Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA

Hexactinellida -- glass
Groups
(organisms studied in detail
in Bio1AL are underlined)
Anthozoa -- corals and
(siliceous) sponges
Demospongia -- spongin
or siliceous sponges
Calcarea -- calcareous sponges
Scleropongiae -- coralline or
tropical reef sponges
Turbellaria -- free-living or
sea anemones
Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals
Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea
wasps Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea
nettles
Polychaetes --
symbiotic flatworms (Dugusia)
Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic)
Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic)
Monogenea -- parasitic
flatworms
Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates
segmented
bristleworms
Bivalves -- clams, scallops,
mussels Cephalopods -- squid,
Echinoidea -- sea urchins,
sand dollars
Chelicerata
Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions
Cephalochordata -- lancelets
Mixini -- hagfish
Oligochaetes -- earthworms Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs
octopus, Petromyzontida -- lamprey
(Lumbricus) Mandibulata
nautilus Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates
Hirudinea -- leeches Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish
Polyplacophora -- chitons Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish
Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly)
stars Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish
Myriapoda
Amphibia (frog, newt)
Chilopoda -- centipedes
Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle)
Aves (chicken, hummingbird)
Mammalia (human, rat)
Hexapoda Crustacea

Asymmetrical or radial Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral

Symmetry Radial, about the axis of the

mouth surface
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral Radial; but larvae bilateral

No Coelom No Coelom No Coelom True coelom Well-developed coelom Well-developed Well-developed coelom Well-developed Well-developed coelom

Coelom and Body Specialized cells (including chaonocytes

and amoebocytes), but lack true tissues
Specialized cells organized
into tissues
Have true organs, with solid mass of
mesodermal parenchyma cells
Metamerism - repetition of body parts
(hearts, nephridia, reproductive
coelom coelom

Organization Canal system of pores Lack organs surrounding organs organs)

Septa separate segments (somites)

No true germ Two germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers: Three germ layers:
Germ Layers and layers Two cell
layers:
Ectoderm becomes
epidermis Endoderm
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm ecto-, meso-, endo- ecto-, meso-, endoderm ecto-, meso-, ecto-, meso-, ecto-, meso-, endoderm ecto-, meso-, endoderm

Development Pinacocytes form outer cells of

epidermis Chaonocytes line inner
becomes inner
gastrodermis
Protostome Protostome endoderm Deuterostome endoderm Protostome Protostome Deuterostome
cavities Two stages in the life cycle: free- Can be hemimetabolous (like
Cell layers separated by gel swimming medusa stage and the cockroach) or
layer called mesenchyme sessile polyp stage holometabolous (like fruit fly)
Diffusion
Respiratory Diffusion
Diffusion Use hemoglobin as respiratory pigment
dissolved in blood (no red blood
Sinuses collect hemolymph and
transport to ctenidia for gas exchange
Gases diffuse via dermal branchiae;
soluble wastes released by simple
Air enters lateral spiracles,
through trachea, into
Gills; use blood to
transport O2 and CO2;
Gills, functionally replaced by lungs
in higher vertebrates; use blood to

system cells) diffusion across surface epithelium tracheoles throughout

body; no respiratory
respiratory pigment in
plasma is hemocyanin
transport O2 and CO2; respiratory
pigment is hemoglobin
Gastrovascular cavity (GVC) pigment
Open circulatory system; hemocyanin
Circulatory Open circulatory system; poorly-defined Open circulatory system; Closed circulatory system (except
Gastrovascular cavity (GVC) dissolved in plasma; lymphocytes
Closed circulatory system (blood channels in coelomic cavity; lack Open circulatory system; dorsal heart arteries tissue cephalo- and uro-); ventral two-
Specialized cells called chaonocytes present; a few bivalves and gastropods
system contain flagella that produce a current
moving water through pores in body
Cilia lining cavity move fluid
and food
contained within vessels);
dorsal blood vessel and ring-like use hemoglobin and have erythrocytes;
dorsal heart beats rhythmically to
heart; cilia associated with water
vascular system circulate coelomic
vessel carries hemolymph
anteriorly, into cavities
sinuses gills
pericardial sinus
to four-chambered heart (except
cephalo- and uro-); respiratory
hearts contract rhythmically fluid surrounding organs, then return to heart pigment is hemocyanin (cephalo-
create pressure; hemolymph forced into flows posteriorly and back and uro-) or hemoglobin
aorta and carried into tissues by open into dorsal vessel
Hydraulic skeleton - gastrovascular vessels
Skeletal Diverse skeletal elements
Mesoglea: space between epidermis
and gastrodermis; filled with
fluid; longitudinal and circular muscles
Hydraulic skeleton - coelomic Hard exoskeleton; outer organic layer Calcareous endoskeleton made up of Chitinous exoskeleton
Chitinous exoskeleton (with
some calcium carbonate)
Bony or cartilaginous
endoskeleton

system cavity filled with fluid rests on layers of calcium carbonate; small plates joined by connective secreted by underlying secreted by underlying
depending on type, extracellular matrix. Functions like epidermis; limits
including calcareous endoskeleton, but is not considered exoskeleton reduced or absent in most tissue epidermis; limits growth;
cephalopods growth; requires molting requires molting
laminae, organic filaments, cellular layer
and siliceous and calcium Organized like a ladder with two lateral
Extensive cephalization; dorsal,
Nervous carbonate spicules
Primitive; forms irregular net
cords connected by transverse
cords; some cephalization with Cephalization; suprapharyngeal Limited cephalization, except Extensive cephalization; Extensive cephalization; double, hollow nerve cord; often

system No cephalization or specialized Responds to stimuli in a ganglia (in somite 3) connects to cephalopods, which have giant nerve No cephalization; nerves distributed flattened, double, ventral ventral nerve cord; ganglia protected by vertebrae
sensory, association, and motor
sensory cells coordinated ventral nerve cord; nerves branch out cells, complex sensory system with throughout arms and central disk; no nerve cord; ganglia along along length of cord
neurons; pigmented eyespots but no
fashion (outer tentacle engulf to adjacent tissues image forming eyes and complex special sense organs (except starfish length of cord have strand-like
imaging
while inner tentacles contract behavior and brittle stars have light-sensing eyes nerves branching outward
Limited sensory capabilities; on end of each arm Complete; including in rat:
Digestive no cephalization GVC consists of mouth,
pharynx, and three branched Complete (both mouth and anus); Complete; including crop Short esophagus; large, two- pharynx with three regions,

system
Suspension feeders
Specialized cells called chaonocytes
contain flagella that produce a current
through pores in body; chaonocytes
ingest food by phagocytosis
Specialized amoebocytes distribute food
throughout body
Diffusion and out pores
Excretory
system
Most are monoecious (hermaphroditic);
sperm released into water current
Reproduction with internal fertilization
Some also asexual (mitotic cell
divisions produce a bud that is
pinched off from parent)
Tentacles used to gather food
GVC functions in food distribution and
digestion; gastrodermis lines cavity
and has glands that secrete
proteases
Nutritive muscular cells form
pseudopods that engulf partially
digested food and transport them to
vacuoles where final digestion takes
place
Diffusion
Most both sexual and asexual (mitotic
cell divisions produce a bud that is
pinched off from parent); Hydra can
be either dioecious or
hermaphroditic
intestines; pharynx extends
through mouth during feeding
and secrete digestive
enzymes; muscular
contractions of pharynx
pull food into mouth
Nitrogenous waste diffuses
into surrounding environ-
ment; protonephridia
regulate ion balance;
cilia line blind tubes open
to outside; undigested
food expelled out mouth
Both
Asexual, via regeneration when
cut
Sexual; most hermaphroditic
with cross-fertilization
includes pharynx, esophagus with
calciferous glands, crop, gizzard,
and intestine
Pair of nephridia (primitive kidneys)
within each somite; opens into
coelom by a ventral ciliated funnel
and empties into exterior by pore in
ventral wall
Hermaphroditic with cross-
fertilization Clitellum secretes mucus
for
reproductive processes
Complete; specialized for filtering
small food particles from water
Cilia lining ctenidia draw water into mantle
cavity through incurrent siphon; from
mantle, labial palps direct food to
mouth; esophagus, stomach, digestive
glands; waste exits anus into excurrent
siphon
Nitrogenous wastes excreted into
excurrent siphon by pair of kidneys;
some ammonia eliminated by
ctenidia
Sexual; dioecious
Pair of gonads empties gametes
into excurrent siphon
Mouth on oral surface leads to cardiac and gizzard (with chitinized chambered stomach: anterior esophagus, stomach, small
stomach (everted during feeding), then teeth) in foregut, digestive cardiac chamber with gastric intestine with three regions,
to pyloric stomach with hepatic (gastric) ceca in midgut, mill (with chitinized teeth), and liver, pancreas, cecum,
(digestive, pyloric) ceca extending into ileum, colon, rectum in pyloric chamber; large large intestine
each arm; short intestine with out- hindgut digestive glands beneath
branching rectal ceca leads from stomach release enzymes into
pyloric stomach to anus on aboral gut
surface
Lack excretory organs Malpigian tubules at junction of Green gland filters nitrogenous Nitrogenous waste filtered by pair
mid- and hind-gut function in wastes from hemolymph and of kidneys
removal of nitrogenous
wastes from hemolymph in
excretes near base of
antenna
coelom for transfer to
hindgut for excretion
Sexual; dioecious Sexual; dioecious Sexual; dioecious (except
Sexual; dioecious urochordates are monoecious)
in Male has pair of testes, vas
Gonads near base of each arm
under hepatic ceca
co
ck
deferens, accessory
gland in
cr
Male has pair of three-
lobed testes, vas
ro Female has pair of deferens, modified
Some starfish can reproduce asexually ac ay swimmerets
ovaries with 8 ovarioles,
by regeneration h fis Female has pair of
accessory glands
h ovaries, oviduct

Many secrete Tentacles contain specialized cells Burrowing with muscular foot; Spine Exoskeleton Exoskeleton; pincers Various
toxins called cnidocytes, which have stinging hard exoskeleton (shell-reduced s
Defense organelles called
nematocysts, which
in cephalopods)
Ink used by some cephalopods
discharge harpoon-
like projections with
toxins

Sessile (motile larval phase) Tentacles and body contract and
Locomotion release for swimming in medusa
stage
Ventral surface covered in cilia Localized, coordinated muscle Muscular foot Water-vascular system Jointed legs, wings Jointed legs, swimmerets Various, including fins, legs,
Thin strands of dorsiventral muscles
pass through parenchyma
contractions (longitudinal vs.
circular)
and wings

Outer circular and inner longitudinal

In polyp stage, nematocysts muscle layers beneath epidermis
help attaching to substratum Anchoring by setae
~6,000 species ~15,000 species ~100,000 species; second largest phylum ~7,000 living species; exclusively Most diverse phylum; over 1,000,000 species; 90% of ~45,000 living species
Notes Mostly marine, but some freshwater ~10,000 species, mostly marine 80% are internal ~15,000 species of invertebrates marine Evolved ~600MYA animals species are in this phylum Evolved ~530MYA
Can live independently or in Hydra are freshwater, and have parasites Evolved Evolved Evolved ~540MYA Evolved ~530MYA
no ~550MYA ~530MYA
colonies Evolved ~600 MYA
medusa stage
Evolved
~580MYA