PRESENT SIMPLE (Pr. S.

En ingls existen tres verbos especiales que forman por s mismos las preguntas y las negaciones;
simplemente aadiendo la partcula NOT en negativas e invirtiendo el orden de sujeto y verbo en
interrogativas. Estos verbos son:

TO BE (Ser o estar)
+ - ?
I am = I'm I am not = I'm not Am I?
You are = You're You are not = You aren't Are you?
He is = He's He is not = He isn't Is he?
She is = She's She is not = She isn't Is she?
It is = It's It is not = It isn't Is it?
We are = We're We are not = We aren't Are we?
You are = You're You are not = You aren't Are you?
They are = They're They are not = They aren't Are they?

TO HAVE GOT (Tener)

+ - ?
I have got = I've got I have not got = I haven't got Have I got?
You have got = You've got You have not got = You haven't got Have you got?
He has got = He's got He has not got = He hasn't got Has he got?
She has got = She's got She has not got = She hasn't got Has she got?
It has got = It's got It has not got = It hasn't got Has it got?
We have got = We've got We have not got = We haven't got Have we got?
You have got = You've got You have not got = You haven't got Have you got?
They have got = They've got They have not got = They haven't got Have they got?

TO BE ABLE TO (Poder o saber hacer algo)

+ - ?
I can I cannot = I can't Can I?
You can You cannot = You can't Can you?
He can He cannot = He can't Can he?
She can She cannot = She can't Can she?
It can It cannot = It can't Can it?
We can We cannot = We can't Can we?
You can You cannot = You can't Can you?
They can They cannot = They can't Can they?

El resto de verbos, necesitarn un verbo auxiliar que los ayude a formar negaciones y preguntas.
Dicho verbo vara en funcin del tiempo verbal. Para el presente simple, ser el verbo DO
conjugado tal y como podemos ver en la siguiente pgina.
 AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

DO NOT
I, You, We, They Verbo en infinitivo sin TO + V INF DO + Sujeto + V INF ?
DON'T
Verbo con -s DOES NOT
He, She, It Verbo con -ies + V INF DOES + Sujeto + V INF
Verbo con -es DOESN'T ?

Cogiendo un verbo cualquiera, como el verbo PLAY, tendramos:

+ - ?
I play I do not play = I don't play Do I play?
You play You do not play = You don't play Do you play?
He plays He does not play = He doesn't play Does he play?
She plays She does not play = She doesn't play Does she play?
It plays It does not play = It doesn't play Does it play?
We play We do not play = We don't play Do we play?
You play You do not play = You don't play Do you play?
They play They do not play = They don't play Do they play?

En la mayora de los casos, aadimos -s a las terceras personas del singular (he, she, it); pero
tambin podemos tener verbos terminados en:

-ies: cuando el verbo termina en CONSonante + -y. Debemos cambiar la -y por -i, aadiendo
despus -es. As:

STUDY => STUD -ies

-es: cuando el verbo termina en los sonidos /-o, -s, -sh, -ch/; es decir, en cualquiero sonido tras
el cual sea imposible pronunciar /-s/. Al aadir -es, pronunciamos /-iz/, excepto en los verbos con -
o. As:

GO => GO -es
PASS => PASS -es
WASH => WASH -es
WATCH => WATCH -es
MIX => MIX -es

El presente simple sirve para expresar acciones que hacemos habitualmente (ver adverbios de
frecuencia), hechos que son ciertos siempre (nombre, lugar de residencia...) y cosas que son ms o
menos permanentes (nuestros gustos, creencias, opiniones, etc.).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Pr. C.)

El presente continuo o progresivo se foma con el verbo TO BE conjugado en el presente simple

(afirmativa, negativa o interrogativa) ms el gerundio de los verbos (formado con -ing). Es decir:

Sujeto Verbo TO BE (Pr.S.) Verbo principal -ing

Lo que para un verbo cualquiera, como PLAY, sera:

+ - ?
I am playing = I'm playing I am not playing = I'm not playing Am I playing?
You are playing = You're playing You are not playing = You aren't playing Are you playing?
He is playing = He's playing He is not playing = He isn't playing Is he playing?
She is playing = She's playing She is not playing = She isn't playing Is she playing?
It is playing = It's playing It is not playing = It isn't playing Is it playing?
We are playing = We're playing We are not playing = We aren't playing Are we playing?
You are playing = You're playing You are not playing = You aren't playing Are you playing?
They are playing = They're playing They are not playing = They aren't playing Are they playing?

Lo nico en lo que hay que fijarse para hacer bien el presente continuo es en la formacin del
gerundio. Las reglas son las siguientes:

En general + ing PLAY => PLAYing

Cuando hay Cons 1-Vocal-Cons 2 + Cons 2 + ing STOP => STOPping
Cuando el verbo acaba en -e //+ ing
e DANCE => DANCing
EXCEPTO: BE, SEE
Cuando el verbo termina en -ie // +y + ing
ie LIE => Lying

El Presente Continuo expresa acciones que se estn realizando en el momento en el que se habla o
estn en proceso en dicho momento (han empezado, pero an no han acabado), hbitos molestos
(con always y again) o planes futuros (con el mismo uso que el BE GOING TO).
PAST SIMPLE (P. S.)

