Ex.

No: 1
DATE: SELF INTRODUCTION

Good morning ma'am,

It's my immense pleasure to introduce myself. I'm Monisha born and brought up in Mettur.
I have completed my secondary school St.Mary's Matriculation Higher Secondary School with 80%
and higher secondary schooling in Malco vidhyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School with 150 cut-
off marks. Now I'm pursuing my pre-final year B.E in Electrical and Electronic stream in Dhirajlal Gandhi
College of Technology with current CGPA of 7.0.
I have done one mini project- "Wireless electricity transmisson" on my own interest my
2nd year.
I have done two poster -
"Types of cables at Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology on 15 th September, 2015 and won
third prize.
"Dynamic Architecture Building" at Dhirajlal Gandhi College Of Techonolgy on 12th
september,2014 and won second prize.
The person who inspired me a lot was my parents. I used to follow them and my role model was
also my parents. The important thing that I have learned from them was most caring to all and how to
manage the situation and handle the problems.
I was most interested in drawing and listening song .During my free time I used to draw and listening
melody song .My short time goal is to be placed in government job to satisfy my father goal.
I have a beautiful family of four members. My father is a government officer in DIC at salem
My mother is a Home maker. I have one younger sister studying diploma in The Kavery college. I love to
spend my time with my Mother who is also my close friend.
My long term goal is to bulid a dream house and travel all over the world.
My strength is my wellwisher because they are encourage in all time.
I don't have any weakness since i am positive thinker.
That's all about me ma'am. Thank you for giving me such an opportunity.
Ex.No: 2
DATE: VOCABULARY BASED EXERCISES
A) ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION:
1. ADMONISH: Scold reprimand; take to task.
2. ADVERSE: In an opposing direction.
3. BOMBASTIC: Ostentatiously lofty in style.
4. CAVORT: Play boisterously.
5. CIRCUMLOCUTION:An indirect way of expressing something.
6. BILK: chaet somebody out of what is due, especially money.
7. DOUR: showing a brooding ill humour.
8. DURESS: compulsory force or threat.
9. EMEND: make correction to.
10. EMPIRICAL: derived from experiment and observation rather than theory.
11. FOIL: hinder or prevent,as an effort,plan ,desire.
12. FETTER: Ashackle for the ankles or feet.
13. GRATUITOUS: Unnecessary and unwanted.
14. HAPLESS: Deserving or inciting pity.
15. INANE: Devoid of intelligence.
16. IMPUTE: Attribute or credit to.
17. INVECTIVE:Abusive language used to express blame.
18. KNELL: The sound of the bell rung slowly to announce a death.
19. LARGESSE: Liberality in bestowing gifts.
20. MAXIM: A saying that is widely accepted on its own merits.
21. NOISOME: Offensively malodorous.
22. PAUCITY: Insuffecient quantity or number.
23. REMISS: Falling in what duty requires.
24. UPBRAID:Express criticism towards.
25. SURFEIT: Individual to safety.
B) CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION:
(intense,callow,put on, regularly, occasional,deceit,devasting,granted, put
off,innocent,traumatic,provoking,constructive,dismay,misdemeanor)
 What are the consequences of discovering that you have been lied to? In an interpersonal relationship,
discovering can be traumatic. As we grow closer to others, our expectation about their honesty grows
stronger. After all, discovering that you have been lied that to requires you to redefine not only the lie you
just discovered, but also many of the messages you previously took for granted. Was last week's
complement really sincere? Was your joke really funny, or was the other person's laughter a put on? Does
the other person care about you as much as he/she claimed?
Research has shown that lying does. In fact, threaten relationships. Not all lies are equally devasting,
however feelings like dismay and betrayal are greatest when the relationship is most intense, when the
importance of the subject is high, and when there are previous suspicion that the other person wasn't being
completely honest of these three characters, the importance of the information lie about proved to be the key
factor in provoking a relation crisis. We may be able to cope with misdemeanor lying, but felonies are a
great threat. An occasional while lie in an otherwise honest relationship doesn't pose much threat. Major
deception especially when it is a part of a pattern of deceit is likely to provoke a relation crisis. Infact, the
discovery of major deception can lead to the end of a relationship more than 2/3rd of the subjects in one
study reported that their relationship had ended because they discovered a lie . Furthermore, they attributed
breakup directly to the lie.
MEANINGS:
Intense: Extreme force, degree (or) strength.
Callow: Immature, Inexperience.
Put on: A Deception / duplicity.
Regularly: In a regular manner.
Occasional: Infrequent, Irregular.
Deceit: Duplicity.
Devasting: Destructive / Disastrous.
Granted: Admittedly.
Put off: Make someone dislike something.
Innocent: Faultless.
Provoking: Irritating / causing annoyance.
Constructive: Positive / Useful / Helpful.
Dismay: Shock / Surprise.
Misdemeanor: Crime / Felony.
C) SYNONYMS WITH USAGE:
1. Alarm: a signal that warns of danger.
 The fire alarmsounded in the middle of the night.
2. Ammunition: projectiles or explosives for war.
The soldiers did not have enough ammunition for their guns.
3. Grace: a state of sanctification.
She danced very gracefully.
4. fierce: very aggressive and combative.
I did not like kamalas fierce attitude.
5.execute: to put into effect.
The prisoner was Executed in an electric chair.
6. exile: to send away as punishment.
The enemies of the king lived in exile.
7.bacon: pork belly that has been cured .
He hadbacon and eggs for breakfast.
8.barrier: an obstacle or obstruction.
A barrier prevented us from entering the street.
9.battle: an organized fight
The doctora battled the epidemic.
10.ballot: a sheet of paper for voting
Most of the candidates in the ballot were unknown.
11.cabinet: a place used for storage.
We stored the canned food in the kitchencabinet.
12.debute: a discussion from several points of view.
There debuted about where to go on Sunday.
13.expert:a person with special skill
Tom is an expert computer designer.
14.explode;to burnt forth with violence or noise
The ballon exploded with loud noise.
15.fiber: a thread or filament
The cloth was made from silk fibers.
Ex.No:3
DATE: HOMOPHONES, HOMONYMS and HOMOGRAPHS
 Homophones are words that all have the same sound, but they might not have the same spelling or
meaning.
If they do happen to also have the same spelling, but different meaning they are Homonyms, a
subset of homophones.
Words that always have the same spelling, but might not sound the same, and might not have the
same meaning either are called Homographs.

