitable
action to overcome the problems.

Q.3: Discuss in detail the types of research?

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Ans: Research can be classified in many different ways on the basis of the methodology of
research. The knowledge it creates, the user group, the research problem it investigates etc,.

Basic research

The research which is done for knowledge enhancement, the research which does not have
immediate commercial potential. The research which is done for human welfare, animal welfare
and plant kingdom welfare. It is called basic, pure, fundamental research. The main motivation is
to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial
value to the discoveries that result from basic research.

Applied Research

Applied research is designed to solve practical problem of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge sake. The goal of applied research is to improve the human
condition. It focus on analysis and solving social and real life problems. This research is
generally conducted on large scale basis, it is expensive. As such, it often conducted with the
support of some financing agency like government , public corporation , world bank, UNICEF,
UGC,Etc,. According to hunt, applied research is an investigation for ways of using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems for example:- improve agriculture crop production, treat
or cure a specific disease, improve the energy efficiency homes, offices, how can communication
among workers in large companies be improved? Applied research can be further classified as
problem oriented and problem solving research

Problem oriented research:-

Research is done by industry apex body for sorting out problems faced by all the companies.
Eg:- WTO does problem oriented research for developing countries, in India agriculture and
processed food export development authority (APEDA) conduct regular research for the benefit
of agri-industry.

Problem solving:-this type of research is done by an individual company for the problem faced
by it. Marketing research and market research are the applied research. For eg:-videocon

12
international conducts research to study customer satisfaction level, it will be problem solving
research. In short, the main aim of applied research is to discover some solution for some
pressing practical problem.

Quantitative Research

This research is based on numeric figures or numbers. Quantitative research aims to measure the
quantity or amount and compares it with past records and tries to project for future period. In
social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of
quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships.

The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides fundamental

connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative
relationships. Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in quantitative research.
Statistical methods are used extensively with in fields such as economics and commerce.

Quantitative research involving the use of structured questions, where the response options have
been Pre-determined and large number of respondents is involved. eg:-total sales of soap
industry in terms of rupees cores and or quantity in terms of lakhs tones for particular year, say
2008,could be researched, compared with past 5 years and then projection for 2009 could be
made.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research presents non-quantitative type of analysis. Qualitative research is collecting,

analysing and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. Qualitative research refers
to the meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols, metaphors, and description of things.
Qualitative research is much more subjective and uses very different methods of collecting
information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups.

The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open ended. Small number of people are
interviewed in depth and or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted. Qualitative
research can be further classified in the following type.

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 I. Phenomenology:-a form of research in which the researcher attempts to understand
how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon. Eg:-we might interview 20
victims of bhopal tragedy.

II. Ethnography:- this type of research focuses on describing the culture of a group of
people. A culture is the shared attributes, values, norms, practices, language, and
material things of a group of people. Eg:-the researcher might decide to go and live
with the tribal in Andaman island and study the culture and the educational practices.

III. Case study:-is a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed
account of one or more cases. Eg:-we may study a classroom that was given a new
curriculum for technology use.

IV. Grounded theory:- it is an inductive type of research,based or grounded in the

observations of data from which it was developed; it uses a variety of data sources,
including quantitative data, review of records, interviews, observation and surveys

V. Historical research:-it allows one to discuss past and present events in the context of
the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to
current issues and problems. Eg:-the lending pattern of business in the 19th century.

In addition to the above, we also have the descriptive research. Fundamental research, of which
this is based on establishing various theories. Also the research is classified in to

1. Descriptive research

2. Analytical research

3. Fundamental research

4. Conceptual research

5. Empirical research

6. One time research or longitudinal research

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7. Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research

8. Clinical or diagnostic research

9. Exploratory research

10. Historical research

11. Conclusion oriented research.

Q.4) what is research methodology? What are the requisites of good scientific methods?

Ans: Research in simplified terms means searching for the facts searching for the replies to the
various queries and also for the solutions to the various problems. Research is an inquiry or an
investigation with a specific purpose to fulfil, it helps in clearing the various doubtful concepts
and tries to solve or explain the various unexplained procedures or phenomenon.

WilliamC.Emory in the books Business research methods defineresearch is any organised

inquiry designed and carried out provide information for solving problem

Research is a term loosely used in everyday speech to describe a multitude of activities, such as
collecting masses of information, delving into esoteric theories, and producing wonderful new
products. It is important that a student or practitioner embarking on a programme of academic or
practical research has a clear idea of what the word research really means, and clears away any
misconceptions that might exist owing to the words common use in other fields. It is, therefore,
worth looking at a few of the ways that the word is used in common language to describe
activities, often called research, which are not research problem research in its real meaning, and
also at some of the emotive language that surrounds the term.

Research is defined as an academic activity that involves identifying the research problem,
formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing the data and reaching specific conclusions in
the form of solutions or general theories.

15
It is also defined as a systematic, self-critical enquiry. The enquiry is aimed at understanding a
thing or phenomenon or solving a problem. When an enquiry is aimed at understanding, it is
termed as basic or fundamental research, which pursues knowledge, and may or may not have
practical or commercial use. When the enquiry is aimed at applying the available knowledge for
practical or commercial use, or for solving a problem faced in practice, it is termed as applied
research.

1. Redman and Mory define research as a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

2. Clifford Woody defines research as defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis,
collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deduction, and researching conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

Requisites of good scientific method:

(i) For one who is preparing himself for a career of carrying out research, the importance of
knowing research methodology and research techniques is obvious since the same constitute the
tools of his trade. The knowledge of methodology provides good training especially to the new
research worker and enables him to do better research. It helps him to develop disciplined
thinking or a bent of mind to observe the field objectively. Hence, those aspiring for careerism
in research must develop the skill of using research techniques and must thoroughly understand
the logic behind them.

(ii) Knowledge of how to do research will inculcate the ability to evaluate and use research
results with reasonable confidence. In other words, we can state that the knowledge of research
methodology is helpful in various fields such as government or business administration,
community development and social work where persons are increasingly called upon to evaluate
and use research results for action.

