CBSE 12th Physics 2017 Guess Paper

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CBSE 12th Physics 2017 Guess Paper

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CBSE 12th Physics 2017 Guess Paper

By 4ono.com
TIME - 3HR. | QUESTIONS - 26
THE MARKS ARE MENTIONED ON EACH QUESTION

_________________________________________________________________________
SECTION A
Q.1. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid,
but not within a straight solenoid. Why? 1 mark
Ans. Since, the magnetic field induction outside the toroid is zero.
Q.2. A plot of magnetic flux () versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two
inductors A and B. Which of the two has larger value of
self-inductance? 1 mark

Ans. Since = LI L = = slope of I graph slope of inductor A = slope of
1
inductor B. Hence the inductor A has larger value of self-inductance.
Q.3. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength () with the
potential (V) through which an electron is accelerated from rest. 1 mark
Ans.
Q.4. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V

battery and a resistance of 38 as shown in the figure. Find the value of the
current in circuit. 1 mark
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Ans. Since, the positive terminal of the batteries are connected together, so the equivalent
emf of the batteries is given by
= 200 -10 = 190v.

Hence, the current in the circuit is given by = .

190
= = 5
38
Q.5. Define electric dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit. 1 mark
Ans. Electric dipole moment: Dipole moment () is a measure of strength of electric dipole.
It is a vector quantity whose magnitude is equal to product of the magnitude of either
charge and the distance between them. Si unit of dipole moment is coulomb-meter
(cm).
SECTION - B
Q.6. How does the resistivity of a conductor depend upon temperature

electrical conductivity? 2 marks
Ans. (i) The resistivity of a conductor increases with increase with increase in
temperature
= 0 [1 + ( 0 )]
(ii) The resistivity of a conductor is the reciprocal of electrical conductivity
1
=


Q.7. In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with
AJ = l. 2 mark
(i) The values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. What would
be the new position of balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balance position,
how will the balance point get affected? 2 mark
Ans. (i) the value of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. Hence the new position
of balance point will 100 .
(ii) = .
From the principle of Wheat Stones Bridge,

=
100
100
= ( )

Hence, the galvanometer and tell are interchanged, the condition for a balance
bridge is still satisfied. Therefore, the galvanometer will not show any deflection.
Q. 8. State Kirchhoff's rules. Explain briefly how these rules are

justified. 2 marks
(a) Kirchhoffs First law:
Ans. Junction rule: The algebraic sum of all the emf meeting at a point in an
electrical circuit is always zero.Let the currents be 1 , 2 , 3 4

Convention: Current towards the junction is always positive, while current

away from the junction is negative
3 + (1 ) + (2 ) + () = 0
Kirchhoffs Second law: Loop rule
In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the emfs is equal to the algebraic sum of the
products of the resistance and current flowing through them.
For closed part BACB, 1 2 = 1 1 + 2 2 3 3
For closed part CADC, 2 = 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5
Demonstration:
Wheatstone Bridge: - The Wheatstone Bridge is an arrangement pf four

resistance as shown in the following figure.
1 , 2 , 3 4 are the four resistances.
Galvanometer(a) has a current flowing through it at

balanced condition = 0
Applying junction rule at B,
2 = 4
Applying junction rule at D,
1 = 3

Applying loop rule to closed loop ADBA,
1 + + 1 2 = 0
1 2
= ()
2 1
Applying loop rule to closed loop CBDC,
1 1 + 1 1 = [3 = 1 , 4 = 2 ]
2 4
= ()
1 3
From Eq. (i) and (ii)
2 4
=
1 3
This is the required balanced condition of wheatstone bridge.
Q.9. Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the
frequency of incident radiation for two different photosensitive materials
having work functions and ( > ). On what factors does the (i)
slope and (ii) intercept of the lines depend? 2 mark
Ans. The graph showing the variation of stopping potential (0 ) with the frequency
of incident radiation (0 ) for two different photosensitive materials having work
functions W1 and W2 (W1 >W2 ) is shown in fig.

