THE ENGINEER Sop. 26, 1965 Finite Elements in the Solution of Field Problems By 0. ©. ZIENKIEWICZ, PLD.* and Y. K. CHEUNG, PbD.t ‘A naw, numerical, procedure of dealing with boundary value fed problems Ispresante.t The method ie bared on isthe minimisation of an appropiate “functional Raylegh-Ritz methods. An eit sta of Close approximation to boundary shapes and 2 simul its element procedure its essonco ri fan extension ofthe angular laments parmiting 8 ue vastmant of utils by fier division, automatic accounting for non-homegsneites, Ge, ‘10 but same of the charactoristin, VANCES i its cles ead of ladon of elastic, problems 9) an ‘echasition that this prosedure, exigaly Introduced ab "method of eel Sra nays can infact be interpreted in tx ‘of vations procedure (a th tisiae tion th ot poten nsx anstiona,®) feeds naturally” to ie extension to ote Deana va Si eb altersative formialtons exe Ta the fst fatal diferent equation writen an is inet solution atempted. Ia he second, the ‘obi i to find € fuscton minimising © fertain speciedfunetonal over the whole Sai ed. seve the unknowi uncon be aigualy spe fed throughout the fed by a dserte suber ite valer associated with specined nodal Points 'of the region “which vide it ito Polygooal glements and if i addon, the falue of the fonction of & pacar node inne te fection fe dient polygon eles, then the mininiation the fescionl thfoushout the whole eon (is pet oe da ae ee Exuatons, i ‘hi eee sporouimate solution to the oi . ieee ute are ofa at ‘elvcen agent coments, and asoacd tmethods of asemiy and tolvog, deve foe svete problems, can be ued Ti ip of intrest to remark hat while the ‘a proximation approach the dierent equstion pe of formulation, the pope ke dee cer sppronination to, the variational {ermulton terme That the tw seal 90 ‘ceaon in Sena equations {as wil be Shown ated) i thus somevtbat fortatous. “The feedom of choioe of the shape of dle oem and We eae of eaunett of non Romogegeous stations “make the “new fpprosch much "move vest ‘melhed. devcted ere isin mavy gore i ocd Neh ot P cnaated by Pe (2A later book by Viren) nentionsthe osibiliy of © smiar Approach but a0 Felevant deta ie eveopeds fn noge of hase ‘wos does the spicy of the “rca ‘bye of formulas appear tae bn Th this article © general approach to the quaichamooi equton ofthe Pozo type til be evoeed and ilaeted by exanle of {orice problem, «Cary application to Drolet such ab heat eondacton, 2, 1 pr ise re ea ree Jeers imeely a mater ofthe change of appropiate Yerisbi,”One hampe eeeant fo etal ‘ompulaion ia ears ised “Ta Moruuarical,Paonte Heat conduction, torsion of ‘prismatic sgt snd ay ier pti Star {Gpe obey te Iellowing dierent eqoation oP ine quash harmonic type BEDARD -r09. on of this wits appropiate town dry condtoas (uli shen ters of Known value of ¢ or ts normal diet) fives the answer to the Baie pays prob Fem In genoa pand Rae gin fusons of the "conor, alough in otopis Problems wil be # consent, ‘cin eay Yo show Cy appving the Euler ondions ofthe elt of yratios) that {ie"problem deaaed above i iene to that OF aoding&fuctcn 9 which sinisee the function sl esx 8} arena sul with the fame boundary conditions and integration bing caeed out ove the wcle ATi fupcanal oes ha pyle mea fog unctedwi cong donations, Ut i general Can etd Sy ae atta goat, ‘Powe Bunwos axo Nopat Vatuns Let the region in which th problem to ‘be flied be divided ito smal tanguse, clemeas as shown is Fig, Coasgeing ‘yplcl langle defined bythe nodes 1, dri ns fo se tht the Function can Be Uhigulyspested within the elemeat by is Fe. IPhone gh Wo deme sor hres nodal values and fm by a oeae {econ ofthe eos a ‘Tas witha the sement Fast dha Heep) HGnthntten tle G) in whic bay ainta| | 33 32] 2000 orwacateom) oad 0/1 bomen ac) cemaynen (Reise order Gn) fn which x4 &, ae the co-ordinates of the propriate nodal poate (Append ‘To sioplify, mattix notation ill be vied ving TOF the element s-((eetytn, Gothen, (axthertewn | soe sun rte Ma Mal =I 0 ar) Im which the vector) daines the nodal ‘neon values forthe cement. Tl be otced immediately that ifthe ‘tuneion ¢ is delined by Equation (forall the dems of thereon 89 dscontionties nfs vale wil ocgor” Alogg the lies fp th sal pont he neon vars sy ad here’ be ag fou show sma ve beth asi eee? (Bleinwriny eo ‘et Fat vm Seeks ce nae noa a i mf] Ups jm accra Ascot ‘The fal equations for miimsing the funetioal wil be svembled by adding the Contributions ‘of each element 10.1 pial (Eierenal tnd egosting the Tsu 10 sero fhe He DG)-* ‘sing he pe eation thos bomes Splwe Dk a8 fn which the fist rommation i taken fr all ‘the modes and the later fr all the element "i wil be noted that fora pricalar node ¢ only the ylues Of et hode connected to ft will appear and_ that tho goatee wil Tra yt