A)Write these words into blanks in the following sentences. Use each word only once:

[altar, alter, all, awl, around, allowed, ails, ale, advice, advise, birth, berth break, broke, adapt, adopt, ball,
bawl, base, bass]

1 Do not talk around. They were allowed to go out.

2. Sacrifices were offered on the altar. She had to alter her clothes after losing weight.

3. Mental agony ails her. They were with ale for dinner.

4. All the people you invited have attended. The wood was carved with an awl.

5.she gave birth to a female child. I reserved 4 berths for my family.

6. He gave an advice to his son. Teacher advised all the students

7. Sachin found difficult to adapt in England. I want to adopt a child

8.I am watching foot ball. The angry man bawled at me.

9. The base of the tower is broad .He sang with base notes.

10. The drive applied the brake. He tried to break the fused bulb.
B)Write each word beside a correct definition. Each word will be used twice:
(Invalid, minute, alternate, deliberate, object, recreation, present, project)
1. Recreation - The giving of fresh life or a new form to something that existed before

2. Minute - Being in an especially small or tiny state

3. Object - To oppose or express disapproval of something

4. Project - A proposal or plan; an extensive task or undertaking

5. Recreation - A refreshing or relaxing activity, or the state of enjoying that activity

6. Alternate - To interchange, swap, or take turns

7. Invalid - Unfounded or untrue; having no grounds or legitimacy

8. Invalid - Someone who is weak or incapacitated by illness or injury

9. Deliberate - Intentional, and with full awareness of all considerations

10. Alternate - A second choice or a substitute

11. Object - A material thing solid enough to cast a shadow

12. Present - To introduce or make public, often with some ceremony

13. Project - To thrust forward or extend into space

14. Deliberate - To consider carefully and perhaps through consultation with others

15. Present - A gift given to someone, often to honor a special occasion

16. Minute - A unit of time, one-sixtieth of an hour

C)Choose the correct word.

1 Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.
2 Humans have hands. Dogs have (paws, pause).
3 I have to take a (Break, brake) from this exercise.
4 Nobody (knows, nose) what you are thinking.
5 The teacher walked downs the (aisle, isle) between the rows of desks.
6 Our house is by the (see, sea).
7 Hadil has a (pain, pane) in her Shoulder.
8 The clerk wants to (sell, cell) as many as possible.
9 I have (for, four) dollars in my pocket.
10 I saw a restaurant just off the (rode, road) about a mile back.
EX.NO:4
DATE: COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH

1. I have a good news for you.

I have good news for you
2.I want a little quantity of milk.
I want some milk.
3.Our college is very bigger than yours .
Our college is bigger than yours.
4. Everybody are assembled in the hall.
Everybody is assembled in the hall.
5. The students were busy to prepare their lessons.
The students were busy preparing their lessons.
6. He went to abroad to further his study.
He went abroad to further his study.
7. I landed at the airport today morning at 6 0 clock.
I landed in the airport today morning at 6 0 clock.
8.They waiting for you at the entrance?
They are waiting for you at the entrance?
9. How much is the price of this pen?
What is the price of this pen?
10.Johns work is more perfect than tom.
Johns work is better than tom.
11.I want eat now.
I want to eat now.
12.I must to call him immediately.
I must call him immediately.
13. I like very much ice cream.
I like ice cream very much.
14. where I can find a bank?
Where can I find a bank?
15. you speak English good.
You speak English well.
16.we are living here, since April.
We have been living here since April.
17. I look forward is seeing you.
I look forward to see you.
18. The life is difficult.
Life is difficult.
19. I have cold in this house.
Im cold in this house.
20. I will phone you, when I will arrive.
I will phone you, when I arrive.

Ex.No:5
DATE: RESUME, CV and BIO-DATA with COVER LETTER

Draft a job application letter with curriculum vitae responding to the following advertisement
Wanted- Technical Support Executive
Qualification- Any degree in Engineering with proficiency in English and good interpersonal
skills
Mail to the personnel manager, Tamsung Solutions International, 38, O.M. Road, Chennai-
600096.

From

. Monisha.M
42/155A, Rajiv Nagar,
Salem camp,
Mettur dam
Salem- 636456
Contact- 9443103258
E-mail- monishadgct@gmail.com

To
The Personnel Manager,
Tamsung Solutions International,
38, O.M. Road,
Chennai- 600096.

Respected sir/madam,
Sub: Seeking for "Technical Support Executive" post - reg
Ref: With reference to "The Hindu" dated 14/9/16

I completed my Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics from Dhirajlal Gandhi

College of Technology in April 2016
As an Electrical and Electronics Engineer, I have deep knowledge in Electrical machines 1&2
and Electrical basis.
Apart from technical knowledge, I have good leadership quality, problem solving capacity
and communication skills.
I am enclosing mu resume for your kind perusal.
Thank you for your considerations, hoping for the positive response from your side.
 Yours faithfully,
(Monisha M)

Resume

Home Address
42/155A,Rajiv Nagar,
Salem camp ,
Mettur dam
Salem-636014,
Tamil Nadu.
Ph.No: +91 9443103258
Email: monishadgct@gmail.com

Term Address

3rd B.E, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology,
Omalur Taluk,
Salem-636309,
Tamil Nadu.
Academic and Educational Qualification

Degree/ Institute/ Univ/ Year of Passing Percentage Remarks

Examination Board
B.E-Electrical and Dhirajlal Gandhi
Electronics College of 2014-2018 6.52* First Class
Engineering Technology, Salem. (Pursuing)
Maclo vidhyalaya
Matriculation Higher
HSC Secondary 2013 75% First Class
School,sambali
St. Mary's
Matriculation
SSLC Highter secondary 2011 75% First Class
school, Mettur

*till 5th semester

Mini Project
Done a project on "Wireless electricity transmisson" on my own interest my 2nd year.
Papers Presented
Published a paper on "Overcome ELectricity Demands in Smart cities with Solar
Energy".
Poster Presented
Presented a poster on "Types of cables at Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology on 15 th
September, 2015 and won third prize.
Presented a poster on "Dynamic Architecture Building" at Dhirajlal Gandhi College Of
Techonolgy on 12th september,2014 and won second prize.