V
(i) Slope of the line = =

[ V = h ]
Slope of the line depends on the Plancks constant h and the electronic
charge .
(ii) Intercept of graph A on the potential axis

work function(W) 0
= =

Intercept of the line depends upon Plancks constant h, threshold frequency
(0 ) and the electronic charge (e).
Q.10. Using Rutherfords model of the atom, derive the expression for the total
energy of the electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total
negative energy possessed by the electron? 2 mark
Ans. From Rutherfords model of the atom, the magnitude of this force is
1 2. ()
= .
4 0 2
For hydrogen atom, Let, Centripetal force required to keep a revolving
electron in orbit. Fe-Electrostatic force of attraction between the revolving
electron and the nucleus. Then, for a dynamically stable orbit in hydrogen atom,
where Z = 1
=
2 ()()
= ()
40 2

= ()
40 2

K.E. of electron in the orbit,

1
K = 2 ,
2
Form equation (),
2
K=
80
Potential energy of electron in
()() 2
Orbit, U = =
40 40
Total energy of electron in hydrogen atom
2 2 2
E= k+U = ;E =
80 40 80
Here, negative sign indicates that the revolving electron is bound to the
positive nucleus.
OR
Using Bohrs postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for radius of
nth electron orbit, thus obtaining the expression for Bohrs radius.
Ans. Form de-Broglie hypothesis, wavelength associated with electron

=

=

h
Substituting this value in = ,
2
h
we get, =
2
2 =
. ., circurmference ( = 2) of nth permitted orbit for the electron can
contains exactly wavelength of de-Broglie wavelength associated with
electron in that orbit.
SECTION - C
Q.11. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 15 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a
medium of refractive index 165, (ii) a medium of refractive index 133.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media? 3 marks

Ans. Here,

= 1.5
1 1 1
Let be the focal length of the lens in air, Then, ( 1) ( )
1 2
1 1 1 1
or ( ) = =
1 2 ( 1) (1.51)
1 1 1
Or ( ) = . (i)
1 2
(i) When lens is dipped in medium A

Here, ( = 1.65)
Let be the focal length of the lens, when dipped in medium A. Then,
1 1 1
( 1) ( )
1 2

1 1
=( 1) ( )
1 2
using the equation (i), we have

1 1.5 1 1
=( 1) =
1.65 5.5
As the sign of is opposite to that of the lens will behave as a diverging lens.
(ii) When lens is dipped in medium B:

Here, = 1.33
Let be the focal length of the lens, when dipped in medium B. Then,

1 1 1 1 1
( 1) ( ) = ( 1) ( )
1 2 1 2

Using the equation (i), we have
1 1.5 2 0.34
=( 1) =
1.33 1.33
Or = 3.91
As the sign of is same as that of the lens will behave as a converging lens.
Q.12. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will
result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? 3 marks
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

Ans. (a) For element A
Ground state energy, 1 = 2
Exicted state energy, 2 = 0
Energy of photon emitted, E = 2 1
= 0 (2) = 2
Wavelength of photon emitted,
6.6261034 3108 19.878108

= = =
21.61019 3.2
6.211107 = .
For element B
= 4.5 , 2 = 0
= 0 (4.5) = 4.5
6.6261034 3108
=
4.51.61019
19.878107
= 2.760107 =
7.2

For element C
= 4.5 , 2 = 2
= 2 (4.5) = 2 + 4.5 = 2.5
6.6261034 3108
=
2.51.61019
19.878107
= 4.969107 = .
4
For element D
= 10 , 2 = 2
= 2 (10) = 8
6.6261034 3108
=
81.61019
19.878107
= = 1.552107 = .
12.8
Element B has a proton of wavelength
(b) Element A has radiation of maximum wavelength 621nm
Q.13. An air solenoid of length 0.3m, area of cross section is 1.2 x and
has 2500 turns. Around its central section, a coil of 350 turns is wound.
The solenoid and the coil are electrically insulated from each other.
Calculate the emf induced in the coil if the initial current of 3A in the
solenoid is reversed in 0.25s. 3 marks
Ans. N1 = 2500
N2 = 350
A = 1.2 103 2
l = 0.3m.
dl = 3-(-3)
= 3+3 = 6A
dt = 0.25s
Since Mutual inductance,

0 1 2 4107 25003501.2103
= =
0.3
43.141.05104
= = 43.96104 = 4.39103 H
0.3
dI
Induced |E| = M
dt
4.39103 6
= = 105.36103 = 0.10536 V.
0.25
Q.14. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its

magnifying power write the expression for it. Write two important
limitations of a refracting telescope over reflecting type
telescope. 3 marks
Ans. Refracting telescope:
Magnifying power- The magnifying power is in the ratio of the angle

subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle
which the object subtends at the lens or the eye.
0 0
. =

