Airinterfaces PDF

Student Guide
Understanding the CDMA Air-Interfaces

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
CL8300
CL8300-SG.en.UL
Issue 1.0
June 2003
Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Use pursuant to Company instructions
CL8300-SG.en.UL 1
This material is protected by the copyright and trade secret laws of the United States and other countries. It may not be
reproduced, distributed, or altered in any fashion by any entity (either internal or external to Lucent Technologies), except
in accordance with applicable agreements, contracts, or licensing, without the express written consent of Lucent
Technologies and the business management owner of the material.
Copyright 2003 Lucent Technologies. All Rights Reserved.
Notice
Every effort was made to ensure that this information product was complete and accurate at the time of printing.
However, information is subject to change.
Mandatory customer information

This information product does not contain any mandatory customer information.
Trademarks
Flexent is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
AUTOPLEX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
5ESS is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies.
Adobe Acrobat is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.
cdmaOne is a registered trademark of the CDMA Development Group
CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA)
WatchMark is a registered trademark of WatchMark Corp.
Prospect is a trademark of WatchMark Corp.
Technical support
For technical support, see To obtain documentation, training, and technical support or submit feedback on the 401-010-
001 Flexent/AUTOPLEX Wireless Networks System Documentation CD-ROM or the documentation web site at
https://wireless.support.lucent.com/
Developed by Lucent Technologies
CL8300-SG.en.UL 2
Course plan prologue
Course overview
Course description
Provides an in-depth understanding of the CDMA air-interface technologies and concepts for IS-
95, IS-2000, and IS-856.
Course objectives
This course is designed to enable you to:
Demonstrate the process of spreading and despreading
Explain how processing gain is achieved
Analyze the coding steps performed on the digital signal
Compare the CDMA codes used in signal processing
Illustrate the fundamental call processing phases
Differentiate between IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856.
Course outline
This course covers:
Understanding of wireless radio concepts
In-depth discussion of CDMA concepts, characteristics, and signal processing
Discussion of the IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856 channels and their coding
Core call processing as specified by IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
Mode of delivery
This course is offered as an instructor-led or self-paced course.
Media
Instructor-led course:
Paper-based student guide
Power Point presentation
Self-paced course:
Web-browser
Duration
The class length for the instructor-led course is 4 days.
The class length for the self-paced course is 20 hours.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 3
Related courses
Other Lucent Technologies courses related to CL8300 include the following:
CL8301: CDMA IS-95 and 3G-1X Design and Growth Engineering for Cellular Systems
This course provides engineering training in RF design of coverage and capacity for Lucent
Technologies cellular (850 MHz) CDMA systems. The course covers both cdmaOne (IS-95) and
CDMA2000 (IS-2000).
CL8302: CDMA IS-95 and 3G-1X RF Design and Growth Engineering for PCS Systems
Similar to CL8301 but for a PCS (1900 MHz) system.
CL8303: CDMA IS-95 and 3G-1X Base Station Call Processing
This course provides engineering training in base station call processing for Lucent Technologies
CDMA systems. The course covers both cdmaOne (IS-95) and CDMA2000 (IS-2000) as well as
cellular (850MHz) and PCS (1900MHZ) systems.
CL8304: CDMA 3G-1X RF Design Engineering and Base Station Call Processing
This course provides training in RF design of coverage and capacity, and base station call
processing for Lucent Technologies CDMA systems. The course covers IS-2000 (3G-1X). The
course is used as a "delta" course to give students with the prerequisites the necessary knowledge
to operate a 3G system.
CL8306: 1xEV-DO RF Design Engineering and Call Processing
This course provides experienced engineers the needed training to design a Lucent Technologies
1xEV-DO system for RF coverage and capacity. The course also provides thorough
understanding of the call processing algorithms in the access terminals and base stations.
CL3723: Wireless AMPS/PCS CDMA RF Performance Engineering
This course provides a basic overview of the RF engineering optimization processes unique to
CDMA. Lucent Technologies's suggested optimization techniques are discussed utilizing case
study data gathered from in-service systems that have recently been optimized.
CL1522: WatchMark Prospect - Lucent Technologies AMPS/CDMA/TDMA Operations
This course is designed to instruct students in the use of the Prospect applications.
CL1523: WatchMark Prospect - Lucent Tech.-Special Engineering Studies Operations
This course is designed to instruct students in the use of the Prospect SES applications.
Course registration
Register for a course via the web or over the phone:
http://www.lucent.com/training
1-888-LUCENT8 (582-3688) (within the U.S.A.)
+1-407-767-2667 (outside the U.S.A.)
CL8300-SG.en.UL 4
CDMA RF Engineering Curriculum
History
Topic R12 - R16 R17+
CDMA CL3715 CL3715 CL8300
Fundamentals 2G 2G 2G/3G-1X/1xEV-DO
RF Design CL8301/ CL3716

Engineering CL3721/ CL8302 3G-1X
CL3722/ CL8304 2G/3G-1X CL8306 Overview
CL3725 3G-1X 1xEV-DO
Delta (R18+)
2G
Base Station
Call Processing CL8303
2G/3G-1X
RF Performance CL3723 CL3723