Workshop Attended
Attended a workshop on "industrial Drives &Automation Using Matlab and Labview"
at Goverment college of Technology - coimbatore during September 26, 2015.
Attended a value added course conducted by Live wire at Dhirajlal Gandhi College of

11
 Technology on "Basics of Electrical and Electronics".

Co-Curricular Activities
Participated in "Circuit trix" organized by NCEADS on 30 march 2015.
Participated in "Crash Trash " organized by NCEADS on 30.O32015 .
Extra-Curricular Activities
Participated in National cyber olympiad held in the year 2012 .
Participated in International mathematics olympiad in the year 2012.
Won Prizes in volley ball during my college and schooling.
Known to work
MS- Office
C language (basics about c)
Personal Strength
Able to grasp current and recent technologies easily
Good leadership.
Strong in self confidence.
Good at drawing.
Area of Interest
C,c++,java
Electrical machines
Personal Details
Name: Monisha M
Father's Name: Mariya Suresh G
Date of Birth: 28-08-1996
Languages Known: Tamil, English.
Marital Status: Unmarried
Reference
Dr.v.Murali Bhaskaran-Principal of Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology
Dr.s.Rajendran-HOD of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology

Declaration

12
 I hereby declare that all the information furnished above is true to the best of my knowledge.

Signature:

(Monisha M)

13
Ex.No:6
DATE: INTERVIEW QUESTONS

1. Can you tell me about yourself?

Iam M. Monisha doing my third year EEE in Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology. I have attended
value added programs in Basics of Electrical . I have done projects in Wireless electricity transmisson . I
am also very much interested in Electrical machines.
2. How did you hear about this position?
I have known about this position from an online advertisement. Actually this advertisement
caught my attention because of its unique presentation and I thought I definitely fit in this position. So I
thought that why not apply for this position.
3. What do you know about the company?
I have seen our website and found many interesting facts which made me more to get into this job.
The recent achievements of our company are tremendous. The recent award received by the chairman is
absolutely come to an eligible holder of that award.
4. Why do you want this job?
I want this job because I want to experience a hi-tech job environment where I can get more knowledge
about that particular field with best surrounding. This all features includes in our company, so I want this
job here.
5. Why should we hire you?
I assure you that if you hire me I will satisfy all your requirements and be a part of the organization to
achieve great heights.
6. What is your greatest professional strength?
My greatest strength are Team working, Leadership qualities, Encouraging others, Completing the
given tasks in given time.

7. What do you consider to be your weakness?

My weakness which is also my positive is that I wont settle down until I complete a task no matter
what.
8. What are your greatest Professional Achievements?
I have organized a workshop and I have motivated many people who are in depression.

14
9. Tell me about a challenge or conflict you have faced at work and how you deal with it?
In work environment challenging things happen often, we have to face it with patience and
overcome without getting any trouble to the organization. One challenge that I have faced was one day of
my experience I have forced to do work full night.
10. Where do you see yourself in five years?
In a higher position with best knowledge acquired from our organization and on the way in
improving me for further improvement.
11. What is your dream job?
My dream job is where I can fully imply my ideas and gain knowledge to develop further.
12. What are you looking for in a new position?
Im looking forward to a place where I have the chance to implement my ideas, where Im given
opportunities to use my mind.
13. What type of work environment do you prefer?
I prefer an environment where everyone from lower to higher level employees is given equal
chances to share their views about the improvement of the organization.
14. What is your management style?
I prefer that all have their own views if that is good for the development of the organization then I
will surely help that plan to be implemented and make work to be hired by all.

15. What is a time when you exercise leadership?

When a particular labor who always efficiently suddenly have a problem, I encourage him and
motivate him to work back like before.
16. What is a time you disagree with the decision that was made at work?
If it brings down the organizations reputation then I will disagree with the decision even if it is
made by the higher official.
17. How could your boss and co-worker describe you?
They would describe me that she works like a bee and completes the task perfectly and on time.
18. How you deal with pressure or stressful situation?
I first understand the environment, then think of multiple solutions and finally analyze which one
could solve this matter without any conflict.
19. What could your first 30/60/90 day's looks like in this role?

15
 I would be appreciated for my work being completed and being satisfied for selecting me for this
particular position.
20. What are your salary requirements?
I would prefer a package of 2 lakhs per annum.
21. Tell me about the most fun you have had on the job?
Each and every day I experience new things and I have lots of fun by learning new things. So each
day is most fun filled.
22. Do you have any questions for me?
Yes sir, How come you have reached such great heights in a very short time? Can you give me
some tips for improving in your way?
23. What position do you prefer on a team working on a project?
I prefer to be the leader of the team as I think I have leadership qualities to lead the team.
24. What qualities do you look for in a boss?
I think a Boss should possess all the qualities to lead the team in a right way and motivate and guide them
when they need him.
25. Are you willing to put the interests of the organization ahead of your own?
Yes sir, I will surely do that because this job is my passion.