Limitations of refracting telescope over the reflecting type telescope
(i) Refracting telescope suffers from chromatic aberration as it uses large sized
lenses.
(ii) The requirements of big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore difficult to
make and support by their edges.
Q.15. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closet

approach to the nucleus of = , when an -particle of 8 MeV energy
impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its
direction. How will the distance of closet approach be affected when the
kinetic energy of the -particle is doubled? 3 marks
Ans. Z=80, KE=8MeV.
2 1
Potential energy = = 1 02
0 2

2 9 109 80 (1.6 1019 )2

0 = =
2 02 8 1.6 1013
( )
2
[ 1 = 1.61013 ]
18 18 109 1.6 1010
= = 128.8
8 106
1
Since 0

So, when kinetic energy is doubled the distance of closet to halved.

If, the kinetic energy is doubled the distance of - particles is halved.
OR
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. If an electron makes a
transition form an energy level -0.85 eV to -3.4eV, calculate the wavelength of the
spectral line emitted. To which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength
belong?
13.6
Ans. = . Here ground state energy for = 1, 1 = 13.6
2
Now electron transits form = 0.85 = 3.4
13.6
0.85 =
2
13.6
2 = = 16
0.85
Thus,
= 4
Again, 3.4 = 13.6/2

13.6
2 = =4
3.4
= 2
Thus electron makes transition from n = 4 to n = 2. Hence, it is blamer series.
Now
= 1.0974 107
1 1 1
= ( 2 2)
2
1
= 1.0974 107

1 1 1.09107 12 1
( 2 2) =
2 4 416 2

1
= 0.2057 107

= 4.861 107
= 4861
intensity of light after passing through second polarizer 2 is given by = 0 2 .
Q.16. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90cm apart. Determine the
focal length and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on
the screen, twice the size of the object. 3 marks
Ans.

m= 2 = = 2 . . ()

Putting the value of v in (i), we get
90
u + 2u = 90 = = 30
30
= 230 = 60
Using lens formula, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
= =
60 30
1 1 1 1 1+2 3
= + = =
60 30 60 60
60
= = 20 cm.
3
Q. 17. (a) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in
a double slit experiment?
(b) Two wavelength of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn, to
study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture .The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5.m. Calculate the separation
between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained
in the two cases. 3marks

Ans.(a). If the width of each slit is comparable to the wavelength of light used, the
interference pattern thus obtained in the double-slit experiment is modified by
diffraction from each of two slits.
(b). Given that: Wavelength of the light beam
1 = 590 = 5.9107
Wavelength of another light beam,
2 = 596 = 5.96107
Distance of the slits from the screen = D = 1.5m

Distance of the two slits = a = 2104
For the first secondary maxima
31 1
sin = =
2
OR
31 32
1 = 1 =
2 2
Spacing between the positions of first secondary maxima of two sodium lines
3
1 2 = ( 2 ) = 6.75 105 .
2 1
Q.18. (a) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound
microscope. Hence obtain expression for total magnification when the image
is formed at infinity. 3 marks
Ans. (a)

(b) Magnifying power: The linear magnification (0 ) due to the objective is

0 = = ()

Also tan = =
0

= . . (ii)
0
From (i) and (ii) we have

0 = ()
0
Where h is the size of the first image, the object size being h and 0 being the focal length of
the objective and L be the distance between the second focal point of the objective and first
focal point of the eye piece (focal length ) is called the tube length of compound
microscope.
When the final image is formed at the near point, then the angular magnification ( ) of the
eye piece is

= (1 + ) . ()

Total magnification of compound microscope is
= 0 .
1
= + (1 + )
0
OR
(a) State Huygenss principle. Using this principle draw a diagram to show how a
plane wave front incident at the interface of the two media gets refracted when it
propagates from a rarer to a denser medium. Hence verify Snells law of
refraction.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain
the following, giving reasons: (i) Is the frequency of reflected and reflected light
same as the frequency of incident light? (ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a
reduction in the energy carried by light wave?
Ans.(a) Huygenss Principle: It is based on the assumptions:

(i) Each point on the primary wave front acts as a source of secondary wavelets,
sending out disturbance in all directions in a similar manner as the original
source of light does.
(ii) The new position of the wave front at any instant is the envelope of the
secondary wavelets at that instant
Refraction on the basis of wave theory:
(i) Consider any point Q on the incident wave front.

