Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
wfhof my mj w fhu mj w
k t y
~dhj wkwit st
kr kr brft
% rhW st kr
t KilnfhR rhW t gir
bghJthf gagLjgL aif wfho k itl C jahf
MF. J r UJ jahfgLwJ. rika nrhlh jahf
t k jh fhufiur bjhLnghJ ywkhf cz kW Fghdf Ritia Tl
khWwJ.
fhuf t k jhis y wkhf khW.
y k jhis my bjhLnghJ tghf
khWwJ.
fhuf iAuhirL maia bfhlit.
kr xU aif wfho
fhuf, Milf goJs fiw kW vbz
Rfis mfw gagLwJ.
kj cl cs brf (DNA) o M ngh
my csJ. it brf brafis
fjf my nt bghUf mur vW
miHfgLwJ.
fLgLJwJ.
ujf cl flikigF cjwJ. uj mndh
cy mf tik f my ~Snuh r my
myf csJ. MF (HFSO3).
c bga gaghL
kj clYF
fha ghng
fha yhnl
kj cl uhf af
bgu rng
nrhoa FnshiuL
L gaghL
nrhoa FnshiuL czit bflhk ghJfhf kW Ritia Tl
nrhoa ig fhgnd Fghd kW buho
nuwgl bghlha mYa rng. jiu ikgLj
bjhrhiy gaghL
nrhoa fhgnd ryit nrhlh jahf
nghuh (Boron) B
fhg (Carbon) C
~q (Fluorine) F
ah (Neon) Ne
fh (Silicon) Si
Mfh (Argon) Ar
Mr (Arsenic) As
Fnsh (Chlorine) Cl
Fnuha (Chromium) Cr
fha (Calcium) Ca
fha (Cadmium) Cd
bka (Magnesium) Mg
khfR (Manganese) Mn
FSnfh e mwhl
C6H12O6
cz Ka
iAnuh Fnsh my gF twJ.
HCl nrhoa
rhjhuz nrhoa , iw
kW
r my c FnshiuL nghwit
H2SO4 Fnsh
bflhk
ie my ghJfhf
HNO3
gagLwJ
nrhoa iAuhi[L NaOH f,
fhg,
lhf,
bghlha iAuhi[L iAu#
KOH rfiu Rnuh gHrhWf
kW
jahf
bghlha FnuhikL M#
K2CrO4 gagLwJ
aizF
fha fhgnd CaCo3
nrhoa, rhjdf,
buho nrhoa ig iAu#, ng l
bghlha fhgnd KCo3
nrhlh fhgnd fhg kW jah nf,
M# buho ja
bka fhgnd MgCo3
gagLwJ
fha Mi[L CaO nrh
nrhoa, ikahah
iAu# bguhi[L H2O2 ryit nrhoa
fhg kW f fod iu
nrhlh fhgnd
M# bkuhf
nj CH4 gagLwJ
<nj C2H6 ryit
bjhY,
nrhoa FnshiuL NaCl fha,
fha U
ryit M#
M ehahf,
uh# uhtf xU gF HCl + _W gF HNO3 kW
FnshiuL Fo
Fnsh
bghlha FnuhikL RfY
K2Cr2O7
gagLwJ
bghlha bgkhfnd KMnO4 bk kW
Rl fha
fha fzho
r c CaSo42H2O Rzh kW
MirL jah
M#
gagLwJ
vr c MgSo47H2O
fha Rtf
k Jj CuSo45H2O a fha iAu# btis
Rzh iAuhi kW mogjF
sh M gh CaSo4H2O rL M# gagLwJ
fha, Rzfo
mo my CH3COOH Rzh fha
fhg kW jahf
f fhgnd
M# gagLwJ
f il Mi[L SiO2
xU nrk cUthF nghJ btgij btLjnyh nuf jJtPh blkhoa gUbghUf
myJ cRjnyh fwJ mQfshyhdit vd Tdh.
ghiw, jhJf nghw cuw _yfUJ bgwgL nuf bkh mQ vw brhYF cilf
nrkf fk nrkf MF. rhW: Rzfo, Koahjit vgJ bghUshF.
gF, rika nrhlh nghwit. bghUik mah (ytha 1774) : aa
jhtuf, yFf nghw cUs _yfUJ myJ nta khw _y iwia cUthfnth
bgwgL nrkf fk nrkf MF. rhW: uj, myJ mfnth KoahJ.
bkGF, vbz, rfiu nghwit. khwhj (bus 1779) : xU a nt nrk,
xU jk iza Toa wnd izw MF. vKiw jahfglhY m cs jkf xU
Fl khwh iw j jh ToUF
mQ mik lhl mQ bfhif : #h lhl (1803-1807)
-10
mQf cUt f ait. mit10 m (1A) mjKs mQ bfhifid ga va
FLnth. fUJfis RUfkhf btlh.
2
Mgh Jff vgit A&a maf He . xj mQv kig ntWgl iw v
xU Mgh Jf iw, X vyuh iwiangh kfis bfhl xnu jk mQf
8000 klF mf. Inrhnlhf vW miHfgLwd.
Mgh Jff irntf VwFiwa 2 x 107 /beho.
jk Inrhnlh FpL
UjnghL ``mQfU aa jij vd
miHfglh. mQ mik Muhfhf 1908M iAu# nuhoa 1H
1
vif (mQ v)
nuh jk uL tifahdInrhnlhfis
uhf Rikaw Jff, mjhtJ eLiyahd bgWsJ. nuh - 79 (49.7%) , nuh- 81 (50.3%)
Jff
ujnrhif neh ir, U-59 Inrhnlh
iAu# mQit ju, Vida mQf cfU gagLwJ.
uhf l bgWsd.
KfGJfHiy neh irF, mnaho-131
xU uh iw, VwFiwa xU nuhlh Inrhnlh gagLjgLwJ.
iwF rk.
nfhgh-60 Inrhnlh, Wneh ir
uhf vif ntWgL xnu jk gagLwJ.
mQf, Inrhnlhf vdgL
f kUjt ghgu-32 Inrhnlh gagLwJ.
uhD mQ gF bghUshfnt fUjgLwJ.
fhg -11 Inrhnlh _is Ezh irF
nuhlhf : it neRik cila Jff. it gagLwJ.
xU mQ cfUD csd.
v ndw cs vyuhf Fl
vyuhf : it vRik cila Jff. tlghijf cfUit R tUwd. it
Jff cfUit tlghijf R tUwd. MLf vwiHfgLwd.
uhf : it eLiyahd, Rikaw Jff. _whtJ tlghij KGikahf u Kdnu
Jff cfUD csd. ehfhtJ tlghij vyuhf ug
X mQ nendw bgw nuhlhfS, v bjhlFwJ. J Fthl vf
ndw bgw vyuhfS csd vwiHfgLwJ.
X mQ mQ viz, cfU cs X mQ bttlghij lbgWs
nuhlhf vif (myJ) cfUit R vyuhf nt izf gF twJ. j
tUw vyuhf vif vd tiuaWfyh. vyuhf izw vyuhf vdgL.
X mQ iw mj cfU iwia bghWnj a mQ (mQ v = 3)
mikwJ vyuh g
iw v( A ) = nuhlhf vif + uhf (n =1 ) K M = 2 vyuhf
vif (n =2) L M = 1 (jKs vyuh)
xU Fpo nk cs v, iw viz cs bttlghij L MF.
v mQ viz FLwd. bttl vyuhf vif = 1 vdnt, a
ieu# jk mQv 7, iw v 14 v iw mQ izw = 1 MF
1
viz mQ viz 7N 4 vd Flyh.
vil Fiwthd mQf cfU iyjikF, ntrkghL
xU nuhlhDF xU uh vw j nghJkhdJ. xU jkUJ kbwhU jkF vyuhf
vil mfkhd, fdkhd mQf cfU gkhwgLtjh, ndw bgw maf
iyjikF, nuhlhf vifia cUthwd.
bghWJ mf vif uh j
+
nrhoa ma (Na ) xU XuQ ne ma mF.
mikwJ. vdnt xU cfU iyjikF
uh-nuhlh jnk mogil fhuzkhf -
qiuL ma (F ) xU XuQ v ma MF.
mikwJ.
ntizf
bjhlJ xGyh iy aF TkJf
afnk bus af.
1916, .v. iz w vyuh
bfhifid btl. jF vk vW bga.
th k nrhlh
th th a - M# thfyit(Mfl _Fj gagLwJ)