16
Ex.No:7
DATE: REPORT WRITING

REPORT ON SURVEY OF ACADEMIC AND GENERAL READING IN ENGLISH

On 8th February 1999, a survey was conducted among 16 overseas postgraduate students at the
University of England. The Purpose of the survey was to discover the reading habits in English of the
students.
The Survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire given to the students to complete. The First
part of the questionnaire dealt with the type of reading and its frequency. The Second section was
concerned with the newspapers: the type of items read and those that were read first.
From the table of data, the most significant items are as follows. In the first section, 81% of the
students regularly read academic books, while 44% regularly read academic journals. Nothing is read
regularly or often by 40% or more of the students. The following comments can be made about the reading
of the newspapers, magazines and fiction. 75% sometimes read regional or local newspapers, 69%
sometimes read books of fiction, 62% sometimes read general magazines, and 56% sometimes read
national daily newspapers. On the other hand, 37% never read Sunday newspapers and 31% never read
fiction.
In the second section , not surprisingly , 100% read news about their own country in newspapers
and 56% read this first , 94% read international news , 25% read this first . 80% read about Britain and
look at radio and TV information. The Only other item that is usually read by more than 50% of the
students is current affairs (read by 56%).
If any conclusion may be drawn from the data, they are, perhaps, as follows. Overseas students
presumably have little time for general reading: most of their reading time is spent on books and journals
on their own subject. Outside their studies, apart from reading news about their own country, international
news, and news about Britain, they spend most time watching TV and listening to radio.

17
 REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL VISIT
DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGEOF TECHNOLOGY
SALEM-636009
FROM
Monisha.M
III year,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
TO
The Head of Department ,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Dear mam,
Sub: Report on One day Industrial Visit
On receiving the letter of permission from MRF Tiers Ltd, 30 students with two faculty members
went on an Industrial Visit to the factory on 18.02.2015.
We all assembled at the college at 8 a.m. and left the college in the van. We reached the factory at
10o clock. An engineer in charge of production received us at the entrance and gave a brief introduction
to the factory. We were given masks to be worn. Then they took us around from one section to the next and
explained the process involved in the making of tires. The workers were doing the work concentrated.
Everyone was wearing masks. He showed us how oxygen would be supplied in case of any toxic leak etc.
the visit came to an end at 2.30 pm. We left the premises around 3 pm.
It was informative and a successful visit. We express our thanks to our HOD who permitted us to
go on the visit, the faculty members who accompanied us and the officials who guided us.
Yours faithfully,
(Monisha M)

REPORT ON ACCIDENT
XYZ MANUFACTURERS PVT.LTD
27, Sholinganallur, Chennai-105.
10/04/2016
From,
Monisha M,
The Floor Manager.
To
The General Manager,
XYZ manufacturers Pvt. Ltd,
Sir,
Sub: Report on the fire accident-reg.
With reference to the memo no. JM/BK/453 dated 20/02/2015: a detailed investigation has been
made on the damages caused during the fire accident that happened on 19 th February 2014 in the factory
premises.
On 19th February 2014, the workers were busy in the assembly line. The work was going smooth.

18
Suddenly, a spark appeared near the place where a robot was welding. It spread to the gunny bags that
were stocked close by. The workers who were working on the floor immediately used the fire
extinguishers and tried to put off the fire. In spite of immediate action, one person fainted due to
suffocation and he was hospitalized immediately.
During the investigation, it was found that there had been a short circuit in a part of the robot
which had been in operation for nearly a year. Sudden fluctuation in the power supply had led to the fire
outbreak.
To avoid such incidents in the future, it is recommended that,
The workers who had been careless should be severely warned and should and be made undergo
rigorous training for a period of three months.
The machines should be maintained every alternate day.
Power supply ought to be cut automatically when there is a disruption.
If such punitive and preventive measures are taken, such fire accidents can be prevented in future.
Yours faithfully,
(Monisha M)
The Floor Manager
Ex No: 8
DATE: GROUP DISCUSSION-Effects of Movies on Youth

Veera: Hi Friends I am very happy to begin this conversation. I am Veera from Electronics and
Communication Engineering. Let we introduce ourselves and begin our discussion. Here our topic is
Effects of Movies on Youth. As we all know, Movies are a source of popular entertainment. It's the most
powerful medium to influence youth. Why not make them to see those movies which tell something
good???

Shivani: Yes, I agree with your point veera, there exist films which are corrupting the minds of youth. In
some movies, actors are shown drinking and smoking; youths blindly follow them. There has been a
significant increase in the women drinkers since few years. For example in the movie Murder, the intimate
scenes shown in this movie can lead the youth in the wrong direction.
Vijaya Kumar: Im not convinced that movies leave a strong impact on the youth. There are some films
which have actually come up with a social message.Movies like Jodha Akbar, Bajirao Mastani introduces
the youth to our culture and the historical events about which they are unfamiliar. 3 Idiots gives a message
on education and much more. The number is countless, need is to see it in a positive direction.
Vijaya: I agree completely. Recently, I watched NEERJA and I got to know about Neerja Bhanot before
that I didn't knew anything about her and I think most of the people who now know about her is due to the
movie. In the same way we see many movies which are motivational, inspirational, which are based on our
culture are good and people can learn many things from them.So, it depends from person to person.