(ii) Suppose when disturbance from point P on incident wave front reaches point
p on the refracting surface XY.
(iii) Since, PA represents the refracted wave front, the time taken by light to
travel from a point on incident wave front to the corresponding point on
refracted wave front should always be the same. Now, time taken by light to
go from Q to Q will be

= + . . ()

In right angled , < =
= sin ---(ii)
in right- =angled , < = = sin . ---(iii)
Substituting (ii) and (iii) in equation (i)

We get
sin sin
= +

or,
sin ( ) sin
= + (KP = AP AK)


or,
sin sin
= sin + ( ) . ()

The rays from different point on the incident wave front will take the same time to reach the
corresponding points on the refracted wave from i.e., t given by equation
(iv) is independent of AK. It will happen so,
If
sin sin
=0

sin sin
= ==
sin sin
This is the Snells law for refraction of light.
(b)(i). The frequency of refracted light remains same as the frequency of incident light
frequency only depends on the source of light.
(ii) Since, the frequency remains same, hence there is no reduction in energy.
Q.19. State the law of radioactive decay. Plot a graph showing the number (N) of
undecided nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given radioactive sample having
half life . Depict in the plot the number of undecided nuclei at (i) t = 3 and
(ii) t = 5 . 3 mark
Ans. Radioactive decay Law: The number of atoms disintegrated per second at any
instant is directly Proportional to the number of radioactive atoms actually
present at that time. The following graph showing the number (N) of Undecided
nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given radioactive sample having half-life.
And undecided nuclei at (i) t = 2 1/2 (ii) t = 4 1/2 included also,

Q.20. Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right
angled prism 'abc' at face 'ab'. The refractive indices of the material of
the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47
respectively. Out of the three which color ray will emerge out of face 'ac'
? Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing
through face 'ab'. 3 marks
Ans. The red light ray (R) will emerge out of face ac. The path of green (G) and blue
(B) light rays will be as,
Q.21. (a) Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of
light? Give reasons.
(b) write the basis features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on

which Einsteins photoelectric equation is based. 3 marks

Ans. (a) Wave nature of radiation cannot explain the following:
(i) The instantaneous ejection of photoelectrons.

(ii) The existence of threshold frequency for a metal surface
(iii) The fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the intensity of
light and depends upon its frequency.
Thus, the photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave
nature of light.
(b) Photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einsteins photoelectric

equation is based on particle nature of light. Its basic features are:
(i) In interaction with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called

photons.

(ii) Each photon has energy E = hv and momentum =
and speed C, the speed of
light.
(iii) All photons of light a particular frequency v, or wavelength have the same energy

= = and momentum = = whatever the intensity of radiation may be.

(iv) By increasing the intensity of light of given wavelength, there is only an increase in
the number of photons per second crossing a given area, with each photon having the
same energy. Thus photon energy is independent of intensity of radiation.
Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic
fields.
Q.22. You are given three lenses , and each of focal length 20 cm. An object is
kept at 40 cm in front of , as shown. The final real image is formed at the
focus I of . Find the separations between , . 3 marks

Ans.
1 1 1
=
1 1
1 1 1
= +
1 1 1
1 1 127
+ =
20 40 40
1
40
1 = 40.
Here, image by 3 is formed at focus. So the object should lie at infinity for 3 . Hence. 2
will produce image at infinity. So we can conclude that object for 2 should be at its focus.
But, we have seen above that image by 1 is formed at 40 right of 1 which is at 20 cm left of
2 focus of 2 .
So 1 = distance between 1 and 2 = (40 + 20) cm = 60 cm
Again distance between 2 and 3 does not matter as the image by 2 is formed at infinity so
2 can take any value.
SECTION - D
Q.23. With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave
mirror. 4 marks
Ans. Mirror Formula for Concave Mirror:
Let, AB be the length of an object placed beyond C in front of a concave mirror. The
image AB is real, inverted and between C and F.
Applying sign conventions, we have

Object distance PB =
image distance PB =
focal length PF =
and radius of curvature PC = 2
In similar s ABC and ABF

= ()


and similar s RSF and ABF

=

= ()

From eq. (i) and (ii), we have

=

Since, the aperture of the concave mirror is small so the point S and P coincides.
+ 2
=
2 + +
2 + 2 2 = 2 2
= +
Dividing both side by , we get

