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End-Plate Connections
LARRY E. CURTIS and THOMAS M. MURRAY
BACKGROUND
Limit states associated with the column flange at moment
end-plate connections include column flange flexural
strength, connection stiffness, and the effect on tension bolt Fig. 1. 4-Bolt, Stiffened Moment End-Plate Connection
forces because of flange bending. Criteria to evaluate these
limit states have typically been developed using a tee-stub
analogy. In this analogy, a prescribed effective column flange
length is used for the length of the tee-stub flange as shown
in Fig. 3. Procedures utilizing yield-line theory and finite
element analysis have been used to analyze this teestub
model.
Yield-line based studies were performed by
Zoetemeijer;16 Packer and Morris;15 Mann and Morris;12 and
Kennedy, Vinnakota, and Sherbourne,8 among others. All
these studies utilize the concept of an effective column flange
length and an assumed yield-line pattern over this length. The
first three studies develop design methods based on experim-
4 M ef
Ff = (2)
m pe
where Ff = beam flange force, m = constant depending on
connection geometry and material yield stresses, and pe =
effective bolt distance. And
Mbeam = Ff (d tfb) (3)
where d = beam depth and tfb = beam flange thickness. In the
AISC procedure
1
m = CaCb(Af/Aw) 3
(pe/db) (4)
where Ca = constant depending on the yield stress of the
beam and end-plate material and type of bolt, Cb = (bf/bp),bf
= beam flange width, bp = end-plate width, Af = area of beam
tension flange, Aw = area of beam web, db = the bolt
diameter, and the effective bolt distance is given by
pe = pf db/4 wt (5)
where pf = distance from centerline of the tension bolts to the
nearer surface of the beam tension flange and wt = fillet weld
throat size or reinforcement of groove weld. Based on the
recommendations of Hendrick and Murray,7 the following
modifications were made in the basic AISC procedures: Cb =
1.0, Af/Aw = 1.0 and
pe = pf db/4 rc (6)
where, as shown in Figure 6, pf = (g twc)/2, g = vertical bolt
row gage, twc = column web thickness, and
rc = k1 twc/2 wt (7)
where k1 = the tabulated column section "k1" distance and wt
= 1/16 in. The effective column flange thickness was taken as
bs = 3.5c (8)
for the four-bolt connection7 and
bs = 6 pb + 2c (9)
for the 8-bolt connection where c = vertical distance between
the bolt rows nearer the beam tension flange = pf + tfb + pf,
and pb = vertical distance beam bolt rows away from the
beam tension flange. The resulting predicted column flange
strengths for the four 4-bolt and nine 8-bolt stiffened end-
plate tests are found in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Fig. 6. Nomenclature at Column Tension Flange
2.667 o (F / Tu )
1.832 0.894 0.398
tp be
ep = (13)
e[
0.666 0.626 6.227(t s /be )]
pf db
(
o = NTu p f 3 / 2 Ebe t p 3 ) (14)
mended that total separation, ps, be limited to 0.015 in. if the umn flange thickness, in. The required column flange
connection is used in Type I or FR construction. thickness is determined from:
Because the use of Equations 12-15 to evaluate
connection stiffness is rather complicated, a further Allowable Stress Design
evaluation was undertaken. It was found that, if the effective
column flange length is taken as t fr = (6 Me ) / (Fbcbs ) (21)
bs = 2.5c (18) with
for 4-bolt connections and Fbc = 0.75 36 = 27 ksi
bs = 3.5pb + c (19) bs = 2.5c for 4-bolt connections (Fig. 8)
2,3 = 3.5pb + c for 8-bolt connections (Fig. 9)
for 8-bolt connections, and the AISC manual procedure is
Me = mFfpe/4
used to determine the required column flange thickness,
m = 1.13(pe/db) (A325 bolts)
adequate stiffness is provided. Comparisons of the limiting
Ff = M/(d tfb)
moments from these criteria and measured moments at 0.015-
in. separation are shown in Tables 4 and 5. And, from Equations 6 and 7, neglecting wt,
RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURE Pe = g/2 db/4 k1
Based on the above studies, the recommended design Load and Resistance Factor Design
procedure for determining required unstiffened column flange
thickness at 4-bolt, and 8-bolt, stiffened, moment end-plate t fr = (4 M eu ) / (0.9 Fycbs ) (22)
connections is as follows. Figs. 8 and 9 identify the various
geometric parameters. with
To prevent column flange yielding in the tension region
Fyc = 36 ksi
of the connection and to provide adequate connection
bs = 2.5c for 4-bolt connections (Fig. 8)
stiffness, the following must be satisfied assuming A36
= 3.5pb + c for 8-bolt connections (Fig. 9)
material even if the column material yield stress is higher:
Meu = muFfupe/4
tfc tfr (20) mu = 1.35 (pe/db)
where tfc = column flange thickness, in. and tfr = required col- Ffu = Mu/(d tfb)
And, from Equations 6 and 7, neglecting wt,
Table 3. pe = g/2 db/4 k1
End-Plate Data
End-Plate tp Pt db ts bp g
Designation (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) ASD EXAMPLES
EP4 1 1.375 0.875 0.625 12 5.5
EP5 1 1.5 1 0.625 10 5.5
ASD Example 1
EP6 1.25 2 1 0.625 10 6.5 For the 4-bolt stiffened end-plate connection shown in Fig.