En espaol tenemos tres tiempos verbales equivalentes a este: el pretrito imperfecto de

indicativo (yo cantaba), el de subjuntivo (yo cantara/cantase)y el pretrito perfecto simple (yo can
t). La diferencia entres ambos es inexistente en ingls. Sin embargo, podemos ver dos modelos
distintos de formacin de los verbos:
Los verbos irregulares
Los verbos regulares

Los verbos irregulares hay que memorizarlos, pues son de uso muy comn. En la lista adjunta, la
primera columna corresponde al verbo en infinitivo; la segunda, al verbo en pasado simple; la
tercera, al verbo en participio pasado; y la cuarta, a su traduccin. Los verbos modales no estn
incluidos porque se tratarn en un apartado diferente.

En cuanto a los verbos regulares, podemos decir que son todos aquellos que no se encuentren en
la lista de irregulares. En afirmativa se forman aadiendo -ed al infinitivo de los verbos (ver
fontica para saber pronunciarlos), por regla general. As:

En general + ed PLAY => PLAYed

Cuando hay Cons 1-Vocal-Cons 2 + Cons 2 + ed STOP => STOPped
Cuando el verbo acaba en -e + d DANCE => DANCEd
Cuando el verbo termina en Cons -y //+ ied
y STUDY => STUDied

Cuando queremos formar el pasado en negativa o interrogativa, no distinguimos entre verbos

regulares e irregulares; sino entre verbos especiales (TO BE, TO HAVE GOT, TO BE ABLE TO)
-capaces de formar por s mismos dichas formas- y entre el resto de verbos -que necesitan un
auxiliar. Dicho auxiliar ser DID para el pasado simple. Por lo tanto:

Verbos especiales:

TO BE (Ser o estar)
+ - ?
I was I was not = I' wasn't Was I?
You were You were not = You weren't Were you?
He was He was not = He wasn't Was he?
She was She was not = She wasn't Was she?
It was It was not = It wasn't Was it?
We were We were not = We weren't Were we?
You were You were not = You weren't Were you?
They were They were not = They weren't Were they?
 TO HAVE GOT (Tener)
+ - ?
I had got I had not got = I hadn't got Had I got?
You had got You had not got = You hadn't got Had you got?
He had got He had not got = He hadn't got Had he got?
She had got She had not got = She hadn't got Had she got?
It had got It had not got = It hadn't got Had it got?
We had got We had not got = We hadn't got Had we got?
You had got You had not got = You hadn't got Had you got?
They had got They had not got = They hadn't got Had they got?

TO BE ABLE TO (Poder o saber hacer algo)

+ - ?
I could I could not = I couldn't Could I?
You could You could not = You couldn't Could you?
He could He could not = He couldn't Could he?
She could She could not = She couldn't Could she?
It could It could not = It couldn't Could it?
We could We could not = We couldn't Could we?
You could You could not = You couldn't Could you?
They could They could not = They couldn't Could they?

Otros verbos:

PLAY
+ - ?
I played I did not play = I didn't play Did I play?
You played You did not play = You didn't play Did you play?
He played He did not play = He didn't play Did he play?
She played She did not play = She didn't play Did she play?
It played It did not play = It didn't play Did it play?
We played We did not play = We didn't play Did we play?
You played You did not play = You didn't play Did you play?
Theyplayed They did not play = They didn't play Did they play?

El Pasado Simple indica acciones terminadas, ocurridas en un tiempo tambin acabado y con las
que no queremos expresar duracin.
PAST CONTINUOUS (P. C.)

El pasado continuo o progresivo se foma con el verbo TO BE conjugado en el pasado simple

(afirmativa, negativa o interrogativa) ms el gerundio de los verbos (formado con -ing). Es decir:

Sujeto Verbo TO BE (P.S.) Verbo principal -ing

Lo que para un verbo cualquiera, como PLAY, sera:

+ - ?
I was playing I was not playing = I wasn't playing Was I playing?
You were playing You were not playing = You weren't playing Were you playing?
He was playing He was not playing = He wasn't playing Was he playing?
She was playing She was not playing = She wasn't playing Was she playing?
It was playing It was not playing = It wasn't playing Was it playing?
We were playing We were not playing = We weren't playing Were we playing?
You were playing You were not playing = You weren't playing Were you playing?
They were playing They were not playing = They weren't playing Were they playing?

Expresa acciones duraderas en el pasado (que llev tiempo realizar).

PRESENT PERFECT (Pr. P.)

El presente perfecto se foma con el verbo TO HAVE (como todos los tiempos perfectos)
conjugado en el presente simple (afirmativa, negativa o interrogativa) ms el participio pasado de
los verbos (tercera columna de los irregulares o acabado en -ed para los regulares). Es decir:

Sujeto Verbo TO HAVE (Pr.S.) Verbo en participio pasado

Lo que para un verbo cualquiera, como PLAY, sera:

+ - ?
I have played I have not played = I haven't played Have I played?
You have played You have not played = You haven't played Have you played?
He has played He has not played = He hasn't played Has he played?
She has played She has not played = She hasn't played Has she played?
It has played It has not played = It hasn't played Has it played?
We have played We have not played = We haven't played Have we played?
You have played You have not played = You haven't played Have you played?
They have played They have not played = They haven't played Have they played?

