Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONTENTS
WHAT IS A TRUSS? 2
THE EVOLUTION OF TRUSSES 3
THE UNIVERSAL TRUSS PLATE 5
TRUSS TERMS 6
TRUSS NUMBERING SYSTEM 8
TRUSS SHAPES 9
TRUSS SYSTEMS 12
GABLE END 12
HIP 12
DUTCH HIP 14
GIRDER AND SADDLE 15
SPECIAL TRUSS SYSTEMS 16
CANTILEVER 17
TRUSS DESIGN 18
TRUSS ANALYSIS 18
TRUSS LOADING COMBINATION &
LOAD DURATION 18
LOAD DURATION 18
DESIGN OF TRUSS MEMBERS 18
WEBS 18
CHORDS 19
MODIFICATION FACTORS USED
IN DESIGN 19
STANDARD & COMPLEX DESIGN 19
BASIC TRUSS MECHANICS 20
TENSION 20
COMPRESSION 20
BENDING 20
DEFLECTION 21
TRUSS ACTION 21
DESIGN LOADS 22
LIVE LOADS 22
WIND LOAD 23
TERRAIN CATEGORIES 24
SEISMIC LOADS 24
TRUSS HANDLING AND ERECTION 25
MULTINAIL CONNECTOR PLATES 26
MULTI GRIPS 26
TRIPLE GRIPS 26
EASY FIX GIRDER BRACKETS 26
INTERNAL WALL BRACKETS 26
TRUSS BOOTS 26
ANTI TWIST TRUSS BOOTS 26
PURLIN STRAPS 27
CYCLONE TIES 27
JOIST HANGERS 27
STUD TIES 27
STRAP NAILS 27
FLAT TENSION BRACING 27
STEELWOOD JOISTS 28
MULTISTRUT JOISTS 29
MULTINAIL 1
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
WHAT IS A TRUSS?
2 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
MULTINAIL 3
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TODAY
The earliest truss plates still needed some hand
applied nails. The modern truss plate system requires
no nails - part of the natural progression which was
made over the next decade.
Multinail nailplates embody many refinements, Over time, the wood truss has become a highly
particularly in the tooth shape which has been engineered, prefabricated structural product making
designed to grip the timber more securely. The the most use of two very reliable resources:
bending and twisting of teeth during manufacture has - wood, which is energy efcient and renewable
been carefully designed to aid the transfer of forces
- and steel, which, as a recyclable resource, is
across the nished joint. In addition, they greatly
environmentally friendly.
increase the joints resistance to damage during
handling, when forces may be applied from virtually The predicted life of nailplates is dependent on the
any direction. protection of the nailplates from the weather, wind
and other corrosive elements such as salt spray and
This reliability of Multinail trusses is the result of
chemicals.
several factors.
4 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
ENGINEERED DESIGN
Production of an engineered truss product requires
accurate cutting, jigging and pressing. The last
thing that a fabricator wants is to be let down by
timber splitting and truss plate teeth bending over
when being pressed into timber, which may result in
production delays, calls to site and increased costs
of repairs and rebuilding.
However, timber splitting, teeth bending and
associated problems, can now be eliminated with the
use of Multinails Universal Truss Plates.
Designed to give truss fabricators the very best in
holding power at a low cost per truss - and with eight
teeth per square inch - the Universal Truss Plate
is the ideal choice. In fact, Multinail was the rst to
introduce to South East Asia the principle of eight
teeth per square inch in nailplates.
FEATURES
At Multinail, we didnt just stop there. If you look
carefully at the Universal Truss Plate, you will notice Long teeth.
a uniquely designed tooth shape which gives the
nailplate the full penetration and holding power that Low plate cost per truss.
others have tried to copy but have not been able to
reproduce. Penetrates high density hardwoods.
HOW IT WORKS
The Universal Truss Plate provides high density tooth
concentration which ensures high strength transfer.
This, together with the universal tooth shape, virtually
eliminates any chance of the teeth bending or the
wood splitting.
