Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 54 - Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule

Recall:
Suppose y is a differentiable function of x. Assume further that x is a
differentiable function of t. Then y is also a differentiable function of t.
Moreover,
dy dy dx
= .
dt dx dt

For functions of several variables, we have the following analogous

formulas.
Chain Rule
Let z be a differentiable function of x and y. In turn, suppose x and y are
both differentiable functions of t. Thus, z is also a differentiable function
of a single variable t. Moreover,

dz z dx z dy
= +
dt x dt y dt

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule Diagram

Chain Rule
If z = f (x, y), where x = x(t) and y = y(t), then

dz z dx z dy
= +
dt x dt y dt

Graphically, the tree of dependency is

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Two-Variable Chain Rule

Example
dz
Let z = x2 y, where x = t 2 and y = t 3 . Use chain rule to find , without
dt
direct substitution first.

Solution. We have
dz z dx z dy
= +
dt x dt y dt
= (2xy)(2t) + (x2 )(3t 2 )
= (2t 5 )(2t) + (t 4 )(3t 2 )
= 7t 6

dz
Indeed, by direct calculation, z = x2 y = (t 2 )2 (t 3 ) = t 7 . Thus, dt = 7t 6 .

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule for Several Variables

Chain Rule
Let z be a differentiable function of x and y.
In turn, suppose that x and y are differentiable functions of s and t.
Thus, z is also a differentiable function of s and t. Moreover,

z z x z y
= +
s x s y s
z z x z y
= +
t x t y t

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule

Example
s
Let z = exy , where x = 2s + t and y = .
t
z z
Find and at (s, t) = (1, 1), using chain rule.
s t

Solution.
z

1 z
yexy (2) + xexy
s
= = yexy (1) + xexy 2
s t t t
xy
x s
= e 2y + = xy
e yx 2
t t
If (s, t) = (1, 1), then (x, y) = (1, 1). Thus,
z

1
= e(1)(1) 2(1) + = 3e
s 1
z

1
= e(1)(1) 1 (1) = 2e
t (1)2
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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

General Chain Rule

General Chain Rule
Suppose that u is a differentiable function of n variables x1 , x2 , . . ., xn . In
turn, suppose each xi , i = 1 to n, is a differentiable function of m variables
t1 , t2 , . . . , tm . Then u is also a differentiable function of the m variables
t 1 , . . . , tm .
Moreover, for each j = 1 to m, we have

u u x1 u x2 u xn
= + + + .
tj x1 tj x2 tj xn tj

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule

Example
Write out the chain rule for the following case:
z = z(x, y), where x = x(r, s, u, v) and y = y(r, s, u, v)

z z x z y z z x z y
= + = +
r x r y r u x u y u
z z x z y z z x z y
= + = +
s x s y s v x v y v

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule
Example
Let u = x2 + yz, where x = pr cos , y = pr sin , z = p + r.
Find up , ur and u when p = 2, r = 3 and = 0.

Solution. The appropriate chain rule is as follows:

When p = 2, r = 3, = 0, we have
x = 2(3) cos 0 = 6
up = u x xp + u y y p + u z z p y = 2(3) sin 0 = 0,
z = 2 + 3 = 5.
= 2x(r cos ) + z(r sin ) + y(1)
ur = u x xr + u y y r + u z z r Thus, we have
= 2x(p cos ) + z(p sin ) + y(1) u = 2(6)(3 cos 0) + 5(3 sin 0) + 0(1) = 36
p
u = u x x + u y y u = 2(6)(2 cos 0) + 5(2 sin 0) + 0(1) = 24
r
= 2x(pr sin ) + z(pr cos ) u = 2(6)(0) + 5(2(3)(1)) = 30

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Chain Rule

Example
2 z
Suppose z = x2 + xy with x = 2r s and y = r 2 + s. Find .
r 2

Solution. Using chain rule:

z z x z y
= + = (2x + y)(2) + (x)(2r) = 4x + 2y + 2xr.
r x r y r

Applying product rule, we get

2 z
= 4x + 2y + 2xr
r 2 r
x y r x
= 4 + 2 + 2x + 2r
r r r r
= 4(2) + 2(2r) + 2x(1) + 2r(2)

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Differentiation

Now consider x3 + y 3 = 6xy, where y is a differentiable function of x.

dy
Then dx is obtained by implicit differentation.
That is,
dy dy
3x2 + 3y 2 = 6x + 6y
dx dx
dy 6y 3x2
Thus, = .
dx 3y 2 6x

But two-variable chain rule can simplify such computation.

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Differentiation
Suppose y is a differentiable function of x, and that F(x, y) = 0 gives the
implicit relation between y and x.

Differentiating with respect to x,

dx dy

Fx (x, y) + Fy (x, y) = 0.
dx dx

Thus, with the above assumptions,

Implicit Function Theorem 1

dy Fx (x, y)
=
dx Fy (x, y)

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Function Theorem

Example
dy
Compute for dx if x3 + y 3 = 6xy.

Solution.
First, we write x3 + y 3 = 6xy as F(x, y) = 0, where

F(x, y) = x3 + y 3 6xy.

Therefore,

dy Fx
=
dx Fy
3x2 6y
=
3y 2 6x

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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Differentiation
Consider the equation

x3 + y 3 + z3 = 1 6xyz

where z is a differentiable function of two independent variables x and y.

z
Then x may be obtained through implicit differentiation.

3
x + y 3 + z3

= (1 6xyz)
x x
z z

3x2 + 0 + 3z2 = 0 6yz + 6xy
x x
Thus
z
3z2 + 6xy 3x2 6yz

=
x
z 3x2 + 6yz
=
x 3z2 + 6xy

z z 3y 2 + 6xz
Note. may also be computed similarly, with = 2 .
y y 3z + 6xy
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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Function Theorem

z z
When x, y and z follow an implicit equation, computing for x or y can
be simplified through a multivariate chain rule.
If F(x, y, z) = 0 defines implicitly the relation between x, y and z.

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dx z
Fx (x, y, z) + Fz (x, y, z) =0
dx x
With the above assumptions,

Implicit Function Theorem 2

z Fx z Fy
= =
x Fz y Fz

(We may also differentiate with respect to y and obtain a similar result.)
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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Implicit Function Theorem

Example
Let x3 + y 3 + z3 = 1 6xyz, where z is a function of x and y.
z z
Find and .
x y

Solution. Let us write x3 + y 3 + z3 = 1 6xyz as F(x, y, z) = 0 where

F(x, y, z) = x3 + y 3 + z3 + 6xyz 1.
Therefore,
z Fx
=
x Fz
3x2 + 6yz
=
3z2 + 6xy
z Fy
=
y Fz
3y 2 + 6xz
=
3z2 + 6xy
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 Chain Rule Implicit Differentiation Exercises

Exercises
z x2 r
1 Use chain rule to find for z = p with x = 3rt and y = .
t y t
z
2 Use chain rule to find for z = x2 + 3xyz + z2 with x = 2t + 1, y = et
t
and z = 3 t 2 .
3 Use chain rule to find fss for f (x, y) = 2x + 4xy y 2 with x = s + 2t and
p
y = t s.
4 Suppose f is a differentiable function of x and y, and
g(u, v) = f (eu + sin v, eu + cos v). Use the following table of values to
calculate gu (0, 0) and gv (0, 0).

f g fx fy
(0, 0) 3 6 4 8
(1, 2) 6 3 2 5

z
5 Find if x z = tan1 (yz).
y
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