Expresa acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continan en el presente (o literalmente o la

experiencia y el conocimiento adquirido con ellas).

Los tiempos perfectos suelen ir acompaados por ciertas partculas como:

ALREADY (YA): aparece en oraciones afirmativas. I have ALREADY eaten = Ya he comido.

JUST (ACABAR DE): aparece en oraciones afirmativas. I have JUST eaten = Acabo de comer.
YET: cuando aparece en oraciones negativas se traduce como AN/TODAVA. I haven't eaten YET =
No he comido an/todava.
Cuando aparece en oraciones interrogativas se traduce como YA. Have you eaten YET? = Has
comido ya?
EVER (ALGUNA VEZ): aparece en oraciones interrogativas. Have you EVER eaten that? = Has comido
alguna vez eso?
NEVER (NUNCA): puede ser respuesta de la anterior pregunta. I have NEVER eaten that. = Nunca
he comido eso.
FOR (DURANTE): indica un periodo de tiempo con una cantidad. FOR 3 years = durante 3 aos.
DURING (DURANTE): indica un periodo de tiempo con una expresin. DURING my holidays = Durante
mis vacaciones.
SINCE (DESDE): indica una fecha concreta a partir de la cual pasa algo. I have lived here since 1995. =
He vivido aqu desde 1995 (de ah en adelante).

Este tiempo puede conjugarse de forma simple (la vista en el recuadro anterior) o continua - tal y
como se detalla ahora siempre que se quiera resaltar la duracin de la accin.

+ - ?
I have been playing I have not been playing = I haven't been playing Have I been playing?
You have been playing You have not been playing = You haven't been playing Have you been playing?
He has been playing He has not been playing = He hasn't been playing Has he been playing?
She has been playing She has not been playing = She hasn't been playing Has she been playing?
It has been playing It has not been playing = It hasn't been playing Has it been playing?
We have been playing We have not been playing = We haven't been playing Have we been playing?
You have been playing You have not been playing = You haven't been playing Have you been playing?
They have been playing They have not been playing = They haven't been playing Have they been playing?
PAST PERFECT (P. P.)

El pasado perfecto se foma con el verbo TO HAVE conjugado en el pasado simple (afirmativa,
negativa o interrogativa) ms el participio pasado de los verbos (tercera columna de los irregulares
o acabado en -ed para los regulares). Es decir:

Sujeto Verbo TO HAVE (P.S.) Verbo en participio pasado

Lo que para un verbo cualquiera, como PLAY, sera:

+ - ?
I had played I had not played = I hadn't played Had I played?
You had played You had not played = You hadn't played Had you played?
He had played He had not played = He hadn't played Had he played?
She had played She had not played = She hadn't played Had she played?
It had played It had not played = It hadn't played Had it played?
We had played We had not played = We hadn't played Had we played?
You had played You had not played = You hadn't played Had you played?
They had played They had not played = They hadn't played Had they played?

Usamos este tiempo para expresar acciones pasadas acabadas, anteriores a otras acciones
tambin pasadas y acabadas (que iran en pasado simple).

Recuerda que los tiempos perfectos suelen ir acompaados por ciertas partculas como
ALREADY, YET, FOR, SINCE, JUST, EVER... (ver seccin anterior).

Este tiempo puede conjugarse de forma simple (la vista en el recuadro anterior) o continua - tal y
como ocurra con el Presente Simple siempre que se quiera resaltar la duracin de la accin.

+ - ?
I had been playing I had not been playing = I hadn't been playing Had I been playing?
You had been playing You had not been playing = You hadn't been playing Had you been playing?
He had been playing He had not been playing = He hadn't been playing Had he been playing?
She had been playing She had not been playing = She hadn't been playing Had she been playing?
It had been playing It had not been playing = It hadn't been playing Had it been playing?
We had been playing We had not been playing = We hadn't been playing Had we been playing?
You had been playing You had not been playing = You hadn't been playing Had you been playing?
They had been playing They had not been playing = They hadn't been playing Had they been playing?
RELATIVOS

En una conversacin cotidiana solemos repetir varias veces el nombre de las cosas o personas a las que hacemos
referencia. Los relativos sirven precisamente para evitar cansar al que nos escucha con tanta repeticin.
Por ejemplo: Ayer vi a una chica. La chica era guapa. La chica que vi ayer era guapa.

En ingls existen varios relativos en funcin de a qu tengamos que sustituir:

WHO si sustituimos a personas
WHICH si sustituimos a cosas
WHEN = AT/IN/ON WHICH si sustituimos tiempo + (Sujeto) Verbo
WHERE = IN WHICH si sustituimos lugares
WHY si sustituimos razones

WHOSE si existe posesin (se traduce como cuyo(s)/a(s) ) + Noun

Puesto que el relativo siempre aparece pegado a lo que sustituye, para cualquier ejercicio en el que nos dejen un
hueco y debamos adivinar qu relativo va, slo tenemos que fijarnos en si es un lugar, una persona, un posesivo...
P.Ej: She was the girl ____ was talking to Susan last night girl es persona y detrs va un verbo WHO.
Si el ejercicio es de unir dos frases con un relativo, primero veremos qu se repite y luego copiaremos la primera
oracin hasta lo que se repite y a continuacin pondremos el relativo, la otra oracin y lo que quede de la primera.
P.Ej: That girl is the prettiest in my class. You know her That girl, who you know, is the prettiest in my class.

