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Philosophy Reviewer

(1st Semester, 2014-2015)


Key Ideas, People and Terms

Chapter 1 Philosophy as a field of Study Cosmology -Greek words (Kosmos-universe/world


&
Philosophy 2 Greek Words (philea/philla love & Logos)
Sophia wisdom or knowledge) - Origins and development of the universe
Philosophy can be considered the parent science. - Evolution (slow and gradual development
given a long time)
Major Fields/Branch of Philosophy - Creation ( abrupt appearance of life and the
Epistemology origins, nature and limits of world that is fully functional and fully formed)
human knowledge - Natural selection (survival of the fittest)
- Episteme (knowledge) - Mutations (abnormality in the gene pool)
- Logos (study, word or discourse) Ontology study the nature of existence and
Metaphysics- meaning and nature of reality status of reality,
and existence theory of being
-meta (beyond) Psychology- study of human behaviour
-physikon (nature) Psyche (soul= emotion, reason and
Axiology-study of values and beauty volition)
Theodicy deals with the nature and goodness of
-Ethics (moral philosophy)
God
-Aesthetics (beauty)
Aristotle logic is an indispensable foundation of
Logic- study of correct thinking or correct
all types of knowledge.
inferences
Logic the most fundamental brank of philosophy
- Thinking about thinking
- Thoughts ( product of mental processes)
Major Types of Logic
Deductive/Deduction- from general to
Philosophers shared a common conviction that
specific truths
thoughtful examinations and analysis of views
and evidence is important. Inductive/Induction- from specific to
general truths
Important Philosophers
Syllogism deductive tool in processing truth
St. Thomas Aquinas (teacher at the University
- 2 premises
of Paris)
- 1 conclusion
John Dewey (lecturer at the Columbia
Semantics study of the meaning of words
University)
Greek (semantikos-significant, semainein
Rene Descartes (mathematician)
to signify and sema sign or mark)
St. Augustine (Bishop of Hippo) Ethics is the practical science of the morality of
George Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) human conduct
Baruch Spinoza (lens grinder) Plato Ethics is the supreme science
John Locke (medical doctor) Ethos Greek word (customs)
John Stuart Mills (magazine writer and law Aesthetics Greek ( aisthetikos) deals with beauty
maker) Method a means or procedure followed in
Karl Marx (social thinkers, communism) achieving an end.
Friedrich Engels (communism)
Philosophical Methods
Socrates (Athens) The unexamined life is not
Induction
worth living.
Deduction
Dialectic thesis, antithesis and synthesis
Chapter 2 Philosophical Fields of Study Analytic breaking the whole into smaller
parts
Romantic feelings and instincts
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Synoptic comprehensive view Religious spiritual being
Biological- natural desires
Chapter 3 The Theory of Knowledge Behavioral shaped by the forces around
him
Theory is a coherent group of general
prepositions used as a principles of explanation
for a class of phenomena Chapter 5 Values

Theories of Knowledge Values (worth or important)


Objective meaning and perception is based Ethics science of morality
on outside of ones self Value Judgment- appraisal and evaluation of
Conception/Conceivable meaning and important things
perception begins in ones self Norm- accepted practices and behaviour of a
group
Theory of Dual Intellects scientific knowledge Value System-system arrange into hierarchy
and intuitive apprehensions Axiology-study of values
Aesthetics- deals with art, beauty and
Sources of Knowledge appreciation
Custom- group pattern of habitual activity
Tradition- handling down of statements of Classification of Values (Breck & Holmes)
beliefs, legends, etc. Biological- survival (food, shelter, etc)
Sense perception- faculties of sight, smell, Economic-exchange of material goods and
touch, taste services
Intuition- direct perception of fact and Affective emotions, excitement
truth independent from a reasoning Social social relationships
process Intellectual human mind and knowledge
Authority experts and leaders Moral- goodness and uprightness
Reason- acquiring intellectual knowledge Religious experiences with Supreme
being
Sophists group of wise men from Athens
General Characteristic of Values
Barriers in Attaining Knowledge Values are bipolar
Values are not homogenous
Blind adherence (Authoritarianism)
Values transcend facts
Propaganda misleading with incorrect
information deliberate
Chapter 6 Ethics
Prejudice- unfavourable opinion or feeling
Fallacies faulty reasoning Ethics Grk (Ethos fundamental character)
Latin (mos, mores)

Chapter 4 Man: Nature, Development and Destiny Morality quality of goodness and badness of
human acts
Composition (make up)
Monism one basic substance Human Acts- act done with free will
Dualism matter & soul/spirit
Origin beginnings Essential Elements of Human Acts
Creation-Divine Fiat Knowledge-deliberation
Evolution- Darwinism Freedom-not bounded or restricted
Voluntariness- Latin (voluntas)- ones
Essence intrinsic nature
initiative
(Intelligence is the basis of mans virtue)
Rational intelligence
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Modifiers of Human Acts Sovereign Ruler
Ignorance-lack of knowledge
Passion/Concupiscence- strong drive or God of the Hebrews
emotions
Fear-free from danger Monotheistic ( one god)
Violence damaging force Creator Elohim
Redeemer - Jehovah, Yahweh
Habit repeat patterns of behaviour
Right what is considered just and
God of the Greeks
appropriate
Polytheistic (titans, gods, goddesses, demigod,
Reason- thinking wisely etc)
Conscience- voice of God Theogony book of the goods
Law prescribed rule of behaviour
Sex pleasure and procreation Atheism absence of God
Agnostic- lack of certainty
Pantheism- God is everywhere
Classification of Ethical Theories Panentheism God is in the world
Platonism- good life is based on good Deism- God that walk away
knowledge
Self-realization awareness Religion set of beliefs concerning faith related
Utilitarianism- uselfullness knowledge
Latin (religare-to bind together)
Intentionalism motive
Pessimism- negative outlook of the world
and life
Philosophical Disciplines
Stoicism- free from emotional expression
Epicureanism- highest good is pleasure
Naturalism ( physical world is the basis of
reality)
John Haspers ategory
Existentialism ( awareness of being is the
Self-interest
basis of reality)
Divine command
Idealism ( abstract thoughts and cognition
Common Interest define reality)
Empiricism ( Reality is experienced base)
Pragmatism ( results drives meaning and
Chapter 7 Philosophy and Religion purpose)
Asian Philosophy ( Confucious, Taoism,
Philosophy of Religion examines the intellectual
etc)
questions that arises in considering religious
views and orientations
Chapter 8 Political and Social Philosophy
Nature of God
Aristotle wrote Politics ( first systematic treaties
Omnipotent -all powerful on political affairs)
Omniscient -all knowing
Omnipresent -transcendent over time and Plato considered to be the father of political
space philosophy

Ideas on God State an ideal identity


Government - aggregate of authority
Supernatural Creator Sovereignty - supreme power
Supreme Being Nation - a group of people united by
Suffering Saviour different bonds
Citizen - special legal status through birth
Sacred Father
or acquired
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Law - body of rules emanating from
government

Bases of State Origins

Divine Theory (God appointed people)


Contract Theory (contract or covenant of
among members)
Natural or Instinctive Theory (instinctive
tendencies)
Patriarchal or Matriarchal Theory (Family
development)
The Force Theory (self-protection)
Evolutionary Theory ( outcome of gradual
process)

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