(iii) When one knows how research is done, then one may have the satisfaction of acquiring a
new intellectual tool which can become a way of looking at the world and of judging every day
experience. Accordingly, it enables us to make intelligent decisions concerning problems facing
us in practical life at different points of time. Thus, the knowledge of research methodology
provides tools to look at things in life objectively.

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(iv) In this scientific age, all of us are in many ways consumers of research results and we can
use them intelligently provided we are able to judge the adequacy of the methods by which they
have been obtained.

Q.5) Explains the steps or process in scientific research?

Ans: Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and
gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.
This process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless of the research method
(scientific method of inquiry, evaluation research, or action research). The process focuses on
testing hunches or ideas in a park and recreation setting through a systematic process. In this
process, the study is documented in such a way that another individual can conduct the same
study again. This is referred to as replicating the study. Any research done without documenting
the study so that others can review the process and results is not an investigation using the
scientific research process. The scientific research process is a multiple-step process where the
steps are interlinked with the other steps in the process. If changes are made in one step of the
process, the researcher must review all the other steps to ensure that the changes are reflected
throughout the process. Parks and recreation professionals are often involved in conducting
research or evaluation projects within the agency. These professionals need to understand the
eight steps of the research process as they apply to conducting a study lists the steps of the
research process and provides an example of each step for a sample research study.

Step 1: Identify the Problem

The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a research question. The research
problem may be something the agency identifies as a problem, some knowledge or information
that is needed by the agency, or the desire to identify a recreation trend nationally. In the example
in table 2.4, the problem that the agency has identified is childhood obesity, which is a local
problem and concern within the community. This serves as the focus of the study.

Step 2: Review the Literature

Now that the problem has been identified, the researcher must learn more about the topic under
investigation. To do this, the researcher must review the literature related to the research
problem. This step provides foundational knowledge about the problem area. The review of

17
literature also educates the researcher about what studies have been conducted in the past, how
these studies were conducted, and the conclusions in the problem area. In the obesity study, the
review of literature enables the programmer to discover horrifying statistics related to the long-
term effects of childhood obesity in terms of health issues, death rates, and projected medical
costs. In addition, the programmer finds several articles and information from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention that describe the benefits of walking 10,000 steps a day. The
information discovered during this step helps the programmer fully understand the magnitude of
the problem, recognize the future consequences of obesity, and identify a strategy to combat
obesity (i.e., walking).

Step 3: Clarify the Problem

Many times the initial problem identified in the first step of the process is too large or broad in
scope. In step 3 of the process, the researcher clarifies the problem and narrows the scope of the
study. This can only be done after the literature has been reviewed. The knowledge gained
through the review of literature guides the researcher in clarifying and narrowing the research
project. In the example, the programmer has identified childhood obesity as the problem and the
purpose of the study. This topic is very broad and could be studied based on genetics, family
environment, diet, exercise, self-confidence, leisure activities, or health issues. All of these areas
cannot be investigated in a single study; therefore, the problem and purpose of the study must be
more clearly defined. The programmer has decided that the purpose of the study is to determine
if walking 10,000 steps a day for three days a week will improve the individuals health. This
purpose is more narrowly focused and researchable than the original problem.

Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts

Terms and concepts are words or phrases used in the purpose statement of the study or the
description of the study. These items need to be specifically defined as they apply to the study.
Terms or concepts often have different definitions depending on who is reading the study. To
minimize confusion about what the terms and phrases mean, the researcher must specifically
define them for the study. In the obesity study, the concept of individuals health can be
defined in hundreds of ways, such as physical, mental, emotional, or spiritual health. For this
study, the individuals health is defined as physical health. The concept of physical health may
also be defined and measured in many ways. In this case, the programmer decides to more

18
narrowly define individual health to refer to the areas of weight, percentage of body fat, and
cholesterol. By defining the terms or concepts more narrowly, the scope of the study is more
manageable for the programmer, making it easier to collect the necessary data for the study. This
also makes the concepts more understandable to the reader.

Step 5: Define the Population

Research projects can focus on a specific group of people, facilities, park development,
employee evaluations, programs, financial status, marketing efforts, or the integration of
technology into the operations. For example, if a researcher wants to examine a specific group of
people in the community, the study could examine a specific age group, males or females, people
living in a specific geographic area, or a specific ethnic group. Literally thousands of options are
available to the researcher to specifically identify the group to study. The research problem and
the purpose of the study assist the researcher in identifying the group to involve in the study. In
research terms, the group to involve in the study is always called the population. Defining the
population assists the researcher in several ways. First, it narrows the scope of the study from a
very large population to one that is manageable. Second, the population identifies the group that
the researchers efforts will be focused on within the study. This helps ensure that the researcher
stays on the right path during the study. Finally, by defining the population, the researcher
identifies the group that the results will apply to at the conclusion of the study. In the example in
table 2.4, the programmer has identified the population of the study as children ages 10 to 12
years. This narrower population makes the study more manageable in terms of time and
resources.

Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan

The plan for the study is referred to as the instrumentation plan. The instrumentation plan serves
as the road map for the entire study, specifying who will participate in the study; how, when, and
where data will be collected; and the content of the program. This plan is composed of numerous
decisions and considerations that are addressed in chapter 8 of this text. In the obesity study, the
researcher has decided to have the children participate in a walking program for six months. The
group of participants is called the sample, which is a smaller group selected from the population
specified for the study. The study cannot possibly include every 10- to 12-year-old child in the
community, so a smaller group is used to represent the population. The researcher develops the

19
plan for the walking program, indicating what data will be collected, when and how the data will
be collected, who will collect the data, and how the data will be analyzed. The instrumentation
plan specifies all the steps that must be completed for the study. This ensures that the
programmer has carefully thought through all these decisions and that she provides a step-by-
step plan to be followed in the study.

Step 7: Collect Data

Once the instrumentation plan is completed, the actual study begins with the collection of data.
The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the
research question. Every study includes the collection of some type of datawhether it is from
the literature or from subjects to answer the research question. Data can be collected in the form
of words on a survey, with a questionnaire, through observations, or from the literature. In the
obesity study, the programmers will be collecting data on the defined variables: weight,
percentage of body fat, cholesterol levels, and the number of days the person walked a total of
10,000 steps during the class.