In addition, as the Universal Truss Plate produces
tight tting joints, they assist in resisting any rough
handling a truss may receive during delivery or on
site.
MULTINAIL 5
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS TERMS
Top Chord
Nailplate
Battens Roong
Web Tie
(Web Bracing) Pitch
Pitching
Pitching Point
Point Web
Fascia
Truss Span
Overall Length
6 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS TERMS
DEFLECTION OVERHANG
The linear movement of a point on a member as The clear extension of a chord beyond the main
a result of the application of a load or combination structure of a truss.
of loads. A measure of the deformation of a beam
PANEL
under load.
The chord segment of a truss, usually top or bottom
EAVES OVERHANG chord, between two panel points.
The extension of the top chord of a truss beyond the
PANEL POINT
bottom chord (at heel) to form the eaves of a roong
The connection point between a chord and web.
structure.
PANEL POINT SPLICE
HEEL
A splice joint in a chord which coincides with a panel
A point on a truss where the top and bottom chords
point.
join.
PITCH
HIP JOINT
The angular slope of a roof or ceiling. Also the angular
The joint between the sloping and horizontal top
slope of the top or bottom chords of a truss which
chords of a truncated truss.
form and/or follow the line of a roof or ceiling.
INTERPANEL SPLICE
PLUMB CUT
A splice in a member (at a specied distance from
A vertical cut. A plumb cut is perpendicular to a
a panel point).
horizontal member. All splices are plumb cut.
LAMINATED BEAM OR TRUSS
PURLIN
Two or more members or trusses mechanically
A structural member xed perpendicular to the top
fastened to act as a composite unit. Lamination
chord of a truss to support sheet roong.
allows the achievement of increased strength without
the use of solid, larger section timber. SPAN
The distance between the outer edges of the load-
LATERAL OR LONGITUDINAL TIE
bearing walls supporting the trusses.
A member connected at right angles to a chord or
web member of a truss to restrain the member. SPLICE JOINT
The point at which top and bottom chords are joined
LIVE LOAD
(at or between panel points) to form a single truss
The combined load which arises from the use
member.
of a truss or member. It may include distributed,
concentrated, impact and inertial loads, but excludes SUPPORT REACTIONS
wind and earthquake loads. Those forces (usually resolved into horizontal and
vertical components) which are provided by the truss
LOAD DURATION COEFFICIENT
supports and are equal and opposite to the sum of
The percentage increase in the stress allowed in a
the applied forces.
member based upon the length of time that the load
causing the stress is on the member. (The shorter TOP CHORDS
the duration of the load, the higher the Load Duration The generally sloping members of a truss which
Coefcient). dene its top edge. Under normal gravity loads, these
members usually carry a combined compression and
MANUFACTURING DETAILS
bending stress.
Drawings which contain the data for truss fabrication
and approval by local building authorities. (Produced TRUNCATED GIRDER STATION
automatically by the software used by Multinail The position of a truncated girder. Dened in terms
Fabricators.) of its distance from the end wall.
MITRE CUT WEBS
A cut in one or more members made at 45 to the Members which join the top and bottom chords, and
plane of the truss; ie, the top or bottom chords of a together with them, form a truss by which structural
creeper truss are mitre cut at the end of the truss loads are transferred to the truss support.
where it meets the hip truss.
WIND LOADS
OVERALL LENGTH Winds loads are the forces applied to roof trusses by
The plan length of the truss (excluding overhangs). virtue of wind blowing on the structure, typically (but
On standard trusses, the overall length equals the not always) upwards; ie, opposite to dead loads.
span.
MULTINAIL 7
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
Multinail uses a simple, exible and very versatile system of member and joint numbers to identify all members
and connectors.