19
Vithya: I agree that cinema and television are a very prominent media which are attracting the youth now-
a-days. Even though it is difficult to practice good, practicing bad is very easy. There are many movies
which are very thought provoking and very rich of morals. But the impact of these movies on the youth is
very minimal where as other movies which are full of violence and romance will have lot of influence on
youth.
Vinobha: Well, thats one way looking at it,in today's era, where everyone is busy in their own job so
some kind of entertainment is must. And Films are serving the same as per the requirement/needs of
society. There are lots of films which work as refreshment/motivational therapy for our youth and positive
aspects are endless.
Yamuna: According to me that new movies are really sworn bad thing because if you remind old movies
you can watch good things. So today's generation are flowing that same thing. One thing you can say that
in today's movie are showing how to steal, how to robbery the bank. I know that this is game but for a new
generation I thing not good. But every movie has good or bad but depends on your mind how to take it.
Niveda: In my view, youth have addicted to movie. The addiction to movies can affect our mental and
physical health if we watch them at home. While younger generation prematurely sees some unwanted
movies and imitates the scene of films in their real life. Movies show that everything is possible but not
everything becoming spider man through a spider bite, many of us have actually been bitten by spiders and
have often imagined of becoming a Spiderman, but we havent.
Panneer: I agree with you but in my point of view, movies/films only have meager good effects on youth.
Mostly, it has adverse effect on youth. Certain scenes like robbing or scenes like eloping with someone,
initiates people/youth to do the same thing in real life. I do agree that there are some other films which
make youth to realize about their position in life, which also leads them, to be successful in their life.
Prabhakar:Its a fact that movies are not corrupting our youth; it depends on the person to person. How
he/she takes the things. Movies give us information/ awareness. Movies are being made as per actual
incidents. It makes people aware what is actually going on. As we all have very hectic schedule. We need
something entertaining. Watching movies are best way to make our self relax.
Yamuna: I cant go all the way with you on that point. Many of the news we are reading like acid on the
face of a girl, kidnapping children for property, making fool of others and snatching away their property,
etc., in the society are definitely because of the influence of movies on youth.So I advise the people to see
movie as only an entertainer but not more than that.
Vinobha: Im sorry I cant agree. Usually, films are mirror of our culture and society as well. We can gain
lots of Creative ideas, we can know various hidden facts about our country, and we can know more about

20
various hidden heroes of our country who have sacrificed for us, we can know more about our different
culture.
Shivani: The influence of movies not only can be observed in youth but also adolescents. It is often
watched in schools that children are bullying, making crimes and avoiding their studies due to cinemas.
Youth also spends more time in talking and praising their favorite actors and actresses instead of spending
that valuable time with their family and their studies.
Vijaya: But we cannot totally blame the movies, it also all matters about the mind set up of youth. There
could be both good and bad things in films, but good things must be taken by them, all other bad things
should be neglected. Step must be taken to forbid all the pornographic movies or video clips from internet,
because use of internet has been widely developed and it is also being used by all age groups, so easy
access to these films may destroy their mind. Thus in my point movies can be watched and enjoyed, and
forget all about it at the end of the film.
Panneer: I agree with my friends that just like a coin has a two faces in the same way, even each matter
consists of its own bad and good qualities. It all just depends on what exactly you are opting for and when
it is about youth it means they have already crossed 19 so they know what is good and what is bad they
will probably have an ability to make decisions well. So when you are opting for good things, then just
move on with it, why do we care about the other face of it?
Veera: I dont think so. Here in Tamil Nadu, people (fans) who don't even have a good job, who don't even
know how bad is their family's financial quotation, Spent 2 to 3 lakhs of hard earn money (probably their
parent's earning) to make "Statues" for their Heroes! I'm sorry; I'm unable to put this madness in words.
But I'm very worried about my youths. I will never ever encourage Indian films, especially the Tamil
Cinema.
Vijaya Kumar: As per my knowledge you have many films which would help a person to become a better
human being it helps in building your emotions, make you to know the values of relations gets even
stronger, helps you in stepping towards success, gives you motivation, helps you to become a good human
by telling what is good and what is not, creates awareness about current situations and how to overcome
problems and much more.Be optimistic, try to take an only good from the things as youth is matured
enough to decide what is good and bad.
Vithya: I dont want to argue with you, but absolutely films have a bad effect on youth, but it is only due
to their age. We should ensure that no films possess a threat to the society. Films now produced to earn
money only. Nobody cares about culture and social values. It is only bad entertainment and definitely not a
good one. My advice for the youth and others go for good books and selected good movies.

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Vijaya: But in my view films are only one part of their life everyone has to enjoy their life. Films are just
foe entertaining purpose only, but it give life for many people, for example the girl who acted in slum dog
millionaire was living in a slum area but when she acted in slum dog millionaire she got a very good
life. So films are platform for everyone. People who watch films should catch only good things.
Prabhakar: I agree with you Vijaya. You know it is depended on viewers. If one is enough aware about
watching movies then I don't think there will be negative effect of movies. Even one can take porn movie
positively. Let me give you an example- By watching movie named 'Ramayana ' one can't argue that one is
becoming like 'Ravan' by inspiring from the movie.
Niveda: Are you seriously suggesting that movies are not corrupting the youth? Movies are average
Entertainment why because so many kid or Younger watch movies in that movie so many non-sance Lip-
Lock & Rape sances. This are Bad are our society. So Many People Impact of movies. And now days
they have supporting western culture like that bikinis. If so many kid/elders using this scenario they are
facing to real life problems.Now-a-days movies are full fuzzed Movies. Sometimes movies are
advantages. But most of the movies are disadvantages.
Vijaya Kumar: According to me films have completely changed today. They are changing for good.
Indian cinema is like a mirror it reflects thoughts, society and progress. There are even good films about
our county INDIA, which are very useful to every citizen. So I say that films are not spoiling the lives of
people. It changes the life of students in a good way how they think.
Vithya: In my point of view, now-a-days the item songs in some movies are very vulgar and very dirty. So
I suggest to directors to not to place that kind of songs and vulgar scenes. After that it has become a
fashion to burn cigarette is many styles because of movies. I am saying about this why because now a day
the mindset of the youth is not in good condition so because of that reason the youth spoiling very soon
and attempting disgusting things on women. So, either the youth has to change the mind set or another
thing is the directors and producers has to change their movies and Laurie's.
Vinobha: I agree with all your points the films are not corrupting the people or youths, they always wants
to give good information to all. We can see the example also as in movie Chak De India, SRK gave
information about the team efforts, how to work in a team, unity is strength, how to mingle with one
another, how to face the problems etc.
Vijaya: Since we are the humans and in the world where we are living are full of good and bad things but
if we want to become a true human or person in our society then we must grasp the positive things not the
negative.Regarding this I want to give a simple example of knife which can be used for cutting vegetables
or for mashing someone's head so its our choice where want to go.