RELATIVOS DETERMINADOS (DEFINING) E INDETERMINADOS (NON-DEFINING)

The girl who/that is dark is Sean's sister.
En el primer caso hay ms de una chica y necesito la
oracin de relativo para que me determine cul es la
hermana de Sean (todo es sujeto: la hermana es la
chica morena). La oracin es DEFINING y el who (o si
hubiera which) se puede sustituir por THAT.
The girl, who is dark, is Sean's sister.
En el segundo caso solamente hay una chica y es la
hermana de Sean; adems, sabemos un detalle de ella
(que no determina qu chica es) y es que es morena.
Es una oracin NON-DEFINING. Los detalles van
entre comas y en este caso NO se puede usar THAT.

RELATIVOS CON PREPOSICIN

Existen determinados verbos, adjetivos o expresiones que requieren siempre una preposicin (listen to, be
interested in...). En estos casos tenemos dos posibilidades de incluirlas en las oraciones de relativo. Por ejemplo:
The girl was Sean's sister. You were listening to the girl.
traduccin literal del espaol: la chica a quien estabas escuchando es la hermana de Sean
The girl to whom you were listening was Sean's sister. WHO se transforma en WHOM (los dems relativos no
experimentan cambios).
Pegamos la preposicin a la partcula con la que va (en este caso el verbo). Es ms informal y comn en ingls.
The girl who you were listening to was Sean's sister.

OMISIN DE RELATIVOS

Los relativos pueden cumplir funcin de sujeto y no se pueden omitir o funcin de complemento directo y lo
normal es omitirlos. Por ejemplo: The girl who is blonde is my sister / The girl (who) you saw is my sister.
FUTURO SIMPLE (F.S.)

El futuro en ingls es ms complejo que en espaol. Nosotros tenemos nicamente dos formas de
conjugar el futuro:
a travs de la conjugacin: yo jugar
de forma perifrstica: yo voy a jugar.

En ingls, sin embargo, contamos con tres formas diferentes de hacer el futuro; con la
complejidad aadida de su diferencia en el uso. Dichas formas son:

WILL / WON'T + V INF

+ - ?
I will play = I'll play I will not play = I won't play Will I play?
You will play = You'll play You will not play = You won't play Will you play?
He will play = He'll play He will not play = He won't play Will he play?
She will play = She'll play She will not play = She won't play Will she play?
It will play = It'll play It will not play = It won't play Will it play?
We will play = We'll play We will not play = We won't play Will we play?
You will play = You'll play You will not play = You won't play Will you play?
They will play = They'll play They will not play = They won't play Will they play?

BE GOING TO (presente del verbo to BE conjugado + Going to + V INF )

+ - ?
I am going to play = I'm going to play I'm not going to play Am I going to play?
You are going to play = You're going to play You aren't going to play Are you going to play?
He is going to play = He's going to play He isn't going to play Is he going to play?
She is going to play = She's going to play She isn't going to play Is she going to play?
It is going to play = It's going to play It isn't going to play Is it going to play?
We are going to play = We're going to play We aren't going to play Are we going to play?
You are going to play = You're going to play You aren't going to play Are you going to play?
They are going to play = They're going to play They aren't going to play Are they going to play?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (ver apartado explicado con su uso y estructura).

A continuacin explicaremos cundo se debe usar cada una, puesto que la traduccin al espaol
puede ser la misma en todos los casos.

Utilizamos WILL ('LL) / WON'T:

1- cuando acabamos de decidir lo que vamos a hacer. Ejemplo:
Veo que una persona entra con muchas bolsas y le digo: Te ayudar. No lo tena previsto, pero al
ver la nueva situacin decido eso en el momento y digo: I'll help you.
2- Cuando expresamos una prediccin futura basada en nuestra mera opinin (sin ninguna pista
que nos diga que eso va a ser cierto):
I think it will rain tomorrow. No puedo ver nada de maana, pero eso es lo que pienso.

Utilizamos BE GOING TO:

1- cuando expresamos un plan, algo que queremos hacer en el futuro y ya tenemos previsto.
I am going to visit Susan tonight. Ella ya sabe que voy a ir a verla, es una cita o plan.
2- Cuando hago una prediccin sobre algo que va a pasar, pero basndome en algo que me lo indica.
Por ejemplo:
Veo a una persona andando por la calle sin mirar al suelo y un obstculo delante de ella. Digo: se
va a caer (me lo indica el hecho de que no ha visto el obstculo y se va a chocar). He is going to
fall.

Utilizamos PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

1- cuando expresamos algo que tenemos planeado. En esta ocasin se utiliza indistintamente con
BE GOING TO.
I am visiting Susan tonight. Al igual que en el ejemplo visto arriba, la persona sabe que la voy a
ir a visitar porque es un plan previsto de antemano.

