EarthquakeWindCh7!3!12 09

Chapter 7 Pg.
7-1
Wind and Seismic

(Lateral) Load Design
Software, Seminars, Engineering

Mount Vernon, WA www.constructioncalc.com
True or false? Pg. 7-1
I Wind and earthquake act similarly on

a structure; they apply lateral or
sideways loading. They can also
apply uplift in certain situations.

Lateral loads: Pg. 7-1

Lateral loads: Pg. 7-1
I Can knock buildings off of their foundations.

I Can cause certain types of soils to turn to jelly such that any
buildings thereon can go down instantly.
I Are resisted by lateral load resisting elements like shear walls and
moment frames.
I Generally cause failures like shear walls ripping in half, or steel
moment frames to tear apart. This happens much more frequently
than connections failing.
I Are always greater in the lower stories of a multi-story building.
I Are distributed through horizontal diaphragms to shear walls and
moment frames.

Failures due to wind n/p
Failures due to wind
Hurricane Ivan, 2004
Failures due to wind
Hurricane Katrina, 2007
Failures due to earthquake
n/p
n/p
n/p
1989 Loma Prieta. 1st floor failure and sinking due to liquefaction.
1989 Loma Prieta. Cypress Way viaduct.
1989 Loma Prieta. Soft story failure.
1989 Loma Prieta. House knocked off its foundation.
1989 Loma Prieta. House knocked off its foundation.
1989 Loma Prieta. Liquefaction caused soil sliding to the left (lateral
spreading).
Failure waiting to happen?
Vertical
distribu-
tion of
shear:
Pg. 7-2

Horizontal
distribu-
tion of
shear:
Pg. 7-2

Wind: Pg. 7-2
I Causes lateral forces on structures proportionally

to how fast it is blowing.
I Code requires that structures be designed for an
average sustained wind that will theoretically
occur once every 50 years.

Forces on structures from
wind: Pg. 7-3
I Depend on the exposure. The more open the exposure, the

more wind force.
I Can be very high as we learned in the story about the three
pigs. We also know from this excellent structural lesson
that you shouldnt build your house out of straw or sticks;
brick houses are the strongest of all.
I Depend on the height of the structure. The higher from the
ground, the higher the wind force.
I Are much higher at discontinuities and irregularities in the
lines or surfaces of the structure.

Earthquake: Pg. 7-3
I Has to be checked versus wind by the engineer to

determine which loading type controls the
structural design.
I May control the design in one direction, say
parallel to the ridge, while wind may control the
design in the other direction (perpendicular to the
ridge).
I Affects heavy buildings much more than light
ones.
I Wreaks havoc on brittle buildings, like those of
unreinforced masonry.
Earthquake: 1933 Long Beach. Unreinforced
masonry failure.
Ductility: Pg. 7-5
I Is the same thing as strength.

I Is one of the most important aspect of any building in
surviving an earthquake.
I Is provided by correctly installed rebar in concrete
structures.
I Is inherent in all steel construction, so you should always
build with steel.
I Is inherent in nearly all wood construction. However woods
Achilles heel is not the wood itself, but rather the
connections.

Seismic Design Categories:
Pg. 7-5
I Used to be called zones. But zone only has one syllable, so

to keep the confusion factor high, the code people came up
with de-sign cat-e-gor-ies.
I Depend on mapped ground acceleration, soil type, and
occupancy category.
I Range from A through F, with F being the most severe. F
only applies to occupancy category IV (essential facilities).
I Much of the western seaboard for non-essential facilities, (ag,
residential, and hazardous) is D.
I Cause IBC regulations to become very strict for design
categories D, E, and F.

Soil: Pg. 7-5
I Couldnt just be called soil by the IBC. Is instead

called site class.
I Site class ranges from A F, with A being hard
rock and F being similar to grandmas oatmeal.
I Stiff soils are D and soft ones, E.
I Interesting that seismic design category and site
class have identical nomenclature.
I Site class should be determined by a geotechnical
specialist, but is not specifically required by the
IBC. More on this in the next chapter.

Liquefaction: Pg. 7-6
I Is a condition where normally safe, sound soils

turn to mush during the shaking associated with
earthquakes.
I Causes buildings to literally tip over.
I Generally is associated with sandy soils and high
groundwater.

IA shear wall is any wall that is

intended to bear weight (gravity load)
from portion(s) of the structure
above. I.E. any load bearing wall is a
shear wall.

I Codecompliant shear walls may be

constructed only of plywood and
Oriented Strand Board (OSB).

I All
plywood and OSB walls must have
their edges blocked. (answer next
bullet point)
I False.
This is something of a trick
question. All plywood and OSB shear
walls must have their edges blocked.
But not all plywood and OSB walls are
shear walls. IBC Table 2308.9.3(3).

I With code compliant shear walls, plywood or OSB

sheets may be applied either vertically or
horizontally. (answer, next bullet).
I True. But wall sheathing has a span rating which
can be different for studs parallel or
perpendicular. This is a wind bending issue (out-
of-plane loading) not shear (in-plane loading)
issue. Generally an issue when using <7/16
sheathing or in very high wind regions. IBC Table
2308.9.3(3).

Anchor Bolts Pg. 7-10
I True or False? All framed shear wall sills

shall have 3x3x1/4 washers. (next bullet
for answer)
I False. Seis A-C shall have a properly
sized nut and washer. IBC 2308.6
I In SDC D and E, anchor bolts shall have
3x3x1/4 washers, which can be slotted.
(True. IBC 2308.12.7)
I In SDC E, anchor bolts shall be 5/8
diameter. (True. IBC 2308.12.8)
In SDC D-F, where s.w. has >
350 plf. Pg. 7-10
I There are heavy duty requirements for this, but they are only
listed in an obscure footnote in a table in the IBC, and
builders dont know which walls would fall into this category
anyway.
I This would apply to any wood structural panel with 8ds at
3 or less edge spacing, or with 10ds at 4 or less edge
spacing.
I All edge-nailed members must be at least 3x. IBC allows 2,
2x in lieu of a 3x. (True for studs but not mud sill.)
I All mud sills must be at least 3x, except 2x can be used
where double the number of anchor bolts are used. (True
IBC 2305.3.11 Exception).
Aspect ratio: Pg. 7-10
I Generally means that tall, skinny shear wall

panels are not allowed by the IBC.
I Generally means that long, narrow roof or floor
diaphragms are not allowed by the IBC.
I For plywood and OSB shear panels, may not
exceed 3-1/2:1 for wind forces. May not exceed 2:1
for seismic forces.
I For blocked gyp shear walls may not exceed 2:1
I May be measured in two different ways, but the
most forgiving way enacts other requirements.

Basic
aspect
ratio:
Pg. 7-10
Courtesy IBC
Aspect
ratio,
extra
detailing
reqd.
Pg. 7-11
Courtesy IBC
Prescriptive (braced) shear
walls: IBC 2308
I Are shear walls that are allowed by the IBC, without having to be
engineered.
I Are only allowed with conventional framing:
Max 3-stories in seismic design category (SDC) A; 2-stories in SDC B
and C; 1-story in SDC D and E.
Max floor to floor height = 10 stud + 16 floor framing.
Dead load <= 15 psf; live load <= 40 psf; snow load <= 50psf; wind <=
100 mph;
truss span <= 40
Anchor bolt spacing = 4 when 2 or 3-stories.
Continuous foundation under braced wall lines required if a plan
dimension > 50.
not allowed at all for occupancy category IV (essential facilities);
in seismic design categories D and E, structural irregularities can not
be conventional.
walls, cont: IBC 2308.9.3
I Arerequired on both the interior and

exterior of the building in both
orthogonal directions at 35 or 25
max spacing depending on SDC.
I Musthave load path completed at the
top and bottom of wall. This is a
huge item, particularly for interior
shear walls. (next slide for illustn)
walls, cont: Pg. 7-11
Courtesy IBC
walls: Pg. 7-11
Courtesy IBC
walls: IBC 2308.9.3
I Minimum length of bracing per 35 (or 25

in SDC D&E) length of braced wall
depends on SDC and type of wall
sheathing. It can be as narrow as 4.
I Minimum length can be less, as small as
2-8, if the panel meets the definition of
alternate braced wall panel. (next slide)
I Minimum length can be even less, as small
as 16, when next to a door or window with
a continuous header.
Alternate braced wall panels
for 1 story bldg: Pg. 7-12
I Must meet conventional definition.

I May be a minimum of 2-8 wide and up to 10
high, which violates the UBCs own aspect ratio,
but are allowed anyway. Go figure.
I Must have 1,800 lb. capacity holdowns at each
panel end, plus two anchor bolts.
I Footings must have at least one #4 rebar
continuously in the top and bottom of footing.

Alternate braced wall panels
for 2 story bldg: Pg. 7-12
I TRUE OR FALSE? For the first story of a two

story building, all the previous rules apply, plus
panels must be double sided, have 3 anchor bolts
at fifth points, and have a holdown of 3,000
pounds capacity at the panel ends. (true)

I Alt braced wall panel length can be even less, as narrow
as 16, when next to a door or window with a continuous
header and all the other conventional rules.
Gypsum (drywall) shear
walls: IBC Table 2306.4.5
I Have such low shear values, you could use a bologna

sandwich as your shear wall with equivalent results.
I Published IBC values are good for both wind and seismic
loads. (True, though a departure from old UBC which
reduced values 50% for seismic).
I May be blocked or unblocked. (True, go figure)
I Do not have edge or field nailing per se. Nailing or screwing
is uniform throughout.
I May not be use to resist lateral loads from masonry or
concrete. (True)
I For seismic loading: In SCD D, limited to 35 building height;
Not allowed in SDC E, F. (ASCE 7, Table 12.2-1)

I Metal stud shear walls with plywood, OSB, or

gypsum board are allowed by code and their
shear strength is approximately the same as wood
shear walls. (answer next bullet).
I True. The IBC defers to the AISI-Lateral book yet
another book to purchase, store, and update
every three or so years.

I Allconcrete and masonry shear walls

have much higher allowable shear
strength values than plywood.

Where an ext. wall is mostly
doors and windows: Pg. 7-14
I Talk sternly with the architect, because he is

designing something that cant be built and still
meet code.
I Expect that steel or concrete moment frames will
be used between the doors / windows to provide
lateral load resistance.
I Expect to use interior walls as shear walls.
I Expect the cost of this structure to be more than a
conventional one.

Moment frames: Pg. 7-14
I Are frames with beam to column, column to column, or

column to foundation connections fixed, i.e. they are not
pinned, and thus the frame has racking resistance.
I Are so named because the beams and / or columns resist
moments applied by lateral loading.

Horizontal diaphragms: Pg. 7-15
I Are the structural elements that distribute lateral loads to
shear walls and frames.
I Typically consist of floors, ceilings, roofs, and desk tops.
I Are necessary on most structures, or you have nothing
more than a house of cards.
I May not be constructed of anything but plywood or OSB.

Load path: Pg. 7-15
I Of all of the things you learn in this seminar, is probably the

most important.
I Can be paraphrased by the old adage, A chain is only as
strong as its weakest link.
I Is the concept responsible for all of those pesky framing
clips, blocking, and anchor bolts.
I Means that loads generated anywhere in a structure must be
resisted adequately via connections and other members all
the way down to the ground.
I Not only applies to lateral load design, also applies to
gravity load design.

Lateral load path Pg. 7-16

Lateral
load path
Pg. 7-17

Collectors and drag struts:
Pg. 7-15
Courtesy IBC
I Are the links in the lateral load path from applied load to
resisting element(s).
I Are every bit as important as the shear wall or frame itself
because they are links in the chain.
I IBC treats these harshly, requiring them to be
overdesigned by a factor of approximately 2.5.
Uplift: Pg. 7-18
I If not resisted by clips and holdowns, is what causes roofs

to fly.
I As a shear wall is loaded laterally, one side of a shear panel
tends to lift up, and the other tends to be pushed down. The
uplifting side is experiencing uplift.
I Occurs within every shear wall panel, but if the dead load is
adequate to keep the panel down, nothing special needs to
be done about it, i.e. no holdowns are required.

Uplift
Pg. 7-18

Holdowns: Pg. 7-18
I Are required everywhere, for good measure and to

keep Simpson Strong Tie company in business.
I Are continually being improved by the
manufacturers.
I Are only as good as their connection to the shear
wall and resisting element below.
I Must be located as close to the edge of the panel
as possible, otherwise the forces in them go way
up.
I Where located over a beam or header, as in a
floor-to-floor application, cannot be correctly
installed, so just blow it off.
Distribution of lateral load
throughout the bldg.: Pg. 7-19
I Is determined by the engineer, because he is the

only one who can have a meaningful conversation
with a set of plans and be sure the plan set listens
and obeys.
I Refers to the walls and frames which will get
lateral load, and which will not. What dont they
all get some lateral load?
I Depends on the relative stiffness of the various
load resisting elements in the structure.

Story drift
IBC Table 12.12-1, Pg. 7-21
I Is the amount of sideways sway that occurs during a wind

or earthquake event.
I In earthquake design is limited to about .025 times the story
height, which for a three story structure is about 9.
I In wind design, there is no IBC maximum drift limitation per
se. The code requires, however that elements maintain their
structural integrity during the movements associated with
wind loading.
I Is one of the main culprits in structural failures because as
things move a lot sideways, they tend to break connections,
or come off of their supports.
Redundancy: Pg. 7-22
I Refers to interior walls or other secondary load

resisting elements that share the structural duties
of the primary load resisting elements whether
they were intended to or not.
I When a structure does not have much, should
cause everyone on the project from the engineer
to the building official to the builder to be extra
cautious.
I Is the only reason the World Trade Centers stayed
up as long as they did after being hit by a 500 mph
767.

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Chapter 7 Pg.

Wind and Seismic

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Wind and earthquake act similarly on

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Can knock buildings off of their foundations.

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Causes lateral forces on structures proportionally

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Depend on the exposure. The more open the exposure, the

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Has to be checked versus wind by the engineer to

I Is the same thing as strength.

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Used to be called zones. But zone only has one syllable, so

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Couldnt just be called soil by the IBC. Is instead

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Is a condition where normally safe, sound soils

Software, Seminars, Engineering

IA shear wall is any wall that is

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Codecompliant shear walls may be

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I With code compliant shear walls, plywood or OSB

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I True or False? All framed shear wall sills

I Generally means that tall, skinny shear wall

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Arerequired on both the interior and

I Minimum length of bracing per 35 (or 25

I Must meet conventional definition.

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I TRUE OR FALSE? For the first story of a two

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Have such low shear values, you could use a bologna

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Metal stud shear walls with plywood, OSB, or

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Allconcrete and masonry shear walls

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Talk sternly with the architect, because he is

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Are frames with beam to column, column to column, or

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Of all of the things you learn in this seminar, is probably the

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I If not resisted by clips and holdowns, is what causes roofs

Software, Seminars, Engineering

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Are required everywhere, for good measure and to

I Is determined by the engineer, because he is the

Software, Seminars, Engineering

I Is the amount of sideways sway that occurs during a wind

I Refers to interior walls or other secondary load

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