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Yamuna: I would like to say movies are compute the youth. Mostly Indian youth now-a-days very
dangerous because they don't know how to behave with parents. Nowadays film corrupting the mind of
youth. We can say that the movie is the part of life and also it is the source of entertainment and joy. So all
of them study this news and spoil your life bye.
Panneer:My opinion is that films are the platform for the actors, singer, dancer, and artist. Life of without
entertainment is nothing. Entertainment should be there in everyone life. But it is mainly depends upon the
viewers thought. Take an example is that if your mother given the plate of various food for eating if you
are not like some of them fruit then what should you do weather you will going to throw all fruit or only
those you don't like that only. In this way the film is the entertainment and it depends on how viewers take.
Veera: Village youth are destroyed, they are investing too much money in buying bikes, pretty clothes and
alcohol but they are not in a situation to buy some books, I think movies are main reason for this.Some
directors are making different movies from the routine entertainment movies but they are not better than
any other movie makers. Someone on quota wrote this, my ideas are similar.
Prabhakar: Films inspire us to be brave clever, insightful, experimental, loyal, determined and other
virtues which make us positive minded. One movie can make you a star overnight and it happens with
many of them actor's directors. Watching a film on theatre a large number of people are doing the same
thing. The audience laughs together, applauds and shares almost the same emotions. This collective effort
by the viewers makes the experience more entertaining and enjoyable.

Niveda: I just want to say, movies are not only for entertaining. Sometimes some movies can change our
attitude and can change our thinking way, we should realize about good things only. And also we can see
how the trend is following in early days, but I didn't mean like other way and we should consider what is
good to do in our life in their movies. Some children are turning to younger to show their heroism in real
time about enemies after watching movies. But it's not necessary to do like this way perhaps movies may
spoil our lives.
Shivani:A coin has two sides. Likewise, the topic has both advantage and disadvantage. The view differs
from people to people. So, we are concluding that the youth should take good things from the film and
should neglect the bad things. Thank you friends. Have a good day.

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Ex.No:9
DATE: TECHNICAL TOPIC- Cognitive Radio

Introduction
A cognitive radio (CR) is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically.
Its transceiver is designed to use the best wireless channels in its vicinity. Such a radio automatically
detects available channels in wireless spectrum, then accordingly changes its transmission or reception
parameters to allow more concurrent wireless communications in a given spectrum band at one location.
This process is a form of dynamic spectrum management.
Description
In response to the operator's commands, the cognitive engine is capable of configuring radio-
system parameters. These parameters include "waveform, protocol, operating frequency, and networking".
This functions as an autonomous unit in the communications environment, exchanging information about
the environment with the networks it accesses and other cognitive radios (CRs). A CR "monitors its own
performance continuously", in addition to "reading the radio's outputs"; it then uses this information to
"determine the RF environment, channel conditions, link performance, etc.", and adjusts the "radio's
settings to deliver the required quality of service subject to an appropriate combination of user
requirements, operational limitations, and regulatory constraints".
Some "smart radio" proposals combine wireless mesh networkdynamically changing the path
messages take between two given nodes using cooperative diversity; cognitive radiodynamically
changing the frequency band used by messages between two consecutive nodes on the path; and software-
defined radiodynamically changing the protocol used by message between two consecutive nodes.
J. H. Snider, Lawrence Lessig, David Weinberger, and others say that low power "smart" radio is
inherently superior to standard broadcast radio.
Types of Cognitive Radio
Depending on transmission and reception parameters, there are two main types of cognitive radio:
Full Cognitive Radio (Mitola radio), in which every possible parameter observable by a wireless
node (or network) is considered.
Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Radio, in which only the radio-frequency spectrum is considered.
Other types are dependent on parts of the spectrum available for cognitive radio:
Licensed-Band Cognitive Radio, capable of using bands assigned to licensed users (except for
unlicensed bands, such as the U-NII band or the ISM band. The IEEE 802.22 working group is

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 developing a standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN), which will operate on unused
television channels.
Unlicensed-Band Cognitive Radio, which can only utilize unlicensed parts of the radio frequency
(RF) spectrum. One such system is described in the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 2 specifications,
which focus on the coexistence of IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.
Terminology
Spectrum mobility: Process by which a cognitive-radio user changes its frequency of operation.
Cognitive-radio networks aim to use the spectrum in a dynamic manner by allowing radio
terminals to operate in the best available frequency band, maintaining seamless communication
requirements during transitions to better spectrum.
Spectrum sharing: Spectrum sharing cognitive radio networks allows cognitive radio users to share
the spectrum bands of the licensed-band users. However, the cognitive radio users have to restrict
their transmit power so that the interference caused to the licensed-band users is kept below a
certain threshold.
Sensing-based Spectrum sharing: In sensing-based spectrum sharing cognitive radio networks,
cognitive radio users first listen to the spectrum allocated to the licensed users to detect the state of
the licensed users. Based on the detection results, cognitive radio users decide their transmission
strategies. If the licensed users are not using the bands, cognitive radio users will transmit over
those bands. If the licensed users are using the bands, cognitive radio users share the spectrum
bands with the licensed users by restricting their transmit power.
Technology
Although cognitive radio was initially thought of as a software-defined radio extension (full
cognitive radio), most research work focuses on spectrum-sensing cognitive radio (particularly in the TV
bands). The chief problem in spectrum-sensing cognitive radio is designing high-quality spectrum-sensing
devices and algorithms for exchanging spectrum-sensing data between nodes. It has been shown that a
simple energy detector cannot guarantee the accurate detection of signal presence, calling for more
sophisticated spectrum sensing techniques and requiring information about spectrum sensing to be
regularly exchanged between nodes. Increasing the number of cooperating sensing nodes decreases the
probability of false detection.
Filling free RF bands adaptively, using OFDMA, is a possible approach. Timo A. Weiss and
Friedrich K. Jondral of the University of Karlsruhe proposed a spectrum pooling system, in which free
bands (sensed by nodes) were immediately filled by OFDMA sub bands. Applications of spectrum-sensing

