installation instruction

Wrtsil Finland Oy Power Plants

Doc. id: WDAAA116720 b
Date: 04-Mar-2005
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Status: APPROVED
Made/Approved: JKA007 / UHO002
Project: WFI-P Standardisation, IN024
Name: 01 Conversion tables
Subject: Power Plant installation instructions

Table of Contents
1. CONVERSION TABLES .......................................................................................2
1.1 General information.............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Mass ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Length .................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Volume (dry) .......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Capacity (liquid) .................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Area ...................................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Density ................................................................................................................. 13
1.8 Pressure............................................................................................................... 14
1.9 Force (weight) ..................................................................................................... 15
1.10 Velocity (speed) .................................................................................................. 16
1.11 Power ................................................................................................................... 17
1.12 Temperature ........................................................................................................ 18
1.13 Energy (work) ...................................................................................................... 19
1.14 Efficiency ............................................................................................................. 20
1.15 Net heating value of fuel .................................................................................... 21
1.16 Specific fuel consumption ................................................................................. 22
1.17 Screens-mesh, aperture sizes and micron ratings.......................................... 23
1.17.1Example 1. Calculation of Mesh size................................................................................. 23
1.17.2Example 2. Calculation of aperture size............................................................................. 24
1.17.3Example 3. Calculation of open area ................................................................................. 24
Figure:Mesh chart, these values are taken from table 43 and 44 (1) ................................. 26
1.18 Solid material property....................................................................................... 28
1.19 Thread table......................................................................................................... 29
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1. CONVERSION TABLES

1.1 General information

The conversion table consists of conversions from the SI-standard to UK- and US
standards and vice versa. There is a formula for every conversion that can be used
for accurate calculations.

1.2 Mass
kg Oz (av) lb (av) st cwt (UK) cwt (US) ton (UK) ton (US)
1 35,273 2,203 0,157 0,020 0,022 0,001 0,001
25 881,825 55,075 3,925 0,493 0,550 0,025 0,028
50 1763,650 110,150 7,850 0,985 1,100 0,049 0,055
100 3527,300 220,300 15,700 1,970 2,200 0,098 0,110
250 8818,250 550,750 39,250 4,925 5,500 0,246 0,275
500 17636,500 1101,500 78,500 9,850 11,000 0,492 0,550
750 26454,750 1652,250 117,750 14,775 16,500 0,738 0,825
1000 35273,000 2203,000 157,000 19,700 22,000 0,984 1,100
Table: Metric to imperial conversion of mass units (1)

Formulas:
Kilogram to ounce oz = kg 35.273
Kilogram to pound lb = kg 2.203
Kilogram to stone st = kg 0.157
Kilogram to hundredweight cwt (UK) = kg 0.0197
Kilogram to hundredweight cwt (US) = kg 0.0220
Kilogram to ton ton (UK) = kg 0.000984
Kilogram to ton ton (US) = kg 0.00110
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oz kg lb kg st kg cw kg
t (UK)
1 0,028 1 0,454 1 6,350 1 50,802
25 0,708 25 11,350 25 158,750 25 1270,050
50 1,415 50 22,700 50 317,500 50 2540,100
100 2,830 100 45,400 100 635,000 100 5080,200
250 7,075 250 113,500 250 1587,500 250 12700,500
500 14,150 500 227,000 500 3175,000 500 25401,000
750 21,225 750 340,500 750 4762,500 750 38101,500
1000 28,300 1000 454,000 1000 6350,000 1000 50802,000

cw kg ton kg ton kg
t (US) (UK) (US)
1 45,359 1 1016,047 1 907,185
25 1133,975 25 25401,175 25 22679,625
50 2267,950 50 50802,350 50 45359,250
100 4535,900 100 101604,700 100 90718,500
250 11339,750 250 254011,750 250 226796,250
500 22679,500 500 508023,500 500 453592,500
750 34019,250 750 762035,250 750 680388,750
1000 45359,000 1000 1016047,000 1000 907185,000

Table: Imperial to metric conversion of mass units (2)

Formulas:
Ounce to kilogram kg = oz 0.0283
Pound to kilogram kg = lb 0.454
Stone to kilogram kg = st 6.350
Hundredweight to kilogram kg = cwt (UK) 50.802
Hundredweight to kilogram kg = cwt (US) 45.359
Ton to kilogram kg = ton (UK) 1016.047
Ton to kilogram kg = ton (US) 907.185
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1.3 Length

m mils mm in cm in
1 0,0394 1 0,0394 1 0,394
2,5 0,0985 2,5 0,0985 2,5 0,985
5 0,197 5 0,197 5 1,97
10 0,394 10 0,394 10 3,94
25 0,985 25 0,985 25 9,85
50 1,97 50 1,97 50 19,7
75 2,955 75 2,955 75 29,55
100 3,94 100 3,94 100 39,4
Table: Metric to imperial conversion (3)

Formulas:
Micrometers to milli-inches mils = m 0.0394
Millimetres to inches in = mm 0.0394
Centimetres to inches in = cm 0.394

mils m in mm in cm
1 25,4 1 25,4 1 2,54
2,5 63,5 2,5 63,5 2,5 6,35
5 127 5 127 5 12,7
10 254 10 254 10 25,4
25 635 25 635 25 63,5
50 1270 50 1270 50 127
75 1905 75 1905 75 190,5
100 2540 100 2540 100 254
Table: Imperial to metric conversion (4)