rat onthe isments adjacent <9 the nods in question, feoling ina oped nro band set of Smutaneous equations "The miole problem may bs very simply interpreted fa"rrostrl enlace tr 0 ce of die prin oo Imany sanders compote progres an Ipettods of touion noth a dseision of ‘Rese Is now uanecesar. Sf he acc (3) Sosdeed oo nest matt of fn cement connecting the odal forces with te oda! doplacemeats p)'aad he vector (P*) as he cone Hion‘of extemal forces acting on the le. rent tothe nodal fre, be te asemby of the hina Equation (13 ie sinply interpreted st tieexaohene af racial equlbiun onditons at each node. eis interesting to remark thatthe abore ‘ota real physical mean ing W the problem posed ts that of snail ‘Sthectoay Sf membres led by pete Sore p and steted bya (rane) tention ‘rll known, ths problem bye the ona digrl guton fs Gear trom the, misty of the standard elton forthe aie feral et a eerie of Modal pois ay be chosen quite sretrai, thar allowing the use of ager leeats Stee the uakaown futon wares sow nate S ows write Ske pee aa has Riera srued epee Sati omen ateeganioe seuecertaeterace te ieee ra posts Sees eit eka ecsced = Srl srr tte one ch pam oat Cugdecke amare les xt te eat of the boundary {eon Sti ine eet the Tas athe bocndry nou pn an exe fi force dGtonal to that eontbuted by is simply the coms M6 a tn cent elements hat to be specified. This can be taken Spy a8 aD dntegral ‘over the lng of bal of he ndacenc des, (oF thi Free component, ref nite «9 Clty ao boundary pats pe 1 ease ea ey fet aetna terrae Sorte a ell ps as 20 so i ae sl Beams oP ASsLY OF A TePickt BguATON The example below ilusirates expicly te suenbly procedore for 8 types! equa Sa i raise sch amt aos Deformed automatically by 2 digital com ter bot sis of interest to perform it aly hee tata eomparioon wih ypoal hate Geren. formulation it Sota, Ta 2) fou, cans pit, goer spaced along rena sare gid are chown ‘Resting att porn 0. Ths pole tented Maw erage of rogone ae and with Aigeent raves of Ke For element iL (End by nodes 0112 (ohanys slatating fhe ant-clockwie turtesing order) we have by wing the gnerl expressions (3)THE ENGINEER Sept 24, 1965 500 wt rn ish tlh, ast sd its oes he oon se stn hom ae ts i te Si ee Pee oc ue sient Sa eae rn cok mere megran eign Be ile en tw me See EE ees ene Lee eee eS apes ae ee ‘ek Se se mig Soeteesae tres te ee aat Sepia Ak, netstat eed ce Sie tees Pa ae ar ai ieee el ee, Seat thy wage a ae Fe oe cased nF, § seater cima ane teh OEE ose. Hee ene ne or epttving “Mr hap fetta ee eae tikes! ro Sininy pk sade 0 coset ok ty typi meee Sat a Date sors sania 4 ge a Va Te Metar Eaton Uy anh ioe och approach a pedal. Wea Hole end Or the nterfnces central two Tee jeaticals the sightband Side sow, ' tower, sia atom (17) is amon identical to rete apprtation tthe ame maze, however, in he abo fom ie appronnatn sven by wal Se cence Prima Gch wold b> ee anced out the tata oa al tbe oa) | vered that the wel ppstimion othe Lapae operator ‘Peniea, Bers Jn the ft instance the method, was aso scars Naninen i pte ow are act wn ie acti feo dlmentry torson probes STI" MASSAGE Pte ma ale of MC! PALA Z ig, 6Tonion o halen Mee an, [COL yas eens mi ota rm Retr 6sto Sept %4, 1965 THE ENGINEER Technical Contributors Seotion (Continued) APPENDIX I amamion oF mie Fuxcron Lat (aanBer Cy iin the element, inh he the plane thor defined bat to past Trough 4 when v= and yy We have 4 But Orb Too sinulur equations reset nodes m A235 204 A+B gt Oram be Solving forthe consents 4, B and C ve fave Uy ural eles using tenrinants RES || 28 ~ (leo [eobee Se steele 3 [Je Simialy Tt | jt sen eli bai ss hl] ~ {0 | Sobel 13el ee] 1351/28 oli sh rag w [tebe lt Seltenl tS [}/ao trom sich cris (deity APPENDIX [Bswwivo or i iteonA oF {oo \ ‘mass C3 Re tapas dot ey te sn [tonsa ve basco the prokom wes sinly rated a tat of condition equation become wie andj are te coordinates ofthe ‘oobomogeatons section in which elements Bary. 8, ‘eroid ofthe tal overig the cle region were inched and Here) ao) RatecbatmdD =Uetoy ty ‘edvlos of he order 10s" solr than that Treating the value of rk as che constant K Substituting expressions (4) we have oie, Surg mca Using the Egan) (ae Bt SND eas Standard progranme sod an arblary dive be tack aan Hon into Aiales the valves of ster Une: Sterage radial covariates of en t! arta {fon ladiated'M the nodes were obtained, Good swurcy can thus be cbaied shou Gna) rear) ‘ESinaracn withthe contoss taken fom move sophisticated apprach can be sed Reference shows sxeletaprement- involving & more complex ineprtion to “hele folon fhe robe oti some 3p mints ot computer tine (BM 8, 5 HT maton tote deter Bie vote of cage ype The ewe of concxuson Seal nme bmn al Tie ors SSO s an moms. 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