LH Left heel T2R Joint immediately to the right of T1R joint
RH Right heel T1L Joint immediately to the left of TO joint
TO Always allocated to the apex T2L Joint immediately to the left of T1L joint
BSO Always allocated to the joint immediately below TCR Top chord on the right hand side of TO joint
the apex joint
TCL Top chord on the left hand side of TO joint
T1R Joint immediately to the right of TO joint
TO
L TC
TC R
T1L WO T1R
LW
1 1
RW
BC1 BC2
LH RH
BSO
A variation to this Numbering System occurs when TCR2 The lower Top Chord on the right hand side
the Top Chord contains a splice. The Top Chord is of the TO joint and on the right hand side of
then allocated two denotations: the splice
TCR1 The upper Top Chord on the right hand side If the Top Chord contains three members, than the
of the TO joint next Top Chord would be marked TCR3, etc.
TO
1L TC
1R
TC
T1R
T1L
RW
T2L T2R
L TC
C2 R2
T
BC1 BC2
LH RH
B2L B1L RBS1 B2R
(splice)
8 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SHAPES
These diagrams indicate the approximate shapes of the trusses in most common use. The choice of truss
shape for a particular application depends upon the loading and span requirements (general spans mentioned
are for 90mm top and bottom chords).
QUEENPOST TRUSS
For spans approximately 7m. Used mainly for house HALF B-TRUSS
construction. For spans up to 9m. Uses are similar to those for
the A-Truss.
A-TRUSS
For spans approximately 10m. This is the most HALF C-TRUSS
commonly used truss for both domestic and For spans up to 11m. Uses are similar to those for the
commercial applications. A-Truss but tends to be preferred to the half A-Truss
for reasons given under C-Truss.
B-TRUSS
For spans approximately 13m. Used primarily in
residential and smaller commercial buildings, this TRUNCATED TRUSS
truss is generally preferred to the A-Truss for larger Spans depend on depth. There are two types of
spans since it offers greater strength (additional web Truncated Truss - the Truncated Girder Truss and
members) at lower cost due to the reduction in size the Standard Truncated truss. Together they facilitate
of top and bottom chord timber. hip roof construction.
MULTINAIL 9
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SHAPES
CUT-OFF TRUSS
Any truss, the shape of which forms part of a standard
GIRDER TRUSS truss. As the name implies, the Cut-Off Truss has a
For spans up to 15m. Special truss of any standard shorter span than that of the standard truss on which
truss shape used to support other trusses which meet it is based; it is terminated by a vertical member along
it at right angles. (The standard shape is maintained the line of the cut-off.
but Girder Truss members are generally larger in both
size and stress grade.)
BOWSTRING TRUSS
SCISSOR TRUSS For spans up to 30m. Used for large span industrial and
For spans up to 20m. Not a standard truss design but commercial buildings including aircraft hangars.
often used to achieve special vaulted ceiling effects,
sometimes with relatively wide spans.
HOWE TRUSS
For spans up to 12m. Used mainly for applications
which involve high loading of the bottom chord (in
HALF SCISSOR TRUSS preference to the A-Truss).
For spans up to 10m. As its name implies, one-half
of the standard Scissor Truss used for industrial,
commercial and residential buildings.
10 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SHAPES
PARALLEL CHORDED
For spans up to 20m (depending on depth). As its
name implies, the top and bottom chord are parallel.
Used for both oor and roof applications.
BELL TRUSS
For spans up to 15m. A standard truss used to
achieve a bell-shaped rooine.
ATTIC TRUSS
For spans up to 10m. Special purpose truss to
simplify attic construction.
MULTINAIL 11
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
Gable Blocks
GABLE END
The Gable is one of the simplest and most common
types of roof. Gable ends may be either ush or may Standard Truss
overhang the end wall of the building. Overhangs
Outriggers
may be open or boxed.
Gable ends may be formed with a Cutdown Truss - a
truss of reduced height which is sometimes supported Cutdown Truss
along its length by the end wall. This truss may in turn
support either verge rafters (for a ush Gable) or an Gable Verge Rafter
outrigger superstructure where an open Gable is to
overhang the end wall.
Batten
There are several possible forms of superstructure.