The researcher collects these data at the first session and at the last session of the program. These
two sets of data are necessary to determine the effect of the walking program on weight, body
fat, and cholesterol level. Once the data are collected on the variables, the researcher is ready to
move to the final step of the process, which is the data analysis.

Step 8: Analyze the Data

All the time, effort, and resources dedicated to steps 1 through 7 of the research process
culminate in this final step. The researcher finally has data to analyze so that the research
question can be answered. In the instrumentation plan, the researcher specified how the data will
be analyzed. The researcher now analyzes the data according to the plan. The results of this
analysis are then reviewed and summarized in a manner directly related to the research
questions. In the obesity study, the researcher compares the measurements of weight, percentage
of body fat, and cholesterol that were taken at the first meeting of the subjects to the
measurements of the same variables at the final program session. These two sets of data will be
analyzed to determine if there was a difference between the first measurement and the second
measurement for each individual in the program. Then, the data will be analyzed to determine if
the differences are statistically significant. If the differences are statistically significant, the study

20
validates the theory that was the focus of the study. The results of the study also provide valuable
information about one strategy to combat childhood obesity in the community.

As you have probably concluded, conducting studies using the eight steps of the scientific
research process requires you to dedicate time and effort to the planning process. You cannot
conduct a study using the scientific research process when time is limited or the study is done at
the last minute. Researchers who do this conduct studies that result in either false conclusions or
conclusions that are not of any value to the organization.

Q.6) Write a note on review of literature.

Ans: If you have to write an undergraduate dissertation, you may be required to begin by writing
a literature review. A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in
your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the
subject or topic you are writing about.

A literature review has four main objectives:

It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study

It synthesizes the information in that literature into a summary

It critically analyses the information gathered by identifying gaps in current knowledge;

by showing limitations of theories and points of view; and by formulating areas for
further research and reviewing areas of controversy

It presents the literature in an organized way

A literature review shows your readers that you have an in-depth grasp of your subject; and that
you understand where your own research fits into and adds to an existing body of agreed
knowledge.

Heres another way of describing those four main tasks. A literature review:

21
 demonstrates a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establishes the credibility of
your work;

summarizes prior research and says how your project is linked to it;

integrates and summarizes what is known about a subject;

Demonstrates that you have learnt from others and that your research is a starting point
for new ideas.

The overall structure of your review will depend largely on your own thesis or research area.
What you will need to do is to group together and compare and contrast the varying opinions of
different writers on certain topics. What you must not do is just describe what one writer says,
and then go on to give a general overview of another writer, and then another, and so on. Your
structure should be dictated instead by topic areas, controversial issues or by questions to which
there are varying approaches and theories. Within each of these sections, you would then discuss
what the different literature argues, remembering to link this to your own purpose. Linking
words are important. More importantly, if there is disagreement, you need to indicate clearly that
you are aware of this by the use of linkers however, on the other hand, conversely, nevertheless
At the end of the review you should include a summary of what the literature implies, which
again links to your hypothesis or main question.

Q.7) what is research design. Explain its essentials (of research design).

Ans : A research design is defined as a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a
research study. It specifies the objectives of the study : the methodologies and techniques to be
adopted for achieving the objectives-------Philips Bernad.

The research design is the ground plan for conducting research investigation. Thus it is
obligatory for a researcher to undertake research design.it provides guidelines to researcher to
help him to keep a track of his actions and to know that he is moving in the right direction in

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collecting data. whatever may be the nature of research problems, all research designs should
contain answer to the following questions:

1) What is the study about?

2) Why the study is undertaken?

3) What are the types of data required?

4) Where data can be found?

5) In which areas study will be undertaken?

Essentials of research design:

To make research design more effective, researcher must consider certain guidelines or
essentials:
1) Focus on objectives:
The research design must focus on research objectives. The research objectives must
be very clear to the researcher as well as to the research staff.the research objectives
differ depending upon the type of research. For instance the research objective of
commercial research will be based on commercial angle, and that of social research
will be based on social welfare.
2) Flexibility :
The research design should not be rigid. the research design must be flexible
depending upon the situation. For instance, a research design indicates a particular
time frame to complete the research work.
3) Pilot study:
It is always advisable to conduct a pilot study for finalizing the research design. Pilot
study is a research activity undertaken on a small segment of the research universe.
The pilot study is conducted to find out whether or not the researcher would be in a
position to collect the relevant data from the sources or areas so selected, and whether
or not the collected data would be relevant to solve problem.
4) Acceptance :
The research design must be acceptable to the persons concerned. For instance:
In the case of commercial research, the research design must be acceptable to
higher authorities. This is because the higher authorities are required to
approve it.

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 In the case of academic research, the research design must be acceptable to
research guide, as he needs to approve the research design before research
activity starts.
5) Suitability :
The research design must be suitable to achieve research objectives. Certain factors to
be considered while finalizing the research design are:
The availability of funds
The availability of time
The availability of manpower.
6) Simplicity:
The research design should be simple and easy to understand. The language used
must be clear and simple. Wherever required research design must be supported by
footnotes. Technical jargons must be avoided. Simplicity would also enable research
staff to collect relevant information, and also to analyze research projects.
7) Cost effective:
The research design must be cost effective. In a commercial research, the research
work based on research design must bring benefits to the organization. The research
design should enable proper collection and analysis of data, which in turn should
facilitate proper decision making.
8) Ease in implementation:
The research design should facilitate proper implementation of research activity. As
far as possible, the research design should avoid complicated procedures and
techniques which are difficult to adopt/follow.
9) Training the research staff:
To conduct the effective research, proper training must be given to research staff.
Training helps to improve: knowledge, attitude, skills and behavior. Staff also
requires right attitude towards research work, and good social behavior.

Q.8) Explain different types of research.