FUTURO CONTINUO (F.C.)

El futuro continuo, al igual que todo tiempo continuo se forma con el verbo TO BE, en futuro en
este caso (WILL BE), seguido por el verbo que corresponda en gerundio (-ing).

Ejemplo: I will be studying I won't be studying

Utilizamos este tiempo para indicar lo que estaremos haciendo en un momento dado del futuro.
Se utiliza de forma muy similar al espaol, as:
Maana a las 5 estar estudiando (habr empezado a estudiar, pero no habr acabado; estar en
medio de la accin).
Tomorrow at 5 I'll be studying. (Accin en progreso en el futuro).

FUTURO PERFECTO (F.P.)

El futuro perfecto se forma como todos los tiempos perfectos: el verbo HAVE en futuro (WILL
HAVE) ms el verbo en participio pasado (tercera columna de los irregulares).

Ejemplo: I will have finished my homework I won't have finished my homework.

Utilizamos este tiempo para indicar una accin que estar terminada en un momento dado del
futuro. As:
Maana sobre las 5 habr terminado los deberes.
Tomorrow by 5 I will have finished my homework.
REPORTED SPEECH

En ingls REPORT significa informar eso es precisamente lo que hacemos con el estilo indirecto o REPORTED
SPEECH, informamos a alguien de lo que ha/n dicho otra/s persona/s, aunque con nuestras palabras. Se opone, por
tanto, al DIRECT SPEECH o estilo directo; en el que usamos las palabras exactas que la/s persona/s ha/n usado (y
las entrecomillamos). Veamos un ejemplo:
Mary told me: I love Madonna. => Estilo directo. Sus palabras exactas fueron: Me encanta Madonna.
Mary told me that she loved Madonna. => Estilo indirecto. Me dijo que le encantaba Madonna.

Cuando transformamos en estilo indirecto las frases de estilo directo se producen varios cambios:

STATEMENTS (frases afirmativas y negativas): solemos usar SAY o TELL

CAMBIOS EN LOS VERBOS Present Simple => Past Simple

SIEMPRE
Damos un paso atrs en el tiempo
los presentes pasan a pasados y el futuro a condicional.
Habr tiempos verbales que no cambien (el pasado
perfecto, por ejemplo).
He said: I want it => He said (that) he wanted it.
I said: I must go => He said (that) he had to go.
Present Continuous => Past Continuous
He said: I'm playing => He said (that) he was playing.

Present Perfect => Past Perfect

He said: I've lived in London => He said he had lived...

Past Simple => Past Perfect

He said: I went there => He said he had gone there.

Future => Conditional

He said: I will go there => He said he would go there.

CAMBIOS EN LAS REFERENCIAS A He said: my dog is great => He said his dog was great.
PERSONA She said: my dog is great => She said her dog was great.
A VECES
El cambio depende de quien dice la frase. A veces no cambia:
Debemos estar atentos a partculas como: I said: his dog is great => I said his dog was great.
I, ME, MY, MYSELF, MINE...
Es igual que en espaol

CAMBIOS EN LAS REFERENCIAS A LUGAR Here => There

SIEMPRE This => That
Es igual que en espaol These => Those

CAMBIOS EN LAS REFERENCIAS A Presente

TIEMPO Now => Then / at that moment
SIEMPRE At this/the moment => At that moment
Es igual que en espaol Today Tonight => That day That night
This... week => That... week

Pasado

Yesterday => The previous day / The day before

Last... month => The previous... month / The... month before
A... week ago => The previous... week /The... week before

Futuro

Tomorrow => The following day / The day after

Next... year => The following... year / The... year after
 INTERROGATIVAS solemos usar ASK, WONDER, ENQUIRE/INQUIRE, WANT TO
KNOW...

WH- QUESTIONS Mantenemos la partcula + Sujeto + verbo

He asked: Where are you?
He asked (me) where I was.

YES/NO QUESTIONS Colocamos IF/WHETHER + Sujeto + verbo

(preguntas con verbo auxiliar) He asked: Are you studying?
He asked if/whether I was studying.

RDENES solemos usar ORDER, SHOUT, WARN (advertir)... Aparece el imperativo.

RDENES AFIRMATIVAS TO + Verbo en infinitivo

Nos dicen que hagamos algo He ordered: Clean that.
He ordered to clean that.

RDENES NEGATIVAS NOT TO + Verbo en infinitivo

Nos dicen que no hagamos algo He ordered: Don't move.
He ordered not to move.

SUGERENCIAS solemos usar SUGGEST, RECOMMEND o PROPOSE.

CUANDO NOS INCLUIMOS EN LA SUGGEST + Verbo en gerundio (-ing)

SUGERENCIA He said: Let's dance
He suggested dancing

CUANDO NO NOS INCLUIMOS SUGGEST + That + Sujeto + Verbo en infinitivo

Sugerimos a otros que hagan algo He said to Susan and Peter: Why don't you dance?
He suggested that Susan and Peter dance.

