Signals and Systems

CHAPTER 3
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
YEAR 2012 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.1 If x [n] = (1/3) n (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC) of its
z -transform in the z -plane will be
(A) 1 < z < 3 (B) 1 < z < 1
3 3 2
(C) 1 < z < 3 (D) 1 < z
2 3
MCQ 3.2 The unilateral Laplace transform of f (t) is 2 1 . The unilateral Laplace
s +s+1
transform of tf (t) is
(A) 2 s (B) 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1) 2 (s + s + 1)
(C) 2 s (D) 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1) 2
(s + s + 1)
YEAR 2012 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.3 Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where h [n] = (1/2) n u [n]
and g [n] is a causal sequence. If y [0] = 1 and y [1] = 1/2, then g [1] equals
(A) 0 (B) 1/2
(C) 1 (D) 3/2
MCQ 3.4 The Fourier transform of a signal h (t) is H (j) = (2 cos ) (sin 2) / . The
value of h (0) is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2
(C) 1 (D) 2
# x () cos (3) d
t
MCQ 3.5 The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as y (t) =
3
. The system is
(A) time-invariant and stable
(B) stable and not time-invariant
(C) time-invariant and not stable
(D) not time-invariant and not stable
GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

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PAGE 116 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3
YEAR 2011 ONE MARK

3
MCQ 3.6 The Fourier series expansion f (t) = a 0 + / an cos nt + bn sin nt of
n=1
the periodic signal shown below will contain the following nonzero terms
(A) a 0 and bn, n = 1, 3, 5, ...3 (B) a 0 and an, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3
(C) a 0 an and bn, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3 (D) a 0 and an n = 1, 3, 5, ...3
MCQ 3.7 Given two continuous time signals x (t) = et and y (t) = e2t which exist for
t > 0 , the convolution z (t) = x (t) * y (t) is
(A) et e2t (B) e3t
(C) e+t (D) et + e2t
YEAR 2011 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.8 Let the Laplace transform of a function f (t) which exists for t > 0 be F1 (s)
and the Laplace transform of its delayed version f (t ) be F2 (s). Let F1 * (s)
be the complex conjugate of F1 (s) with the Laplace variable set s = + j .
F (s) F1 * (s)
If G (s) = 2 , then the inverse Laplace transform of G (s) is an ideal
F1 (s) 2
(A) impulse (t) (B) delayed impulse (t )
(C) step function u (t) (D) delayed step function u (t )
MCQ 3.9 The response h (t) of a linear time invariant system to an impulse (t), under
initially relaxed condition is h (t) = et + e2t . The response of this system
for a unit step input u (t) is
(A) u (t) + et + e2t (B) (et + e2t) u (t)
(C) (1.5 et 0.5e2t) u (t) (D) et (t) + e2t u (t)
YEAR 2010 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.10 For the system 2/ (s + 1), the approximate time taken for a step response to
reach 98% of the final value is
(A) 1 s (B) 2 s
(C) 4 s (D) 8 s

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CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 117
MCQ 3.11 The period of the signal x (t) = 8 sin `0.8t + j is

4
(A) 0.4 s (B) 0.8 s
(C) 1.25 s (D) 2.5 s
MCQ 3.12 The system represented by the input-output relationship

5t
y (t) = # x () d, t > 0
3
(A) Linear and causal (B) Linear but not causal
(C) Causal but not linear (D) Neither liner nor causal
MCQ 3.13 The second harmonic component of the periodic waveform given in the
figure has an amplitude of
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2/ (D) 5
YEAR 2010 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.14 x (t) is a positive rectangular pulse from t = 1 to t =+ 1 with unit height as
#- 3 X () 2 d " where X () is the Fourier
3
shown in the figure. The value of
transform of x (t)} is.
(A) 2 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 4
MCQ 3.15 Given the finite length input x [n] and the corresponding finite length output
y [n] of an LTI system as shown below, the impulse response h [n] of the
system is

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(A) h [n] = {1, 0, 0, 1} (B) h [n] = {1, 0, 1}

- -
(C) h [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1} (D) h [n] = {1, 1, 1}
- -
Common Data Questions Q.6-7.

Given f (t) and g (t) as show below
MCQ 3.16 g (t) can be expressed as

(A) g (t) = f (2t 3) (B) g (t) = f` t 3j
2
(C) g (t) = f`2t 3 j (D) g (t) = f` t 3 j
2 2 2
MCQ 3.17 The Laplace transform of g (t) is
(A) 1 (e3s e5s) (B) 1 (e - 5s e - 3s)
s s
- 3s
(C) e (1 e - 2s) (D) 1 (e5s e3s)
s s
YEAR 2009 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.18 A Linear Time Invariant system with an impulse response h (t) produces
output y (t) when input x (t) is applied. When the input x (t ) is applied
to a system with impulse response h (t ), the output will be
(A) y () (B) y (2 (t ))
(C) y (t ) (D) y (t 2)
YEAR 2009 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.19 A cascade of three Linear Time Invariant systems is causal and unstable.
From this, we conclude that
(A) each system in the cascade is individually causal and unstable
(B) at least on system is unstable and at least one system is causal
(C) at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable
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(D) the majority are unstable and the majority are causal
MCQ 3.20 The Fourier Series coefficients of a periodic signal x (t) expressed as
/
x (t) = k3=- 3 ak e j2kt/T are given by a- 2 = 2 j1, a 1 = 0.5 + j0.2 , a 0 = j2 ,
a 1 = 0.5 j0.2 , a 2 = 2 + j1 and ak = 0 for k > 2
Which of the following is true ?
(A) x (t) has finite energy because only finitely many coefficients are non-
zero
(B) x (t) has zero average value because it is periodic
(C) The imaginary part of x (t) is constant
(D) The real part of x (t) is even
MCQ 3.21 The z-transform of a signal x [n] is given by 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3

It is applied to a system, with a transfer function H (z) = 3z - 1 2
Let the output be y [n]. Which of the following is true ?
(A) y [n] is non causal with finite support
(B) y [n] is causal with infinite support
(C) y [n] = 0; n > 3
(D) Re [Y (z)] z = e = Re [Y (z)] z = e
ji - ji
Im [Y (z)] z = e = Im [Y (z)] z = e ; # <

ji - ji
YEAR 2008 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.22 The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system is given as
h (t). Now consider the following two statements :
Statement (I): Principle of superposition holds
Statement (II): h (t) = 0 for t < 0
Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Statements (I) is correct and statement (II) is wrong
(B) Statements (II) is correct and statement (I) is wrong
(C) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are wrong
(D) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct
MCQ 3.23 A signal e - t sin (t) is the input to a real Linear Time Invariant system.
Given K and are constants, the output of the system will be of the form
Ke - t sin (vt + ) where
(A) need not be equal to but v equal to
(B) v need not be equal to but equal to
(C) equal to and v equal to
(D) need not be equal to and v need not be equal to

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YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.24 A system with x (t) and output y (t) is defined by the input-output relation :
#- 3x (t) d
- 2t
y (t) =
The system will be
(A) Casual, time-invariant and unstable
(B) Casual, time-invariant and stable
(C) non-casual, time-invariant and unstable
(D) non-casual, time-variant and unstable
A signal x (t) = sinc (t) where is a real constant ^sinc (x) = x h is

sin (x)
MCQ 3.25
the input to a Linear Time Invariant system whose impulse response
h (t) = sinc (t), where is a real constant. If min (, ) denotes the minimum
of and and similarly, max (, ) denotes the maximum of and , and
K is a constant, which one of the following statements is true about the
output of the system ?
(A) It will be of the form Ksinc (t) where = min (, )
(B) It will be of the form Ksinc (t) where = max (, )
(C) It will be of the form Ksinc (t)
(D) It can not be a sinc type of signal
MCQ 3.26 Let x (t) be a periodic signal with time period T , Let y (t) = x (t t0) + x (t + t0)
for some t0 . The Fourier Series coefficients of y (t) are denoted by bk . If bk = 0
for all odd k , then t0 can be equal to
(A) T/8 (B) T/4
(C) T/2 (D) 2T
MCQ 3.27 H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. When a signal x [n] = (1 + j) n
is the input to such a system, the output is zero. Further, the Region of
convergence (ROC) of ^1 12 z - 1h H(z) is the entire Z-plane (except z = 0 ). It
can then be inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of
(A) one pole and one zero
(B) one pole and two zeros
(C) two poles and one zero
D) two poles and two zeros
MCQ 3.28 Given X (z) = z with z > a , the residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a for
(z a) 2
n $ 0 will be
(A) an - 1 (B) an
(C) nan (D) nan - 1

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MCQ 3.29 Let x (t) = rect^t 12 h (where rect (x) = 1 for 12 # x # 12 and zero otherwise.
sin (x)
If sinc (x) = x , then the FTof x (t) + x ( t) will be given by
(A) sinc` j (B) 2 sinc` j
2 2
(C) 2 sinc` j cos ` j (D) sinc` j sin ` j
2 2 2 2
MCQ 3.30 Given a sequence x [n], to generate the sequence y [n] = x [3 4n], which one
of the following procedures would be correct ?
(A) First delay x (n) by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th
sample of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and than finally time reverse z2 [n] to
obtain y [n].
(B) First advance x [n] by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th
sample of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and then finally time reverse z2 [n] to
obtain y [n]
(C) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse v1 [n]
to obtain v2 [n], and finally advance v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
(D) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse
v1 [n] to obtain v2 [n], and finally delay v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
YEAR 2007 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.31 Let a signal a1 sin (1 t + ) be applied to a stable linear time variant system.
Let the corresponding steady state output be represented as a2 F (2 t + 2).
Then which of the following statement is true?
(A) F is not necessarily a Sine or Cosine function but must be periodic
with 1 = 2 .
(B) F must be a Sine or Cosine function with a1 = a2
(C) F must be a Sine function with 1 = 2 and 1 = 2
(D) F must be a Sine or Cosine function with 1 = 2
MCQ 3.32 The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the figure. If this is ideally
sampled at intervals of 1 ms, then the frequency spectrum of the sampled
signal will be

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YEAR 2007 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.33 A signal x (t) is given by

1, T/4 < t # 3T/4
x (t) = * 1, 3T/4 < t # 7T/4
x (t + T)
Which among the following gives the fundamental fourier term of x (t) ?
(A) 4 cos ` t j (B) cos ` t + j
T 4 4 2T 4
(C) 4 sin ` t j (D) sin ` t + j
T 4 4 2T 4
Statement for Linked Answer Question 34 and 35 :
MCQ 3.34 A signal is processed by a causal filter with transfer function G (s)
For a distortion free output signal wave form, G (s) must
(A) provides zero phase shift for all frequency
(B) provides constant phase shift for all frequency

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(C) provides linear phase shift that is proportional to frequency

(D) provides a phase shift that is inversely proportional to frequency
MCQ 3.35 G (z) = z - 1 + z - 3 is a low pass digital filter with a phase characteristics
same as that of the above question if
(A) = (B) =
(C) = (1/3) (D) = (- 1/3)
MCQ 3.36 Consider the discrete-time system shown in the figure where the impulse
response of G (z) is g (0) = 0, g (1) = g (2) = 1, g (3) = g (4) = g = 0
This system is stable for range of values of K

(A) [ 1, 12 ] (B) [ 1, 1]
(C) [ 12 , 1] (D) [ 12 , 2]
MCQ 3.37 If u (t), r (t) denote the unit step and unit ramp functions respectively and
u (t) * r (t) their convolution, then the function u (t + 1) * r (t 2) is given by
(A) 12 (t 1) u (t 1) (B) 12 (t 1) u (t 2)
(C) 1
2 (t 1) 2 u (t 1) (D) None of the above
MCQ 3.38 X (z) = 1 3z - 1, Y (z) = 1 + 2z - 2 are Z transforms of two signals x [n], y [n]
respectively. A linear time invariant system has the impulse response h [n]
defined by these two signals as h [n] = x [n 1] * y [n] where * denotes discrete
time convolution. Then the output of the system for the input [n 1]
(A) has Z-transform z - 1 X (z) Y (z)
(B) equals [n 2] 3 [n 3] + 2 [n 4] 6 [n 5]
(C) has Z-transform 1 3z - 1 + 2z - 2 6z - 3
(D) does not satisfy any of the above three
YEAR 2006 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.39 The following is true

(A) A finite signal is always bounded
(B) A bounded signal always possesses finite energy
(C) A bounded signal is always zero outside the interval [ t0, t0] for some t0
(D) A bounded signal is always finite

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MCQ 3.40 x (t) is a real valued function of a real variable with period T . Its
trigonometric Fourier Series expansion contains no terms of frequency
= 2 (2k) /T; k = 1, 2g Also, no sine terms are present. Then x (t) satisfies
the equation
(A) x (t) = x (t T)
(B) x (t) = x (T t) = x ( t)
(C) x (t) = x (T t) = x (t T/2)
(D) x (t) = x (t T) = x (t T/2)
MCQ 3.41 A discrete real all pass system has a pole at z = 2+30% : it, therefore
(A) also has a pole at 12 +30%
(B) has a constant phase response over the z -plane: arg H (z) = constant
constant
(C) is stable only if it is anti-causal
(D) has a constant phase response over the unit circle: arg H (ei) = constant
YEAR 2006 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.42 x [n] = 0; n < 1, n > 0, x [ 1] = 1, x [0] = 2 is the input and

y [n] = 0; n < 1, n > 2, y [ 1] = 1 = y [1], y [0] = 3, y [2] = 2 is the output
of a discrete-time LTI system. The system impulse response h [n] will be
(A) h [n] = 0; n < 0, n > 2, h [0] = 1, h [1] = h [2] = 1
(B) h [n] = 0; n < 1, n > 1, h [ 1] = 1, h [0] = h [1] = 2
(C) h [n] = 0; n < 0, n > 3, h [0] = 1, h [1] = 2, h [2] = 1
(D) h [n] = 0; n < 2, n > 1, h [ 2] = h [1] = h [ 1] = h [0] = 3
n
MCQ 3.43 The discrete-time signal x [n] /
X (z) = n3= 0 3 z2n , where
2+n
denotes a transform-pair relationship, is orthogonal to the signal
/
n
(A) y1 [n] ) Y1 (z) = n3= 0 ` 2 j z - n
3
(B) y2 [n] ) Y2 (z) = /n3= 0 (5n n) z - (2n + 1)
(C) y3 [n] ) Y3 (z) = /n3=- 3 2 - n z - n
(D) y4 [n] ) Y4 (z) = 2z - 4 + 3z - 2 + 1
MCQ 3.44 A continuous-time system is described by y (t) = e - x (t) , where y (t) is the
output and x (t) is the input. y (t) is bounded
(A) only when x (t) is bounded
(B) only when x (t) is non-negative

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(C) only for t # 0 if x (t) is bounded for t $ 0

(D) even when x (t) is not bounded
#- 3 x (t') dt'
t
MCQ 3.45 The running integration, given by y (t) =
(A) has no finite singularities in its double sided Laplace Transform Y (s)
(B) produces a bounded output for every causal bounded input
(C) produces a bounded output for every anticausal bounded input
(D) has no finite zeroes in its double sided Laplace Transform Y (s)
YEAR 2005 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.46 For the triangular wave from shown in the figure, the RMS value of the
voltage is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 1
6 3
(C) 1 (D) 2
3 3
The Laplace transform of a function f (t) is F (s) = 5s 2+ 23s + 6 as
2
MCQ 3.47
s (s + 2s + 2)
t " 3, f (t) approaches
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 17 (D) 3
2
MCQ 3.48 The Fourier series for the function f (x) = sin2 x is
(A) sin x + sin 2x
(B) 1 cos 2x
(C) sin 2x + cos 2x
(D) 0.5 0.5 cos 2x
MCQ 3.49 If u (t) is the unit step and (t) is the unit impulse function, the inverse z
-transform of F (z) = z +1 1 for k > 0 is
(A) ( 1) k (k) (B) (k) ( 1) k
(C) ( 1) k u (k) (D) u (k) ( 1) k

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YEAR 2004 TWO MARKS
MCQ 3.50 The rms value of the periodic waveform given in figure is
(A) 2 6 A (B) 6 2 A
(C) 4/3 A (D) 1.5 A
MCQ 3.51 The rms value of the resultant current in a wire which carries a dc current
of 10 A and a sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 is
(A) 14.1 A (B) 17.3 A
(C) 22.4 A (D) 30.0 A
YEAR 2002 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.52 Fourier Series for the waveform, f (t) shown in Figure is
(A) 82 8sin (t) + 1 sin (3t) + 1 sin (5t) + .....B

9 25
(B) 82 8sin (t) 1 cos (3t) + 1 sin (5t) + .......B
9 25
(C) 82 8cos (t) + 1 cos (3t) + 1 cos (5t) + .....B
9 25
(D) 82 8cos (t) 1 sin (3t) + 1 sin (5t) + .......B
9 25
MCQ 3.53 Let s (t) be the step response of a linear system with zero initial conditions;
then the response of this system to an an input u (t) is
# #
t t
(A) s (t ) u () d (B) d ; s (t ) u () d E
0 dt 0

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#0 s (t ); #0 u (1) d1Ed #0 [s (t )] 2 u () d
t t 1
(C) (D)
MCQ 3.54 Let Y (s) be the Laplace transformation of the function y (t), then the final
value of the function is
(A) LimY (s) (B) LimY (s)
s"0 s"3
(C) Lim sY (s) (D) Lim sY (s)

s"0 s"3
MCQ 3.55 What is the rms value of the voltage waveform shown in Figure ?
(A) (200/) V (B) (100/) V

(C) 200 V (D) 100 V
YEAR 2001 ONE MARK
MCQ 3.56 Given the relationship between the input u (t) and the output y (t) to be
#0 (2 + t ) e- 3(t - )u () d ,
t
y (t) =
The transfer function Y (s) /U (s) is
(A) 2e
- 2s
(B) s+2
s+3 (s + 3) 2
(C) 2s + 5 (D) 2s + 72
s+3 (s + 3)
Common data Questions Q.57-58*

Consider the voltage waveform v as shown in figure

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MCQ 3.57 The DC component of v is

(A) 0.4 (B) 0.2
(C) 0.8 (D) 0.1
MCQ 3.58 The amplitude of fundamental component of v is

(A) 1.20 V (B) 2.40 V
(C) 2 V (D) 1 V
***********

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SOLUTION
SOL 3.1 Option (C) is correct.

x [n] = b 1 l b 1 l u [n]
n n
3 2
n
= b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1] b 1 l u (n)
n n
3 3 2
Taking z -transform
X 6z @ =
3 3
1 n n
/ b 3 l z u [ n] + / b 3 l z u [ n 1]
1 n n
n = 3 n = 3
3 3 1 3
1 n n
/ b 2 l z u [ n] = / b 13 l z / b3l z / b 12 l z
n n n
1 n n
+ n
n = 3 n=0 n = 3 n=0
3 3 3
/ b 31z l + / b 13 z l / b 21z l
n m n
= Taking m = n
n=0 m=1 n=0
14
42I
4
43 1 44 2
II
44 3 14
42III
4
43
Series I converges if 1 < 1 or z > 1

3z 3
1
Series II converges if z < 1 or z < 3
3
Series III converges if 1 < 1 or z > 1
2z 2
Region of convergence of X (z) will be intersection of above three
So, ROC : 1 < z < 3
2
SOL 3.2 Option (D) is correct.

Using s -domain differentiation property of Laplace transform.
L
If f (t) F (s)
L dF (s)
tf (t)
ds
L [tf (t)] = d ; 2 1 2s + 1
ds s + s + 1E (s2 + s + 1) 2
So, =
SOL 3.3 Option (A) is correct.

Convolution sum is defined as
3
y [n] = h [n] * g [n] = / h [n] g [n k]
k = 3
3
For causal sequence, y [n] = / h [n] g [n k]
k=0
y [n] = h [n] g [n] + h [n] g [n 1] + h [n] g [n 2] + .....

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For n = 0 , y [0] = h [0] g [0] + h [1] g [ 1] + ...........

= h [ 0] g [ 0 ] g [ 1] = g [ 2] = ....0
= h [ 0] g [ 0 ] ...(i)
For n = 1, y [1] = h [1] g [1] + h [1] g [0] + h [1] g [ 1] + ....

= h [ 1] g [ 1 ] + h [ 1 ] g [ 0 ]
h [1] = b 1 l = 1
1
1 = 1 g [1] + 1 g [0]
2 2 2 2 2
1 = g [1] + g [0]
g [1] = 1 g [0]
y [0] 1
From equation (i), g [0] = = =1
h [0] 1
So, g [1] = 1 1 = 0

(2 cos ) (sin 2)
H (j) = = sin 3 + sin

We know that inverse Fourier transform of sin c function is a rectangular
function.
So, inverse Fourier transform of H (j)

h (t) = h1 (t) + h2 (t)
h (0) = h1 (0) + h2 (0) = 1 + 1 = 1
2 2

# x () cos (3) d
t
y (t) =
3

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Time invariance :
Let, x (t) = (t)
# (t) cos (3) d
t
y (t) = = u (t) cos (0) = u (t)
3
For a delayed input (t t 0) output is

# (t t ) cos (3) d
t
y (t, t 0) = 0 = u (t) cos (3t 0)
3
Delayed output
y (t t 0) = u (t t 0)
y (t, t 0) ! y (t t 0)
System is not time invariant.
Stability :
Consider a bounded input x (t) = cos 3t
1 cos 6t = 1
# # # 1dt 12 # cos 6t dt
t t t t
y (t) = cos2 3t =
3 3 2 2 3 3
As t " 3, y (t) " 3 (unbounded)

System is not stable.
3
f (t) = a 0 + / (an cos t + bn sin nt)
n=1
The given function f (t) is an even function, therefore bn = 0
f (t) is a non zero average value function, so it will have a non-zero value
of a 0
a 0 = 1 # f (t) dt (average value of f (t))
T/2
^T/2h 0
an is zero for all even values of n and non zero for odd n
an = 2 # f (t) cos (nt) d (t)
T
T 0
So, Fourier expansion of f (t) will have a 0 and an , n = 1, 3, 5f3

x (t) = et
Laplace transformation
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X (s) = 1
s+1
y (t) = e2t
Y (s) = 1
s+2
Convolution in time domain is equivalent to multiplication in frequency
domain.
z (t) = x (t) ) y (t)

Z (s) = X (s) Y (s) = b 1 lb 1 l
s+1 s+2
By partial fraction and taking inverse Laplace transformation, we get
Z (s) = 1 1
s+1 s+2
z (t) = et e2t

L
f (t) F1 (s)
L
f (t ) es F1 (s) = F2 (s)
F (s) F 1)(s) es F1 (s) F 1)(s)
G (s) = 2 =
F1 (s) 2 F1 (s) 2
esE F1 (s) 2
= "a F1 (s) F 1 (s) = F1 (s)
) 2
F1 (s) 2
= es
Taking inverse Laplace transform
g (t) = L 1 [es] = (t )

h (t) = et + e2t
Laplace transform of h (t) i.e. the transfer function
H (s) = 1 + 1
s+1 s+2
For unit step input
r (t) = (t)
or R (s) = 1
s
Output, Y (s) = R (s) H (s) = 1 : 1 + 1 D
s s+1 s+2
By partial fraction
Y (s) = 3 1 b 1 l 1
2s s + 1 s+2 2
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Taking inverse Laplace

e2t u (t)
y (t) = 3 u (t) et u (t)
2 2
= u (t) 61.5 et 0.5e2t@

System is given as
H (s) = 2
(s + 1)
Step input R (s) = 1
s
(s + 1) l s (s + 1)
b
Output Y (s) = H (s) R (s) = 2 1 =2 2
s
y (t) = (2 2e t) u (t)
Final value of y (t),
yss (t) = lim y (t) = 2
t"3
Let time taken for step response to reach 98% of its final value is ts .
So,
2 2e ts = 2 # 0.98
0.02 = e ts
ts = ln 50 = 3.91 sec.

Period of x (t),
T = 2 = 2 = 2.5 sec
0.8
SOL 3.12 Option (B) is correct.

Input output relationship
#- 3x () d,
5t
y (t) = t>0
Causality :
y (t) depends on x (5t), t > 0 system is non-causal.
For example t = 2
y (2) depends on x (10) (future value of input)
Linearity :
Output is integration of input which is a linear function, so system is linear.

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Fourier series of given function
3
x (t) = A0 + / an cos n0 t + bn sin n0 t
n=1
a x (t) = x (t) odd function
So, A0 = 0
an = 0
#
T
bn = 2 x (t) sin n0 t dt
T 0
T /2
= 2= # #( 1) sin n0 t dt G
T
(1) sin n0 t dt +
T 0 T /2
= 2 =c cos n0 t m c cos n0 t m G
T /2 T
T n0 0 n0 T/2
= 2 6(1 cos n) + (cos 2n cos n)@
n0 T
= 2 61 ( 1) n @
n
4 , n odd
bn = * n
0 , n even
So only odd harmonic will be present in x (t)
For second harmonic component (n = 2) amplitude is zero.

By parsvals theorem
#
1 3 X () 2 d =
#- 3 x2 (t) dt
3
2 - 3
#- 3
3
X () 2 d = 2 # 2 = 4

Given sequences x [n] = {1, 1}, 0 # n # 1
-
y [n] = {1, 0, 0, 0, 1}, 0 # n # 4
-
If impulse response is h [n] then
y [ n] = h [ n] * x [ n]
Length of convolution (y [n]) is 0 to 4, x [n] is of length 0 to 1 so length of
h [n] will be 0 to 3.
Let h [n] = {a, b, c, d}
-
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Convolution
y [n] = {a, a + b, b + c, c + d, d}
-
By comparing
a =1
a + b = 0 & b = a = 1
b + c = 0 & c = b = 1
c + d = 0 & d = c = 1
So, h [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1}
-

We can observe that if we scale f (t) by a factor of 1 and then shift, we will
2
get g (t).
First scale f (t) by a factor of 1
2
g1 (t) = f (t/2)
Shift g1 (t) by 3, g (t) = g1 (t 3) = f` t 3 j

2
g (t) = f` t 3 j
2 2

g (t) can be expressed as
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g (t) = u (t 3) u (t 5)
By shifting property we can write Laplace transform of g (t)
- 3s
G (s) = 1 e - 3s 1 e - 5s = e (1 e - 2s)
s s s

L
Let x (t) X (s)
L
y (t) Y (s)
L
h (t) H (s)
So output of the system is given as
Y (s) = X (s) H (s)
L
Now for input x (t ) e - s X (s) (shifting property)
L s
h (t ) e H (s)
So now output is Y' (s) = e - s X (s) $ e - s H (s)
= e - 2s X (s) H (s) = e - 2s Y (s)
y' (t) = y (t 2)

Let three LTI systems having response H1 (z), H2 (z) and H 3 (z) are
Cascaded as showing below
Assume H1 (z) = z2 + z1 + 1 (non-causal)

H2 (z) = z3 + z2 + 1 (non-causal)
Overall response of the system
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) H3 (z)
H (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) H3 (z)
To make H (z) causal we have to take H3 (z) also causal.
Let H3 (z) = z - 6 + z - 4 + 1
= (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) (z - 6 + z - 4 + 1)
H (z) " causal
Similarly to make H (z) unstable atleast one of the system should be unstable.

Given signal
3
x (t) = /ak e j2kt/T
k =- 3

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Let 0 is the fundamental frequency of signal x (t)

3
x (t) = /ak e jk t 0
a 2 = 0
k =- 3
T
x (t) = a - 2 e - j2 t + a - 1 e - j t + a0 + a1 e j t + a2 e j2 t
0 0 0 0
= (2 j) e - 2j t + (0.5 + 0.2j) e - j t + 2j +
0 0
+ (0.5 0.2) e j t + (2 + j) e j2 t
0 0
= 2 6e - j2 t + e j2 t @ + j 6e j2 t e - j2 t @ +
0 0 0 0
0.5 6e j t + e - j t @ 0.2j 6e+ j t e - j t @ + 2j

0 0 0 0
= 2 (2 cos 20 t) + j (2j sin 20 t) + 0.5 (2 cos 0 t)

0.2j (2j sin 0 t) + 2j
= 6 4 cos 20 t 2 sin 20 t + cos 0 t + 0.4 sin 0 t @ + 2j
Im [x (t)] = 2 (constant)

Z-transform of x [n] is
X (z) = 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3
Transfer function of the system
H (z) = 3z - 1 2
Output
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)
Y (z) = (3z - 1 2) (4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3)
= 12z -4 + 9z -2 + 6z -1 18z + 6z2 8z -3 6z -1 4 + 12z2 4z3
= 12z - 4 8z - 3 + 9z - 2 4 18z + 18z2 4z3
Or sequence y [n] is
y [n] = 12 [n 4] 8 [n 3] + 9 [n 2] 4 [n]
18 [n + 1] + 18 [n + 2] 4 [n + 3]
y [n] =
Y 0, n < 0
So y [n] is non-causal with finite support.

Since the given system is LTI, So principal of Superposition holds due to
linearity.
For causal system h (t) = 0 , t < 0
Both statement are correct.

For an LTI system output is a constant multiplicative of input with same
frequency.
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Here input g (t) = e - t sin (t)

output y (t) = Ke - t sin (vt + )
Output will be in form of Ke - t sin (t + )
So \= , v =

Input-output relation
#- 3x () d
- 2t
y (t) =
Causality :
Since y (t) depends on x ( 2t), So it is non-causal.
Time-variance :
#- 3x ( 0) d =Y y (t 0)
- 2t
y (t) =
So this is time-variant.
Stability :
Output y (t) is unbounded for an bounded input.
For example
Let x () = e - (bounded)
- - 2t
#- 3e- d = 8 e 1 B- 3 $ Unbounded
- 2t
y (t) =

Output y (t) of the given system is
y (t) = x (t) ) h (t)
Or Y (j) = X (j) H (j)
Given that, x (t) = sinc (t) and h (t) = sinc (t)
Fourier transform of x (t) and h (t) are
X (j) = F [x (t)] = rect` j, < <
2
H (j) = F [h (t)] = rect` j, < <
2
Y (j) = rect` j rect` j
2
2 2

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So, Y (j) = K rect ` j

2
Where = min (, )
And y (t) = K sinc (t)

Let ak is the Fourier series coefficient of signal x (t)
Given y (t) = x (t t0) + x (t + t0)
Fourier series coefficient of y (t)
bk = e - jkt ak + e jkt ak
0 0
bk = 2ak cos kt0

bk = 0 (for all odd k )
kt0 = , k " odd
2
k 2 t0 =
T 2
For k = 1, t0 = T
4
SOL 3.27 Option ( ) is correct.

Given that X (z) = z , z >a
(z a) 2
Residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a is
= d (z a) 2 X (z) zn - 1 z = a
dz
= d (z a) 2 z zn - 1
dz (z a) 2 z=a
= d z n
= nz z = a = nan - 1
n-1
dz z = a

Given signal
x (t) = rect `t 1 j
2
1, 1 # t 1 # 1 or 0 # t # 1
So, x (t) = * 2 2 2
0, elsewhere
Similarly
x ( t) = rect` t 1 j
2

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1, 1 # t 1 # 1 or 1 # t # 0
x ( t) = * 2 2 2
0, elsewhere
#- 3 x (t) e- jt dt + #- 3 x ( t) e- jt dt
3 3
F [x (t) + x ( t)] =
#0 (1) e- jt dt + #- 1 (1) e- jt dt
1 0
=
- j t - j t
1 0
= ; e E + ; e E = 1 (1 e - j) + 1 (e j 1)
j 0 j - 1 j j
- j /2 j /2
=e (e j/2 e - j/2) + e (e j/2 e - j/2)
j j
(e j/2 e - j/2) (e - j/2 + e j/2)
=
j
= 2 sin ` j $ 2 cos ` j = 2 cos sinc` j
2 2 2 2

In option (A)
z1 [n] = x [n 3]
z2 [n] = z1 [4n] = x [4n 3]
y [n] = z2 [ n] = x [ 4n 3] =
Y x [3 4n]
In option (B)
z1 [n] = x [n + 3]
z2 [n] = z1 [4n] = x [4n + 3]
y [n] = z2 [ n] = x [ 4n + 3]
In option (C)
v1 [n] = x [4n]
v2 [n] = v1 [ n] = x [ 4n]
y [n] = v2 [n + 3] = x [ 4 (n + 3)] =
Y x [3 4n]
In option (D)
v1 [n] = x [4n]
v2 [n] = v1 [ n] = x [ 4n]
y [n] = v2 [n 3] = x [ 4 (n 3)] =
Y x [3 4n]

The spectrum of sampled signal s (j) contains replicas of U (j) at frequencies
! nfs .
Where n = 0, 1, 2.......
fs = 1 = 1 = 1 kHz
Ts 1 m sec

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For an LTI system input and output have identical wave shape (i.e. frequency
of input-output is same) within a multiplicative constant (i.e. Amplitude
response is constant)
So F must be a sine or cosine wave with 1 = 2

Given signal has the following wave-form

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Function x(t) is periodic with period 2T and given that
x (t) = x (t + T) (Half-wave symmetric)

So we can obtain the fourier series representation of given function.

Output is said to be distortion less if the input and output have identical
wave shapes within a multiplicative constant. A delayed output that retains
input waveform is also considered distortion less.
Thus for distortion less output, input-output relationship is given as
y (t) = Kg (t td )
Taking Fourier transform.
Y () = KG () e - jt = G () H ()
d
H () & transfer function of the system

So, H () = Ke - jt d
Amplitude response H () = K
Phase response, n () = td
For distortion less output, phase response should be proportional to frequency.

G (z) z = e = e j + e 3j
j
for linear phase characteristic = .

System response is given as
G (z)
H (z) =
1 KG (z)
g [n] = [n 1] + [n 2]
G (z) = z - 1 + z - 2
(z - 1 + z - 2)
So H (z) = = 2 z+1
1 K (z + z )
-1 -2
z Kz K
For system to be stable poles should lie inside unit circle.
z #1
z = K! K2 + 4K # 1 K ! K2 + 4K # 2
2
K2 + 4K # 2 K
K2 + 4K # 4 4K + K2
8K # 4
K # 1/2
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Given Convolution is,
h (t) = u (t + 1) ) r (t 2)
Taking Laplace transform on both sides,
H (s) = L [h (t)] = L [u (t + 1)] ) L [r (t 2)]
We know that, L [u (t)] = 1/s
L [u (t + 1)] = es c 12 m (Time-shifting property)
s
and L [r (t)] = 1/s2
L r (t 2) = e - 2s c 12 m (Time-shifting property)
s
So H (s) = ;e ` jE;e - 2s c 12 mE
s 1
s s
H (s) = e - s c 13 m
s
h (t) = 1 (t 1) 2 u (t 1)
2

Impulse response of given LTI system.
h [ n ] = x [ n 1] ) y [ n ]
Taking z -transform on both sides.
Z
H (z) = z - 1 X (z) Y (z) a x [n 1] z - 1 x (z)
We have X (z) = 1 3z - 1 and Y (z) = 1 + 2z - 2
So
H (z) = z - 1 (1 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2)
Output of the system for input u [n] = [n 1] is ,
Z
y (z) = H (z) U (z) U [n] U (z) = z - 1
So
Y (z) = z - 1 (1 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2) z - 1
= z - 2 (1 3z - 1 + 2z - 2 6z - 3) = z - 2 3z - 3 + 2z - 4 6z - 5
Taking inverse z-transform on both sides we have output.
y [n] = [n 2] 3 [n 3] + 2 [n 4] 6 [n 5]

A bounded signal always possesses some finite energy.
t0
E = #- t
0
g (t) 2 dt < 3

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Trigonometric Fourier series is given as
3
x (t) = A0 + /an cos n0 t + bn sin n0 t
n=1
Since there are no sine terms, so bn = 0
T0
bn = 2
T0
#0 x (t) sin n0 t dt
T0 /2
= 2= #0 #T /2 x (t) sin n0 t dt G
T
x () sin n0 d +
T0 0
Where = T t & d = dt
T0 /2
= 2; #T #T /2 x (t) sin n0 t dt E
T
x (T t) sin n0 (T t) ( dt)+
T0 0 0
#T /2 x (T t) sin n` 2T T t j dt ++ #T /2 x (t) sin n0 t dt E

TO T
= 2;
T0 O 0
T0 T0
= 2;
T0
#T /2 x (T t) sin (2n n0) dt+ #T /2 x (t) sin n0 t dt E
0 0
T0 T0
= 2 ;
T0
#T /2 x (T t) sin (n0 t) dt + + #T /2 x (t) sin n0 t dt E
0 0
bn = 0 if x (t) = x (T t)
From half wave symmetry we know that if
x (t) = x`t ! T j
2
Then Fourier series of x (t) contains only odd harmonics.

Z -transform of a discrete all pass system is given as
1
H (z) = z z0 1
)
1 z0 z
It has a pole at z 0 and a zero at 1/z)
0.
Given system has a pole at

( 3 + j)
z = 2+30% = 2 = ( 3 + j)
2

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system is stable if z < 1 and for this it is anti-causal.

According to given data input and output Sequences are
x [n] = { 1, 2}, 1 # n # 0
-
y [n] = { 1, 3, 1, 2}, 1 # n # 2
-
If impulse response of system is h [n] then output
y [n] = h [ n] ) x [n]
Since length of convolution (y [n]) is 1 to 2, x [n] is of length 1 to 0 so
length of h [n] is 0 to 2.
Let h [n] = {a, b, c}
-
Convolution
y [n] = { a, 2a b, 2b c, 2c}
-
y [n] = { 1, 3, 1, 2}
So, -
a=1
2a b = 3 & b = 1
2a c = 1 & c = 1
Impulse response h [n] = "1, 1, 1,
-

Output y (t) = e - x (t)
If x (t) is unbounded, x (t) " 3
y (t) = e - x (t) " 0 (bounded)
So y (t) is bounded even when x (t) is not bounded.

t
Given y (t) = # x (t') dt'
3
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Laplace transform of y (t)

X (s)
Y (s) = , has a singularity at s = 0
s
t
For a causal bounded input, y (t)= # x (t') dt' is always bounded.
3

RMS value is given by
#0
T
Vrms = 1 V2 (t) dt
T
Where
`T j t, 0 # t # 2
2 T
V (t) = *
0, T <t#T
2
T /2
#0 V 2 (t) dt = 1 = #0 #T/2 (0) dt G
T T
2t 2
` T j dt +
So 1
T T
T /2 3 T /2
= 1 $ 42
T T
#0
t2 dt = 43 ; t E
T 3 0
3
= 43 # T = 1
T 24 6
Vrms = 1 V
6

By final value theorem
(5s2 + 23s + 6)
lim f (t) = lim s F (s) = lim s
t"3 s"0 s"0 s (s2 + 2s + 2)
= 6 =3
2

f (x) = sin2 x = 1 cos 2x
2
= 0.5 0.5 cos 2x
3
f (x) = A0 + /an cos n0 x + bn sin n0 x
n=1
f (x) = sin2 x is an even function so bn = 0
A0 = 0.5
0.5, n = 1
an = )
0 , otherwise
0 = 2 = 2 = 2
T0 T
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Z-transform F (z) = 1 = 1 z = 1 1
z+1 z+1 1 + z 1
so, f (k) = (k) ( 1) k
Thus ( 1) k
Z 1
1 + z 1

Root mean square value is given as
1 T I2 (t) dt
Irms =
T 0
#
From the graph, I (t) = * ` T j
12 t, 0 # t < T
2
6, T /2 < t # T
I2 dt = 1 =
T /2
12t 2
#0 #0 #T/2 (6) 2 dt G
T T
` T j dt +
So 1
T T
T /2
= 1 e 144 t3 + 36 6 t @TT/2 o
T T 3 E0
2 ;
T3 + 36 T = 1 [6T + 18T] = 24
T T2 24 m
c ` 2 jE T
= 1 ; 144
Irms = 24 = 2 6 A

Total current in wire
I = 10 + 20 sin t
(20) 2
Irms = (10) 2 + = 17.32 A
2

Fourier series representation is given as
3
f (t) = A0 + /an cos n0 t + bn sin n0 t
n=1
From the wave form we can write fundamental period T = 2 sec
Z 4
]]`T j t, 2 # t # 0
T
f (t) = [
]]` 4 j t, 0 # t # T
T 2
\
f (t) = f ( t), f (t) is an even function
So, bn = 0
A0 = 1
T
f (t) dt #
T

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T /2
= 1= #- T/2 `T4 j tdt + #0 ` T j tdt G
0
4
T
2 0
2 T /2
= 1 e 4 ;t E 4 ;t E o
T T 2 - T /2 T 2 0
2 2
= 1 ; 4 c T m 4 c T mE = 0
T T 8 T 8
an = 2
T
#
f (t) cos n0 t dt
T
= 2= 4 t cos n t + T/2 4 t cos n tdt

# G #
0
T - T /2 T j
` 0
0
` Tj 0
By solving the integration

8 , n is odd
an = * n
2 2
0, n is even
So,
f (t) = 82 8cos t + 1 cos (3t) + 1 cos (5t) + ....B
9 25

Response for any input u (t) is given as
y (t) = u (t) ) h (t) h (t) " impulse response
#- 3 u () h (t ) d
3
y (t) =
Impulse response h (t)and step response s (t) of a system is related as
h (t) = d [s (t)]
dt
# #
3 3
So y (t) = u () d s [t ] d = d u () s (t ) d
-3 dt dt - 3

Final value theorem states that
lim y (t) lim Y (s)
t"3 s"3

Vrms = 1 V2 (t) dt
T0 T
# 0
here T0 =
/3 2 /3
1
T0
#TV2 (t) dt = 1 = #0
0
(100) 2 dt + #/3 ( 100) 2 dt + #2/3 (100) 2 dt G
= 1 810 4 ` j + 10 4 ` j + 10 4 ` jB = 10 4 V
3 3 3

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Vrms = 10 4 = 100 V

Let h (t) is the impulse response of system
y (t) = u (t) ) h (t)
#0 u () h (t ) d
t
y (t) =
#0 (2 + t ) e- 3(t - )u () d
t
=
So h (t) = (t + 2) e - 3t u (t), t > 0

Transfer function
Y (s) 1
H (s) = = + 2
U (s) (s + 3) 2 (s + 3)
(2s + 7)
= 1 + 2s +26 =
(s + 3) (s + 3) 2

Fourier series representation is given as
3
v (t) = A0 + /an cos n0 t + bn sin n0 t
n=1
period of given wave form T = 5 ms
DC component of v is
A0 = 1 v (t) dt
T
#
T
3 5
= 1 > # 1dt + # 1dtH
5 0 3
= 63 5 + 3@ = 1
1
5 5

#
Coefficient, an = 2 v (t) cos n0 t dt
T
T
3 5
= 2 > # (1) cos nwt dt + # ( 1) cos nwt dtH
5 0 3
sin nt sin nt3 5
= 2 f : n D : n D p
5 0 3
Put = 2 = 2
T 5
an = 1 6sin 3n sin 5n + sin 3n@
n

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= 1 ;2 sin b 3n 2 l sin b 5n 2 lE
n 5 5
= 1 ;2 sin b 6n l sin ^2nhE
n 5
= 2 sin b 6n l
n 5
#
Coefficient, bn = 2 v (t) sin n0 t dt
T
T
3 5
= 2 > # (1) sin nwt dt + # ( 1) sin nwt dtH
5 0 3
cos nt cos nt
3 5
= 2 f 9 n C 9 n C p
5 0 3
put = 2 = 2
T 5
bn = 1 6 cos 3n + 1 + cos 5n cos 3n@
n
= 1 6 2 cos 3n + 1 + cos 5n@
n
= 1 ; 2 cos b 3n 2 l + 1 + cos b 5n 2 lE
n 5 5
= 1 ; 2 cos b 6n l + 1 + 1E
n 5
= 2 ;1 cos b 6n lE
n 5
Amplitude of fundamental component of v is
v f = a12 + b12
a1 = 2 sin b 6 l, b1 = 2 b1 cos 6 l
5 5
sin2 6 + b1 cos 6 l
2
vf = 2
5 5
= 1.20 Volt
***********


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CHAPTER 3

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

YEAR 2012 ONE MARK

YEAR 2012 TWO MARKS

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 116 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

YEAR 2011 ONE MARK

(A) a 0 and bn, n = 1, 3, 5, ...3 (B) a 0 and an, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3

(C) a 0 an and bn, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3 (D) a 0 and an n = 1, 3, 5, ...3

YEAR 2011 TWO MARKS

YEAR 2010 ONE MARK

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 117

MCQ 3.11 The period of the signal x (t) = 8 sin `0.8t + j is

MCQ 3.12 The system represented by the input-output relationship

YEAR 2010 TWO MARKS

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PAGE 118 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

(A) h [n] = {1, 0, 0, 1} (B) h [n] = {1, 0, 1}

Common Data Questions Q.6-7.

MCQ 3.16 g (t) can be expressed as

YEAR 2009 ONE MARK

YEAR 2009 TWO MARKS

CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 119

MCQ 3.21 The z-transform of a signal x [n] is given by 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 6z2 + 2z3

Im [Y (z)] z = e = Im [Y (z)] z = e ; # <

YEAR 2008 ONE MARK

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PAGE 120 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS

A signal x (t) = sinc (t) where is a real constant ^sinc (x) = x h is

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CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 121

YEAR 2007 ONE MARK

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PAGE 122 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

YEAR 2007 TWO MARKS

MCQ 3.33 A signal x (t) is given by

Statement for Linked Answer Question 34 and 35 :

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CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 123

(C) provides linear phase shift that is proportional to frequency

This system is stable for range of values of K

YEAR 2006 ONE MARK

MCQ 3.39 The following is true

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PAGE 124 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

YEAR 2006 TWO MARKS

MCQ 3.42 x [n] = 0; n < 1, n > 0, x [ 1] = 1, x [0] = 2 is the input and

(C) y3 [n] ) Y3 (z) = /n3=- 3 2 - n z - n

(D) y4 [n] ) Y4 (z) = 2z - 4 + 3z - 2 + 1

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CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 125

(C) only for t # 0 if x (t) is bounded for t $ 0

YEAR 2005 TWO MARKS

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PAGE 126 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CHAP 3

YEAR 2004 TWO MARKS

YEAR 2002 ONE MARK

(A) 82 8sin (t) + 1 sin (3t) + 1 sin (5t) + .....B

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 3 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS PAGE 127

(C) Lim sY (s) (D) Lim sY (s)

(A) (200/) V (B) (100/) V