Ans: The types of research design are:

Exploratory Research Design:

This design is followed to discover ideas and insights to generate possible explanations. It helps
in exploring the problem or situation. It is, particularly, emphasized to break a broad vague

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problem statement into smaller pieces or sub-problem statements that help forming specific
hypothesis.

The hypothesis is a conjectural (imaginary, speculative, or abstract) statement about the

relationship between two or more variables. Naturally, in initial state of the study, we lack
sufficient understanding about problem to formulate a specific hypothesis. Similarly, we have
several competitive explanations of marketing phenomenon. Exploratory research design is used
to establish priorities among those competitive explanations.

The exploratory research design is used to increase familiarity of the analyst with problem under
investigation. This is particularly true when researcher is new in area, or when problem is of
different type.

This design is followed to realize following purposes:

1. Clarifying concepts and defining problem

2. Formulating problem for more precise investigation

3. Increasing researchers familiarity with problem

4. Developing hypotheses

5. Establishing priorities for further investigation

Exploratory research design is characterized by flexibility to gain insights and develop

hypotheses. It does not follow a planned questionnaire or sampling. It is based on literature
survey, experimental survey, and analysis of selected cases. Unstructured interviews are used to
offer respondents a great deal of freedom. No research project is purely and solely based on this
design. It is used as complementary to descriptive design and causal design.

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 Descriptive Research Design:
Descriptive research design is typically concerned with describing problem and its solution. It is
more specific and purposive study. Before rigorous attempts are made for descriptive study, the
well-defined problem must be on hand. Descriptive study rests on one or more hypotheses.

For example, our brand is not much familiar, sales volume is stable, etc. It is more precise
and specific. Unlike exploratory research, it is not flexible. Descriptive research requires clear
specification of who, why, what, when, where, and how of the research. Descriptive design is
directed to answer these problems.

Causal or Experimental Research Design:

Causal research design deals with determining cause and effect relationship. It is typically in
form of experiment. In causal research design, attempt is made to measure impact of
manipulation on independent variables (like price, products, advertising and selling efforts or
marketing strategies in general) on dependent variables (like sales volume, profits, and brand
image and brand loyalty). It has more practical value in resolving marketing problems. We can
set and test hypotheses by conducting experiments.

Test marketing is the most suitable example of experimental marketing in which the independent
variable like price, product, promotional efforts, etc., are manipulated (changed) to measure its
impact on the dependent variables, such as sales, profits, brand loyalty, competitive strengths
product differentiation and so on.

Q.9) What is sampling? Explain essentials of good sampling.

Ans: Donald Tull and Dell Hawkins defined sample as those individuals chosen from the
population of interest as subjects in an experiment or to be the respondents to a survey.

Sampling design is a plan designed to select the appropriate sample in order to collect the right
data so as to achieve research objectives.

Essentials of a good sampling:

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In order to reach at right conclusions, a sample must possess the following essential
characteristics.

1. Representative:

The sample should truly represent the characteristics of the verse. For this investigator
should be free from bias and the method of collection should be appropriate.

2. Adequacy:

The size of the sample should be adequate i.e., neither too large nor small but
commensurate with the size of the population.

3. Homogeneity:

There should be homogeneity in the nature of all the units selected for the sample. If the
units of the sample are of heterogeneous character it will impossible to make a
comparative study with them.

4. Independent ability:

The method of selection of the sample should be such that the items of the sample are
selected in an independent manner. This means that lection of one item should not
influence the selection of another item in any manner d that each item should be selected
on the basis of its own merit.

5. Goal-oriented:

A sample design should be goal oriented. It is means and should be oriented to the
research objectives and fitted to the survey conditions.

6. Economical:

A sample should be economical. The objectives of the survey should be achieved with
minimum cost and effort.

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 7. Practical:

A sample design should be practical. The sample design should be simple i.e. it should be
capable of being understood and followed in the fieldwork.

Q.10) Explain different methods or technique of sampling?

Ans: The methods of sampling can be broadly divided into two groups:

METHODS OF SAMPLING

PROBABILITY NON PROBABILITY

METHOD METHOD

1) Probability method;

A probability sample is a sample in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than
zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The
combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals,
by weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection.

The different probability methods are explained as follows:

Simple random sampling

In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal
probability. Furthermore, any given pair of elements has the same chance of selection as any
other such pair (and similarly for triples, and so on). This minimises bias and simplifies analysis
of results. In particular, the variance between individual results within the sample is a good

28
indicator of variance in the overall population, which makes it relatively easy to estimate the
accuracy of results.

Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling (also known as interval sampling) relies on arranging the study population
according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list. Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of
every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample size). It is
important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the list, but is instead randomly
chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list. A simple example would be to select
every 10th name from the telephone directory (an 'every 10th' sample, also referred to as
'sampling with a skip of 10')

Formula: Skip interval = Population size

Sample size

Stratified sampling
When the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by
these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-
population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected. There are several
potential benefits to stratified sampling.

Cluster sampling

Sometimes it is more cost-effective to select respondents in groups ('clusters'). Sampling is often

clustered by geography, or by time periods. (Nearly all samples are in some sense 'clustered' in
time although this is rarely taken into account in the analysis.) For instance, if surveying
households within a city, we might choose to select 100 city blocks and then interview every
household within the selected blocks. Clustering can reduce travel and administrative costs. In
the example above, an interviewer can make a single trip to visit several households in one
block, rather than having to drive to a different block for each household.

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 2) Non- Probability method:

Non probability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have
no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'under covered'), or
where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of
elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for
selection. Hence, because the selection of elements is non-random, non-probability sampling
does not allow the estimation of sampling errors. These conditions give rise to exclusion bias,
placing limits on how much information a sample can provide about the population. Information
about the relationship between sample and population is limited, making it difficult to
extrapolate from the sample to the population.

