BOOST DERIVED HYBRID CONVERTER IMPLEMENTATION

USING PSO BASED PI CONTROLLER

[1]
Mr.K.Gurumoorthy, Assistant Professor/EEE, Kalasalingam Institute of Technology
[2]
,
J.Mariselvam R.Abinash, M.Mohammed Ali khan, UG Scholar, Kalasalingam Institute of Technology

Abstract- Generally power conversion systems with

renewable systems follow a dual stage conversions
like a dc-dc converter followed by a inverter and the
grid. In those systems the dc-dc converter is
responsible for the voltage step up which suffers from
high current stress on the front end and the voltage
ripples in the dc link side, in order to reduce the
ripples and to minimize the current stress and to
enhance the efficiency soft switching schemes are
being deployed. More over the configuration follows a
dual stage which power is controlled separately in this Fig. 1(a): Dedicated power converter based
project. The hybrid converter topology presented architecture.
defined as the Boost Derived Hybrid Converter
(BDHC), which has a single conversion state , which
can supply dc and ac loads simultaneously from a
single dc input source with a single stage of control.
This topology can be derived from the basic H- bridge
to support both ac-dc configurations ,with minimum
number of components . A PSO based voltage control
mechanism is derived to control the voltage of the
converter , which can provide a maximum conversion
efficiency, which makes the converter suitable for
highly reliable power source.
Fig. 1(b): Hybrid converter based architecture.
Index Terms-Boost Derived Hybrid Converter,
DC Nanogrid, PSO Based PI Controller, PID In this paper the use of single stage boost
Tuning system architecture for hybrid loads is discussed.
Operation of conventional voltage source
I. INTRODUCTION inverters in hybrid converter involves the use of
dead-time circuitry to prevent shoot-through.
Voltage Source Inverters find wide
In addition, due to electromagnetic interference
applications in uninterruptible power supplies, solar
(EMI) or other spurious noise, mis-gating of
photo voltaic (PV) and fuel cell applications,
inverter switches may occur. [t results in damage of
hybrid electric vehicles, etc. Nano grid
switches.Thus VSIs in residential applications
architectures are being increasingly incorporated in
should be highly reliable with appropriate measures
modem electrical power system. As these systems
against mis-gating due to induced EMI.
involve different load types dc as well as ac
efficiently interfaced with different kinds of energy
II. Z-SOURCE INVERTER
sources using power electronic converter.
The Z-source inverter (ZSI), proposed in
Fig. 1(a) uses separate power converters for
[2], can attenuate the shoot through problem due to
each conversion (dc-dc and dc-ac) while
EMI in a VSI. The impedance network at the input
Fig. 1(b) utilizes a single power converter to
of ZSI allows a shoot through state in which both
perform both conversions.
switches of an inverter leg can be turned on
The hybrid converter used in this paper, has
simultaneously. Due to the fact that it has two
high power density and more reliability.
capacitors which are unmatched to the loads lead to
These qualities make them suitable for use in
dynamic instability [3]. However, ZSI cannot
compact systems with both dc and ac loads.
supply both dc and ac loads simultaneously
Conventional residential systems uses two
because of above specified reason. The Boost
separate converters, a dc-dc converter and a voltage
Derived Hybrid Converter, is a hybrid topology,
source inverter connected either in parallel or in
which can achieve similar advantages as a ZSI with
cascade, supplying different loads.
lesser number of passive components and supply dc
As the topologies providing higher gains may
and ac loads.
require to obtain step-up operation [1].
III. BOOST DERIVED HYBRID CONVERTER
1) Proposed Circuit diagram with hybrid
converter:
Boost converters comprise complementary
switch pairs, one of which controls the duty cycle
and other capable of being implemented using a
diode. Hybrid converter topologies can be
synthesized by replacing the controlled switch with
an inverter bridge network. The switch realization
for the bridge can be done using bidirectional
switches. Either IGBTs with antiparallel diodes or
MOSFETs.
L sine-PWM switching, ac output of BDHC is
(a)
L
(b)
Fig. 2. (a) Conventional boost converter.
(b) Proposed BDHC obtained by replacing Q with a
single-phase bridge network.
2) Review of the BDHC topology
The proposed converter provides simultaneous
ac output (Vacout) in addition to the dc output
(Vdcout) provided by the boost converter. For the
BORC the dc as well as ac output haveto be
controlled using four controlled switches QI-Q4.
Operation of BORC involves: 1)defining the duty
cycle (Ost) for boost operation and the modulation
index (Ma) for inverter operation; 2) control of
total input power to hybrid loads.
IV. OPERATION OF BDHC
In this paper, the continuous current
conduction mode of inductor (iL). Each of the
bidirectional switches (QI-Q4) of BOHC comprises
combination of a switch (Q) and in antiparallel
diode. The boost operation of the proposed
converter can be realized by turning on both
switches of any leg (either Q1-Q4 or Q3-Q2)
simultaneously. This is same as shoot-through
switching condition of VSI which is strictly
prohibited in it. Row ever in BDHC it is same as