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cognitive radio include emergency-network and WLAN higher throughput and transmission-distance
extensions. The evolution of cognitive radio toward cognitive networks is underway; the concept of
cognitive networks is to intelligently organize a network of cognitive radios.
Functions
The main functions of cognitive radios are:
Power Control: Power control is usually used for spectrum sharing CR systems to maximize the
capacity of secondary users with interference power constraints to protect the primary users.
Spectrum sensing: Detecting unused spectrum and sharing it, without harmful interference to other
users; an important requirement of the cognitive-radio network is to sense empty spectrum.
Detecting primary users is the most efficient way to detect empty spectrum.
Spectrum management: Capturing the best available spectrum to meet user communication
requirements, while not creating undue interference to other (primary) users. Cognitive radios
should decide on the best spectrum band (of all bands available) to meet quality of service
requirements; therefore, spectrum-management functions are required for cognitive radios.
Spectrum-management functions are classified as: Spectrum analysis and Spectrum decision
The practical implementation of spectrum-management functions is a complex and multifaceted issue,
since it must address a variety of technical and legal requirements. An example of the former is choosing
an appropriate sensing threshold to detect other users, while the latter is exemplified by the need to meet
the rules and regulations set out for radio spectrum access in international (ITU radio regulations) and
national (telecommunications law) legislation.

Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)

An intelligent antenna (or smart antenna) is an antenna technology that uses spatial beam-
formation and spatial coding to cancel interference; however, applications are emerging for extension to
intelligent multiple or cooperative-antenna arrays for application to complex communication
environments. Cognitive radio, by comparison, allows user terminals to sense whether a portion of the
spectrum is being used in order to share spectrum with neighbor users. The following table compares the
two:
Point Cognitive Radio(CR) Intelligent Antenna(IA)
Principal goal Open spectrum sharing Ambient spatial reuse
Interference processing Avoidance by spectrum Cancellation by spatial pre-
sensing coding/post-coding

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 Applied techniques Cognitive software radio Generalized dirty paper
coding and Wyner-Ziv coding

Basement approach Orthogonal modulation Cellular based smaller cell

Key cost Spectrum sensing and multi- Multiple- or cooperative-

band RF antenna arrays
Challenging algorithm Spectrum management tech Intelligent spatial
beamforming/coding tech
Competitive technology Ultra-wideband for greater Multi-sectoring (3, 6, 9, so on)
band utilization for higher spatial reuse
Summary Cognitive spectrum-sharing Intelligent spectrum reuse
technology technology

Applications
CR can sense its environment and, without the intervention of the user, can adapt to the user's
communications needs while conforming to FCC rules in the United States. In theory, the amount of
spectrum is infinite; practically, for propagation and other reasons it is finite because of the desirability of
certain spectrum portions. Assigned spectrum is far from being fully utilized, and efficient spectrum use is
a growing concern; CR offers a solution to this problem. A CR can intelligently detect whether any portion
of the spectrum is in use, and can temporarily use it without interfering with the transmissions of other
users. According to Bruce Fette, "Some of the radio's other cognitive abilities include determining its
location, sensing spectrum use by neighboring devices, changing frequency, adjusting output power or
even altering transmission parameters and characteristics. All of these capabilities, and others yet to be
realized, will provide wireless spectrum users with the ability to adapt to real-time spectrum conditions,
offering regulators, licenses and the general public flexible, efficient and comprehensive use of the
spectrum".
Simulation of CR networks
At present, modeling & simulation is the only paradigm which allows the simulation of complex behavior
in a given environment's cognitive radio networks. Network simulators like OPNET, NetSim, MATLAB
and NS2 can be used to simulate a cognitive radio network. Areas of research using network simulators
include:
Spectrum sensing & incumbent detection
Spectrum allocation

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 Measurement and modeling of spectrum usage
Efficiency of spectrum utilization
Some simulation frameworks for CRNs based on NS2 have been proposed recently, such as CogNS which
is free software and its source code is available on cogns.net.
Conclusion
The success of the unlicensed band in accommodating a range of wireless devices and services has
led the FCC to consider opening further bands for unlicensed use. In contrast, the licensed bands are
underutilized due to static frequency allocation. Realizing that CR technology has the potential to exploit
the inefficiently utilized licensed bands without causing interference to incumbent users, the FCC released
a Notice of Proposed Rule Making which would allow unlicensed radios to operate in the TV-broadcast
bands. The IEEE 802.22 working group, formed in November 2004, is tasked with defining the air-
interface standard for wireless regional area networks (based on CR sensing) for the operation of
unlicensed devices in the spectrum allocated to TV service.

Ex.No:10
DATE: NON-TECHNICAL TOPIC - E-Learning
Introduction
E-Learning can be defined as 'learning facilitated and supported through the use
of information and communications technology'. It can cover a spectrum of activities from the use of
technology to support learning as part of a blended approach (a combination of traditional and e-learning
approaches), to learning that is delivered entirely online. Whatever the technology, however, learning is the
vital element.

What is e-learning?
Quite simply, e-learning is electronic learning, and typically this means using a computer to deliver
part, or all of a course whether it's in a school, part of your mandatory business training or a full distance
learning course. In the early days it received a bad press, as many people thought bringing computers into
the classroom would remove that human element that some learners need, but as time has progressed
technology has developed, and now we embrace smart phones and tablets in the classroom and office, as
well as using a wealth of interactive designs that makes distance learning not only engaging for the users,
but valuable as a lesson delivery medium. Building partnerships with quality training providers, and

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combining this with a dedicated experienced technical team and support staff, Virtual College provides the
perfect blended learning environment, offering anyone the chance to take their online training to the next
level.
What are the benefits?