Lo difcil de las sugerencias es saber cundo nos estn haciendo una, en lugar de una
pregunta. Por ello, veremos las frmulas que se pueden usar en estilo directo para hacerlas:

Let's + Verbo en infinitivo (VINF) He said: Let's dance

Why don't + Sujeto + VINF ? He said: Why don't we dance?

What about + Sujeto + V-ING ? He said: What about dancing?

He suggested dancing
How about + Sujeto + V-ING ? He said: How about dancing?

Would you like to + VINF ? He said: Would you like to dance?

Shall we + VINF? He said: Shall we dance?

REPORTING VERBS
A continuacin veremos algunos de los verbos ms utilizados en REPORTED SPEECH:

Verbos con infinitivo Agree, decide, offer, promise, They agreed to meet there.
refuse, threaten, forget, invite
Verbos con gerundio Admit, deny, explain, promise, He recommended taking a taxi.
recommend, suggest

Verbo con preposicin Accuse (of), congratulate (on), blame She apologised for not coming
(for), insist (on), apologise (for),
protest (about/against), complain
(about)

Verbos con CD + infinitivo Advise, encourage, invite, remind, He advised me to go home early.
warn, beg, explain

Verbos + that + Sujeto + verbo Admit, agree, announce, deny, She admitted that she had stolen it.
explain, suggest

Por ltimo, no debemos olvidar la diferencia entre los verbos SAY y TELL.
SAY: siempre utilizamos un CD, pero el CI es opcional y va con TO si lo hay. Es decir:
SAY something (to somebody) : She said that (to me)
TELL: aparece con un CI (normalmente en forma de pronombre) seguido por un CD:
TELL somebody something: She told me that.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Las oraciones condicionales sirven -como su nombre indica- para poner condiciones. Es muy importante fijarse en el
orden de los tiempos verbales con respecto al nexo porque nos pueden dar la vuelta a la oracin. Por ejemplo:
Si estudiara ms, aprobara = Aprobara si estudiara ms.
If I studied harder I would pass = I would pass if I studied harder.
En este caso estamos ante el segundo condicional, pero siempre el pasado se coloca en el lado del nexo (if).

CONDICIONALES REALES

CONDICIONAL 0 Nexo + Present Simple -> Pr.S.

Expresa hechos o rutinas
Si voy pronto a casa, me ducho
If I go home soon I have a shower
Si calientas agua, hierve
If you heat water it boils

CONDICIONAL 1 Nexo + Pr. S. -> Futuro (will + V en infinitivo)

Expresa cosas que ocurrirn (con futuro)
Si te portas bien iremos al cine
o que debes hacer (con imperativo) si se
If you behave properly we will go to the cinema
cumple la condicin
Nexo + Pr. S. -> Imperativo (no hay sujeto)

Si quieres tarta, prtate bien (orden afirmativa)

If you want cake behave properly
Si quieres tarta, no chilles (orden negativa)
If you want cake don't shout

CONDICIONALES QUE EXPRESAN HIPTESIS

CONDICIONAL 2 Nexo + Past Simple -> Simple Conditional

Sirve para cosas que ahora no ocurren e
imaginas qu pasara si ocurrieran would/should/could + V infinitivo

Con el verbo TO BE siempre WERE Si fuera rico, me comprara un coche (pero no lo soy)
If I were rich, I would buy a car
Si no comieras dulces podras adelgazar (pero s los comes)
If you didn't eat sweets you could lose weight

CONDICIONALES QUE EXPRESAN HECHOS PASADOS IMPOSIBLES DE CAMBIAR

CONDICIONAL 3 Nexo + Past Perfect (had + V 3c) -> Perfect Conditional

Expresa hechos que ocurrieron en el
pasado y que ya no se pueden cambiar would/should/could have+V 3 c.

Si hubieras estudiado ms habras aprobado (pero suspendiste)

If you had studied harder you would have passed

NEXOS
Si = If (informal) / Whether (formal) Cuando = When Tan pronto como = As soon as

A menos que = Unless Con tal de que = Provided that/As long as Antes/Despus de = Before/After

Por si / en caso de que = In case Siempre y cuando = Whenever

P.Ej. Iremos si no llueve = We will go if it doesn't rain Iremos a menos que llueve = We will go unless it rains.
PASIVAS

Cuando utilizamos la voz activa para expresar una accin, enfatizamos a la persona que hace la accin (el sujeto)
ponindola al principio de la oracin. Pedro stole my wallet.
Sin embargo, cuando a lo que queremos dar importancia es al sujeto paciente o pasivo de la accin (quien solamente
la recibe y que corresponde a un complemento), entonces usamos la voz pasiva y lo coloquemos al principio de la
frase como nuevo sujeto. Por ejemplo: My wallet was stolen.

Por tanto, para que haya posibilidad de usar la pasiva, debe haber al menos un complemento (directo o indirecto).
Los verbos intransitivos no tienen pasiva. Por ejemplo: I went to the cinema.