The various non-probability methods are as follows:

Accidental sampling
Accidental sampling (sometimes known as grab, convenience or opportunity sampling) is a type
of non-probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the
population which is close to hand. That is, a population is selected because it is readily available
and convenient. It may be through meeting the person or including a person in the sample when
one meets them or chosen by finding them through technological means such as the internet or
through phone. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations
about the total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough. For
example, if the interviewer were to conduct such a survey at a shopping centre early in the
morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given
there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other members of society in such
an area, if the survey were to be conducted at different times of day and several times per week.
This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing. Several important considerations for
researchers using convenience samples include:

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 1. Are there controls within the research design or experiment which can serve to lessen the
impact of a non-random convenience sample, thereby ensuring the results will be more
representative of the population?

2. Is there good reason to believe that a particular convenience sample would or should
respond or behave differently than a random sample from the same population?

3. Is the question being asked by the research one that can adequately be answered using a
convenience sample?

Quota sampling
In quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as
in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment
based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females
and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.

It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota
sampling the selection of the sample is non-random. For example, interviewers might be tempted
to interview those who look most helpful. The problem is that these samples may be biased
because not everyone gets a chance of selection. This random element is its greatest weakness
and quota versus probability has been a matter of controversy for several years.

Snowball sampling
Snowball sampling involves finding a small group of initial respondents and using them to
recruit more respondents. It is particularly useful in cases where the population is hidden or
difficult to enumerate.

Q.11) What is secondary data? Explain its limitations.

Ans: The secondary data is readily available data from published or printed sources. The
secondary data is generally used in the case of academic research and to a certain extent in the

31
case of social research. However , commercial research requires more of primary data as
compared to secondary data.

Limitations of secondary data:

1) Problem of accuracy: The quality of secondary data is affected due to the problem of
accuracy. One cannot be geniuses of data. For instance, the statistical data provided
on internet from various sources is vastly different.

2) Problem of reliability: The secondary data lack reliability. The published data may be
out-dated, and therefore, it may not serve the purpose of the current research work
undertaken by the researcher. Also the reliability of the source that provided the
published data may not be genuine.

3) Problem of adequacy: At times, the secondary data may be accurate and reliable, but
the data may be insufficient to solve the current research problem. The secondary data
may not provide complete data to solve research problem. A researcher cannot
completely depend on secondary data to solve research problem.

4) Lack of in-depth information: The secondary data may not only lack adequacy, but it
may not provide in depth information to solve research problem.

5) Problem in quality decision making: The secondary data may affect the quality of
decision making. This is because: the data may be inaccurate, insufficient and
unreliable. Therefore the decisions made purely on the basis of secondary data would
bring poor outcomes

6) Problem of specific data: The secondary data may be more general in nature rather
than specific. The researcher needs specific data to solve specific problem.
7) Unsuitability: The secondary data may not be suitable in certain cases. Secondary
data may be of less use in case of commercial research. To solve business related
problems, a researcher may require more of primary data rather than secondary data.

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 8) Problem of biased information: There is possibility of bias in secondary data. The
researcher has no control over the quality of secondary data. The secondary data may
be badly influenced by the bias respondents and also that of researcher. At times the
researcher may have collected secondary data and got it published. Therefore one
should not blindly depend on secondary data.

Q.12) Explain different methods of collecting primary data.

Ans: The primary data collection method includes:

1) Survey/Interview method
2) Observation method
3) Experimentation method

1) Survey/Interview method:

The survey can be census survey or sample survey. In case of census survey, the entire universe
is contacted to collect the data.

For example, a survey on job satisfaction of doctors in government hospitals in the city of
Mumbai, then each and every doctor in government hospital in Mumbai has to be contacted to
collect the data. But due to limitations of time, and money, it may not be possible to contact each
and every doctor; therefore, the researcher may adopt sample survey method. In sample survey
method, only a part of the universe is selected to collect the data. But sample should be so
selected that it represents the universe.

Under the survey method the data is collected through interviews. The interviews can be-
personal interviews, telephone interviews or mail survey.

a) Personal Interview:

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It is a face to face interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. The interviewer may
ask questions and the respondent accordingly responds. There are various types of personal
interviews:-

Formal & Informal: in formal interviews certain formalities are followed such as prior
appointment of the interviewee. In informal interview the interviewer May not follows
formalities in data collection.

Structured & Unstructured- in structured interview, the interviewer asks certain questions
designed well in advance. In unstructured interview, no specific questionnaire is followed. The
interviewer is given freedom to ask certain questions depending on the situation.

Individual & Group: In individual interview, only one persn is interviewed at a time, and in a
group interview, a group of respondents may be asked questions at the same time and at the same
place.

General or Specific: In general, the questions asked may be general in nature. For eg., general
comments on advertising media. However, in the case of specific interview, specific question
may be asked such as specific comments on T.V. advertising.

b) Telephone Interview:

It is the method of conducting interview by calling the respondents. A series of questions are
asked on the phone and the answers are recorded. It is very popular method extensively used in
western countries.

c) Mail Survey:

It is another method of data collection. A questionnaire is prepared containing a list of questions

to solicit information from selected respondents. This questionnaire is sent through post or
advertised in a newspaper or magazine, explaining the purpose of the questionnaire and request
to complete and return to the researcher, A reply-paid envelope may also be given to the
respondent wherever possible to encourage the respondent to promptly send the answers.

Advantages of Survey/Interview Method:

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 - Reliability:

The primary data collected through Survey/Interview method provides firsthand information to
the researcher. Therefore, this type of data is more accurate and reliable. However, the accuracy
and reliability of primary data largely depends upon the quality of Survey/Interview method. To
get accurate and reliable data, the field interviewer must be trained.

- Detailed information:

Survey/Interview method can provide detailed information. The researcher can obtain in-depth
information by asking relevant questions. The interviewer may ask additional questions
depending upon the responses and information required.

- Helps in Hypothesis Formulation:

The use of documentary sources helps in formulation of research hypothesis. When an

investigator has more than one hypotheses in hand, primary data supports the selection of correct
hypothesis.

- Flexibility:

The Survey/Interview method permits flexibility in collecting the data. The interviewer can
restructure or modify the questions depending upon the situation. The interviewer may delete or
add certain question depending upon the situation. The interviewer can also ask questions in a
certain language with which the respondent is more familiar with.