EP8 1.75 2.125 1.125 0.75 13 6.5
10, determine if the column flange is adequate. M = 200
ft-kips. A36 steel. The end-plate and bolts have been Beam W33118: Column W14311:
previously designed. d = 32.86 in. tfc = 2.260 in.
Beam W2455: Column W14159: tfb = 0.740 in. k1 = 1 516 in.
d = 23.57 in. tfc = 1.190 in. End-Plate: A325 Bolts:
tfb = 0.505 in. k1 = 1 in. pf = 1 58 in. 1 18 in. diameter
End-Plate: A325 Bolts: pb = 3 38 in
pf = 1 38 in. 7 in. diameter
8
g = 6 in
g = 5 in
Beam Flange Force:
Beam Flange Force:
Ff = M/(d tfb)
Ff = M/(d tfb) = (700 12)/(32.86 0.740) = 261.5 kips
= (200 12)/(23.57 0.505) = 104.1 kips
Effective Column Flange Length:
Effective Column Flange Length:
bs = 3.5pb + c = 3.5pb + (pf + tfb + pf)
bs = 2.5c = 2.5(pf + tfb + pf) = 3.5(3.375) + (1.625+0.740+1.625) = 15.80 in.
= 2.5(1.375 + 0.505 + 1.375) = 8.14 in.
Column Flange Moment:
Column Flange Moment:
pe = g/2 db/4 k1
pe = g/2 db/4 k1 = 6.0/2 1.125/4 1.3125 = 1.41 in.
= 5.5/2 0.875/4 1.0 = 1.53 in.
m = 1.13(pe/db)
m = 1.13(pe/db)
= 1.13(1.41/1.125) = 1.20
= 1.13(1.53/0.875) = 1.30
Me = mFfpe/4
Me = mFfpe/4 = 1.20(261.5)(1.41)/4 = 110.6 kips
= 1.30(104.1)(1.53)/4 = 51.76 in.-kips
Required Column Flange Thickness:
Required Column Flange Thickness:
t fr = 6 M e / 27bs = (6 110.6) / (1580
. 27)
t fr = 6 Me / 27bs
= 1247
. in. < t fc = 2.260 in.
= (6 5176
. )/ (27 814
. ) =1.19 in. 1.190 in.
The column flange is adequate.
The column flange is adequate.
LRFD EXAMPLES
ASD Example 2
LRFD Example 1
For the 8-bolt stiffened end-plate connection shown in Fig. For the 4-bolt unstiffened end-plate connection shown in
11, determine if the column flange is adequate M = 700 ft- Figure 10, determine if the column flange is adequate, Mu =
kips. A36 steel. The end-plate and bolts have been previously 260 ft-kips. A36 steel. The end-plate and bolt have been
designed using the procedure found in Murray and Kukreti.14 previously designed.
Fig. 9. 8-Bolt, Stiffened Moment End-Plate Connection Geometry Fig. 10. Design Details, ASD Example 1 and LRFD Example 1
REFERENCES
NOMENCLATURE
Af = area of beam in tension flange, in.2 Mub = predicted failure moment for bolt strength limit
Aw = area of beam web, in.2 state, in.-kips
bf = beam flange width, in. Muc = predicted failure moment for column flange
bp = end-plate width, in. bending strength limit state, in.-kips
be = end-plate width, in.; effective column flange N = number of tension bolts
length, in. Pb = vertical distance between beam bolt rows away
bs = effective column flange length, in. from the beam tension flange, in.
c = vertical distance between the bolt rows nearer the Pe = effective bolt distance, in.
beam tension flange, in. Pf = distance from centerline of the tension bolts to the
Ca = constant depending on the yield stress of the beam nearer surface of the beam tension flange, in.
and end-plate materials and type of bolt. Pt = bolt pretension force, kips
Cb = (bf/bp) rc = from Equation 7
d = beam depth, in. tfb = beam flange thickness, in.
db = bolt diameter, in. tfc = column flange thickness. in.
e = 2.718 tfr = required column flange thickness, in.
E = modulus of elasticity, ksi tp = end-plate thickness, in.
F = flange force per bolt, kips ts = stiffener thickness, in.
Fbc = allowable bending stress in column flange, 27 ksi twc = column web thickness, in.
Ff = beam flange force, kips T = bolt force including prying action effects, kips
Ffu = factored beam flange force, kips Tu = tensile strength of one bolt, kips
Fu = ultimate beam flange force, kips wt = fillet weld throat size or reinforcement of groove
Fyc = column flange material yield strength, ksi weld, in.
g = vertical bolt row gage, in. m = ASD constant depending on connection geometry
k1 = tabulated column section "k1" distance and material yield stresses
M = moment at connection, ft-kips mu = LRFD constant depending on connection geometry
Mbeam = applied test moment, in.-kips and material yield stresses
Me = ASD moment in column flange, in.-kips c = separation due to column flange bending, in.
Meu = LRFD moment in column flange, in.-kips ep = separation due to end-plate bending, in.
Mef = column flange flexural strength, in.-kips ps = total separation, in.
Mu = factored moment at connection, ft-kips o = from Equation 13