Formulas:
Milli-inches to micrometers m = mils 25.4
Inches to millimetres mm = in 25.4
Inches to centimetres cm = in 2.54
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m ft yd fm ch fur
1 3,281 1,094 0,547 0,050 0,005
2,5 8,203 2,735 1,368 0,124 0,012
5 16,405 5,470 2,735 0,249 0,025
10 32,810 10,940 5,470 0,497 0,050
25 82,025 27,350 13,675 1,243 0,124
50 164,050 54,700 27,350 2,485 0,249
75 246,075 82,050 41,025 3,728 0,373
100 328,100 109,400 54,700 4,970 0,497
Table: Metric to imperial conversion (5)

Formulas:
Metres to feet ft = m 3.281
Metres to yards yd = m 1.094
Metres to fathoms fm = m 0.547
Metres to chains ch = m 0.0497
Metres to furlongs fur = m 0.00497

ft m yd m fm m ch m fur m
1 0,305 1 0,914 1 1,829 1 20,117 1 201,168
2,5 0,763 2,5 2,285 2,5 4,573 2,5 50,293 2,5 502,920
5 1,525 5 4,570 5 9,145 5 100,585 5 1005,840
10 3,050 10 9,140 10 18,290 10 201,170 10 2011,680
25 7,625 25 22,850 25 45,725 25 502,925 25 5029,200
50 15,250 50 45,700 50 91,450 50 1005,850 50 10058,400
75 22,875 75 68,550 75 137,175 75 1508,775 75 15087,600
Table: Imperial to metric conversion (6)

Formulas:
Feet to metres m = ft 0.305
Yards to metres m = yd 0.914
Fathoms to metres m = fm 1.829
Chains to metres m = ch 20.117
Furlongs to metres m = fur 201.168

km yd mi n mi
1 1093,613 0,621 0,540
2,5 2734,033 1,553 1,350
5 5468,065 3,105 2,700
10 10936,130 6,210 5,400
25 27340,325 15,525 13,500
50 54680,650 31,050 27,000
75 82020,975 46,575 40,500
100 109361,300 62,100 54,000
Table: Metric to imperial conversion (7)

Formulas:
Kilometres to yards yd = km 1093.613
Kilometres to statute miles mi = km 0.621
Kilometres to nautical miles n mi = km 0.540
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yd km mi km n mi km
1 0,001 1 1,609 1 1,852
2,5 0,002 2,5 4,023 2,5 4,630
5 0,005 5 8,045 5 9,260
10 0,009 10 16,090 10 18,520
25 0,023 25 40,225 25 46,300
50 0,046 50 80,450 50 92,600
75 0,069 75 120,675 75 138,900
100 0,091 100 160,900 100 185,200
Table: Imperial to metric conversion (8)

Formulas:
Yards to kilometres km = yd 0.000914
Statute miles to kilometres km = mi 1.609
Nautical miles to kilometres km = n mi 1.852

1.4 Volume (dry)

m pk (UK) bu (UK) qtr (UK)
1 109,985 27,496 3,437
25 2749,625 687,400 85,925
50 5499,250 1374,800 171,850
100 10998,500 2749,600 343,700
250 27496,250 6874,000 859,250
500 54992,500 13748,000 1718,500
750 82488,750 20622,000 2577,750
1000 109985,000 27496,000 3437,000
Table: (9)

Formulas:
Metre cube to peck (UK) pk = m 109.985
Metre cube to bushel (UK) bu = m 27.496
Metre cube to quarter (UK) qtr = m 3.437
Metre cube to (dry & liquid) quart (UK) dry (and liquid) qt = m 879.879
Metre cube to (dry & liquid) pint (UK) dry (and liquid) pt = m 1759.755
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qtr (UK) pk (UK) bu (UK) m

1 32,000 8,000 0,291
25 800,000 200,000 7,275
50 1600,000 400,000 14,550
100 3200,000 800,000 29,100
250 8000,000 2000,000 72,750
500 16000,000 4000,000 145,500
750 24000,000 6000,000 218,250
1000 32000,000 8000,000 291,000
Table: (10)

Formulas:
Quarter to peck pk = qtr 32
Quarter to bushel bu = qtr 8
Quarter to metre cube m = qtr 0.291

m dry pt (US) dry qt (US) pk (US) bu (US) dry bbl (US)

1 1816,168 908,084 113,507 28,377 8,648
25 45404,200 22702,100 2837,675 709,425 216,200
50 90808,400 45404,200 5675,350 1418,850 432,400
100 181616,800 90808,400 11350,700 2837,700 864,800
250 454042,000 227021,000 28376,750 7094,250 2162,000
500 908084,000 454042,000 56753,500 14188,500 4324,000
750 1362126,000 681063,000 85130,250 21282,750 6486,000
1000 1816168,000 908084,000 113507,000 28377,000 8648,000
Table: (11)

Formulas:
Metre cube to dry pint (US) dry pt = m 1816.168
Metre cube to dry quart (US) dry qt = m 908.084
Metre cube to peck (US) pk = m 113.507
Metre cube to bushel (US) bu = m 28.377
Metre cube to dry barrel (US) dry bbl = m 8.648
Metre cube to quarter (US) qtr = m 3.547
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bu (US) dry pt (US) dry qt (US) pk (US) m dry bbl (US)

1 64,000 32,000 4,000 0,035 0,305
25 1600,000 800,000 100,000 0,880 7,625
50 3200,000 1600,000 200,000 1,760 15,250
100 6400,000 3200,000 400,000 3,520 30,500
250 16000,000 8000,000 1000,000 8,800 76,250
500 32000,000 16000,000 2000,000 17,600 152,500
750 48000,000 24000,000 3000,000 26,400 228,750
1000 64000,000 32000,000 4000,000 35,200 305,000
Table: (12)

