ISSN (Online) No:

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

IN HOSUR TALUK, TAMILNADU
SURESHBABU.B
M.Tech. Remote Sensing
Department of Civil Engineering
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur - 635109, Tamilnadu, India.
suresh777b@gmail.com

MR.B.M. PURUSHOTHAMAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur - 635109, Tamilnadu, India

DR.S. SURESH.BABU
HOD and Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Hosur - 635109, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract
For the analysis of soil erosion of remote sensing data and the geographical
information system (GIS) has become a breakthrough in the field of soil analysis zones. In
this project, various soil erosion zones for the assessment of soil availability at Hosur ,
Krishnagiri District have been delineated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Survey
of India top sheets, LISS IV imageries are used to prepare various thematic map layers viz.
soil erosion, slope, land-use, soil, and rainfall were transformed to raster data using feature to
raster converter tool in Arc GIS.Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived
from Remote Sensing data (Land sat-TM) was used in this study to assess the vegetative
cover.
Keywords: Remote sensing, Soil Erosion, Thematic maps.
I.INTRODUCTION
Soil erosion and sedimentation by water involves the processes of detachment,
transportation, and deposition of sediment by raindrop impact and flowing water. Soil loss
is defined as the amount of soil lost in a specified time period over an area of land which has
experienced net soil loss. There are several possible methodologies for creating an erosion
map based on the collection of distributed field observations, on an assessment of factors,
and combinations of factors, which influence erosion rates and primarily on a modeling

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:33
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

approach. Most studies of soil erosion at the large scale have followed two general
approaches evaluation by the regional erosion factors or available models evaluating soil
loss by extra polating from plot and micro-catchment scales to catchments, watersheds and
regional scales. Both of the approaches have the substantial obstacle of spatial heterogeneity
at the large scale. The use of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS)
techniques makes soil erosion estimation and its spatial distribution feasible with reasonable
costs and better accuracy in larger areas. In general, remote-sensing data were primarily used
to develop the cover- management factor image through land-cover classifications, while
GIS tools were used for derivation of the top graphic fact or from DEM, data interpolation of
sample plots, and calculation of soil erosion loss.
II. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are:-
l To prepare thematic maps for surface and sub-surface features viz:, Soil,
Slope,Landuse/land cover, Soil emotion maps.

l To estimate soil loss to identify areas vulnerable to soil loss.

l To integrate all thematic maps using GIS and in assessing soil erosion modeling
and in assisting the estimation of erosion loss at the study area.

III. AREA OF STUDY

Hosur is an Industrial town and a municipality in Krishnagiri district in

the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the largest town in the Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu
and headquarters of the Hosur taluk . Hosur is starting as gateway
to Karnataka from TamilNadu and has become a satellite town of Bangalore. Hosur block is
geographically located in the Northern part of Tamil Nadu State. It is located about 40 kilo
metres South-East of Bangalore. It lies between 12.7409N latitude and 77.8253 E
longitude and it forms a part of the Survey of India (SOI) topographic sheets on 1:50000
scale. The study area covers a total area of about 275 square kilometres and is situated at an
altitude of 950 m above mean sea level (MSL).According to 2011 census, Hosur had a
population of 116,821 as per 2011 census with female population of 968 and male population
of 1,000. The study area accommodates 30 panchayats and 89 villages.

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:34
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 1 : Map Showing Study Area

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS

LISS IV satellite images of 5.8 m resolution (2016), ASTER DEM of 30m resolution (2011)
products and Survey of India topographical geological map of 1: 50,000 were utilized in the
study. The packages have been used to perform the data processing and analyses are ERDAS
2013, Arc GIS 10.2, QGIS 2013 and MS office for data processing. All the satellite images/
products were geo corrected UTM projection and WGS 84 datum. Methodology, Topo sheet,
Satellite image and DEM data shown below.

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:35
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Landsat-TM data
Topographic map

NVDI
DEM

E30 value
Slope gradient

Soil erosion estimation

Soil erosion map

Fig 2 : Flow chart showing methodology of this study

Fig 3 : Toposheet and LISS IV Satellite Image of Study Area

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:36
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 4 : ASTER GDEM of the Study Area

Thematic maps such as land use/ land cover, slope, soil, have been identified to delineate the
groundwater potential zones.