= +

1 1 1
= +


SECTION E
Q.24. (a) for a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index

to a rarer medium of refractive index , prove that = sin ,

where is the critical angle of incidence for the media.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram. how the above principle is used
for transmission of video signals using optical fibers? 5 marks
Ans.(a) Relation between refractive index and critical angle: Let O be a point object
in the denser medium of refractive index (1 ). A ray incident along OA1
deviates away from normal and is refracted along A1 B1 in the rarer medium
of refractive index (2 ). It increases with increase in the angle of incidence:
For particular value of i = C, the critical angle, the incident ray OA2 is
refracted at < r = 90 and goes along A2 B2 .
Applying Snells Law at A2
n1 ic = n2 sin 900 n1 ic = n2 1
n2 n2
ic = = ic
n1 n1
(b) Optical Fiber: Optical fiber make use the phenomenon of total internal
reflection. Optical fibers consist of many long high quality
composite glass or quartz fibers. Each fiber consists of a
core and cladding. The refractive index of the material of
the core is higher than that of the cladding.

Propagation of light through an optical fiber: When light is incident at one end of the
fiber at a small angle, it suffers several total internal reflection at the glass boundary
because the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. The intensity of the
out coming beam is almost equal to that of the incident beam.
OR
(a) What is plane polarized light? Two polaroids are placed at to each other
and the transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is
placed between these two bisecting the angle between them? how will the
intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotting the polaroid?
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted. Through a

polaroid which is rotated, does it mean that the light is un polarized? explain
briefly.
Ans.(a) Plane polarized light: When polarized, light is passed through a tourmaline
crystal cut with its face parallel to its crystallographic axis AB. Only those
vibrations of light pass through the crystal, which are parallel to AB, all other
vibrations are absorbed. The emerged light from the Crystal is said to be
plane polarized light. If E is the amplitude of electric field component
emanating-from 1st polaroid, then from 2nd polaroid at 45 .The amplitude of
1 E
electric field component is E1 = E cos 45 = E
2 2
Again amplitude of electric field component coming from 3rd polaroid at 45 to 2nd
polaroid would be
E 1 E
E2 = E1 cos 45 = . =
2 2 2
= Half of E
As Intensity E 2
1
Intensity transmitted from three polaroids will be 4th of the intensity
transmitted from the first polaroid.
(b) No, The light which is made up of electric field components Ex, Ey with 90
phase difference but equal amplitudes. The tip of electric vector executes
uniform circular motion at the frequency of the light itself.
When such light is passed through a polaroid, which is rotated, the
transmitted average intensity remains constant.

Q.25. An a.c. source generating a voltage = is connected capacitor

of capacitance C. find the expression for the current, i , through it. Plot a
graph of v and i versus t to show that the current is / ahead of the
voltage. A resistor of 200 and a capacitor of . Fare connected in
series to a 220 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Calculate the current in the circuit
and the rms voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. Is the
algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? if yes,
resolve the paradox. 5 marks
Ans. A.C source containing capacitor: Let a source of alternating . = sin

be connected to a capacitor of capacitance C only
= sin ()
At every instant, the potential V is given by

=

sin = = sin .

If I is instantaneous value of current in the circuit at instant t, then

= = ( sin )

1

= (cos ). = sin ( + )
1 2

The current will be maximum. When (sin + 2 ) = 1

= 1 1 = 1

= sin ( + )
2

Therefore, alternating current I lead the alternating voltage by a phase angle of 2 .
Numerical: Here R = 200
= 15.0 = 15 106 , = 220 ,
= 50

=?
1 1
= =
2
1
=
22
2 7 50 15 106
7 106
=
33000
= 212.12 212
= 2 + 2 = (200)2 + (212)2
= 40000 + 44944
= 84944
= 291.45
220
= =
291.45
= 0.75
= = 0.75200
= 125
= .
= 0.75 212 = 159
+ = 150 + 159 = 309
+ >
This is because these voltages are not in same phase and they cannot be added like ordinary
numbers.
= 2 + 2
= (150)2 + (159)2
= 47781
= 218.18 .

Q.26. State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

Figure shows a rectangular conductor PORS in which the conductor PQ
is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane
of the paper. The field extends from x=0 to x=b and is zero for x>b.
Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r, when the arm PQ
is pulled outward from x=0 with constant speed v, absinthe expressions
for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch the variations of these
quantities with distance 0 x 2b. 5 marks
Ans. Part I: Faradays law of induction: It states that the emf induced in a coil of N
turns is directly related to the rate of
change of flux through it.