PASIVAS CON UN COMPLEMENTO

Es muy importante que analicemos la frase en activa para localizar el sujeto, el verbo (y tiempo verbal en el que
est conjugado) y el complemento directo de la oracin. Una vez hecho esto, aplicaremos la siguiente frmula:

ACTIVA PASIVA

SujetoACTIVA + VerboACTIVA + CD CDACTIVA +TO BE TIEMPO VERBAL DEL V EN ACTIVA + P.PPL.VA + BY SujACTIVA

NOTA: P.PPL. corresponde a past participle o participio pasado (la 3 columna de los verbos irregulares).

Por ejemplo:

My mother ate a cake A cake was eaten by my mother

El verbo en activa est en pasado simple y por eso ponemos el pasado del verbo TO BE antes del participio del
verbo en la activa.

PASIVAS CON DOS COMPLEMENTOS

En las oraciones con dos complementos existen dos pasivas: una en la que enfatizamos el complemento indirecto
(que es la ms comn en ingls) y otra en la que ponemos como sujeto el complemento directo. La frmula sigue
siendo la misma. As:

ACTIVA PASIVA

SujetoACTIVA + VerboACTIVA + CD + to CI CIACT +TO BE TIEMPO VERBAL DE VACTIVA + P.PPL.VA + CD + BY SujACTIVA

SujetoACTIVA + VerboACTIVA + CI + CD CDACT +TO BE TIEMPO VERBAL DE VACTIVA + P.PPL.VA + to CI+BY SujACTIVA

Por ejemplo:

Peter sends flowers to Mary everyday Mary is sent flowers by Peter everyday

Peter sends Mary flowers everyday Flowers are sent to Mary by Peter everyday
Hay dos pasivas posibles, al igual que hay dos posibilidades en la activa de ordenar los complementos.
El complemento agente (by...) es lo ltimo que aparece en la oracin a no ser que haya un complemento de tiempo,
como en este caso, que se pondr al final de la frase.

OMISIN DEL COMPLEMENTO AGENTE

En algunas ocasiones no nos hace falta poner el complemento agente y lo omitimos. Esto sucede cuando:
el sujeto de la activa es desconocido: Someone stole my wallet My wallet was stolen
el sujeto de la activa es general o impersonal: They/People grow coffee there Coffee is grown there
el sujeto es obvio y no aporta informacin importante: The police arrested them They were arrested
Sin embargo si alguien que no es comn que arreste lo hace, s lo incluiramos: They were arrested by John.

Si el sujeto es negativo en la pasiva la negacin pasa al verbo: Nobody knew the truth The truth wasn't known.
 PASIVAS IMPERSONALES O CON SUJETO LARGO

En ocasiones, la forma habitual de realizar la pasiva no es utilizada en ingls. Veamos un ejemplo:

People say (that) George Clooney is the most handsome man in the world.

That George Clooney is the most handsome man in the world is said (by people). X

Esta frase con un sujeto tan largo no nos la encontramos en ingls. Lo que haremos ser sustituir dicho sujeto por
un it que nos sirva de sujeto gramatical (para saber cmo conjugar el verbo) y tras el verbo en pasiva
especificaremos a qu se refiere dicho sujeto. La frase de arriba quedara del siguiente modo.

ACTIVA PASIVA

Sujeto1+ Verbo1 + CD (Sujeto2 + Verbo2.+C) It +TO BE TIEMPO VERBAL DE VACTIVA + P.PPL.VA + CD

It is said that George Clooney is the most handsome man in the world (by people).

Otra forma de hacer esta frase sera colocando como sujeto al segundo sujeto de la activa, el verbo en pasiva y un
infinitivo simple, continuo o perfecto dependiendo de que el segundo verbo de la activa est en un tiempo simple,
continuo o perfecto/pasado, respectivamente. Para ver cmo quedara el ejemplo de arriba, vamos a analizar la
frase activa:

People say (that) George Clooney is the most handsome man in the world.
Suj1 V1 Suj2 V2 CD

Teniendo en cuenta que is (V2) es un tiempo simple, aplicamos la frmula siguiente:

ACTIVA PASIVA

Sujeto1+ Verbo1 + CD (Sujeto2 + Verbo2.+C) Sujeto2 +TO BE TIEMPO VERBAL DE VACTIVA + P.PPL.VA + to + Infinitivo
(simple/continuo/perfecto segn el Verbo2)

George Clooney is said to be the most handsome man in the world (by people).

Un ejemplo con otro infinitivo sera:

People believe (that) he is dating Sue It is believed that he is dating Sue.

He is believed to be dating Sue.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Se usa esta expresin cuando alguien hace algo por nosotros. Lleva tambin C. Agente (by +...) y por eso se
relaciona con la pasiva. En general, en espaol decimos frases como ayer me cort el pelo, aunque nos lo haya
cortado el peluquero. En ingls, para diferenciarlo diremos:
I cut my hair yesterday cuando lo hago yo (el sujeto realiza la accin)
I had my hair cut yesterday (by the hairdresser) cuando lo hace alguien por m.

Elijo el tiempo del HAVE (Past Simple por yesterday)+OBJETO (el pelo)+el Verbo -lo que me hacen- en participio.
MODAL VERBS SUJETO + VERBO MODAL + VERBO EN INFINITIVO

Los verbos modales tienen varias caractersticas que los hacen especiales:
Acompaan a otro verbo en infinitivo (al que modifican): I run I must run I don't have to run...
suelen ser iguales en todas las personas (aunque no todos): I should run, he should run...