E30 model for estimating soil erosion using NDVI

The soil erosion model given in Equation 1 was used to estimate the annual rate of soil
erosion in the Mae Ao watershed (Honda, 1993, 1996 and 1998). This model is mainly
governed by slope gradient and vegetation index and the annual soil erosion rate (E) is
defined as:

E=E 30 ( S /S30 )0 . 9 (1)

where S= gradient of the point under

consideration,

S30 = tan (30), and E30= rate of soil erosion at 30 slope and defined as given below

[ ]
log 0 . 132log 17 .12
E30=exp (NDV I max NDV I min

) (2)
( NDVI NDV I min ) +log 17 .12

The maximum and minimum rates of soil erosion at 30 slope in the study area collected
from field stations were 17.12 mm/year and 0.132 mm/year in the study area as shown in
Equation 2.
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as defined by Equation 3 was used
to assess the vegetative cover. To avoid negative values and for easy handling of digital data,

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:37
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

NDVI value obtained for Land sat- TM data (30m spatial resolution) were re-scaled as shown
in Equation 3.

NDVI =
[( Band 4Band 3
Band 4+ Band 3) ]
+ 1 100 (3)

Correction of NDVI
Theoretically, matured vegetation should have the same vegetation index in multi-
temporal data. But in practice, this is not possible due to variations in sun angle, atmospheric
effects etc. Various land cover areas were identified in images and homogeneous regions for
each of the land covers area were selected to estimate the average value of reflectance. The
average reflectance from bare-soil areas was found to be minimum, whereas the average
value of reflectance from long an (a tropical citrus fruit) orchard areas was maximum for the
observation. Using Equation 4, linear interpolation was carried out to make radiometric
correction of Landsat TM data.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Land use / Land cover Map

Land use/land cover map was prepared from LISS IV satellite dataset of 2016, by using
software ERDAS 2013 . The following classes are distinguished: (i) water bodies, (ii) Built
up, (iii) Crop Land, (iv) Mixed Trees, (v) Bush Land. Built-up area has the lowest weightage
compared to other classes and Crop land has the highest weightage. Bush land is a land that
is covered with small bushes where as mixed trees is a land which was periodically left idle
i.e. land that is not planted to a crop itself ; that is why it was given less weight than crop
land. Water body has a weightage which is next less to the crop land.
Table 1 : Area under Classification of LU/LC
Area in Kilometer Square
Land Cover 2016
Class
Km2 %
Built-up Area 213.9863 21.45405763
Crop Land 361.1485 36.2083962
Vegetation 363.5829 36.45246677
Mixed Trees 51.39995 5.153308831
Water Body 7.2988 0.731770566

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:38
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 5 : Pie chart shows the Area coverage of LU/LC

Fig 5 ;Map Of LU/LC

B. Soil Map
Soil is formed due to combined action of rocks, topography and climate and it comprises of
different mineral particles, water, air and humus. According to the study area, there were only
two classifications under soil i.e.; (i) sandy Loamy and (ii) Rock land. From the map we can
observed that sandy loamy soil filled area is higher than the rock land. Sandy loamy soil has
highest weightage than rock land due to the high water absorption capacity of the sandy
loamy soil.

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:39
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 6 : Soil Map

C. Slope Map
Slope map was generated from LISS IV data from NRSA, Hyderabad India was used in the
present study. Most portion of the study area is covered by very gently sloping. Slope range
was differentiated into five groups. Finally, five classes of slopes (0 - 2, 2-5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20,
20 - 53.1007) were differentiated and shown in (Figure). Higher slope will produce more
runoff with lesser infiltration, and it will have a poor groundwater prospects contrasted with
low slope region. The higher weight has been assigned to gentle slope and lesser weight to
higher slope.

Fig 7 : Slope Map

D. Rainfall Map

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:40
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

The annual average rainfall of the study area is around 196.5455 mm. Rainfall of study area
classified in to four classes which ranges from 93.3045 mm - 103.230 mm. Low rainfall value
gives low weightage of about six and high value has high weightage of about nine. Rainfall
distribution along with the slope gradient directly affects the infiltration rate of runoff water
hence increases the possibility of groundwater potential zones.

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Jan 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Feb 10 0 0 4 11 0 0 64 0 13 0 0
Mar 0 15 51.3 0 140 42 0 42 8.5 0 7 46
Apr 58 54.4 4 132 41 30 46 64.6 80.2 11 0 229
369 90.2 69.6 59 64 167.4 140.8 108 137. 82 73.4 85
May 2
62.2 44 101. 83 17 55 45.7 35.4 0 86 104.4 85
Jun 6
Jul 176.8 160.6 11.6 57 200 42 143.2 42.667.2 41 60 7
Aug 54 57 49.5 100 214 116 72.7 121.9
78.4 118 21 46
Sep 98.8 245 180 89 127 348 104.4 19.258.6 148 49 109
287.4 495 83 195 197.5 16 81.6 230.7
136. 145 217.3 162
Oct 5
Nov 47.4 161.9 87 40 61 141 172.6 105.1 72 39 28 322
Dec 0 30.7 11 70 3 14 4.5 5.3 17 0 23 11
Annual
Rainfal 648. 829 1079. 971.4 811.5 838.8 655. 683 583.1 1106
l 1163.6 1353.8 6 5 6

