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Measures:
(i)LV wall thicknesses
(ii)Chamber dimension for
quantitative estimation of LV
mass
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From the aortic valve
M-mode Imaging: a method of display in which tissue
interface position is displayed along one axis and time is
displayed along a second axis. M-mode is used frequently to
display echocardiographic data in which heart wall motion and
valve motion are displayed as functions of time. The images
shown are echo pattern records of the motion of the anterior
leaflet of the mitral valve (left, normal; right, stenosis)
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Pericardial
Typical effusion
M-mode images
M-mode
Bottom scatterer moving:
If depth shown in a time
plot, the motion is seen as
a curve (horizontal lines
for the non moving
scatterers) 8
A, B and M scan
stationary tissue
interface
anterior and
posterior wall of
a pulsating vessel
stationary
tissue
interface
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT2qygn4XjQ
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Aspects of RT ultrasonic imaging system
1) High resolution
2) Depth range
3) Adequate field of view
4) Sufficiently high frame rate
5) High detectivity
(1) Resolution
1-3 mm in all 3 spatial dimensions desirable for
diagnostic studies
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The three spatial resolution directions
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(3) Field of view
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Some important terms
PRF: no. of times a T is pulsed/sec
usually 2000-4000 pulses per sec (2-4 kHz)
PRP: Time b/w pulses (1/PRF)
An in PRF in echo listening time
The maximum PRF is determined by the time required
for echoes from the most distance surfaces to reach
the T PRFmax = c/2R
500 s PRP (PRF 2 KHz); max range of 38.5 cm
250 s PRP (PRF 4 KHz); max depth halved to 19.3cm
T freq (MHz) not to be confused with PRF (kHz); T
period (1/f) of u/s wave (s) not to be confused with
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PRP (ms)
Some important terms.
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(4) Frame Rate
Each frame is made up of a large no. of scan lines
A large no. of frames to be scanned/sec to follow
moving tissues
As PRF FR
30 frames/sec gives flicker-free display
To obtain good quality images with high resolution
in RT imaging
FR x no. of lines/frame = PRF
Typical images
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Depth of View
To image structures at depth each pulse MUST
have time to return journey from the deepest tissue
BEFORE the next pulse is generated
Depth of View as PRF
Depth of View = (0.5 x sound vel)/PRF
Hence, difficult to achieve both a high FR and high
scan line density AND at the same time produce an
image with a large depth of view one/more
aspects to be compromised
Depth of view x (scan lines/frame) x FR = Constant
e.g.: a depth of 20 cm allows 30 frames/s & 100
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lines/frame
Frame Rate and Depth of View
As the depth of the sector determines Thus reducing the desired depth
the time before next pulse can be sent of the sector results in shorter
out, higher depth results in longer time time between pulses, and thus
for building each line, and thus longer shorter time for building each
time for building the sector from a line, shorter time for building the
given number of lines (i.e. lower frame same number of lines, i.e. higher
frame rate 21
rate)
Aspects of RT ultrasonic imaging system
(5) Detectivity:
Ability to effectively capture, process & display
the very wide dynamic range of signals for
detecting abnormality/lesion
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Transducer
Piezoelectric ceramic (Barium Titanate/PZT)
Crystal cut in such a way increased efficiency of
conversion of electrical energy to acoustic energy
V (~150V) of very short duration (~1s)
vibration at a natural resonance frequency
Selecting the frequency
preferential emission of u/s waves when thickness
of the crystal =
e.g: To achieve a 5MHz resonant ; element thickness?
=c/ 4000m/s =.80mm; t: x0.8 mm =0.4 mm
5x106m/s 23
Q factor
Q = resonant freq/bandwidth f0/(f2-f1)
f0 : resonant frequency (centre frequency) of the T
f2 : frequency above resonance at which A=A/2
f1 : frequency below resonance at which A=A/2
f2 - f1: band width of the sound (b/w the 6dB points) defined as
the FWHM of the freq spectrum
High Q transducer
Energy stored in the crystal (hence loses very little each cycle)
T vibrates (rings) with a relatively long lasting vibration a long
pulse u/s emitted with a narrow bandwidth (nearly "pure"
sound)
Low Q transducer
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T will vibrate for only a short time period a short pulse of u/s
the "quality" of sound emanating from an ultrasound transducer
after being struck by a short voltage pulse Q factor
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Damping a transducer
Need to DAMP a transducer
Transducer excited at its resonant frequency
continues to vibrate mechanically for some time
even after the electrical signal ceases after
ringing destroys the precision with which
emission/detection of a signal can be timed
Damping (ring down)
layered on the back of the T element
ensuring rear surface has high impedance and high
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Transducer
front electrode
earthed to
protect patient
from electric reduces
shock spatial
pulse-
leads connected to length
the top of the backing
layer & the front of
the crystal to receive
signals & provide the
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exciting voltage
Matching layer in a transducer
Impedance equalizer (allows max E transfer)
Placed on the front surface of the transducer to