For example, as shown in the diagrams, the outrigger
purlins may be supported by the top chords of the
Outrigger Purlins
Cutdown Truss extending inwards to intersect the Standard
Truss
top chords of the next truss and extending outwards
to end in verge rafters. Cutdown Truss
Under Purlins
Standard
Truss
Prop
Standard Truss
Cantilevered Beam
12 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
HIP
Standard
Jack Trusses
Truss
Truncated
Standard
Truncated
Girder
Standard
Truss
The Hip Roof Truss system is built around a Truncated
Girder which transfers the weight of the hipped roof
sections to the side walls. The system design species
a Girder Station - the distance at which the Truncated Jack
Truss
Girder is located relative to the end wall.
The trusses which form the hips of the roof - the Hip
Trusses - are supported at their outer ends by the
corners of the end or side walls and at their inner ends Truncated Truncated
Girder Standard
by the Truncated Girder. Their top chords, which form
the hips, are extended to meet the ridge line.
On the end wall side of the Truncated Girder, the
roof structure is formed by Jack Trusses (between
the end wall and the Truncated Girder) and Creeper
Trusses (between the side walls and each of the Hip
Trusses).
On the internal side of the Truncated Girder, the roof
structure is formed by Truncated Trusses of increasing
height towards the end of the ridge. The top chords
of the Jack Trusses extend over the Truncated Girder
and Truncated Standard Trusses.
The Hip Roof Truss sytem allows the construction
of this traditional roof design without the need to
locate load-bearing walls so as to support the hipped
sections of roof.
A number of variations are possible; they are usually
derived by an intersection of the rst hip system with
another or different type of truss system.
MULTINAIL 13
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
DUTCH HIP
Girder
Truss
Girder Standard
Truss Truss
The Dutch Hip Truss system is built around a special
Girder Truss which has a waling plate xed to one
side. Waling
Jack Truss Plate
As with the other Girder Trusses, it is placed at the
specied Girder Station. The roof structure is similar
to that used for the Hip Truss system except that there
is no need for Truncated Trusses and the top chords
of the Jack Trusses, instead of continuing over the
Girder Truss, sit on the waling plate.
The result is a roof structure which combines some of
the features of the hip roof with those of the gable.
14 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
Laminated
Girder Truss
Saddle
Trusses
The Girder and Saddle Truss eliminates the need for
a load-bearing wall at the intersection of two gables
Laminated
in the roof structure. Girder Truss
MULTINAIL 15
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
Chimney
SPECIAL TRUSS SYSTEMS
CHIMNEYS
Typical treatment of the roof structure around
chimneys is shown in the diagrams. Standard
Trusses are used to either side of the chimney. The Cut-Off Trusses supported by beam
intervening Cut-Off Trusses are supported by beams
xed to the side wall/s of the chimney.
Chimney
CUT OFFS
When the truss must be stopped short of its normal
span (to allow for a chimney, for example), a Cut-Off
Truss is created. This is supported at one end by the Cut-Off
Trusses
heel in the normal manner and at the other by the
bottom chord immediately below the end member.
It is possible for the Standard Truss Design to be
modied at both ends to form a Double Cut-Off
Truss. Chimney
Chimney
Cut-Off
Trusses
16 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS SYSTEMS
Cantilever
Cantilever
B) Where the bearing of the truss is relatively close
to the heel but outside of the solid length of the heel
joint, a supplementary top chord is required to convert
a Standard into a Cantilever Truss.
Cantilever
MULTINAIL 17
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS DESIGN
18 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS DESIGN
MULTINAIL 19
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
INTRODUCTION BENDING
The Australian Standard AS1720.1 Timber Structures A beam is subject to bending stress (eg, scaffold
Code outlines the design properties of timbers for plank, diving board). The actual bending stress fb =
bending, tension, shear and compression. Bending/Section Modulus.
Multinail software checks that the stresses in the truss Foc
members do not exceed the allowable values and, if
required, larger members or higher strength timber,
are considered in order to keep the stresses below
Allowable Stress
the allowable value.