Formulas:
Bushel to dry pint dry pt = bu 64
Bushel to dry quart dry qt = bu 32
Bushel to peck pk = bu 4
Bushel to metre cube m = bu 0.0352
Bushel to dry barrel dry bbl = bu 0.305

1.5 Capacity (liquid)

l gill (UK) pt (UK) qt (UK) gal (UK) bbl (UK)
1 7,039 1,760 0,880 0,220 0,006
25 175,975 44,000 22,000 5,500 0,153
50 351,950 88,000 44,000 11,000 0,306
100 703,900 176,000 88,000 22,000 0,611
250 1759,750 440,000 220,000 55,000 1,528
500 3519,500 880,000 440,000 110,000 3,055
750 5279,250 1320,000 660,000 165,000 4,583
1000 7039,000 1760,000 880,000 220,000 6,110
Table: (13)

Formulas:
Litre to gill gill = l 7.039
Litre to pint pt = l 1.760
Litre to quart qt = l 0.880
Litre to gallon gal = l 0.220
Litre to barrel bbl = l 0.00611
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bbl (UK) gill (UK) pt (UK) qt (UK) gal (UK) l

1 1152,535 288,000 144,000 36,000 163,659
25 28813,375 7200,000 3600,000 900,000 4091,475
50 57626,750 14400,000 7200,000 1800,000 8182,950
100 115253,500 28800,000 14400,000 3600,000 16365,900
250 288133,750 72000,000 36000,000 9000,000 40914,750
500 576267,500 144000,000 72000,000 18000,000 81829,500
750 864401,250 216000,000 108000,000 27000,000 122744,250
1000 1152535,000 288000,000 144000,000 36000,000 163659,000
Table: (14)

Formulas:
Barrel to gill gill = bbl 1152.535
Barrel to pint pt = bbl 288.000
Barrel to quart qt = bbl 144.000
Barrel to gallon gal = bbl 36.000
Barrel to litre l = bbl 163.659

l liq pt (US) liq qt (US) gal (US) bbl (US) bbl petro.
1 2,113 1,057 0,264 0,008 0,006
25 52,825 26,425 6,600 0,210 0,157
50 105,650 52,850 13,200 0,420 0,315
100 211,300 105,700 26,400 0,839 0,629
250 528,250 264,250 66,000 2,098 1,573
500 1056,500 528,500 132,000 4,195 3,145
750 1584,750 792,750 198,000 6,293 4,718
1000 2113,000 1057,000 264,000 8,390 6,290
Table: (15)

Formulas:
Litre to liquid pint liq. pt = l 2.113
Litre to liquid quart liq. qt = l 1.057
Litre to gallon gal = l 0.264
Litre to barrel bbl = l 0.00839
Litre to barrel petro. bbl petro. = l 0.00629
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bbl (US) liq pt (US) liq qt (US) gal (US) l bbl petro.
1 252,000 126,000 31,500 119,240 0,750
25 6300,000 3150,000 787,500 2981,000 18,750
50 12600,000 6300,000 1575,000 5962,000 37,500
100 25200,000 12600,000 3150,000 11924,000 75,000
250 63000,000 31500,000 7875,000 29810,000 187,500
500 126000,000 63000,000 15750,000 59620,000 375,000
750 189000,000 94500,000 23625,000 89430,000 562,500
1000 252000,000 126000,000 31500,000 119240,000 750,000
Table: (16)

Formulas:
Barrel to liquid pint liq pt = bbl 252.000
Barrel to liquid quart liq qt = bbl 126.000
Barrel to gallon gal = bbl 31.500
Barrel to litre l = bbl 119.240
Barrel to barrel petro. bbl petro. = bbl 0.750

1.6 Area

m cmil mm in cm in
1 0,002 1 0,002 1 0,155
2,5 0,005 2,5 0,004 2,5 0,388
5 0,010 5 0,008 5 0,775
10 0,020 10 0,016 10 1,550
25 0,049 25 0,039 25 3,875
50 0,099 50 0,078 50 7,750
75 0,148 75 0,116 75 11,625
100 0,197 100 0,155 100 15,500
Table: (17)

Formulas:
Square micrometers to circular mills cmil = m 0.00197
Square millimetres to square inches in = mm 0.00155
Square centimetres to square inches in = cm 0.155
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cmil m in mm in cm
1 506,707 1 645,160 1 6,452
2,5 1266,768 2,5 1612,900 2,5 16,130
5 2533,535 5 3225,800 5 32,260
10 5067,070 10 6451,600 10 64,520
25 12667,675 25 16129,000 25 161,300
50 25335,350 50 32258,000 50 322,600
75 38003,025 75 48387,000 75 483,900
100 50670,700 100 64516,000 100 645,200
Table: (18)

Formulas:
Circular mils to square micrometers m = cmil 506.707
Square inches to square millimetres mm = in 645.160
Square inches to square centimetres cm = in 6.452

m ft m yd m ch
1 10,764 1 1,196 1 0,002
2,5 26,910 2,5 2,990 2,5 0,006
5 53,820 5 5,980 5 0,012
10 107,640 10 11,960 10 0,025
25 269,100 25 29,900 25 0,062
50 538,200 50 59,800 50 0,124
75 807,300 75 89,700 75 0,185
100 1076,400 100 119,600 100 0,247
Table: (19)