Average

Place Y (Latitude) X ( Longitude) Avg Rainfall in mm

Perandapalli 12.713204 77.889963 93.30415
Mathigiri 12.692021 77.805274 103.2314

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:41
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 8 : Rainfall Map

E.NDVI Map
NDVI is known as Normalized Difference
VegetationIndex.TheNDVIvaluesvaryaccordingtotheradiationabsorptionby the chloro
phyllinthered spectral area and its reflectance in the near infrared spectrum. This
valuesarebetween-1and+1, corresponding to the consistency of the green vegetation. The
onescloseto+1(light color) represent a higher consistency of the vegetation and are specific to
the dense broadleaf forest. The ones close to -1(dark color) represent the land with lack of
vegetation, having visible soil or rock surface. The 0 value(in term edited color) is associated
withgrasslands.Itisusefulinmappingofvegetationareas,vegetationtypes,vegetation health
status, the land use etc.

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:42
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

Fig 9 ; NDVI Map

Soil Erotion Map
By calculating the E30 value for each
pixel using Equation 2, soil erosion
from each pixel with a different slope
was calculated using Equation 1. A
raster map of slope gradient was
prepared with a pixel size of 30m (same
as Land sat-TM data), using a Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) to provide the
slope information for Equation 1. Step by step procedures for estimating the annual soil
erosion rate in the study area are shown in Figure 1. Since the soil erosion for each of the
pixels could be estimated individually, therefore, this method provided a greater flexibility in
estimating the soil erosion rate for any area within the watershed. The average annual rate of
soil erosion in the study area. The average annual soil erosion rate in the study area is High
0.774648 to Low -0.338776. This reduction in soil erosion rate was due to the conservation
measures and plantation program taken up in the area.

Fig 10 ; Soil Erosion Map

Soil Erosion Category Area in meters Avg Soil Erosion

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:43
 ISSN (Online) No:
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL O0F RESEARCH REVIEW IN
ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT (IJRREM)
Tamilnadu, India-636121
Indexed by Scribd, Google scholar

High 0.774648 10 - 50
Low -0.338776 50 - 100

VI. CONCLUSION
The overall estimated soil erosion rate in the study area. Changes in agricultural pattern from
traditional agriculture to orchard cultivation along with the conservation activities taken up in
the Hosur Taluk project area showed a positive impact on soil erosion, leading towards
sustainable farming system. However, the rate of soil erosion of implementation of the
project is still high and more erosion control practices are required in vulnerable areas of the
Hosur Taluk on a priority basis to make the farming system sustainable in a true sense.

REFERENCES
1. Dixon, J.A., L.F. Scura, R.A. Carpenter and P.B. Sherman 1994. Economic Analysis of
Environmental Impacts..2nd ed. Earths can Publications Ltd., London.
2. Honda, K. 1993. Evaluation of Vegetation Change in the Asia Copper Mine Using
Remote Sensing and its application to Forest Conservation Works, D.Eng. Diss. University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
3. Honda, K., L. Samarakoon, A. Ishibashi, Y. Mabuchi and S. Miyajima. 1996. p. B21-
B26. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for denudation estimation in Siwalik
watershed of Nepal. Proc. 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
4-8 November, 1996.
4. Honda, K., L. Samarakoon and A. Ishibashi. 1998. Erosion control engineering and geo
informatics: river plan form change and sediment yield estimation in a watershed of Siwalik,
Nepal. p. 63-70. In R.B. Singh et al. (ed) Space Informatics for sustainable development.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

5. NarayanVVD, BabuR., 1983.Estimation of soil erosion in India IrrigDrainEng109

6.Naqvi HR,MallickJ, DeviLM, Siddiqui MA., 2013. Multi- temporal annual soil loss risk
mapping employing Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in Nun Nadi
Watershed, Uttrakhand (India).ArabJ Geosci

7.NiJR,LiYK., 2003.Approachtosoilerosionassessmentin terms of land-use structure

changes SoilWaterConserv

8. Moore,I.,Burch,G.,1986.Physicalbasisof the length-slope factor in The universal Sol Loss

Equation. Soil Society of America Journal

International Journal of Research Review in Engineering and Management

(ijrrem) Volume-1, Issue-3, March-2017, Page No: 34- 45 Page no:44