Stress levels within nailplates are checked against
the allowable tooth pickup and steel strength values
which Multinail has determined over the years with Slenderness Ratio L or L
different timbers. D B
TENSION 10 20 30 40 50
L P P
2 2
L L
2 2
20 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TRUSS ACTION
A truss is like a large beam with each member in The following diagrams show typical Tension (T)
tension or compression, the chords acting as beams Compression (C) forces in the modulus of a truss
between the panel points as well as carrying axial under uniformly distributed gravity loads.
load.
At any joint, the sum of the forces acting must be C C
zero (otherwise motion would occur) and this, in fact,
enables the forces to be determined. C T T C
For Example: C C
T T T
hor d
op C
P1-T
15
C C C
C T C O C T C
P2 - Bottom Chord
O T O
Reaction 10.0 KN
O C C O
O O
P2 = 37.3kN Tension C T C C T C
T T T
MULTINAIL 21
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
22 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
4. EXAMPLES
Assuming a house with an eaves height of less than
5 metres and in a Category 2 Region C area.
The Wind Load is calculated as follows:
Basic Wind Velocity = 57.0 (m/sec)
M(z, cat) = 0.91
Ms = 1.0
Mt = 1.0
Design Wind Velocity = 57 x 0.91 x 1 x 1 = 52(m/sec)
Wind Pressure (P) = 522 x 0.0006
P = 1.6224 (KPa)
MULTINAIL 23
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
TERRAIN CATEGORIES
The surrounding terrain affects the wind forces acting CATEGORY 1
on a structure. The Design Wind Velocity depends Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions.
upon whether the structure is exposed, is on an open Average height of obstructions surrounding structure
or hilly terrain with or without scattered obstructions less than 1.5m. Includes open seacoast and at
of varying heights, or is in a well wooded or heavily treeless plains.
built up area such as suburbs, industrial areas, cities,
etc. All these, and many other factors, can affect the CATEGORY 2
wind forces on the structure. Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having
heights generally 1.5m to 10m. Includes airelds,
To assist in the selection of the Terrain Category, open parklands and undeveloped, sparsely built-up
the following sketch and notes have been produced. outskirts of towns and suburbs.
Also refer to AS1170 Part 2 for more detailed
explanations. CATEGORY 3
Terrain with numerous obstructions the size of
Note: When a structure is located in an area where domestic houses. Includes well wooded areas,
there is a gradual change in the terrain; ie, from a suburbs, towns and industrial areas fully or partially
low category number to a high category number, developed.
or conversely a high category number to a lower
category number, then the structure is subject to either
a reduction or increase in the Design Wind Velocity.
This relationship is called Fetch/Height. For details
refer to AS1170 Part 2.
CATEGORY 3
CATEGORY 1
CATEGORY 2
CATEGORY 2
CATEGORY 1
In the consideration of seismic loading, the connection In general, if a structure needs to withstand seismic
of the wall supporting members to the roof trusses loads, a Multinail engineer should be consulted.
must be capable of resisting horizontal forces
generated by the seismic activity.
24 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
Permanent bracing relies upon the roof bracing along Vertical chain
with the roof battens to effectively restrain the loads in or sling
the trusses and the wind loads.
BATTENS
Battens to be attached to every lamination of every 1/3 to 1/2 span
truss and not joined at girders.
MULTINAIL 25
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
Multinail Connector Plates are made from 1.0mm, They set the standard for uniformity and reliability,
1.5mm and 2.0mm galvanised steel and are available with their unique tooth shape ensuring maximum
in a wide range of sizes. performance in all timber species.
26 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
Further information on any of these metal connector by visiting www.multinail.com where the most
plates can be obtained either direct from Multinail, up-to-date product information can be found and
from your nearest Multinail Fabricator or simply downloaded in pdf format.
MULTINAIL 27
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
28 MULTINAIL
TRUSS FACTS BOOK
MULTINAIL 29
MULTINAIL AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD. BRISBANE OFFICE SYDNEY OFFICE MULTINAIL MACHINERY PTY. LTD. MULTINAIL ASIA SDN. BHD.
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