USO Present Past Other tenses

1.- ABILITY CAN/CANNOT = CAN'T COULD/COULDN'T BE ABLE TO (conjugado)

lo que sabemos o no I can drive = S conducir I could drive when I was 16 I will be able to drive in 1 year
sabemos hacer I can't run = No puedo correr Saba conducir con 16 aos I have been able to drive...

2.- PERMISSION CAN (+ informal)

COULD (+ formal) T
Pedir o dar permiso MAY (+ informal)
USTED
MIGHT (+ formal)

Can/May I open the window?

Could/Might you open that?

3.- ADVICE Los usamos como: Deber hacer

SHOULD/SHOULDN'T SHOULD(N'T) HAVE V(3C.)
Dar consejo OUGHT TO/OUGHTN'T TO OUGHT(N'T) TO HAVE
No hay diferencia entre ellos V(3C.)

You shouldn't smoke You should have studied

You ought to eat more fruit Deberas haber estudiado

4.DEDUCTION/POSSIBILITY MUST MUST HAVE V(3C.)

Ests seguro de que algo es He must have taken it
Deduccin/Posibilidad cierto Tiene que haberlo cogido l

MAY MAY HAVE V(3C.)

Dudas de la certeza de algo,
pero crees que s lo es
COULD
Sabes que algo no es cierto,
pero podra serlo
MIGHT
Dudas de la certeza de algo,
pero crees que no
He may have taken it
Probablemente lo ha cogido l
COULD HAVE V(3C.)
He could have taken it
Tuvo oportunidad de cogerlo,
pero no lo hizo
MIGHT HAVE V(3C.)
He might have taken it
Veo improbable que lo haya
cogido l

CAN'T CAN'T HAVE V(3C.)

Ests seguro de que algo no es He can't have taken it
cierto l no puede haberlo cogido

5.- OBLIGATION HAVE/HAS TO HAD TO HAVE TO (conjugado)

Obligacin externa
Obligacin I have to get up early to work
MUST = NEED TO HAD TO HAVE TO (conjugado)
El sujeto ve necesidad de algo NEEDED TO NEED TO (conjugado)
I must get up early to study

6.- PROHIBITION MUSTN'T DIDN'T HAVE TO HAVE TO (conjugado)

Sirve para algo prohibido o
Prohibicin fuertemente desaconsejado
You mustn't smoke in hospitals
Falta de obligacin DON'T/DOESN'T HAVE TO DIDN'T HAVE TO NEED TO (conjugado)
NEEDN'T DIDN'T NEED TO
You don't have to stay longer
Sirven para cosas que no
tienes por qu hacer
TIEMPOS VERBALES

SIMPLE CONTINUO PERFECTO SIMPLE PERFECTO CONTINUO

PRESENTE He plays He is playing He has played He has been playing
He doesn't play He isn't playing He hasn't played He hasn't been playing
Does he play? Is he playing? Has he played? Has he been playing?
HBITOS/HECHOS ALGO EN PROGRESO/PLAN ALGO QUE SE INICI EN EL ACCIN SIMILAR AL PR. P.
PASADO Y CONTINA PERO CON NFASIS EN LA
(NFASIS EN LA DURACCIN
REALIZACIN)

Always, usually, (Right /Just) now For For

sometimes, never, At the /this moment since the whole... week
seldom, rarely, today / tonight during
frequently, Nowadays ever
often... Currently never
In the mornings this week already
On Mondays yet
Once a week just
Every/Each day...

PASADO He played/ate He was playing He had played He had been playing

He didn't play He wasn't playing He hadn't played He hadn't been playing
Did he play? Was he playing? Had he played? Had he been playing?
ACCIN PUNTUAL, ACCIN DURADERA O EN PASADO ANTERIOR A OTRA PASADO DE OTRO PASADO
ACABADA EN UN PROGRESO EN EL PASADO ACCIN TAMBIN PASADA CON NFASIS EN LA
TIEMPO PASADO DURACIN

When For Already For

2 days ago while when the whole... week
yesterday as
last week
in 1990

FUTURO He will play He will be playing He will have played He'll have been playing
He won't play He won't be playing He won't have played He won't have been playing
Will he play? Will he be playing? Will he have played? Will he have been playing?
ACCIN FUTURA O ACCIN EN PROGRESO EN ACCIN COMPLETA EN EL ACCIN COMPLETA EN EL
PREDICCIN EL FUTURO FUTURO FUTURO Y DURADERA

Tomorrow At/By this time next... At/By this time next... For
next... month already the whole... week
the following... day
in/within 2 days

CONDICIONAL He would play He would be playing He'd have played He'd have been playing
He wouldn't play He wouldn't be playing He wouldn't have played He wouldn't have been playing
Would he play Would he be playing? Would he have played? Would he have been playing?
ACCIN POSIBLE ACCIN POSIBLE ACCIN POSIBLE EN EL ACCIN POSIBLE PASADA Y
DURADERA PASADO DURADERA

If If If If
in case in case in case in case
unless... unless... unless... unless...