switching on the switch Q of conventional boost
converter. By using modified version of unipolar
controlled. The BDHC, during inverter operation,
has the same circuit states as conventional VSI. In
conventional VSIs, although the input to the bridge
is a voltage stiff dc bus, it is required only during
the power intervals, when a power transfer with the
source. The current freewheels among the inverter
switches and these states do not require the input to
be fixed dc value and hence can be zero. The
switch node voltage (Vsn) acts as the input to
inverter in BDHC.
The BDHC has three switching intervals as
described in the following.
1)Interval 1-Shoot through interval: The
equivalent circuit of the BORC during the shoot
through interval shown in Fig.3(a). The shoot-
through interval occurs when both switches (either
Q l-Q4 or Q3-Q2) of any particular leg are turned
on at the same time. The duration of this interval
decides the boost converter duty cycle (Ost). The
diode "0" is reverse biased during this period. The
inverter output current circulate within the bridge
network switches. Thus BOHC allows switching
states which are a voidable in conventional VSI.
 L
(c)
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuits and current directions of
the BDHC during (a) shoot through interval, (b)
power interval, and (c) zero intervals.
2) Interval II-Power interval:
The power interval, shown in Fig. 3(b),
occurs when the inverter current enters or leaves
the bridge network at the switch node "s". The
diode conducts during this period, and the voltage
at the switch node (V sn) is equal to the V dcout. In
this interval, either QI-Q2 or Q3-Q4 is turned on.
3) Interval Ill-Zero interval:
The zero interval occurs when inverter
current circulates among the bridge switches and is
not sourced or sunk. The diode "0" conducts in this
interval. Fig 3(c) shows the equivalent circuit for
this interval.
The dc output of the BDHC can be regulated
using the Duty cycle (Dst), and is the shoot through
time interval in a switching cycle. For analysis
purpose, assume that the output dc capacitor
voltage and the input inductor current have small
ripple compared to their dc values. The voltage
gain of the dc output can be derived as
v dcout
1
(1)
Vdcin 1 Dst
The modulation index, Ma(0 Ma I), regulates
the ac output voltage of the BOHC, and is similar
to that of VSls. The peak output ac voltage is
related to the input as
Vacout Ma
(2)
Vdcin 1 Dst
The ac gain increases with the increase of
modulation index (Ma) for any fixed value of duty
cycle Dst. There is a limitation to the maximum
duty cycle or modulation index as the same set of
switches control both dc and ac outputs. The
switching pattern must satisfy the following
constraint:
M+Dst 1 (3)
The maximum value of ac gain can be
achieved at the equality condition of the relation
(3). At this condition, the peak value of the ac
voltage is equal to the input voltage, and this is
independent of the values of the duty cycle and
modulation index. This can be obtained using (2)
and (3). The switches QI-Q4 and Q3-Q2 are
complementary in operation except during the
shoot-through interval. The input to the inverter
bridge equals to Vdcout during both power and zero
intervals. Thus, the maximum stress on each switch
is equal to Vdcout,the dc output voltage.
As opposed to a conventional converter,
the diode current (iD) of BDHC is depends on
inductor current as well as the current drawn by the
VSI bridge legs. The expression for currents in
different modes are shown in Table I
TABLE : 1: STEADY STATE EXPRESSIONS OF BDHC
IN DIFFERENT MODE OF OPERATION
Interval Shoot- Power Zero
through
Diode =0 iD = iL - iD=iL
Current
i ab
Capacitor iC=-idcout ic = iD-idcout ic =
Current iD-idcout
Current Vab=0 Vab=Vdcout Vab=0
Output QlandQ2 are
voltage 'on'
Vab=-V
dcoutQ3and
Q4 are 'on
Switch Vsn=0 Vsn=Vdcout Vsn=Vdcout
node
voltage
V. CONTROL STRATEGY
The fundamental principle behind the
operation of BDHC is based upon the fact that the
inverter bridge input must be connected to a
positive voltage during the power interval only.The
PWM modulation strategy is based upon unipolar
sine-PWMscheme, which provides three voltage
levels for output. The PWM control scheme for
BDHC is based on switching scheme proposed in
[4]. In this scheme, shown in Fig. 4, the shoot-
through is realized by gating on both switches of a
single leg simultaneously. The switching state also
current flow through the load.
The control signals generated for one
switching cycle Ts.The gate control signals for
switches S l and S2 are generated by comparing the
sinusoidal modulation signals Vm(t) and -Vm(t)
with a high frequency triangular carrier Vtri(t) of
amplitude Vp. The frequency (fs) of the carrier
signal is chosen such that fsfo. Therefore Vm is
assumed to be nearly constant during a switching 25% and 3%, respectively, at the rated power. The
cycle. There for Vm is assumed to be nearly simulation outputs of dc and ac voltages of the
constant during a switching cycle. The signals STI BDHC are shown in fig. 5.
and ST2 are generated by comparing Vtri(t) with
two constant voltage Vst and -Vst, respectively.
The purpose of these two signals is to insert the
required shoot-through interval o. Ts in the gate
control signals for switches S3, S4 and S can be
obtained using the logical expressions as follows:

= = =

The resulting voltage waveforms at the input

and output terminals of inverter bridge are also
shown in Fig. 4.

Implementation and control of BDHC

Fig 5(a) Dc output voltage
In the PWM control scheme Vst(t), a dc
signal controls the shoot-through period, and hence,
the duty ratio (Dst) for the dc output of the boost
converter and Vm(t) controls the modualtion index
(Ma) for the inverter.The control parameters Vm(t)
and Vst(t) are generated by the control system must
satisfy a relation as follows

V m
V m (4)

Fig 5(b) Ac output voltage

VII. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF BDHC

The idea of closed loop control in BDHC is to
ensure desired voltage output can be produced
efficiently as compared to open loop system.
This paper attempts to develop a PID tuning
method using PSO algorithm. The result is
expected to show the effectiveness of the modern
optimization such as PSO in control engineering
applications especially for university students
level.
PSO algorithm is a stochastic algorithm based
on principles of natural selection and search
algorithm. There are many evidences of
intelligence for the posed domains in animals,
plants, and generally living systems. For example,
ants foraging, birds flocking, fish schooling,
bacterial chemotaxis are some of the well-known
examples in category.

a) Problem Formulation
Fig. 4. PWM control signals for BDHC
PID controller consists of Proportional,
VI. OPEN LOOP SIMULATION RESULTS Integral and Derivative gains. The feedback control
system is illustrate din where r, e, y are
The ripple content in the inductor current
and the capacitor voltage have been taken to be
respectively the reference, error and controlled
variables.
G(s) is the plant transfer function and C(s) is
the PID controller transfer function that is given as:
Ki
C ( s) K p Ki s (5)
s experience and its companion flying experience.
Where Kp ,Ki, Kd are respectively the
proportional, integral, derivative gains/parameters
of the PID controllers that are going to be tuned.
The plant used here is a DC motor model which is
a third order system written as:
Y ( s) 1 this is called pbest. The index of the best particle
G(s) 3 (6)
U ( s ) s 9 s 23s 15
2 among all particles in the population is represented
b) Tuning Of PID Using Z-N Method
The first method of Z-N tuning is based on
the open-loop step response of the system. The
open-loop system shaped response is characterized
by the parameters, namely the process time
constant T and L. These parameters are used to
determine the controllers tuning parameters (see
Table 2).
TABLE 2: ZIEGLER-NICHOLS OPEN-LOOP TUNING
PARAMETER
Controller Kp Ti Td
P 0.5Ku - 0
PI 0.45Ku 1.2Kp/Pu 0 current position from its own best experience
PID 0.6Ku 2Kp/Pu KpPu/8
The second method of Z-N tuning is closed-
loop tuning method that requires the determination
of the ultimate gain and ultimate period. The
method can be interpreted as a technique of
positioning one point on the Nyquist curve [4]. This
can be achieved by adjusting the controller gain
(Ku) till the system undergoes sustained
oscillations (at the ultimate gain or critical gain),
whilst maintaining the integral time constant ( Ti )
at infinity and the derivative time constant ( Td) at
zero
III. TUNING OF PID USING PSO-BASED
OPTIMIZATION
A. Overview of PSO Algorithm
PSO is optimization algorithm based on
evolutionary computation technique. The basic
PSO is developed from research on swarm such as
fish schooling and bird flocking [9]. After it was
firstly introduced in 1995 , a modified PSO was
then introduced in 1998 to improve the
performance of the original PSO. A new parameter
called inertia weight is added . This is a commonly
used PSO where inertia weight is linearly
decreasing during iteration in addition to another
common type of PSO which is reported by Clerc.
The later is the one used in this paper.
In PSO, instead of using genetic operators,
individuals called as particles are evolved by
cooperation and competition among themselves
through generations. A particle represents a
potential solution to a problem. Each particle
adjusts its flying according to its own flying
Each particle is treated as a point in a D-
dimensional space. The ith particle is represented
as XI=(xi1,xi2,,xiD). The best previous position
(giving the minimum fitness value) of any particle
is recorded and represented as PI=(pi1,pi2,,piD),
by the symbol g, called as gbest. The velocity for
the particle i is represented as VI=(vi1,vi2,,viD).
The particles are updated according to the
following equations:
Vidn 1 W .Vidn C1 .rand ().( Pidn
(7)
xidn ) C 2 .rand ().( Pgdn xidn )
xidn 1 xidn Vidn 1 (8)
where c1 and c2 are two positive constant. As
recommended in Clercs PSO, the constants are
c1=c2=1.494. While rand() is random function
between 0 and 1, and n represents iteration. Eq.7 is
used to calculate particles new velocity according
to its previous velocity and the distances of its
(position) and the groups best experience. Then the
particle flies toward a new position according to
Eq.8. The performance of each particle is measured
according to a pre-defined fitness function
(performance index), which is related to the
problem to be solved. Inertia weight, w is brought
into the equation to balance between the global
search and local search capability . It can be a
positive constant or even positive linear or
nonlinear function of time. A guaranteed
convergence of PSO proposed by Clerc set
w=0.729. It has been also shown that PSO with
different number of particles (swarm size) has
reasonably similar performance . Swarm size of 10-
50 is usually selected. Here, we set 40.
B. Implementation of PSO-Based PID Tuning
Stochastic Algorithm can be applied to the
tuning of PID controller gains to ensure optimal
control performance at nominal operating
conditions. PSO is employed to tune PID
gains/parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) in offline using the
model in Eq.2. PSO firstly produces initial swarm
of particles in search space represented by matrix.
Each particle represents a candidate solution for
PID parameters where their values are set in the
range of 0 to 100. For this 3-dimentional problem,
position and velocity are represented by matrices
with dimension of 3xSwarm size. The swarm size
is the number of particle where 40 are considered a
lot enough. A good set of PID controller parameters
can yield a good system response and result in
minimization of performance index
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control strategy for switched-boost inverter, in
proc. IEEE ECCCE,Pheonix,USA, Sep.2011,
pp.991-994.
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efficient interface of in dispersed power generation
systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.19,
no.5, pp.1184-1194, Sep.2004.

[6] S.H.Hwang and J.M.Kim, Dead time

compensation method for voltage fed PWM
inverter, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
vol.25,no.1,pp.1-10,Mar.2010.

[7]MatsimovicD,StankovicAM,ThottuveliVJ,Vergh
ese GC. Modelling and simulation of power
Fig 6(a) Dc output voltage electronic converter,proceedings of the IEEE
Volume 89,Issue 6,June2001,Pages:898-912.

[8] Ranganatham Gurunathan, A zero voltage

transition Boost Converter using a zero-voltage
switching auxiliary circuit, Power electronics,
IEEE transactions on Volume 17, Issue5,
Sept.2002, Page: 658-668.

[9]Mahmud Iwan Solihin, Lee Fook Tack and

Moey Leap Kean, Tuning of PID Controller Using
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Proceeding of
the International Conference on Advanced Science.

Fig 6(b) ac output voltage

VII. CONCLUSION

From the results, the designed PID

controllers using PSO based optimization have less
overshoot compared to that of the classical method
(Z-N). Unlike other control options, PID controllers
do not require the user to have an extensive
background in mathematics, control theory or
electrical engineering to understand them. the
designed PID controller using PSO algorithm
shows superior performance over the traditional
method of Ziegler-Nichols, in terms of the system
overshoot, settling time and rise time.

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