Formulas:
Square metres to square feet ft = m 10.764
Square metres to square yards yd = m 1.196
Square metres to square chains ch = m 0.00247

ft m yd m ch m
1 0,093 1 0,836 1 404,686
2,5 0,232 2,5 2,090 2,5 1011,715
5 0,465 5 4,180 5 2023,430
10 0,929 10 8,360 10 4046,860
25 2,323 25 20,900 25 10117,150
50 4,645 50 41,800 50 20234,300
75 6,968 75 62,700 75 30351,450
100 9,290 100 83,600 100 40468,600
Table: (20)

Formulas:
Square feet to square metres m = ft 0.0929
Square yards to square metres m = yd 0.836
Square chains to square metres m = mi 404.686
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ha acre ha mi km mi
1 2,471 1 0,004 1 0,386
2,5 6,178 2,5 0,010 2,5 0,965
5 12,355 5 0,019 5 1,930
10 24,710 10 0,039 10 3,860
25 61,775 25 0,097 25 9,650
50 123,550 50 0,193 50 19,300
75 185,325 75 0,290 75 28,950
100 247,100 100 0,386 100 38,600
Table: (21)

Formulas:
Hectares to acres acre = ha 2.471
Hectares to square miles mi= ha 0.00386
Square kilometres to square miles mi = km 0.386

acre ha mi ha mi km
1 0,405 1 258,999 1 2,590
2,5 1,013 2,5 647,498 2,5 6,475
5 2,025 5 1294,995 5 12,950
10 4,050 10 2589,990 10 25,900
25 10,125 25 6474,975 25 64,750
50 20,250 50 12949,950 50 129,500
75 30,375 75 19424,925 75 194,250
100 40,500 100 25899,900 100 259,000
Table: (22)

Formulas:
Acres to hectares ha = acre 0.405
Square miles to hectares ha = mi 258.999
Square miles to square kilometres km = mi 2.590
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1.7 Density
kg/m lb/ft3 lb/gal (UK) lb/gal (US) lb/yd3
1 0,062 0,010 0,008 1,686
25 1,560 0,250 0,209 42,150
50 3,120 0,500 0,418 84,300
100 6,240 1,000 0,835 168,600
250 15,600 2,500 2,088 421,500
500 31,200 5,000 4,175 843,000
750 46,800 7,500 6,263 1264,500
1000 62,400 10,000 8,350 1686,000
Table: (23)

Formulas:
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/cubic foot lb/cu ft = kg/m 0.0624
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/gallon (UK) lb/gal (UK) = kg/m 0.0100
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/gallon (US) lb/gal (US) = kg/m 0.00835
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/cubic yard lb/cu yd = kg/m 1.686

lb/ft3 kg/m lb/gal (UK) kg/m

1 16,019 1 99,776
25 400,475 25 2494,400
50 800,950 50 4988,800
100 1601,900 100 9977,600
250 4004,750 250 24944,000
500 8009,500 500 49888,000
750 12014,250 750 74832,000
1000 16019,000 1000 99776,000

3
lb/gal (US) kg/m lb/yd kg/m
1 119,826 1 0,593
25 2995,650 25 14,825
50 5991,300 50 29,650
100 11982,600 100 59,300
250 29956,500 250 148,250
500 59913,000 500 296,500
750 89869,500 750 444,750
1000 119826,000 1000 593,000
Table: (24)

Formulas:
Pound/cubic foot to kilogram/metre cube kg/m3 = lb/ft3 16.019
Pound/gallon (UK) to kilogram/metre cube kg/m3 = lb/gal (UK) 99.776
Pound/gallon (US) to kilogram/metre cube kg/m3 = lb/gal (US) 119.826
Pound/cubic yard to kilogram/metre cube kg/m3 = lb/yd3 0.593
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1.8 Pressure
kPa bar psi psf pdl/ft2 in Hg in H2O ft H2O mm Hg mm H2O
1 0.01 0,145 20,886 671,971 0,295 4,015 0,334 7,501 101.972
25 0.25 3,625 522,150 16799,275 7,375 100,375 8,350 187,525 2549,300
50 0.50 7,250 1044,300 33598,550 14,750 200,750 16,700 375,050 5098,600
100 1,00 14,500 2088,600 67197,100 29,500 401,500 33,400 750,100 10197,20
250 2.50 36,250 5221,500 167992,750 73,750 1003,75 83,500 1875,25 25493.00
500 5.00 72,500 10443,000 335985,500 147,500 2007,500 167,000 3750,50 50986,00
750 7.50 108,750 15664,500 503978,250 221,250 3011,250 250,500 5626,75 76479.00
1000 10,00 145,000 20886,000 671971,000 295,000 4015,000 334,000 7501.00 101972,0

Table: (25)

Formulas:
Kilo Pascal to barometric pressure bar = kPa 0.010
Kilo Pascal to pound-force/square inch psi = kPa 0.145
Kilo Pascal to pound-force/square foot psf = kPa 20.886
Kilo Pascal to poundal/square foot pdl/ft2 = kPa 671.971
Kilo Pascal to inch mercury column in Hg = kPa 0.295
Kilo Pascal to inch water column in H2O = kPa 4.015
Kilo Pascal to foot water column ft H2O = kPa 0.334
Kilo Pascal to millimetre mercury mm Hg = kPa 7.501
Kilo Pascal to millimetre water mm H2O = kPa 101.972
2
psi kPa psf kPa pdl/ft kPa
1 6,895 1 0,048 1 0,001
25 172,375 25 1,198 25 0,037
50 344,750 50 2,395 50 0,075
100 689,500 100 4,790 100 0,149
250 1723,750 250 11,975 250 0,373
500 3447,500 500 23,950 500 0,745
750 5171,250 750 35,925 750 1,118
1000 6895,000 1000 47,900 1000 1,490

in Hg kPa in H2O kPa ft H2O kPa

1 3,386 1 0,249 1 2,989
25 84,650 25 6,225 25 74,725
50 169,300 50 12,450 50 149,450
100 338,600 100 24,900 100 298,900
250 846,500 250 62,250 250 747,250
500 1693,000 500 124,500 500 1494,500
750 2539,500 750 186,750 750 2241,750
1000 3386,000 1000 249,000 1000 2989,000
Table: (26)

Formulas:
Pound-force/square inch to kilo Pascal kPa = psi 6.895
Pound-force/square foot to kilo Pascal kPa = psf 0.0479
Poundal/square foot to kilo Pascal kPa = pdl/ft2 0.00149
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Inch mercury column to kilo Pascal kPa = in Hg 3.386

Inch water column to kilo Pascal kPa = in H2O 0.249
Foot water column to kilo Pascal kPa = ft H2O 2.989

1.9 Force (weight)

N lbf pdl
1 0,225 7,233
25 5,625 180,825
50 11,25 361,65
100 22,5 723,3
250 56,25 1808,25
500 112,5 3616,5
750 168,75 5424,75
1000 225 7233
Table: (27)

Formulas:
Newton to pound-force lbf = 0.225
Newton to poundal pdl = 7.233

lbf N pdl N
1 4,448 1 0,138
25 111,2 25 3,45
50 222,4 50 6,9
100 444,8 100 13,8
250 1112 250 34,5
500 2224 500 69
750 3336 750 103,5
1000 4448 1000 138
Table: (28)

Formulas:
Pound-force to Newton N = lbf 4.448
Poundal to Newton N = pdl 0.138
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1.10 Velocity (speed)

m/s mph ft/min in/min
1 2,237 196,850 2362,204
2,5 5,593 492,125 5905,510
5 11,185 984,250 11811,020
10 22,370 1968,500 23622,040
25 55,925 4921,250 59055,100
50 111,850 9842,500 118110,200
75 167,775 14763,750 177165,300
100 223,700 19685,000 236220,400
Table: (29)

Formulas:
Metre/second to miles/hour mph = m/s 2.237
Metre/second to feet/minute ft/min = m/s 196.850
Metre/second to inch/minute in/min = m/s 2362.204

mph m/s ft/min m/s in/min m/s

1 0,447 1 0,005 1 0,0004
2,5 1,118 3 0,015 3 0,001
5 2,235 5 0,025 5 0,002
10 4,470 7,5 0,038 7,5 0,003
25 11,175 10 0,051 10 0,004
50 22,350 15 0,076 15 0,006
75 33,525 25 0,127 25 0,011
100 44,700 50 0,254 50 0,021
Table: (30)

Formulas:
Miles/hour to metre/second m/s = mph 0.447
Feet/minute to metre/second m/s = ft/min 0.00508
Inch/minute to metre/second m/s = in/min 0.000423
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1.11 Power
kW ft lbf (av)/s hp (British) Btu/h
1 737,6 1,341 3412,1
25 18439,1 33,525 85303,6
50 36878,1 67,050 170607,1
100 73756,2 134,100 341214,2
250 184390,5 335,250 853035,5
500 368781,0 670,500 1706071,0
750 553171,5 1005,750 2559106,5
1000 737562,0 1341,000 3412142,0
Table: (31)

Formulas:
Kilowatt to foot pound-force/second ft lbf/s = kW 737,562
Kilowatt to British horsepower hp = kW 1.341
Kilowatt to metric horsepower hp = kW 1.360
Kilowatt to British thermal unit/hour Btu/h = kW 3412.142

ft lbf (av)/s kW hp kW Btu/h kW

1 0,001 1 0,746 1 0,0003
25 0,034 25 18,650 25 0,007
50 0.068 50 37,300 50 0,015
100 0,136 100 74,600 100 0,029
250 0,340 250 186,500 250 0,073
500 0,680 500 373,000 500 0,147
750 1,020 750 559,500 750 0,220
1000 1,360 1000 746,000 1000 0,293
Table: (32)

Formulas:
Feet pound-force/second to kilowatt kW = ft lbf/s 0.00136
British horsepower to kilowatt kW = hp 0.746
Metric horsepower to kilowatt kW = hp 0.735
British thermal unit/hour to kilowatt kW = Btu/h 0.000293
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1.12 Temperature
Condition C F
Water freezes 0 32
Mild winter day 10 50
Warm spring day 20 68
Hot summer day 30 86
Body temperature 37 98.6
Heat wave 40 104
Water boils 100 212
Table: Quick temperature reference (33)

C F K C F K C F K
-10 14 263 145 293 418 300 572 573
-5 23 268 150 302 423 305 581 578
0 32 273 155 311 428 310 590 583
5 41 278 160 320 433 315 599 588
10 50 283 165 329 438 320 608 593
15 59 288 170 338 443 325 617 598
20 68 293 175 347 448 330 626 603
25 77 298 180 356 453 335 635 608
30 86 303 185 365 458 340 644 613
35 95 308 190 374 463 345 653 618
40 104 313 195 383 468 350 662 623
45 113 318 200 392 473 355 671 628
50 122 323 205 401 478 360 680 633
55 131 328 210 410 483 365 689 638
60 140 333 215 419 488 370 698 643
65 149 338 220 428 493 375 707 648
70 158 343 225 437 498 380 716 653
75 167 348 230 446 503 385 725 658
80 176 353 235 455 508 390 734 663
85 185 358 240 464 513 395 743 668
90 194 363 245 473 518 400 752 673
95 203 368 250 482 523 405 761 678
100 212 373 255 491 528 410 770 683
105 221 378 260 500 533 415 779 688
110 230 383 265 509 538 420 788 693
115 239 388 270 518 543 425 797 698
120 248 393 275 527 548 430 806 703
125 257 398 280 536 553 435 815 708
130 266 403 285 545 558 440 824 713
135 275 408 290 554 563 445 833 718
140 284 413 295 563 568 450 842 723

Table: Temperature conversion table (34)

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Formulas:
Fahrenheit to Celsius C = (F - 32) / 1.8
Celsius to Fahrenheit F = (C 1.8) + 32

1.13 Energy (work)

kJ kcal Btu kWh
1 0,239 0,948 0,0003
25 5,975 23,700 0,007
50 11,950 47,400 0,014
100 23,900 94,800 0,028
250 59,750 237,000 0,070
500 119,500 474,000 0,139
750 179,250 711,000 0,209
1000 239,000 948,000 0,278
Table: (35)

Formulas:
Kilojoules to kilocalories (mean) kcal= kJ 0.239
Kilojoules to British thermal units (mean) Btu = kJ 0.948
Kilojoules to kilowatt-hours kWh = kJ 0. 000278

kcal kJ Btu kJ kWh kJ

1 4,187 1 1,055 1 3600
25 104,675 25 26,375 25 90000
50 209,350 50 52,750 50 180000
100 418,700 100 105,500 100 360000
250 1046,750 250 263,750 250 900000
500 2093,500 500 527,500 500 1800000
750 3140,250 750 791,250 750 2700000
1000 4187,000 1000 1055,000 1000 3600000
Table: (36)

Formulas:
Kilocalories (mean) to kilojoules kJ = kcal 4.187
British thermal units (mean) to kilojoules kJ = Btu 1.055
Kilowatt-hours to kilojoules kJ = kWh 3600
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1.14 Efficiency
Efficiency kJ/kWh Btu/kWh
10% 36000 34121,42
20% 18000 17060,71
30% 12000 11373,81
40% 9000 8530,36
50% 7200 6824,28
60% 6000 5686,90
70% 5143 4874,49
80% 4500 4265,18
90% 4000 3791,27
100% 3600 3412,14
Table: (37)

Formulas:
Efficiency to kilojoules/kilowatt-hour kJ/kWh = 3600/Efficiency (%)
Efficiency to British thermal units/kilowatt-hour Btu/kWh = 3412.142/Efficiency (%)

kJ/kWh Efficiency Btu/kWh Efficiency

3600 100,0% 3412 100,0%
4000 90,0% 4000 85,3%
5000 72,0% 5000 68,2%
6000 60,0% 6000 56,9%
7000 51,4% 7000 48,7%
8000 45,0% 8000 42,7%
9000 40,0% 9000 37,9%
10000 36,0% 10000 34,1%
50000 7,2% 50000 6,8%
100000 3,6% 100000 3,4%
Table: (38)

Formulas:
Kilojoules/kilowatt-hour to efficiency Efficiency = 3600/kJ/kWh
British thermal units/kilowatt-hour to efficiency Efficiency = 3412.142/Btu/kWh
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1.15 Net heating value of fuel

kJ/kg cal/g Btu/lb
30000 7170,0 12900
32500 7767,5 13975
35000 8365,0 15050
37500 8962,5 16125
40000 9560,0 17200
42500 10157,5 18275
45000 10755,0 19350
47500 11352,5 20425
50000 11950,0 21500
Table: (39)

Formulas:
Kilojoules/kilogram to calories/gram cal/g = kJ/kg 0.239
Kilojoules/kilogram to British thermal units/pound Btu/lb = kJ/kg 0.430

cal/g kJ/kg Btu/lb kJ/kg

5000 20935 10000 23260
6000 25122 12000 27912
7000 29309 14000 32564
8000 33496 16000 37216
9000 37683 18000 41868
10000 41870 20000 46520
11000 46057 22000 51172
12000 50244 24000 55824
13000 54431 26000 60476
Table: (40)

Formulas:
Calories/gram to kilojoules/kilogram kJ/kg = cal/g 4.187
British thermal units/pound to kilojoules/kilogram kJ/kg = Btu/lb 2.326
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1.16 Specific fuel consumption

NOTE! The following conversion tables have been calculated by using a standard
heat value of 42700 kJ/kg
g/kWh efficiency kJ/kWh Btu/kWh
140 60,2% 5978 5666,05
160 52,7% 6832 6475,49
180 46,8% 7686 7284,92
200 42,2% 8540 8094,36
220 38,3% 9394 8903,79
240 35,1% 10248 9713,23
250 33,7% 10675 10117,95
Table: (41)

Formulas:
Grams/kilowatt-hour to efficiency
Efficiency = 3600000/(g/kWh kJ/kg)
Grams/kilowatt-hour to kilojoules/kilowatt-hour
kJ/kWh = (g/kWh kJ/kg)/1000
Grams/kilowatt-hour to British thermal units/kilowatt-hour
Btu/kWh = (g/kWh kJ/kg)/1055.056

Efficiency g/kWh kJ/kWh g/kWh Btu/kWh g/kWh

30 % 281,03 6000 140,52 6000 148,25
35 % 240,88 7000 163,93 7000 172,96
40 % 210,77 8000 187,35 8000 197,67
45 % 187,35 9000 210,77 9000 222,38
50 % 168,62 10000 234,19 10000 247,09
55 % 153,29 11000 257,61 11000 271,79
60 % 140,52 12000 281,03 12000 296,50
Table: (42)

Formulas:
Efficiency to grams/kilowatt-hour =>
g/kWh = 3600000/(Efficiency kJ/kg)
Kilojoules/kilowatt-hour to grams/kilowatt-hour =>
g/kWh = 1000 kJ/kWh / kJ/kg
British thermal units/kilowatt-hour to grams/kilowatt-hour =>
g/kWh = 1055,056 Btu/kWh / kJ/kg
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1.17 Screens-mesh, aperture sizes and micron

ratings
Woven wire
Woven wire cloth is widely used for filtration and is available in an extremely wide range of
materials and mesh sizes. It can be woven from virtually any metal ductile enough to be drawn into
wire form, preferred materials being phosphor bronze, stainless steel of the nickel/chrome type -
AISI 304, 304L, 316 and 316L and monel.
Other materials widely used include aluminium alloys (good strength with light weight and
good corrosion resistance), copper (cheaper than bronze, but not suitable for corrosive conditions),
brass (stronger than copper but more subject to corrosion), plain mild steel or coated mild steel, (e.g.
galvanised or tinned). Nickel, nickel-chrome alloys and titanium may be used for high temperature
duties. Special alloys such as Inconel, Hastelloy and Incoloy are also being used.
The minimum practical size of wire which can be used depends on the alloy, strength
required, temperature, corrosion and degree of abrasion likely to be experienced in service. Thus,
finer wire diameters in aluminium, brass, bronze or copper is not normally used for other than light
duties. Stainless steel wire on the other hand is available and used down to 15 m (0.015 mm)
Mesh is described by form of weave and mesh count. A square mesh is the usual form in a
plain or twilled weave. The mesh count (usually called mesh) is effectively the number of openings
per 25 mm measured from the centre of one wire to another 25 mm from it. Specially it is the number
of pitches in 25 mm, pitch being defined as (w+d) where w is the width of opening and d is the wire
diameter.
The relationship between mesh count, aperture size (w) and wire mesh diameter (d) is as follows in
the examples below:

1.17.1 Example 1. Calculation of Mesh size

Wire diameter (d): 0.10 mm
Aperture diameter (w): 0.150 mm
25mm
Mesh = = 100
(0.10mm + 0.150mm)
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1.17.2 Example 2. Calculation of aperture size

Mesh: 100
Wire diameter (d): 0.10 mm
25mm
w= 0.10mm = 0.150mm
100
These parameters also define the open area and strength of the cloth. Open area
(Fo) expressed as percentage of the whole area is:
w 2
Open area (F0) = ( ) 100
w+d

1.17.3 Example 3. Calculation of open area

Wire diameter (d): 0.10 mm
Aperture size (w): 0.150 mm
0.150
Open area (F0) = ( ) 2 100 = 36%
0.150 + 0.10
Thus variations in wire diameter (d) affect both the open area and strength.
Woven wire cloth is described nominally by a mesh number and wire size, i.e. N
mesh M mm (or swg). Mesh numbers may range from 2 (2 wires per inch) up to
400. Fine mesh with more than 100 wires per lineal inch is called gauze. Mesh is
described more specially by aperture opening, e.g.
Rough - aperture opening 1 to 12 mm
Medium - aperture opening 0.18 to 0.95 mm (180 to 950 m)
Fine - aperture opening 0.020 to 0.160 mm (20 to 160 m)
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Aperture Wire Open Mesh Wire

m mm diameter (mm) area(%) ~ diameter (in)
25 0.025 0.025 25 500 0.0010
28 0.028 0.025 28 480 0.0010
32 0.032 0.028 28 425 0.0011
38 0.038 0.025 36 400 0.0010
40 0.040 0.032 31 350 0.0012
42 0.042 0.036 29 325 0.0014
45 0.045 0.036 31 315 0.0014
50 0.050 0.036 34 300 0.0014
56 0.056 0.040 34 270 0.0016
63 0.063 0.040 37 250 0.0016
75 0.075 0.036 46 230 0.0014
75 0.075 0.053 36 200 0.0021
80 0.080 0.050 38 200 0.0020
85 0.085 0.040 46 200 0.0016
90 0.090 0.050 41 180 0.0020
95 0.095 0.045 46 180 0.0018
100 0.100 0.063 38 150 0.0025
106 0.106 0.05 46 165 0.0020
112 0.112 0.08 34 130 0.0032
125 0.125 0.09 34 120 0.0035
140 0.140 0.112 31 100 0.0045
Example 150 0.150 0.10 36 100 0.0040
160 0.160 0.10 38 100 0.0040
180 0.180 0.14 32 80 0.0055
200 0.200 0.125 38 80 0.0050
200 0.200 0.14 35 75 0.0055
224 0.224 0.16 34 65 0.0065
250 0.250 0.16 37 60 0.0065
Table: Typical list of wire cloth specifications (43)
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Aperture Wire Open Mesh Wire

m mm diameter (mm) area(%) ~ diameter (in)
280 0.280 0.22 31 50 0.009
315 0.315 0.20 37 50 0.008
400 0.4 0.22 42 40 0.009
400 0.4 0.25 38 40 0.010
425 0.425 0.28 36 36 0.011
500 0.5 0.20 51 36 0.008
500 0.5 0.25 44 34 0.010
500 0.5 0.32 37 30 0.012
560 0.56 0.28 44 30 0.011
560 0.56 0.36 37 28 0.014
630 0.63 0.25 51 30 0.010
630 0.63 0.28 48 28 0.011
630 0.63 0.40 37 25 0.016
710 0.71 0.32 48 25 0.012
710 0.71 0.45 37 22 0.018
800 0.8 0.32 51 22 0.012
800 0.8 0.5 38 20 0.020
Table: Typical list of wire cloth specifications (continued from table 43) (44)

Mesh / m

500

450

400

350

300
Mesh

250

200

150

Example
100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Figure: Mesh chart, these values are taken from table 43 and 44 (1)
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Mesh Wire Holes % No. of No. of Micron

Aperture Aperture
per gauge per free meshes holes rating
in mm
inch SWG in2 area per cm per cm2 m
10 23 100 0.076 1.929 58 3.93 15 1929
12 24 144 0.061 1.557 54 4.73 22 1557
16 28 256 0.047 1.211 58 6.30 40 1211
20 28 400 0.035 0.894 50 7.87 62 894
30 32 900 0.022 0.572 46 11.80 139 572
40 34 1600 0.0158 0.4013 40 15.75 248 401
60 37 3600 0.0099 0.2506 35 23.60 560 251
80 39 6400 0.0073 0.1854 34 31.50 995 185
100 41 10000 0.0056 0.1422 31 39.37 1550 142
120 43 14400 0.0047 0.1203 32 47.24 2240 120
150 45 22500 0.0039 0.0997 34 59.00 3481 100
180 47 32400 0.0036 0.0903 42 70.80 5020 90
200 47 40000 0.0030 0.0762 36 78.70 6200 76
250 48 62500 0.0024 0.0610 36 98.40 9680 61
300 48.5 90000 0.0019 0.0483 32 118.00 13924 48
Table: Screens-mesh aperture sizes and micron ratings (45)

SWG = Standard Wire Gauge (Imperial)

Micron rating
Weave
m
325 x 3200 10.5
200 x 2000 13.0
185 x 1500 16.0
180 x 1440 17.5
180 x 1400 17.5
180 x 1300 19.0
160 x 1100 21.0
165 x 1440 22.0
165 x 1100 25.0
28 x 450 50
75 x 550 35
24 x 250 75
24 x 110 100
20 x 300 65
20 x 200 115
Table: Screens-mesh aperture sizes and micron ratings (46)
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1.18 Solid material property

Specific weight Thermal expansion
Material Formula 103 coefficient 0-100C
Kg / m3 10-6 / K
aluminium Al 2,70 23,9
brass CuZn 37 8,4 18,5
cast iron - 7,25 10,5
concrete - 1,8-2,2 12
copper Cu 8,93 17
glass wool - 0,02-0,12 -
gold Au 19,29 14,2
hard alloy - 14,8 5-7
iron Fe 7,87 12
-St 35,8
-St 35,8 NBK
-St 33-2
-St 37,0
-St 37,4 NBK
lead Pb 11,3 29
magnesium Mg 1,74 26
mineral wool - 0,015-0,130 -
nickel Ni 8,9 13
silver Ag 10,5 19,7
stainless steel (18Cr 8Ni) 7,9 16
zinc Zn 7,14 29
Table: Solid material property (47)
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1.19 Thread table

NPTF DIN 2353
BSP (R) UNF DIN
JIC SAE cone L/S series
Size of thread Pitch BSPT (RK) o-ring seal metric
NPSM pipe joint
Specified
size Sealing bevel
Female
Male thread Threads
thread 60 37 45 60 24
rib mm in inch
rib mm
9,7 8,6 28 -3 R1/8
9,7 8,6 27 -3 1/8-27
10,0 8,4 M101,5
11,1 9,7 20 -4 7/16-20 7/16-20 7/16-20
12,0 10,2 M121,5 L6
12,7 11,3 20 -5 1/2-20 1/2-20 1/2-20
13,2 11,4 19 -4 R1/4
13,1 11,4 18 -4 1/4-18
14,0 12,2 M141,5 L8, S6
14,3 12,8 18 -6 9/16-18 5/8-18 9/16-18
15,9 14,6 18 -6
16,0 14,2 M161,5 L10, S8
16,7 14,9 19 -6 R3/8
16,6 14,9 18 -6 3/8-18
18,0 16,2 M181,5 L12, S10
19,1 17,6 16 -8 3/4-16 3/4-16 3/4-16
20,0 18,2 M201,5 S12
20,9 18,6 14 -8 R1/2 1/2-14
22,0 20,2 M221,5 L15, S14
22,2 20,5 14 -10 7/8-14 7/8-14 7/8-14
22,9 20,6 14 -10 R5/8
24,0 22,2 M241,5 S16
26,0 24,2 R3/4 M261,5 L18
26,4 24,1 14 -12 3/4-14
26,9 25,4 14 -12 1 1/16-14
26,9 24,9 12 -12 1 1/16-12 1 1/16-12
30,0 27,9 M302 L22, S20
33,2 30,3 11 -16 R1
33,3 31,3 12 -16 1 5/16-12 1 5/16-12 1 5/16-12
33,4 30,3 11 -16 1-11
36,0 33,9 M362 L28, S25
41,3 39,2 12 -20 1 5/8-12 1 5/8-12 1 5/8-12
42,0 39,5 M422 S30
41,9 38,9 11 -20 R1 1/4"
42,0 39,2 11 -20 1 1/4-11
45,0 42,5 M452 L35
47,6 45,6 12 -24 1 7/8-12 1 7/8-12 1 7/8-12
47,8 44,8 11 -24 R1 1/2"
47,9 45,1 11 -24 1 1/2-11
52,0 49,5 M522 L42, S38

59,6 56,6 11 -32 R2

59,7 57,0 11 -32 2 1/2-12 2 1/2-12 2 1/2-12 2-11
63,5 61,5 12 -32 R2 1/2"
78,2 72,2 11 -40
87,9 84,9 11 -48 R3

Table: Thread table (48)