=

Where is the flux linked with one turn of the coil? If the circuit is closed, a

current I = is set up in it.
Part II: refer to following fig (a). the arm PQ of the rectangular conductor is
moved from x = 0, outwards. The uniform magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane and extends from x = 0 to x = b and zero
the situation when the arm PQ possesses substantial resistance r.
Consider the situation when the arm PQ is pulled outwards from x = 0
to x = 2b, and is then moved back to x = 0 with constant speed v.
obtain expressions for the flux, the induced emf, the force necessary
to pull the arm and the power dissipated as joule heat. Sketch the
variation of these quantities with distance.

Let us first consider the forward motion from = 0 to x = 2b the flux linked with
the circuit SPQR is
= 0<
= Blb b < 2
The induced emf is,

= = ; 0 < = 0 ; < 2

When the induced emf is non-zero, the current I is (in magnitude)

I=

The force required to keep the arm PQ in constant motion is IlB. Its direction is to the
left. In magnitude
22
F= = 0 ; 0 < = 0 ; < 2

The joule heating loss is
= I2
22 2
= 0<

=0 b<2

OR
Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working

principle. Deduce the expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of
the number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio
related to the currents in the two coils?
How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of

electrical energy over long distances?
Ans. Step up transformer: principle: It is a device which converts low voltage.
A.C. into high voltage A. C. It is based upon
the principle of mutual induction. When
alternating current passed through a coil, an
induced e. m. f. is set up in the neighboring
coil.
Construction: A transformer consists of two coils of many turns of insulated

copper wire wound on a closed laminated iron core. One of the
coils known as primary (p) is connected to A.C. supply. The
other coil known as secondary (s) is connected to the load.
Working: When an alternating current is passed through the primary, the

magnetic flux through the iron core changes which does two things.
It produces e. m. f in the primary and an induced e. m. f is also set
up in the secondary, if we assume that the resistance of primary is
negligible, the back e. m. f will be equal to the voltage applied to
the primary.

=

and =

Where and are number of terms in the primary and secondary respectively. V
and V are their respective voltages.
N
=
N

N
This ratio called the turms ratio.
N
In a step up transformer: N > N
So s > V
In a step down transformer: N < N
So, V > V
Large scale transmission: The large scale transmission and distribution of

electrical energy over long distances is done with
the use of transformers. The voltage output of
the generator is stepped-upso that reduced
and power loss I2 R is cut down. It is then
transmitted over long distances to an area sub-
station near the consumers. There the voltage is
stepped down. It is further stepped down. It is
further stepped down at distributing sub-stations
and utility poles before a power supply of 240 V
reaches our homes.

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THE MARKS ARE MENTIONED ON EACH QUESTION

Q.4. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V

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= 200 -10 = 190v.

Q.6. How does the resistivity of a conductor depend upon temperature

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From the principle of Wheat Stones Bridge,

Q. 8. State Kirchhoff's rules. Explain briefly how these rules are

(a) Kirchhoffs First law:

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Convention: Current towards the junction is always positive, while current

For closed part BACB, 1 2 = 1 1 + 2 2 3 3

For closed part CADC, 2 = 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5

Wheatstone Bridge: - The Wheatstone Bridge is an arrangement pf four

1 , 2 , 3 4 are the four resistances.

Galvanometer(a) has a current flowing through it at

Applying junction rule at B,

Applying junction rule at D,

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Applying loop rule to closed loop ADBA,

Applying loop rule to closed loop CBDC,

From Eq. (i) and (ii)

This is the required balanced condition of wheatstone bridge.

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(ii) Intercept of graph A on the potential axis

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K.E. of electron in the orbit,

(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?

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(i) When lens is dipped in medium A

using the equation (i), we have

(ii) When lens is dipped in medium B:

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Using the equation (i), we have

(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

Ground state energy, 1 = 2

Exicted state energy, 2 = 0

Energy of photon emitted, E = 2 1

Wavelength of photon emitted,

6.6261034 3108 19.878108

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= 2 (4.5) = 2 + 4.5 = 2.5

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Q.14. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its

Ans. Refracting telescope:

Magnifying power- The magnifying power is in the ratio of the angle

Q.15. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closet

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2 9 109 80 (1.6 1019 )2

So, when kinetic energy is doubled the distance of closet to halved.

Again, 3.4 = 13.6/2

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(b). Given that: Wavelength of the light beam

Distance of the slits from the screen = D = 1.5m

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(b) Magnifying power: The linear magnification (0 ) due to the objective is

Total magnification of compound microscope is

Ans.(a) Huygenss Principle: It is based on the assumptions: