DEMOLISHED CONCRETE WASTE AS A STABILIZER

FOR SUBGRADE SOIL

A Synopsis for the approval of thesis for

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by
MADHU VANTI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

A.P GOYAL UNIVERSITY , SHIMLA

INTRODUCTION
Soil is a mixture of mineral and organic material that are available just below earths surface.
Physical characteristics of soil i.e PH ,Colour ,particle size ,permeability, water-holding
capacity.Soil takes 1000 yrs to formed .and there are five factors to create soil i.e parent
material,climate ,bsssiology ,topography and time.
Soil stabilization is a improving properties of soil used for pavement Base course ,Subbase,
course,and subgrade by the use of additive which are mixed into the soil to effect the desired
improvement. Soil stabilization is an important part to road construction &,maintenance.
Stabilized soil have condiderable environmental and economic advantages in palace of natural
aggregate.
Rsing trend of using waste materials in soil stabilizing or soil is being operational all over the
world in the present days. The main reason behind this trend is the excessive production of waste
materials like fly ash, plastics, rice husk ash, etc which is not only hazards to health but also
creating deposition problems. Using some of these waste materials in the construction practice,
will reduce the above problems to a great extent. Today, crushed concrete is available in large
quantities, resulting from the demolition of old structures and also waste concrete from new
structures. The current annual rate of generation of construction waste is 1,183 million tonnes
worldwide. The land area required for filling this huge quantity of waste is equivalent to the
accumulation of waste. Therefore, recycling of construction waste is important, both in order to
reduce the amount of open land needed for land filling and to preserve environment through
resource conservation. Recycled solid waste materials are normally referred to as solid wastes
which are collected near curbsides; or generated by construction and demolition (C&D) or
commercial and industrial activities. C&D materials are the excess or waste materials associated
with the construction and demolition of buildings and other structures, including concrete, brick,
reclaimed asphalt, steel, timber, plastics, etc. The urgent need for recycling is of global concern
and is driven mainly by environmental considerations, due to the increasing scarcity of natural
resources and the growing disposal cost into the landfills in many countries.
USE OF DEMOLISHED WASTE IN SOIL STABILIZATION
Highway engineers are constantly searching for new and innovative engineering methods and
techniques to minimize the use of natural resources as well as to protect the environment. Road
construction is one of the main fields where researchers are studying the use of alternative
materials. A number of waste products are currently being used in a variety of highways
applications. Since 1999, in view of the huge quantities of Construction and Demolition Wastes
(C&DW), this study has been concentrating on the possible utilization of fines obtained from
C&DW materials as stabilizing agent for sub-grade soils. Material engineers are persistently
looking for suitable and cheaper stabilizers for use in clayey soil stabilization as alternatives to
costly additives, like, cement, lime etc. Since C&DW contains aggregates of variable sizes
including coarser and finer, coarser fraction had been used as recycled aggregates in pavement
construction but finer fractions is being left out still as waste material. . The material passing
through 1 mm IS sieve contains both cement and sand insufficient quantity and which being fine
enough to alter the soil gradation; on mixing of the same could improve the packing density of
the soil mass and at the same time there would be chemical reaction to some extent due to
presence of enormous remnant cement grains. In the present dissertation work, a study has been
carried out to utilize fines obtained from demolished cement concrete waste as a soil stabilizer
for improving the property of clayey soil so that it can be used as a subgrade material for any
road construction.

HISTORY
 This process of improving the engineering properties has been practiced for centuries ,soil stabilization
did not gain significant acceptance for highway construction in the united states until after World warII
Soil Stabilization is the alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase
the shear strength of a soil or control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load bearing
capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations.

1. Soil Stabilization with Cement:

The soil stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The cementing action is believed to be the
result of chemical reactions of cement with siliceous soil during hydration reaction. The important
factors affecting the soil-cement are nature of soil content, conditions of mixing, compaction, curing
and admixtures used.

The appropriate amounts of cement needed for different types of soils may be as follows:

Gravels 5 to 10%
Sands 7 to 12%
Silts 12 to 15%, and
Clays 12 20%

The quantity of cement for a compressive strength of 25 to 30 kg/cm2 should normally be sufficient
for tropical climate for soil stabilization.

2. Soil Stabilization using Lime:

Slaked lime is very effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used alone or in
combination with cement, bitumen or fly ash. Sandy soils can also be stabilized with these
combinations. Lime has been mainly used for stabilizing the road bases and the subgrade.

Lime changes the nature of the adsorbed layer and provides pozzolanic action. Plasticity index of
highly plastic soils are reduced by the addition of lime with soil. There is an increase in the optimum
water content and a decrease in the maximum compacted density and he strength and durability of soil
increases.

Normally 2 to 8% of lime may be required for coarse grained soils and 5 to 8% of lime may be
required for plastic soils. The amount of fly ash as admixture may vary from 8 to 20% of the
weight of the soil.

3. Soil Stabilization with Bitumen:

 Asphalts and tars are bituminous materials which are used for stabilization of soil, generally for
pavement construction. Bituminous materials when added to a soil, it imparts both cohesion and
reduced water absorption. Depending upon the above actions and the nature of soils, bitumen
stabilization is classified in following four types:

Sand bitumen stabilization

Soil Bitumen stabilization
Water proofed mechanical stabilization, and
Oiled earth.

4. Chemical Stabilization of Soil:

Calcium chloride being hygroscopic and deliquescent is used as a water retentive additive in
mechanically stabilized soil bases and surfacing. The vapor pressure gets lowered, surface tension
increases and rate of evaporation decreases. The freezing point of pure water gets lowered and it
results in prevention or reduction of frost heave.

The depressing the electric double layer, the salt reduces the water pick up and thus the loss of
strength of fine grained soils. Calcium chloride acts as a soil flocculent and facilitates compaction.
Frequent application of calcium chloride may be necessary to make up for the loss of chemical by
leaching action. For the salt to be effective, the relative humidity of the atmosphere should be above
30%.

Sodium chloride is the other chemical that can be used for this purpose with a stabilizing action
similar to that of calcium chloride.

Sodium silicate is yet another chemical used for this purpose in combination with other chemicals
such as calcium chloride, polymers, chrome lignin, alkyl chlorosilanes, siliconites, amines and
quarternary ammonium salts, sodium hexametaphosphate, phosphoric acid combined with a wetting
agent.

5. Electrical Stabilization of Clayey Soils:

Electrical stabilization of clayey soils is done by method known as electro-osmosis. This is an
expensive method of soil stabilization and is mainly used for drainage of cohesive soils.

6. Soil Stabilization by Grouting:

In this method, stabilizers are introduced by injection into the soil. This method is not useful for
clayey soils because of their low permeability. This is a costly method for soil stabilization.

This method is suitable for stabilizing buried zones of relatively limited extent. The grouting
techniques can be classified as following:
 Clay grouting
Chemical grouting
Chrome lignin grouting
Polymer grouting, and
Bituminous grouting

7. Soil Stabilization by Geotextiles and Fabrics:

Geotextiles are porous fabrics made of synthetic materials such as polyethylene, polyester, nylons and
polyvinyl chloride. Woven, non-woven and grid form varieties of geotextiles are available. Geotextiles
have a high strength. When properly embedded in soil, it contributes to its stability. It is used in the
construction of unpaved roads over soft soils.

Reinforcing the soil for stabilization by metallic strips into it and providing an anchor or tie back to
restrain a facing skin element.
SOURCE OF MATERIAL

Demolished concrete waste and brick dust Demolition of old structures to make way for new and
modern ones is common features in metropolitan areas due to rapid urbanization. However, very little
demolished concrete is recycled or reused. The strict environmental laws and lack of dumping sites in
urban areas on one hand are making the disposal of demolition wastes problematic while on the other
hand the quarrying of raw materials is becoming difficult.

Demolished concrete floor waste and brick dust from building waste were broken into smaller
pieces so as to fit into the jaw crusher. After crushing of the materials, the coarser aggregate
removed from the fines. These fines were further grounded and sieved through one mm sieve.
The fines passing through 1 mm sieves were used as soil stabilizing material for the present
work.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIAL

Physical characteristics

In order to determine the composition of the demolished concrete and brick waste used in this
study, the fine aggregate fraction retained on the 1mm sieve was examined by visual analysis.

(i) cementitious materials comprised mainly of concrete and mortar.

(ii) highly porous materials (bricks).

.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL
According to concrete grade used in purposed structure

M15 M20 M25 M30

According to the class of brick.

According to cement grade.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIAL
Crushed concrete is available in large quantities, resulting from the demolition of old
structures and also waste concrete from new structures.
The current annual rate of generation of construction waste is 1,183 million tonnes
worldwide. The land area required for filling this huge quantity of waste is equivalent to
the accumulation of waste.
Recycling of construction waste is important, both in order to reduce the amount of open
land needed for land filling and to preserve environment through resource conservation.
Reduces the overall cost of construction.
Improve the load bearing capacity of soil.
Environment friendly construction.
Easily availability of material.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SUBGRADE

Provide good support placement and compaction of pavement.

Minimize differential movement due to frost and shrinkage / swelling soil.
Limit pavement deflection to acceptable limit.
NEED OF STUDY

Recycling of construction waste is important, both in order to reduce the amount of open land
needed for land filling and to preserve environment through resource conservation.
Recycled solid waste materials are normally referred to as solid wastes which are collected
near curbsides; or generated by construction and demolition (C&D) or commercial and
industrial activities. C&D materials are the excess or waste materials associated with the
construction and demolition of buildings and other structures, including concrete, brick,
reclaimed asphalt, steel, timber, plastics, etc.
Instead of using cement, lime or bitumen in stabalization, we use demolished concrete to make
the construction economical and environment friendly in modern era. This reduces the cost of
material be used in the stabalization.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
In light of the discussions presented in the proceeding paragraphs, the broad objective of the
present work is to carry out the experimental studies on the potential use of fines obtained
from demolished cement concrete waste as stabilizing material for improving the strength of
subgrade soil. For realizing the objective of the present work, following scope of work has
been selected.

Collection of soil sample.

Collection of demolished cement concrete waste.
Determination of engineering properties of virgin soil.
Atterbergs limit test
Liquid limit test
Plastic limit test

Plasticity index
Specific gravity
OMC & MDD of virgin soil sample as well as for the soil mixed with fines
obtained from demolished cement concrete waste in varying percentage

Determination of strength property of virgin soil sample as well as of the soil mixed
with fines obtained from demolished cement concrete waste in varying percentage
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)

Comparison of the results.

METHODOLOGY

Collection of virgin soil Collection of

sample demolished concrete
waste

Engineering Crushing of concrete

properties of soil waste

Laboratory test on virgin soil sample

and soil mixed with fines

CBR test

UCS test

Test result and

conclusion
MATERIAL USED FOR EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Subgrade Soil
Virgin soil is used as a subgrade soil. The soil sample was collected after removing the
top soil by 200 mm depth. The soil was air dried, pulverized and sieved with 4.75 mm Indian
Standard as for the requirement of the various laboratory test.

Stabilizing Material
Fines obtained from demolished concrete floor material used as stabilizing material for the
present project work. These demolished concrete floor waste were broken
into smaller pieces so as to fit into the jaw crusher.
After crushing of the materials, the coarser aggregate removed from the fines. These fines were
further grounded and sieved through one mm sieve. The fines passing through 1 mm sieves were
used as soil stabilizing material for the present work.
TEST ON SOIL

Engineering properties of soil IScode

Atterbergs Limit Test IS: 2027(Part 5) 1985

Liquid Limit Test IS: 2720(Part 5) 1985.

Plastic Limit Test IS: 2720(Part 5) 1985

Plasticity Index (Ip)

Plasticity of Soil (IS: 1498 - 1970)

Specific Gravity IS: 2720(Part 3) 1980.

Atterbergs Limit Test
The water contents at which the soil changes from one state to the other are known as
consistency limits or Atterbergs limits. Atterbergslimitare very important index properties
of fine grained cohesive soil. Atterberrgs limits were conducted to determine liquid limit,
Plastic limit and Plasticity index of virgin soil as per specifications of IS: 2027(Part 5) 1985.
The value of liquid limit and plastic limit are directly used for classifying the virgin soil
sample according to Indian standard of soil classification.
Liquid Limit Test
The water content at which the soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state is
known as liquid limit. The value of liquid limit is important in calculating the flow index,
toughness index and plasticity index which are useful in giving an idea about the
plasticity, cohesiveness, compressibility, shear strength, permeability and state of
cohesive soils. This test is conducted to determine the relation between water content and
no. of blows as per the procedure mentioned in IS: 2720(Part 5) 1985.
Plastic Limit Test
This test is conducted to determine the water content at which the soil will just begin to
crumble when rolled into a thread of 3 mm in diameter as per the procedure mentioned in IS:
2720(Part 5) 1985
Plasticity Index (Ip)
The Plasticity index (Ip) is a measure of the plasticity of soil. The plasticity index is the size of
the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference
between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (Ip= LL-PL). Soil with a high PI tend to be clay ,
those with a lower PI tends to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non plastic) tend to have little
or no silt or clay.
Plasticity Index (PI) = Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Limit (PL)
Plasticity of Soil
Plasticity is defined as that property of the soil which allows it to be deformed rapidly,
without rupture, without volume change. The plasticity of a soil is its ability to undergo
deformation when it is wet. In the Indian standard soil classification (IS: 1498 - 1970) fine
soils are divided into different classes based on their measured Plasticity Index and Liquid
limit.
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of soil grains is a important property and is used in calculating void ratio,
porosity, degree of saturation. Its value helps in identification and classification of soil. This
test is conducted as per the procedure mentioned in IS: 2720(Part 3) 1980.
Test conducted on virgin soil as well as for the soil mixed with fines in varying
percentage

Standard Proctor Test (For Light Compaction)

California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Unconfined Compression Test (UCS)

Interrelationship between various parameters

Maximum dry density (MDD) and Optimum moisture content (OMC), California bearing
ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) obtained from the test results.
LITERATURE REVIEW
(Anil kumar sharma)to study the effectiveness of a waste based binder to stabalize expansive
soil. The purposed binders fly ash and ground granulated blast furnance slag(GGBS) were mixed
with the expansive soil along with a small amount of lime to increase soil pH and enable
pozzolanic reactions. The geotechnical characteristics of the various combination of sample were
investigated through the compaction test, unconfined compression test. It was found that the
edition of GGBS with and without fly ash and lime has significant influence on the geotechnical
characteristics of the soil

Tuncer B. Edil, Hector A. Acosta and Craig H. Benson.) this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of self-cementing fly ashes derived from combustion of sub bituminous
coal at electric power plants for stabilization of soft fine-grained soils. California bearing ratio _CBR_
and resilient modulus tests were conducted on mixtures prepared with seven soft fine-grained soils
_six inorganic soils and one organic soil_ and four fly ashes. The soils were selected to represent a
relatively broad range of plasticity, with plasticity indices ranging between 15 and 38. Two of the fly
ashes are high quality Class C ashes per ASTM C 618_that are normally used in Portland cement
concrete. The other ashes are off-specification ashes, meaning they do not meet the Class C or Class F
criteria in ASTM C 618. Tests were conducted on soils and soilfly ash mixtures prepared at optimum
water content _a standardized condition, 7% wet of optimum water content representative of
the typical in situ condition in Wisconsin, and 918% wet of optimum water content representative of
a very wet in situ condition. Addition of fly ash resulted in appreciable increases in the CBR and Mr
of the inorganic soils. For water contents 7% wet of optimum, CBRs of the soils alone ranged between
1 and 5. Addition of 10% fly ash resulted in CBRs ranging between 8 and 17 and 18% fly ash
resulted in CBRs between 15 and 31. Similarly, Mr of the soil alone ranged between 3 and 15 MPa at
7% wet of optimum, whereas addition of 10% fly ash resulted in Mr between 12 and 60 MPa and 18%
fly ash resulted in Mr between 51 and 106 MPa. In contrast, except for one fly ash, addition of fly ash
generally had little effect on CBR or Mr of the organic soil.
(Chaosheng Tang, Bin Shi_, Wei Gao, Fengjun Chen, Yi Cai)investigate the effects of discrete
short polypropylene fiber (PP-fiber) on the strength and mechanical behavior of uncemented and
cemented clayey soil. In the present investigation, 12 groups of soil samples were prepared at three
different percentages of PP-fiber content (i.e. 0.05%, 0.15% and 0.25% by weight of soil) and two
different percentages of cement content (i.e. 5% and 8% by weight of soil), and unconfined
compression and direct shear tests were carried out after 7-, 14- and 28-day curing periods. The test
results indicated that the inclusion of fiber reinforcement within uncemented and cemented soil caused
anincrease in the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear strength and axial strain at failure,
decreased the stiffness and the loss of post-peak strength, and changed the cemented soils brittle
behavior to a more ductile one. The interactions at the interface between fibersurface and soil matrix
were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that the bond strength and
friction at the interface seem to be the dominant mechanism controlling the reinforcement benefit. The
behavior at the interface in fiber-reinforceduncemented soil was different from that in fiber-reinforced
cemented soil. The micromechanical properties of fiber/matrix interface were influenced by several
factors, e.g. binding materials in soil, normal stress around the fiber body, effective contact area of the
interface and
fiber surface roughness, etc.
(Liet Chi Dang, Behzad Fatahi1and HadiKhabbaz ) investigation exhibits a series of laboratory
tests conducted toevaluate the influences of bagasse fibres and hydrated lime addition on the
engineering properties and shrink-swell behaviour of stabilised expansive soils. Bagasse fibre is
industrial waste byproductleft after the crushing of sugar cane for juice extraction that was used in this
study as reinforcing component for expansive soil stabilization. The expansive soils used in this
investigation were collected from Queensland, Australia. In order to investigate the influences of
bagasse fibres on the engineering behaviour of expansive soil, varying proportions of randomly
distributed bagasse fibres of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% were added to expansive soil and hydrated
lime-expansive soils mixed with different bagasse fibre proportions were also investigated.
Although, an array of experimental tests have been undertaken on untreated and treated expansive
soil samples, merely the outcomes of linear shrinkage, unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
tests after various curing periods of 3, 7 and 28 days are presented in this paper. Other test results
have been identified as follow up research. The findings of this experimental investigation indicate
that bagasse fibre reinforcement blended with hydrated lime increased the compressive strength of
expansive soil with increase in curing time and additives contents, whereas the linear shrinkage of
stabilised expansive soils decreased with increasing hydrated lime and bagasse fibre proportions
and curing periods. Based on the reasonable laboratory test results, it can be noted that the
expansive soils can be successfully stabilized by combination of hydrated lime and bagasse fibres.
(Suksun Horpibulsuk,ChayakritPhetchuay and AvirutChinkulkijniwat))investigated the
possibility of using Calcium Carbide Residue(CCR) and Fly Ash (FA) to improve the strength of
problematic silty clay in NortheastThailand. The influential factors involved in this study are
water content, binder content,CCRFA ratio and curing time. The mechanism controlling the
development of strength isalso illustrated. Strength development is investigated using
Unconfined Compression Test. Amicrostructural study using a scanning electron microscope and
thermal gravity analysis isperformed to understand the micro structural changes that accompany
the influential factors.Both strength and microstructural investigations reveal that the input of
CCR reduces specificgravity and soil plasticity; thus, the maximum dry unit weight and water
sensitivity. Themaximum strength of the stabilized silty clay occurs at approximately the
optimum watercontent for different binder contents, CCRFA ratios, and curing times.
(Nuno Cristelo, Stephanie Glendinning) the effects of sodium-based alkaline activators and class F
fly ash on soilstabilisation. Using the unconfined compressive strength test (UCS), the effectiveness of
this binder is compared with that of a common cement based binder. Influence of the activator /
ash ratio, sodium oxide / ash ratio and sodium hydroxide concentration was also analysed.
Sodium hydroxide concentrations of 10, 12.5 and 15 molal were used for the alkaline
activated specimens (AA), with activator / ash ratios between 1 and 2.5 and ash percentages
of 20%, 30% and 40%, relatively to the total solids (soil + ash). UCS was determined at
curing periods of 7, 28, 90 and 365 days, and the most effective mixtures were analysed for
mineralogy with XRD. The results showed a clear increase in strength with decreasing
activator / ash ratio (up to a maximum of 43.4 MPa), which is a positive result since the
activator is the most expensive component in the mixture. Finally, UCS results of the cement
and AA samples, at 28 days curing, were very similar. However, AA results proved to be just
between 20 and 40% of the maximum UCS obtained at 1 year curing, while cement results at
28 days are expected to be between 80 and 90% of its maximum.

(Pallavi, PradeepTiwari, Dr P D Poorey)utilize the industrial wastes such as fly ash

and Nylon fibres as stabilizing agents. The effect of fly ash and Nylon fibres on certain
properties of soil such as Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index, Dry density, OMC, CBR
(Soaked) of clayey soil had been studied. Study the effect of varying percentage of fly ash (10%,
20%, 30%,40% ) and varying percentage of Nylon Fibre (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.50) at
varying aspect ratios (20,40,60,80) on properties of Black Cotton Soil and then study the
combined effect of varying percentage of optimum quantity of fly ash and optimum quantity of
Nylon fibre at various aspect ratio on properties of Black Cotton Soil. Results from various test
determine optimum percentage quantity of fly ash and optimum value of fibre aspect ratio and
fibre content and also determine the effect of optimum nylon fibre and fly ash on varying depth
of sub grade. in soil with appropriate proportion improved.

( V. Mallikarjuna, T. Bindu Mani)study is focused to overcome the problems experienced in

Amaravathi, the capital of newly formed Andhra Pradesh State. In the present study, an experimental
program was conducted for stabilization of Black Cotton Soils in the Capital Region i.e., Amaravathi
of newly formed Andhra Pradesh, with the utilization of Plastic waste as soil stabilizer. Different
contents of plastic strips (% by weight varying from 0% to 8%) are added to the Black Cotton Soil and
the optimum percentage of plastic strips in soil was found out by conducting California Bearing Ratio
Test.
(Dr. ROBERT M. BROOKS) objective of this paper is to upgrade expansive soil as a construction
material using rice husk ash (RHA) and flyash, which are waste materials. Remolded expansive clay
was blended with RHA and flyash and strength tests were conducted. The potential of RHA-flyash
blend as a swell reduction layer between the footing of a foundation and subgrade was studied. In
order to examine the importance of the study, a cost comparison was made for the preparation of the
sub-base of a highway project with and without the admixture stabilizations. Stress strain behavior of
unconfined compressive strength showed that failure stress and strains increased by 106% and 50%
respectively when the flyash content was increased from 0 to 25%. When the RHA content was
increased from 0 to 12%, Unconfined Compressive Stress increased by 97% while CBR improved by
47%. Therefore, an RHA content of 12% and a flyash content of 25% are recommended for
strengthening the expansive subgrade soil. A flyash content of 15% is recommended for blending into
RHA for forming a swell reduction layer because of its satisfactory performance in the laboratory
tests.
(PATRICK KHAOYA BARASA)study investigated the properties of expansive clay soil when
stabilized by lime, bagasse ash and combination of lime and ash. The research covered grading test,
Plasticity Index (PI) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). First, particles size distribution was
determined from grading test, secondly varying percentages (4%, 5%, and 6%) of lime was used to
stabilize clay soil and then PI and CBR were determined. The same procedure was repeated for
bagasse ash and finally the varying mix ratios of lime and ash 1:4, 2:3, 3:2 and 4:1 on the sample. The
PI results were as follows; lime (26%, 21% and 14%), ash (34%, 33% and 30%) and ratio of lime/ash
(32%, 29%, 24% and 20%) respectively. The trend indicated that the PI of the stabilized clay soil
decreased with increase in the quantity of lime, ash and ratio lime to ash in all the samples. The
addition of lime or bagasse ash also reduced the shrinkage and swelling factor of soil. The CBR was
carried out using Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) from graph
of dry density against moisture content obtained from proctor test. The CBR results were as follows;
lime (38%, 45%, and 50%), ash (6%, 4% and 2%), and ratio of lime/ash (19%, 27%, 30%, and 36%)
respectively. The trend indicated that California Bearing Ratio increased with increase in lime quantity
added but decreased when bagasse ash was used. The combination of lime and ash gave good results
that meet the set standard by road design manual part III of minimum CBR of 20 for sub base road.
The results of ash on PI and low CBR values it was concluded that sugarcane bagasse ash alone
cannot be used to stabilize expansive clay soil. It was found that both lime and bagasse ash reduced
the linear shrinkage, however, the addition of lime xiv reduced the linear shrinkage to a greater degree
than the same percentage of bagasse ash. When lime and bagasse ash are combined at the optimum
ratio of 4:1, the stabilization results of California Bearing Ratio of 36, plasticity index 20, Linear
shrinkage of 9.0, negligible swelling create a material that can used for construction works. Therefore,
this study shows that lime in combination with bagasse ash can be effectively used to improve
expansive soils with low soaked CBR value and high plasticity. Its therefore recommended that since
bagasse ash can partially replaces lime in clay stabilization to form material with cementitious
properties, the use of lime should be minimized to reduce creation of carbon dioxide.
Sustainable reuse options for Construction and Demolition (C&D) materials in civil engineering
applications has been an emerging topic in recent years. Crushed Brick (CB), Recycled Crushed
(Alireza Mohammadinia1, Arul Arulrajah, HamedHaghighi, SuksunHorpibulsuk) Concrete
(RCA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) comprise a major fraction of the wastes going to
landfills. This research investigates the performance of lime stabilized C&D materials as road
materials. Tests were undertaken on unbound and lime stabilized C&D materials with 1% to 5%
hydrated lime. The laboratory investigation included particle size distribution, California Bearing
Ratio, modified Proctor compaction, Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) test and Unconfined Compressive
Strength (UCS) tests. The effect of temperature curing, up to 40C was investigated and compared to
ambient temperature. The resilient modulus results indicated that the lime stabilized RCA and CB
were viable option for construction of subbase layers of pavement while RAP did not meet the
requirements of a road construction material. UCS values of RCA and CB met the minimum
requirement for cementitious materials after 7 days of curing. In addition to evaluating the mechanical
properties, micro-scale analyses were also conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to understand the behaviour of the lime stabilization
C&D materials.

REFRENCES
[ 1 ] V.Mallikarjuna,T.Bindu Mani ( 2016) Soil stabilization using Plastic
waste

May 2016

[2] Pallavi ,Pardeep Tiwari (2016) Stabilization of black cotton soil using Fly Ash
and Nylon Fibre ISO 9001:2008

[3] Liet Chi Dang , Hadi Khabbaz(2016) Behaviour of expansive soil

stabilized with Hydrated Lime and Baggasse Fibre doi: 1016 / j.proeng .
2016.06.09

[4] Chaosheng Tang ,Bin Shi,Fengjun Chen (2006) Strength and mechanical
behavior of short polypropylene fibre reinforced and cement stabilized clayey
soil doi : 10.1016/ j.geotexmem. 2006 .11.002

[5] Anand J puppala ,Hilary Inyang(2006) Volume change Behaviour of

Expansive Soil stabilized with Recycled Ashes and Fibres doi : 10.1061 /(ASCE)
0899-1561(2006)18: 2(295)

[6] Suksun horpibulsuk (2012) Soil stabilization by Calcium Carbide residue and
Fly Ash DOI :10.1061 / (ASCE) M.T .1943-5533.0000370

[7] Tuncer B Edil,Hector A .Acosta and Craig H. Benson(2006) Stabilizing Soft

Fine- Grained Soil with Fly Ash DOI :10.1061/(ASCE)0899-156(2006) 18: 2 (283)

[8] Cristelo ,Lisete Fernands(2012) Effects of Alkaline Activated Fly Ash and
Portland Cement on Soft Soil Stabilization

[9] Patrick Khaoya Barasa (2016)Stabilization of expansive clay soil using

bagasse Ash and lime