An immediate potential benefit of considering implementing e-learning is that it can be seen as an

additional avenue with which to support teaching and learning practice. E-learning covers such a wide
sphere that it is difficult to point out any benefit as a given, so any benefits should initially be termed
potential benefits. However, many cite the following as broad benefits that e-learning supports:

The ability to provide distance learning (learning not on campus)

A blended learning/teaching approach (using face-to-face and technology)

The use of technology to support a wide range of educational activity

How Has E-Learning Evolved?

The past decade has radically transformed e-learning. In the early days, e-learning courses were
typically custom creations, coded by programmers and developers who used highly specialized tools and
code to create these courses. In those days, it could easily require an entire team to create a simple, linear
e-learning course. Very few people had the skills or knowledge to do so on their own. Now, with advances
in technology, creating e-learning is much more accessible. The course development tools have advanced
to a point where just about anyone can create an e-learning course, without any programming or coding
knowledge.

Changes in technology have also impacted the types of hardware tools we use. Weve gone from
using desktop computers exclusively to a mix of desktops, laptops, tablets, and smart phones. Naturally, e-
learning has followed suit to span the array of devices we use. In fact, e-learning developed specifically for
mobile devices, such as tablets and smart phones, is sometimes referred to as m-learning or mobile
learning. The learners experience of accessing e-learning has also evolved. It wasnt so long ago that
learners had to first add custom applications and/or download players before they could view course
content. This setup often took time and was fraught with challenges for the learnereven before the

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course started.

Then, in the late nineties, Adobe Flash became the standard for e-learning, which made it really
simple to view and share e-learning content. For nearly a decade, a majority of browsers came with Flash,
so learners could play courses through the Flash player in their browser. However, now that many mobile
devices and tablets are not Flash compatible, many developers are shifting to HTML5 to publish and share
e-learning courses.

Whats the Value of E-Learning?

E-learning offers a lot of value compared to more traditional training options, like facilitated sessions or
lectures. E-learning...

Can be either an asynchronous or synchronous activity: Traditionally, e-learning has been

asynchronous, which means there is no predetermined time for the learning to take place. Everyone can
go at their own pace, and take their time to learn what they need to know, when they need to know it.
However, more synchronous e-learning is now being offered through web conferencing and chat
options. The great thing about e-learning is it gives you the option to do one, or both.

Has a global reach: E-learning can simply be placed online and easily accessed by people around
the world. There is no need for expensive travel or meetings across multiple time zones.

Spans multiple devices/mobile: Online courses can work on computers as well as on mobile
devices, such as smart phones and tablets. This means e-learning courses can literally be in the hands of
the people who need them, at all times.

Is just-in-time/needs-based: Its possible to create, publish, and share a course within a few hours.
The software is so easy to use that almost anyone can create engaging courses.

Reduces costs: All of the above-mentioned factors result in a cost savings for organizations that
use e-learning courses to replace some of their traditional instructor-led training.

As the world becomes more connected and globalized, more people have consistent access to the
internet, computers, smart phones, and other technological devices. When we provide people with learning
opportunities on these devices, they can use them to access timely resources and training while on the job.

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 The value of e-learning is that it can save time and money. It can often be more efficient to develop
one course that can be distributed electronically and consistently to thousands, versus one thats delivered
in person to training groups, where the message, equipment, and other conditions can vary enough to
affect the outcome of the course.

Learning theory

When talking about e-learning the phrase learning theory often crops up. Learning theory in the
context of e-learning refers to the use of learning models and/or frameworks that may be used when
planning, designing and building work, in order to help define the process of work.

Uses of e-learning

At this point in the document you may be asking what real-world uses e-learning potentially has
to offer to the practitioner. The answer is that e-learning provides many opportunities including large scale
online delivery of modules and courses. Each practitioner will have their own goals and so providing an
exhaustive list of possibilities is difficult. However here are some uses of e-learning to get you started.

Uses for those very new to e-learning include engaging your students to use the web as:

A source of research material (whilst also building critical literacy skills) to support study

A platform for discussion

A resource for finding and using other peoples educational materials such as those created under
the Open Educational Resources initiative or those which you have to ensure you seek permission
and/or a license to use

Uses for the next steps include creating multimedia rich resources to engage your students with. This can
include for example:

Producing interactive web pages hosted on your institutions VLE

Including multimedia elements into teaching materials to add context on a subject to help achieve
the learning objective

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 Using the VLE to build tasks

Offer collaborative opportunities via the VLE

Online assessment

Advantages of e-Learning

Class work can be scheduled around personal and professional work, resulting in flexible learning.

Reduces travel cost and time to and from school.

Learners can study wherever they have access to a computer and internet.

Self-paced learning modules allow learners to work at their own pace.

Flexibility to join discussions in the bulletin board threaded discussion areas at any hour, or visit with
classmates and instructors remotely in chat rooms.

Different learning styles are addressed and facilitation of learning occurs through varied activities.

Development of computer and internet skills those are transferable to other facets of learner's lives.

Successfully completing online or computer-based courses builds self-knowledge and self-confidence

and encourages students to take responsibility for their learning.

Disadvantages of e-Learning

Unmotivated learners or those with poor study habits may fall behind.

Lack of familiar structure and routine may take getting used to.

Students may feel isolated or miss social interaction thus the need to understanding different learning
styles and individual learner needs.

Instructor may not always be available on demand.

Slow or unreliable internet connections can be frustrating.

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 Managing learning software can involve a learning curve.

Some courses such as traditional hands-on courses can be difficult to simulate.

Conclusion

E-learning varies depending on program goals, target audience and organizational infrastructure
and culture. But it is unarguable that e-learning is rapidly growing as form of training delivery and most
are finding that the clear benefits to e-learning will guarantee it a role in their overall learning strategy.

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