- Personal Touch:

Personal interview provides personal touch in collecting the data. The interviewer can develop
the good rapport with the respondent. The personal touch can enable the interviewer to obtain
frank responses.

- Helps to Overcome Resistance:

35
Survey/Interview method helps to overcome resistance from the respondents to response
favorably. The interviewer can assure the respondent that his/her identity may not be revealed, if
so desired. The interviewer can use persuasion skills to collect relevant information.

Disadvantages of Survey/Interview Method:

- Time Consuming:

The survey method is time consuming, as lot of time is required to interview the respondents and
collect the data.

- Expensive:

The survey method is expensive as there is a need to appoint field staff. Salary and perks to be
paid to the staff. However, in the case of secondary data, there is no need for field staff.

- Paper Work:

There is lot of paper work involved, because the interview requires questionnaires to be filled in.
also there is a good deal of paper work in respect of processing of data.

- Respondent Bias:

The respondent may not give proper responses. They may withhold certain data or may provide
fake responses in respect of certain sensitive aspects such as salary/income, investments, and
payments of taxes.

- Interview Bias:

There is possibility of interviewer bias. The interviewer may fill the questionnaire on his own, or
he may edit the questionnaire as he likes.

- Sampling Problems:

It is difficult to select a proper sample, especially when the universe is large, and covers large
area.

36
 2) Observation method:

The researcher obtains information of the subjects,(persons) under study with the help of
observation rather than way of interviewing. For instance, a researcher studying customer buying
behavior at shopping malls; then he would visit the shopping malls and observe the behavior of
the customers in terms of:

- What they buy/prefer?

- How much they buy?
- How they react to sales promotion schemes offered by the shop owners?
- Whether or not they haggle the price?
- Whether or not they complain on their previous purchases?

Advantages:

- There is no respondent bias. The respondents are not interviewed. They are only
observed, and they may not be aware that they are observed.
- Firsthand information about peoples /customers reactions
- The information collected is reliable and accurate, because the information is collected at
the point of action or reaction.

Disadvantages:

- Time consuming, as lot of time is required for observing the actions /reactions of the
people under study.
- It is expensive method, as competent and trained staff is required to record the
observation of the subjects under study.
- In depth interviewing is not possible, and therefore, the researcher may not get complete
information.
- There may be bias of the researcher, as he may record certain observations as per his own
judgment or feelings.

3) Experimentation method:

The experimentation method is mostly used in the case of scientific research study. With the help
of experimentation, the researcher may like to study the cause-effect relationship between two or
more variable.

The experimentation method can also be used in development of a new product. For instance, a
firm may like to introduce fuel efficient bike or some other product. Therefore, R & D
experiments may be required so as to develop the fuel efficient product. The newly developed
product may be subject to trails before it is launched in the market.

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Advantages:

- It provides firsthand information.

- It provides reliable and relevant information.
- The researcher may be in a position to develop new techniques/methods.

Disadvantages:

- It may be very expensive as lot of money may be required for experimentation.

- At times, lot of time and effort is required on the part of the researcher.

B) Introduction to Non-Monetary Motivational factors.

What is Motivation?

Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behaviour. It represents the reasons for
people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to
behaviour or what causes a person to want to repeat behaviour and vice versa. A motive is what
prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific
behaviour. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular
culture as few other psychological concepts are."

Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually
interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.

Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the

(1) Intensity of desire or need,

(2) Incentive or reward value of the goal, and

(3) Expectations of the individual and of his or her peers.

These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way.

Motivational theories:

1) Maslow's hierarchy of needs:

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Abraham Maslow viewed motivation as being based off a hierarchy of needs, of which a person
cannot move to the next level of needs without satisfying the previous level. Maslows hierarchy
starts at the lowest level of needs, basic physiological needs. Basic physiological needs include
air, water, and food. Employers who pay at least a minimal living wage will meet these basic
employee needs. The next level of needs is referred to as safety and security needs. This level
includes needs such as having a place to live and knowing one is safe. Employers can meet these
needs by ensuring employees are safe from physical, verbal or emotional hazards and have a
sense of job security. The third level of needs is social affiliation and belonging. This is the need
to be social, have friends, and feel like one belongs and is loved. Implementing employee
participation programs can help fulfil the need to belong. Rewards such as acknowledging an
employees contributions can also satisfy these social and love needs. The fourth level on the
hierarchy is esteem needs. This level is described as feeling good about ones self and knowing
that their life is meaningful, valuable, and has a purpose. Employers should use the job design
technique to create jobs that are important to and cherished by the employee. The last level
Maslow described is called self-actualization. This level refers to people reaching their potential
states of well-being. An employer who ensures that an employee is in the right job and has all
other needs met will help the employee realize this highest need.

2) Herzberg's two-factor theory:

Frederick Herzberg developed the two-factor theory of motivation based on satisfiers and
dissatisfies. Satisfiers are motivators associated with job satisfaction while dissatisfies are
motivators associated with hygiene or maintenance. Satisfiers include achievement,
responsibility, advancement, and recognition. Satisfiers are all intrinsic motivators that are
directly related to rewards attainable from work performance and even the nature of the work
itself. Dissatisfies are extrinsic motivators based on the work environment, and include a
companys policies and administration such as supervision, peers, working conditions, and
salary. Herzberg believed providing for hygiene and maintenance needs could prevent
dissatisfaction but not contribute to satisfaction. Herzberg also believed that satisfiers hold the
greatest potential for increased work performance. Work-life programs are a form of satisfier that
recognizes the employees life outside of work which, in turn, helps motivate the employee.

39
 3) Vroom's expectancy theory:

The expectancy theory of motivation was established by Victor Vroom with the belief that
motivation is based on the expectation of desired outcomes. The theory is based on three
concepts: valence, expectancy, and force. Valence is the attractiveness of potential rewards,
outcomes, or incentives. Expectancy is a persons belief that they will or will not be able to reach
the desired outcome. Force is a persons motivation to perform. In general, people will work
hard when they think that it is likely to lead to desired organizational rewards

4) Locke's goal theory:

Edwin A. Lockes goal theory describes setting more specific goals to elicit higher performance
and setting more difficult goals to increase effort. He also believed that, through employee
participation in goal setting the employees would be more likely to accept the goals and have a
greater job satisfaction. The goal theorys underlying assumption is that employees who
participate in goal setting will set more difficult goals for themselves and yield superior
performance. The theory is logical because employees are going to set more difficult goals but
the goals will be attainable with increased effort. Sometimes organizations set goals that their
employees will rarely, if ever, be able to meet. If the goals are always unattainable, there is no
motivation to try accomplishing them.

5) Theory X and Theory Y:

Douglas McGregors theories describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation applied
by managers in human resource management, organizational behaviour, organizational
communication and organizational development. According to the models, the two opposing sets
of general assumptions of how workers are motivated form the basis for two different managerial
styles. Theory X stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards, and penalties: in
contrast, Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to
approach tasks without direct supervision.

40
Theory X is based on pessimistic assumptions of the average worker. This management style
supposes that the average employee has little to no ambition, shies away from work or
responsibilities, and is individual-goal oriented.

Theory Y managers make assumptions that people in the work force are internally motivated,
enjoy their labour in the company, and work to better themselves without a direct "reward" in
return. Theory Y employees are considered to be one of the most valuable assets to the company,
and truly drive the internal workings of the corporation.

What is Non-Monetary Motivational Factors?

Non-monetary incentives include all social and psychological attractions by which workers are
incited to accomplish the best and more work. Though money is an important greed but workers
do not work for only money; they take incentive to satisfy their social and psychological
satisfaction. Such incentives include job security, recognition, participation in management,
sincere interest in the subordinate, pride in the job, delegation of authority and responsibility,
promotion, training facilities, labour welfare and social security measures; these non-monetary
incentives improve the labour incentives increase interest in industries.

Non-monetary incentives are the tangible rewards, social practices or job related factors that are
used in an organization to motivate employees without direct payment of cash.

It is necessary to be precise, exact and understandable in defining the main goals to make the
system of personnel motivation work effectively. Formalizing goals and objectives intensifies
their impact and makes the personnel more responsible. Employees should clearly understand
what activities will be rewarded.

When a motivation system is being developed and tested, money (financial incentives) is often
considered to be the most important motive. However, if, despite the proper organization and the
favourable image of an organization/enterprise, its efficient structure, ideal planning and
strategies, the personnel do not want to work effectively, constant increase of salary is not the
way out. Thus, at present the issue of developing non-monetary motivation systems is most
relevant.

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"Immaterial stimulation", "non-monetary motivation" is a set of factors stimulating the desirable
labour behaviour of the personnel in an organization/ enterprise. For many employees such
motivation may be the strongest one. Non-monetary motivation reveals other needs of a person,
which are often more essential. The aim of such stimulation is to reveal basic needs of an
employee and, taking into consideration the mission, goals and objectives of the an
organization/enterprise, to satisfy them in exchange for efficient work.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate to what extent non-monetary incentives are utilized
in the Organization and whether non-monetary incentives have the potential to increase the
motivation of employees as much as the monetary incentives. Incentive is any means that makes
an employee desire to do better, try harder and expend more energy. Non-monetary incentives
such as participation in decision making, verbal or written recognition of good work etc. are the
kinds of incentives that do not involve direct payment of cash. To realize the objectives of the
study, a survey was administered in various departments at various levels. According to the
results of the study, most of the employees think that the level of utilization of the non-monetary
incentives in their organization is inadequate. Also, the findings suggest that they value non-
monetary incentives as much as monetary incentives. Thus, within the limitations of the survey
study, it may be concluded that non-monetary incentives have the potential to increase the
motivation of personnel in this organization.

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 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Methodology

The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherch", which means "to go about
seeking".

Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as
a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is
an art of scientific investigation. The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English lays
down the meaning of research as a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for
new facts in any branch of knowledge.

Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the
stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this
stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm
the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new
theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the
validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior
projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied
research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D)
of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research
depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and
sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social,
business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc.

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Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It
comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch
of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases
and quantitative or qualitative techniques. A methodology does not set out to provide solutions -
it is, therefore, not the same as a method. Instead, a methodology offers the theoretical
underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods, or best practices can be applied to
specific case, for example, to calculate a specific result.

Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given problem on a specific matter or
problem that is also referred as research problem. In Methodology, researcher uses different
criteria for solving/searching the given research problem. Different sources use different type of
methods for solving the problem. If we think about the word Methodology, it is the way of
searching or solving the research problem. (Industrial Research Institute, 2010).

According to Goddard & Melville (2004), answering unanswered questions or exploring which
currently not exist is a research. Redmen & Mory (2009), define research as a systematized effort
to gain new knowledge.

Research methodology has many dimensions and research methods do constitute a part of the
research methodology. The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research
methods. Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the research methods
but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and
explain why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so
that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.

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 B. Types of Research

The basic types of research are as follows:

(i) Descriptive vs. Analytical:

Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major
purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In
social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto research for
descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no
control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Most ex
post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to
measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar
data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when
they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are
survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In analytical
research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and
analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

(ii) Applied vs. Fundamental:

Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organization, whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with
generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. Gathering knowledge for knowledges
sake is termed pure or basic research.4 Research concerning some natural phenomenon or

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relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly, research studies,
concerning human behavior carried on with a view to make generalizations about human
behavior, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain conclusions
(say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research.
Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or
the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and
understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical
problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of
applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.

(iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative:

Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to

phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is
concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behavior (i.e., why
people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of Motivation Research, an important
type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and
desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such research are word
association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective
techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or
what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative
research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the
underlying motives of human behavior. Through such research we can analyze the various
factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or
dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice
is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance
from experimental psychologists.

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 (iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical:

Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by
philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other
hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for
system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research.
In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about
doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the
researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable
results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then
sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials
concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterized by the
experimenters control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of
them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain
variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or
empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given
hypothesis.

The Research which Ive undertaken is Empirical type of study which includes survey done by
me. Through the survey study Ive made series of objectives which are as follows.

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 C. Objective of Research

Objective of Research is one of the important elements for conducting any research because it
helps to determining the possibility of conducting the study.

The main objective of the study was to assess the extent to which non-monetary incentives
motivates people. The specific objectives of the study include:

1) To understand the concept of motivation.

2) To understand the concept of non-monetary motivational factors.

3) To study the different types of non-monetary motivational factors.

4) To understand the effects of non-monetary motivational factors.

5) To understand the need/reasons of non-monetary motivational factors.

6) To understand the difference between non-monetary motivational factors and monetary

motivational factors.

D. Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the

researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It
indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific
way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. A hypothesis is a specific statement of
prediction. It describes in concrete terms what you expect will happen in your study. A
hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the
outcome of a research or experiment. The following hypotheses are formulated to address some
of the research questions:

1) Non-monetary motivational factors lead to positive effect on employees.

2) Fulfilled and Motivated employees incline to be more committed and productive to their
organisation.

E. Data Sources

Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies. Researchers conducted
in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every research is based on data
which is analysed and interpreted to get information.

There are two sources of data collection techniques. Primary and Secondary data collection
techniques, Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations. Secondary
data collection may be conducted by collecting information from a diverse source of documents
or electronically stored information, census and market studies are examples of a common
sources of secondary data. This is also referred to as "data mining."

For my research Ive done primary data collection as well as secondary data collection. For
primary data collection Ive circulated questionnaire. And as a secondary data collection Ive
gathered articles and abstracts from Newspaper, Books and Internet.

F. Sample Size

The sample size of a statistical sample is the number of observations that constitute it. The
sample size is typically denoted by n and it is always a positive integer. The sample size is an
important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a
population from a sample. The larger your sample, the more sure you can be that their answers
truly reflect the opinion of the population. This indicates that for a given confidence level, the
larger your sample size, the smaller your confidence interval.

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The sample size Ive taken for this study is 40.

G. Limitation of study

The limitations of the study are those characteristics of design or methodology that impacted or
influenced the interpretation of the findings from the research. They are the constraints on
generalizability, applications to practice, and/or utility of findings that are the result of the ways
in which you initially chose to design the study and/or the method used to establish internal and
external validity.

The research work cannot be conducted without being confounded with one problem or the
other; this forms the basis of limitation. Another limitation was lack of knowledge on the subject.

To carry out the research study the following specific limitations were expected and faced during
the research study:

1) As this is a specific research survey the applicability of this survey to the general
population is limited.

2) As Sample size may not be exact representative of the universe. There is possibility of
some error to a limited extent.

3) As it was a specific survey there was also problem of confidentiality.

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 4) As this survey is based on primary as well as secondary data which was gathered,
inhibited the ability to conduct a thorough analysis of the results.

5) As there was limited time to conduct the survey the verification of data is limited.

However, to overcome the limitations and maintain the effectiveness of research work sincere
efforts were put.

H. Review of Literature

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 Bibliography

To prepare this survey Ive gathered data from following sources:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation

- http://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/business/the-impact-of-non-monetary-
factors-business-essay.php

- http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research-methodology.html

- http://www.howtodo.dissertationhelpservice.com/what-is-research-methodology-and-its-
importance/

- http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.kafu-academic-
journal.info/journal/4/93/&gws_rd=cr&ei=6ZndV-GfH8TkvATnuZ_gDg

- http://www.limat.org/data/research/Research%20Methodology.pdf

- http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/17561/jamk_1237444488_5.pdf

- Jeffrey.S, University of Chicago, The Benefits of Tangible Non-monetary incentives

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 Questionnaire

Survey On Non- Monetary Motivational Factor

1) Name (Optional):

2) Gender:

Female Male

3) Age:

Under 18 18 - 25 25 - 35

35 55 45 55 Above 55

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4) Occupation:

Student Employed

Unemployed Retired

5) Educational Qualification:

S.S.C H.S.C Graduate

Post Graduate Other

6) Income:

1 To 5 Lakh 5 To 10 Lakh Above 10 Lakh

7) Types of Non-Monetary Motivational Factors Youre Getting:

Tangible Intangible None

8) Types of Tangible Non-Monetary Motivational Factors Youre Getting:

Insurance Gadgets Companys Merchandise

Gift Card/ Voucher Outdoor Trip Awards

Movie/ Social Event Tickets None

9) Types of Intangible Non-Monetary Motivational Factors Youre Getting:

Training/ Mentoring Flexible Working Hours Promotion

Job Security Work Place Environment Appreciation

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 Career Guidance Feedback Recognition

Grievance Redressal Equality None

10) Types of Tangible/ Intangible Motivational Factor Youd like to receive in future:

Insurance Gadgets Companys Merchandise

Gift Card/ Voucher Outdoor Trip Awards

Training/ Mentoring Flexible Working Hours Promotion

Job Security Work Place Environment Appreciation

Career Guidance Feedback Recognition

Grievance Redressal Equality Movie/ Social Event Tickets

Other

Instruction:-

Given below are several statements indicates the degree to which you agree or disagree with
each statements by placing ( ) in the appropriate column. Please note that there is no Right or
Wrong answer.

SD- Strongly Disagree; D- Disagree; N- Neutral; A- Agree; SA- Strongly Agree

No Statements SD D N A SA
11 Motivation is important.
12 Non-Monetary incentives help to motivate.
13 Tangible and Intangible motivational factors should be
given equal importance.
14 Trips and Awards should be given on frequent basis.
15 Job security is the most important Intangible factor.
16 Non-Monetary Motivational factor have positive effect.

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17 Non-Monetary factors help in Personal Development.
18 Non-Monetary Motivational factors help to win
confidence of employee.
19 Non-Monetary Motivational factors help to increase
performance and work satisfaction.
20 There is need of more awareness of Non-Monetary
Motivational factors.
21 There is enough measurement taken to implement Non-
Monetary Motivational factors.
22 Non-Monetary Motivational factors should be given as
equal importance as Monetary Motivational factors.
23. Give your Suggestion.

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