Engineering 2G 2G/3G-1X
System Performance CL1517/

CL1522/
Monitoring and CL1518/
CL1523
CL1522
Analysis Tools
Understanding the CDMA
CL8300 Air-Interfaces
5
References
The following publications are major references for this course:
TIA/EIA/IS-95-A, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Wideband Spread
Spectrum Cellular Systems
TIA/EIA-95-B, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Wideband Spread
Spectrum Cellular Systems
TIA/EIA/IS-2000A - Family of standards for CDMA2000 Standards for Spread Spectrum
Systems
TIA/EIA/IS-856, CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification
These publications can be ordered from TIA (http://www.tiaonline.com)
Note:
Note:
CL3715, CL3721, CL3722, CL3725,
CL3715, CL3721, CL3722, CL3725,
CL1517, and CL1518 are discontinued.
CL1517, and CL1518 are discontinued.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 5
About the student
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of telecommunication and basic engineering math concepts.
Audience
Engineers in need of an in-depth understanding of the CDMA air-interface technology and
CDMA concepts for IS-95 (2G), IS-2000 (3G-1X), IS-856 (1xEV-DO), and who will continue
taking other courses in the wireless CDMA engineering curriculum.
Class size
The class size for the instructor-led version is a minimum of 12 students, and a maximum of 20
students.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 6
End-of-course assessment
Introduction
This course uses Level 2 Assessment tools to gauge the extent to which you have met the
objectives of the course. Level 2 Assessment results should be used solely to make further
training and development decisions. The results may not be used for any other purpose without
the written consent of Lucent Technologies Information Products & Training.
Purpose of the assessment

As stated above, the assessment serves a developmental purpose. There are a number of benefits
to having the assessment as part of this course.
Use of the Level 2 Assessment will objectively measure effective training. The questions are
linked to the course objectives, which, in turn, are linked to the tasks performed on the job.
These links hold our course developers and instructors accountable to produce and deliver
materials that are relevant to your needs.
Additional information
See the appendix for details on how to take the Level 2 Assessment.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 7
Contents
1. Fundamental Radio Concepts and CDMA Introduction

1.1: Electromagnetic waves
1.2: RF modulation
1.3: Why digital?
1.4: Digital signal modulation
1.5: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
1.6: Why CDMA?
1.7: CDMA Channel
1.8: FDD vs. TDD
1.9: Coherent vs. non-coherent demodulation
1.10: Some CDMA terms
1.11: Standards' relationships
1.12: OSI model
2. Spreading & Despreading
2.1: Spread spectrum techniques
2.2: Direct sequence spreading
2.3: Direct sequence despreading
2.4: Integrate & dump
2.5: Detection with noise
2.6: Eb/Nt explained
2.7: Noise rise
2.8: End-to-end overview
3. Information Coding
3.1: Typical signal processing
3.2: Speech encoding
3.3: Frames and quality indicator
3.4: Forward error correction
3.5: Bit interleaving
CL8300-SG.en.UL 8
4. CDMA Codes
4.1: Typical signal processing
4.2: Code correlation
4.3: CDMA codes
4.4: Long code
4.5: Short codes
4.6: Walsh codes
4.7: Scrambling & spreading
4.8: Digital modulation
4.9: Receiver
5. CDMA Concepts
5.1: RF impairments
5.2: Rake receiver
5.3: CDMA call processing overview
5.4: Random access
5.5: Soft handoff
5.6: Power control
5.7: Noise rise vs. coverage reduction
6. IS-95 Specifics
6.1: Major characteristics
6.2: Forward link channels
6.3: Forward link coding
6.4: Forward link CDMA codes
6.5: Reverse link channels
6.6: Reverse link coding
6.7: Reverse link CDMA codes
6.8: Primary and signaling traffic
7. IS-2000 Specifics
7.8: Reverse access specifics
7.9: Handoff specifics
7.10: Power control specifics
CL8300-SG.en.UL 9
8. IS-856 Specifics
8.8: Handoff specifics
8.9: Power control specifics
8.10: Pole point specifics
Appendix
Additional coding information
Web-based end-of-course assessment job-aid
Glossary
CL8300-SG.en.UL 10
About the course contents
Study plan
The lessons to study depend on the technology of interest. Lessons 1 through 5 cover the CDMA
technology in general. Lessons 6, 7, and 8, cover IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856, respectively.
Depending on the technology of interest, study the following lessons:
IS-95 (a.k.a. 2G)

Lessons 1 through 5 are required
Lesson 6 is required
Lesson 7 is optional
Lesson 8 is optional.
IS-2000 (a.k.a. CDMA2000, 3G-1X)
Lesson 6 is recommended
Lesson 7 is required
Lesson 8 is recommended.
IS-856 (a.k.a. 1xEV-DO)
Lesson 8 is required.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 11
Notes:
CL8300-SG.en.UL 12
Notes:
CL8300-SG.en.UL 13
Notes:
CL8300-SG.en.UL 14
Lesson 1
Fundamental Radio Concepts
and CDMA Introduction

15
CL8300-SG.en.UL 15
Lesson Objectives
Explain the benefits of digital transmission

Differentiate CDMA from FDMA and TDMA
Explain the benefits of CDMA
Illustrate the relationship between IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-
856.

16
CL8300-SG.en.UL 16
1.1 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves propagate better than sound

Radio frequencies (30 kHz 30 GHz) used in cellular
Signal described as
y(t) = A * sin(2 * f * t + )
1/f
0 t

Modulation allows another signal to be transported by the

RF signal.

17
Speech, or more specifically sounds that humans can hear (20 Hz - 20 kHz), propagates by
pushing air molecules around. Therefore, sound loses its energy relatively quickly and is limited
in propagation over distance. Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, can travel a much larger
distance.
The Scottish scientist James Clark Maxwell, in 1864, predicted the possibility of propagation of
electromagnetic waves. The theory was based on work done by Michael Faraday. It was a
German scientist, Heinrich Hertz, who was able to prove Maxwells theory through a series of
experiments between 1886 and 1888.
The basic idea is to couple electromagnetic energy into a propagation medium by means of a
radiation element such as an antenna. The frequency, or wavelength (), of the electromagnetic
wave impacts the waves capability of propagation. Lower frequency waves, or longer
wavelength, tend to follow the earths surface and is reflected and refracted by the ionosphere
(part of the earths atmosphere about 60 km above the surface). Above about 300 MHz, the
electromagnetic waves propagate by means of line-of-sight, and somewhere above 1000 GHz,
the waves become optical in character.
Radio frequencies (RF) generally refers to frequencies from 30 kHz to 30 GHz. RF is used in
cellular communication and is assumed throughout this course.
The RF signal, y(t), is assumed to be a sinusoidal signal with amplitude A, frequency f, and phase
. The frequency is often expressed in radians, , where = 2*f.
y(t) = A * sin(2 * f * t + )
The main frequency, or center frequency, is called carrier frequency, or the carrier. The carrier
frequency should be much greater than the effective bandwidth of the information signal.
Since RF signals are so much better than sound to propagate (travel), we want to use the RF
signals to carry our desired information. The process of making an RF signal carry specific
information (another signal) is called modulation.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 17
1.2 RF Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

A(t) * sin(2 * f * t + )
Simple implementation
Sensitive to noise
Frequency Modulation (FM)

A * sin(2 * f(t) * t + )
More robust against noise
Phase Modulation (PM)

A * sin(2 * f * t + (t))
Similar to FM.

18
Given the sinusoidal signal, y(t) = A * sin(2 * f * t + ), there are three parameters that can be
adjusted, or modulated, with the original signal, m(t), that is to be transmitted. The three
parameters are amplitude (A), frequency (f), and phase ().
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
When the information signal, m(t), modulates the amplitude of the carrier, we call this
modulation technique for Amplitude Modulation (AM).
The benefit of AM is the simplicity with which it can be demodulated. One inexpensive
demodulation method is called envelope detection. One drawback with AM is that the signal can
easily be degraded by noise or interference.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
When the information signal, m(t), modulates the frequency of the carrier, we call this
modulation technique for Frequency Modulation (FM).
FM requires a more sophisticated demodulator which can detect frequency deviation. However,
a big advantage of FM over AM is that FM is less susceptible to noise.
Phase Modulation (PM)
When the information signal, m(t), modulates the phase of the carrier, we call this modulation
technique for Phase Modulation (PM).
Since both the frequency and phase parameters are impacting the sin() operation, PM is
similar to FM. See the figure. Therefore, PM and FM have similar characteristics.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 18
1.3 Why Digital?
Analog signals are easily

distorted by noise
Analog signals can be represented in a digital form

Nyquist criterion
Digital signals can sustain more
noise than analog
Additional information can
be included in the bit stream.

19
In 1928, Harry Nyquist published his famous sampling theory. The sampling theory, the Nyquist
criterion, states that an analog signal can be completely reconstructed from a set of uniformly
spaced discrete-time samples, if the sampling rate is equal to or greater than the bandwidth of the
signal.
Analog vs. Noise
Analog signals are more susceptible to noise than digital signals. The quality (or correctness) of
an analog signal depends on how exactly the receiver can detect the envelope, or curve, or the
signal. Shown in the figure is an analog signal with noise added; the correct signal is also shown.
When noise is added to an analog signal, the instantaneous envelope value can vary significantly
from the actual envelope, thereby degrading the quality of the signal.
Digital vs. Noise
When transmitting a digital signal, only ones and zeroes must be detected. The detection can be
done using a maximum likelihood decoder. For example, assume that a digital 1 is represented
as a -1 voltage, and a digital 0 is represented as a +1 voltage. When decoding, the maximum
likelihood detector can determine the received bit to be 1 if the received voltage is less than 0,
and a 0 is the voltage is greater than 0.
One can easily see that a digital signal can sustain more noise than an analog signal and still
yield the correct information bit in the receiver without any degradation in quality.
Other Benefits of Digital
With digital transmission schemes come all the advantages that traditional microprocessor
circuits have over their analog counterparts. Any shortfalls in the communications link can be
eradicated using software. Information can now be encrypted, and error correction can ensure
more confidence in received data. Also, additional information can be included in the data
stream.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 19
1.4 Digital Signal Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

On-Off Keying
Rarely used today
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Two distinct frequencies
transmitted
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Phase of signal is changed
Several phase changes possible
QPSK.
20
When transmitting digital signals, variations of AM, FM, and PM schemes are used. The digital
signal modulation schemes are often called Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). As with FM and PM, FSK and PSK offer more
immunity to noise, and are the preferred schemes today.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Since ones and zeroes are transmitted, ASK transmits a signal with a given amplitude for one bit
value, and little or no amplitude for the other bit value. Early telegraphy used ASK to transmit
Morse code, but today pure ASK is rarely used.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
A simple variation from traditional analog FM can be implemented by applying a digital signal
to the modulation input. Thus, the output takes the form of a sine wave at two distinct
frequencies. To demodulate this waveform, it is a simple matter of passing the signal through
two filters and translating the resultant back into logic levels.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
PSK involves changing the phase of the transmitted waveform instead of the frequency. In its
simplest form, a PSK waveform can be generated by using the digital data to switch between two
signals of equal frequency but opposing phase (Binary PSK, BPSK). If the resultant waveform is
multiplied by a sinusoidal wave of equal frequency, two components are generated: one cosine
waveform of double the received frequency and one frequency-independent term whose
amplitude is proportional to the cosine of the phase shift. Thus, filtering out the higher-frequency
term yields the original modulating data prior to transmission. This is difficult to picture
conceptually, but a mathematical proof can be done.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Taking the above concept of PSK a stage further, it can be assumed that the number of phase
shifts is not limited to only two states but multiple states. The transmitted carrier can undergo
any number of phase changes and, by multiplying the received signal by a sine wave of equal
frequency, will demodulate the phase shifts into frequency-independent voltage levels.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 20
1.5 FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
Bandwidth
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
B
Divides bandwidth B into N channels U3
Supports N users U2
U1 t
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Bandwidth
Uses FDMA and timeslots B

U5 U6 U5 U6
Divide B into N channels and TS timeslots U3 U4 U3 U4
Supports N * TS users U1 U2 U1 U2 t
Bandwidth
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
BC
Uses entire bandwidth, BC, for all users
Supports a dynamic number of users.
t

21
Cellular systems rely on RF as the primary means of communication between the mobile station
and the base station. In an ideal world, there is an unlimited frequency spectrum available. In our
world, though, there is not unlimited frequency spectrum because a certain amount of the
accessible frequency spectrum has been allocated for commercial and non-commercial
applications, such as AM/FM radio, TV broadcast, navigation systems, etc.
To access the limited frequency spectrum in a cellular system, several access techniques exists.
The most common techniques include Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
With FDMA, the available frequency bandwidth, B, is divided into N number of channels, each
with a bandwidth of BN (typically 30 kHz). Each active user is then assigned one channel. In
other words, N users can be supported.
The total number of users supported in a system can be increased by implementing a frequency
reuse plan the channels are reused in areas some distance away.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
With TDMA, the available frequency bandwidth, B, is divided into N number of channels, each
with a bandwidth of BN (typically 30 kHz for IS-136, and 200 kHz for GSM). In addition, each
channel is divided into TS number of time slots (3 useable for IS-136, 8 for GSM). Each active
user is then assigned a channel and a time slot. In other words, N*TS users can be supported.
The total capacity can be increased with a frequency reuse plan.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
With CDMA, a large bandwidth, BC, is dedicated to one CDMA Channel. BC is typically 1-5
MHz, depending on technology. An active user is assigned a unique code within the CDMA
Channel. Using the unique code, the receiver can extract the specific user information from the
CDMA Channel. The supported capacity is dynamic and a function of interference levels.
A frequency reuse plan is not needed in a CDMA system.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 21
1.6 Why CDMA?
High and dynamic capacity

Same RF carrier frequency used in all sectors and all cells
Enhanced RF channel performance
Rake receiver
Soft handoff
No interruption of traffic channel when using soft handoff
Soft blocking
Determined by quality objective
Longer battery life for mobile station
Lower transmission power levels
Inherent privacy.

22
One of the main benefits of CDMA is the dynamic capacity inherent in the technology. As will
be shown later, capacity is a function of the interference levels in the system. By optimizing the
system and the hardware and software of the network components, system capacity can be
increased. In CDMA, coverage, capacity, and quality are related to each other, and one cannot
increase one without sacrificing one of the other.
Compared to other technologies such as GSM and IS-136 (TDMA), the performance of
CDMA is enhanced through Rake receivers and soft handoff. Rake receivers allow the receiver
to efficiently combat multipath. Soft handoff allows the mobile station to have a seamless
connection to the network without any interruptions as the mobile station moves around within
the system.
By transmitting digital information and using effective coding techniques, the transmission
power levels for a mobile station is lowered. This not only results in lower interference in the
system, but also a longer battery life for the mobile station.
There is a degree of privacy inherent in the CDMA technology. By the use of pseudo-noise
codes, an eavesdropper cannot intercept the information without extensive code-breaking
computations. Please note that while there is inherent privacy in CDMA, the information is not
encrypted. Encryption must be performed prior to the CDMA processing.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 22
1.7 CDMA Channel
One CDMA Channel

3dB Bandwidth
fc
Guard band Guard band
Multiple CDMA Channels

3dB Bandwidth 3dB Bandwidth
fc1 fc2
Guard band Channel spacing Guard band

23
The 3 dB bandwidth of a channel is the frequency range where the signal at the edges is 3 dB
lower than the peak value at the center frequency, fc. The center frequency is used to specify
where in the frequency spectrum the CDMA Channel is located.
A CDMA Channel, or carrier frequency, has a 3 dB bandwidth of 1.23 MHz for IS-95 and IS-
856. For IS-2000, the 3 dB bandwidth is 1.23 MHz or 3.69 MHz, depending on configuration
(see IS-2000 Specifics lesson for details).
In addition to the frequency spectrum required for the CDMA Channels 3 dB bandwidth,
frequency guard bands are also needed on each side of the channel if the CDMA Channel
borders to spectrum not used for CDMA. The performance standard specifications recommend
frequency guard band distance (bandwidth) for various frequency bands; e.g., IS-97 defines
performance specifications for IS-95 and IS-2000 base stations, IS-864 defines the performance
specifications for IS-856 base stations.
For adjacent CDMA Channels, no frequency guard band is needed between the CDMA
Channels. Obviously, the CDMA Channels have to be spaced at least 1.23 MHz (or 3.69 MHz)
apart. The frequency distance between two CDMA Channels is referred to as channel spacing.
The channel spacing used depends on the channel numbering scheme for the particular
frequency band. For example, in the 850 MHz spectrum (band class 0), the channel spacing is
1.23 MHz, while in the 1900 MHz spectrum (band class 1), the channel spacing is 1.25 MHz.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 23
1.8 FDD vs. TDD
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Spectrum
Most common
Forward link
Simple implementation
May not be spectrum efficient with Guard band
asymmetrical data links Reverse link

t
Spectrum
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Efficient use of spectrum
Forward link
Reverse link
Forward link
Guard time
Guard time
Requires precise synchronization and
timing.
t

24
In order to support duplex operation (simultaneous or pseudo-simultaneous communication

between mobile station and base station) in a CDMA system, one of two techniques are often
used: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
The FDD scheme is the most common scheme. For every CDMA Channel, there is a forward
link (base station to mobile station) CDMA Channel and a reverse link (mobile station to base
station) CDMA Channel. This means that if the CDMA Channel is 1.23 MHz wide, then twice
that spectrum is needed for FDD. See the figure.
Between the forward link and reverse link portions of the spectrum, there is a guard band to help
isolate the receive part from the transmit part of the mobile station (or base station).
FDD is simple to implement. However, for data transmission where the data capacity
requirements (and therefore often spectrum demand) are asymmetrical (often higher on the
forward link), FDD may not efficiently use the total spectrum.
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Instead of dividing the frequency spectrum between the forward and reverse links, the spectrum
can be divided in time for the forward and reverse links. In other words, the available frequency
spectrum is used for forward link transmission for some time period. During another time period,
the same frequency spectrum is used for reverse link transmission. Between each transmission
period, there is a guard period to help isolate forward and reverse link transmissions from each
other.
TDD required precisely controlled synchronization and timing between forward and reverse link
transmission. Therefore, the complexity of the system increases. The benefit of TDD is a more
efficient use of the available frequency spectrum when asymmetrical capacity demands are
experienced on the RF link. A longer time period for transmission can be assigned to, for
example, the forward link. TDD also allows a CDMA Channel to be implemented in a very
limited frequency spectrum.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 24
1.9 Coherent vs. Non-coherent
Demodulation
With coherent demodulation a phase reference is
provided
Pilot Channel
Phase changes can be
anticipated
Lower signal energy for
information channel
Non-coherent demodulation operates without a phase
reference
Phase has to be guessed
Higher signal energy needed.
Phase
discrepancy
Real phase of signal

Phase reference at receiver

25
The Federal Standard 1037C defines coherent as pertaining to a fixed phase relationship
between corresponding points on an electromagnetic wave. This means that if the receiver has
a phase reference available when demodulating the received information, coherent demodulation
is performed. The phase reference in a CDMA system is provided by a Pilot Channel. The Pilot
Channel is easy to detect because it has a simple code and relatively high signal energy.
When a Pilot Channel is present, the receiver can observe the changes in the Pilot Channel (e.g.,
phase) and anticipate the changes to the information channel.
If a Pilot Channel is not present, the receiver must perform non-coherent demodulation. Non-
coherent demodulation means that the receiver must assume and guess the changes of the
information channel. This typically means that the information channel requires much more
power (theoretically 3 dB) than it would need if the Pilot Channel was present. The higher power
is needed to minimize the phase discrepancy between the signal and the phase used in the
demodulator.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 25
1.10 Some CDMA Terms
User devices
Mobile station
Access terminal (AT)
2G
IS-95
cdmaOne
3G
IS-2000
CDMA2000
1xRTT, 3xRTT
3G-1X, 3G-3X
IS-856
1xEV-DO.

26
There are a number of terms in CDMA that may be confusing to the reader. The confusion may
stem from the fact that different terms often describes the same, or similar, components,
concepts, etc. A lot of terms will be described and explained throughout this course. Here, a few
of the frequently seen terms will be explained.
The network component being used when accessing the system is often called a mobile station
(MS), or simply mobile. For IS-856, the same mobile station is called an access terminal (AT).
AT is only used exclusively in the IS-856 Specifics lesson. In other lessons where mobile station
is used, the information also applies to an AT.
When discussing the technologies covered in this course, various terms may be used. The terms
can perhaps be classified as second generation (2G) terms and third generation (3G) terms.
IS-95 specifies the air-interface used for the 2G CDMA system branded as cdmaOne. For the 3G
air-interface, two specifications are discussed in this course: IS-2000 and IS-856.
IS-2000 is one of the radio transmission technologies (RTT) used for 3G systems; hence, 1xRTT
and 3xRTT for the two configurations of IS-2000. See the IS-2000 Specifics lesson for details
regarding the two configurations. Similar to IS-95 and cdmaOne, the IS-2000 based system is
called CDMA2000, and sometimes CDMA2000-1X and CDMA2000-3X.
Lucent Technologies often refers to the IS-2000 system as 3G-1X or 3G-3X.
IS-856 is an evolution of IS-2000, but is used for data applications only. The IS-856 system is
also called 1xEV-DO, CDMA2000-1X EVolution Data Only.
For other terms found throughout this course, please refer to the glossary.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 26
What is 3G?
ITUs IMT-2000
Global roaming
> 9.6 kb/s
High data rates > 144 kb/s
Variable > 384 kb/s

MEGA CELL
Negotiable (QoS) > 2.048 Mb/s
MACRO CELL
Asymmetrical Global
MICRO CELL
Regional
Local Area PICO CELL
Indoor 2
1
Office/Home
3 4
5 7
6 8
9 *
0
#
Internet connectivity
E-mail push
Support for multimedia services
IS-2000 and IS-856 are approved IMT-2000
specifications.

27
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) envisioned one unifying terrestrial air and
core network system for the next generation of wireless communication, a.k.a. 3G. ITUs
recommendations for the next generation systems are called International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Some of the major aspects of IMT-2000 include:
Global roaming that would allow a mobile user from anywhere in the world to expect the same
standard set of wireless services and features, regardless of where the user travels and the
country visited
High data rates optimized for different terrestrial radio environments:
Global satellite (megacell) environment, minimum 9.6 kbps
High mobility, vehicular (macrocell) environment, minimum 144 kbps
Low-mobility, pedestrian (microcell) environment, minimum 384 kbps
Indoor (picocell) environment, minimum 2 Mbps
Internet connectivity and services comparable with direct landline connection. Also supporting
asymmetric (data rate) links and e-mail push; user does not have to connect to system to receive
e-mail
Negotiable quality of service (QoS) allowing the user to negotiate the QoS with regard to data
rate, bit error rate, and latency
Variable data rates, allowing the user to get a higher data rate when the system is less busy
Support of multimedia services such as streaming video.
Two specifications classified by the ITU as 3G technologies are discussed in this course, IS-
2000 and IS-856. IS-95 is not classified as a 3G technology.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 27
1.11 Standards Relationships
IS-95A IS-95B
Backward
Original CDMA cellular compatible
Enhanced performance
technology Voice and medium speed
Voice and low speed data data (115.2 kbps)
(14.4 kbps)
tib d
pa ar
le
m kw
co ac
B
IS-2000 IS-856
Increased capacity, RF IP network
compatible
scalability High speed data only
Voice and high speed data (2,457.6 kbps)
(1,036.8 kbps)

28
IS-95 revision A, IS-95A, was the first commercial implementation of the CDMA technology as
a wireless communication system. Published in 1993, the standard specification became very
popular, especially in North America. IS-95A supports voice and low speed data applications
with a maximum data rate of 14.4 kbps.
IS-95 was revised to revision B, IS-95B, in early 1999. IS-95B improved the performance of the
CDMA systems by adding and enhancing existing algorithms and parameters. Medium speed
data, up to 115.2 kbps, is also supported in IS-95B. Few networks were deployed using IS-95B,
due to the emerge of third generation (3G) technologies.
No further revisions of IS-95 were made. The work focused instead on IS-2000 (IS-95C) with
a more timely numbering scheme. Revision A of IS-2000 was released in early 2000. Several
technology enhancements were made in IS-2000 that dramatically increased voice capacity
compared to IS-95 while still maintaining backward compatibility. True high speed data was also
implemented with data rates up to 1,036.8 kbps. More common data rates seen are data rates up
to 307.2 kbps. With the use of two different RF carrier bandwidths and additional channels, IS-
2000 proves to be more scalable than IS-95.
In early 2002, IS-856 was published. IS-856 is based on IS-2000, but removes voice-capability
and focuses on data only operation. By focusing on data only operation, the data rate for an IS-
856 system can reach 2,457.6 kbps. Another noticeable difference between IS-856 and IS-2000
is that IS-856 is an IP-based network, whereas IS-2000 relies on proprietary protocols. IS-856 is
backward-compatible with IS-2000 at the RF level. This means that RF components can be
shared between the two systems.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 28
Data Implementation
IS-95A
Regular Traffic Channel can carry up to 14.4 kbps with vocoder
bypass
IS-95B
Traffic Channel consists of a FCCH and optional SCCH
FCCH and aggregated SCCH can carry up to 115.2 kbps
IS-2000
Supplemental Channel carries up to 1,036.8 kbps
Efficient interference control
IS-856
Forward link Data Channel carries up to 2,457.6 kbps
Time-multiplexed between users
One user gets all the resources based on scheduling algorithm
Reverse link Data Channel carries up to 153.6 kbps.

29
IS-95 and IS-2000 supports voice in the system. The implementation of the voice application is
the same between the two technologies. IS-856 is a data only technology. All the technologies,
IS-95A, IS-95B, IS-2000, and IS-856, support data. The technology specific lessons further
discuss the implementation of data.
IS-95A
Data rates up to 14.4 kbps are supported in revision A of IS-95, using the Traffic Channel. This
is achieved by bypassing the vocoder (processing the speech for transmission).
IS-95B
Revision B of IS-95 introduced two sub-channels of the Traffic Channel: the Fundamental Code
Channel (FCCH) and Supplemental Code Channel (SCCH). The FCCH supports voice and low
speed data rates up to 14.4 kbps. Higher data rates are achieved by aggregating up to seven
SCCHs. The maximum data rate for IS-95B is 115.2 kbps
IS-2000
In IS-2000, the Supplemental Channel is introduced. The Supplemental Channel is used for data
traffic only, and can carry up to 1,036.8 kbps, depending on the current configuration.
IS-2000 also introduced the ability to efficiently control interference generated in the system due
to the high speed data traffic.
IS-856
The forward link in IS-856 can carry data rates up to 2,457.6 kbps. This is achieved by
multiplexing the forward link resources between the users. When time-multiplexing is used, all
the forward link resources can be concentrated to one user, and the data rate maximized. The
user who will received the forward link Data Channel is determined by a scheduling algorithm.
The reverse link Data Channel carries up to 153.6 kbps.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 29
1.12 OSI Model
OSI
Application (Layer7)
Presentation (Layer6)
Session (Layer 5)
Transport (Layer 4)
Network (Layer 3)
Data Link (Layer 2)
Physical (Layer 1)

30
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model was developed in 1984 by the International
Standardization Organization (ISO). It specifies a seven-layer model which is used by the
industry as the frame of reference when describing protocol architectures and functional
characteristics. The seven layers are application, presentation, session, transport, network, data
link, and physical layers. To remember the layers, the following sentence could be used: All
People Seem To Need Data Processing.
Layer 7: The application layer supports application and end-user processes. This layer
provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, etc.
Layer 6: The presentation layer formats data to be sent across a network, providing freedom
from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Layer 5: The session layer establishes, manages, and terminates connections between
applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges,
and dialogues between the applications at each end.
Layer 4: The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or
hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data
transfer.
Layer 3: The network layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths
known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are
functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control,
and packet sequencing.
Layer 2: The data link layer furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and
handles errors in the physical layer, flow control, and frame synchronization.
Layer 1: The physical layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -
through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of
sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining channels and cables (if wireline).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 30
OSI Model vs. CDMA
OSI TCP / IP
Application (Layer7)
Application
Presentation (Layer6)
Session (Layer 5)
Transport (Layer 4) Transport (TCP)
Network (Layer 3) Internet (IP)
Data Link (Layer 2) CDMA Radio
Network Access Access Network
Physical (Layer 1)

31
For voice applications, the OSI model has not been much of a concern since each voice user is
similar from a resource (RF, hardware, etc.) point of view. However, for data applications,
different users may use different applications. Each application may have significantly different
resource demands. Therefore, it is important to structure the system in order to manage the
information.
Most data applications are based on an IP network. From an RF point of view, in an IP network
the CDMA radio access network (RAN) operates in the first three layers of the OSI model,
Layers 1-3, supporting IP traffic. While the RAN may operate within the first three OSI layers to
support the IP network, the RAN may have its own internal layers resembling the OSI model
(e.g., IS-856).
Obviously, following the OSI model is not required for a communication system to function
properly.
In this course, the focus will be on Layer 1, the physical layer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 31
Summary
RF carrier is modulated with a digital signal

ASK
FSK
PSK
Digital is more robust against noise
CDMA is a preferred access method over FDMA/TDMA
Dynamic capacity
Enhanced RF performance
Inherent privacy
The physical layer will be covered in this course
IS-95 (cdmaOne)
IS-2000 (CDMA2000, 3G-1X, 3G-3X)
IS-856 (1xEV-DO).
32
RF frequencies are generally referred to as the electro magneticwaves propagating in the

frequency range of 30 kHz to 30 GHz. Using various modulation techniques, and information
signal can be carried by an RF signal (carrier frequency). Several modulation techniques for a
digital information signal exist, e.g., ASK, FSK, and PSK. Digital transmission is preferred over
analog transmission since a digital signal can sustain more noise and, at the same time,
implement error correction schemes.
With a limited frequency spectrum and multiple users, an access method must be selected to
accommodate the users. Out of the three access methods described (FDMA, TDMA, and
CDMA), CDMA is preferred due to its dynamic capacity, enhanced RF performance (Rake
receiver and soft handoff), and inherent privacy. The capacity is dynamic because the same RF
carrier frequency is used across the network. Multiple CDMA carriers can co-exist within a
network, provided that they are separated in frequency (channel spacing) and do not have
overlapping 3 dB bandwidths (1.23 MHz or 3.69 MHz).
Three CDMA air-interface technologies are discussed in this course, IS-95 (cdmaOne), IS-2000
(CDMA2000, 3G-1X, or 3G-3X), and IS-856 (1xEV-DO). Of the three technologies, IS-2000
and IS-856 are approved 3G technologies according to the ITU. IS-2000 is backward-compatible
with IS-95. IS-856 is an evolution of IS-2000, with data only capability.
This course focuses on the air-interface specifications of the technologies discussed. The air-
interface is the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 32
Knowledge Check
1. Why is digital transmission more beneficial than analog

transmission?
A. More noise can be sustained without degrading quality
B. Error correction can be implemented to further improve the
signal
C. Battery life is increased for the mobile station
D. Any of the above

33
CL8300-SG.en.UL 33
Knowledge Check contd
2. What uniquely identifies a TDMA user channel?

A. Channel number only
B. Time slot and unique code
C. Channel number and time slot
D. Channel number and unique code
3. What uniquely identifies a CDMA user channel?

A. Channel number only
B. Time slot and unique code
C. Channel number and time slot
D. Channel number and unique code

34
CL8300-SG.en.UL 34
4. What is one of the benefits of CDMA?

A. A fixed, high capacity
B. Enhanced RF performance
C. Increased capacity using a frequency reuse plan
D. Any of the above
5. For a typical CDMA carrier, what is the minimum

required channel spacing?
A. 1.23 MHz
B. 1.25 MHz
C. 2.5 MHz
D. 5 MHz

35
CL8300-SG.en.UL 35
6. Match the following terms:

A. Mobile station 1. 1xEV-DO
B. IS-95 2. Access terminal
C. IS-2000 3. 3G-1X
D. IS-856 4. cdmaOne
7. IS-856 can share certain RF components with IS-95A.

A. True
B. False

36
CL8300-SG.en.UL 36
8. An IS-95 mobile station may be able to make a call on a

IS-2000 network.
A. True
B. False
9. An IS-856 access terminal may be able to make a call on

a IS-2000 network.
A. True
B. False

37
CL8300-SG.en.UL 37
<This page intentionally left blank>
CL8300-SG.en.UL 38
Lesson 2
Spreading & Despreading

39
CL8300-SG.en.UL 39
Lesson Objectives
Explain Direct Sequence spreading and despreading

Describe processing gain
Explain Eb/Nt
Explain noise rise.

40
CL8300-SG.en.UL 40
2.1 Spread Spectrum Techniques
Spread spectrum theory created by actress Hedy Lamarr

Would be used to guide submarine torpedoes to German targets
during World War II
Military applications did not appear until 1962
Different types of spread spectrum techniques
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Time Hopping (TH)
Direct Sequence (DS)
In this course, CDMA implies DS spread spectrum.
Frequency Frequency Frequency
U3 U1 U2 U1
U2 U3 U1 U3 U1 U3 U2 U3 U1 U2
U1 U2 U3 U2 t t t
FH TH DS
41
Spread Spectrum History

Spread spectrum theory dates back to a Hollywood party in 1940 and a conversation between
Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil. Prior to coming to the United
States, Hedy Lamarr had been married to an Austrian arms dealer who dealt willingly with
Hitlers Nazis and frequently brought his clients home for dinner and business discussions.
Although she was believed to be little more than window dressing, Lamarrs husband would
have been astonished to discover how much she learned from his dinner meetings.
Hedy Lamarr fled Austria before the outbreak of World War II and headed to Hollywood to
resume her acting career. Desiring to contribute to the war effort, she explained her Secret
Communication System theory to Antheil, who sketched and took notes. The theory was an
electronic means of controlling torpedoes from a submarine to its target.
The Secret Communication System used synchronized paper tapes to perform frequency
hopping to prevent guidance signals to the torpedo from being disrupted. The heart of the system
was the synchronized paper tapes. These paper tapes would automatically change the frequency
of the transmitter and receiver so that an enemy could not detect and lock onto the signal.
In 1942, Lamarr and Antheil patented their idea and offered it to the Navy for free. The Navy
could not comprehend the concept and declined the offer. Neither Lamarr nor Antheil pursued
the idea any further and the concept of spread spectrum was lost until it appeared in equipment
used during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. By then, the exclusive rights to the patent had
expired and neither of its inventors received money for spread spectrum.
Spread Spectrum Techniques
The CDMA modulation technique uses three methods for spectrum spreading:
Frequency Hopping (FH); transmission frequency appears random
Time Hopping (TH); transmission time appears random
Direct Sequence (DS); the transmitted signal appears random
CL8300-SG.en.UL 41
2.2 Direct Sequence Spreading
Information Baseband CDMA

Information CDMA
Signal Signaling Radio
coder and Modulator
b(t) y(t) Signal
processing
c(t)
DS generator
Tb
1
b(f)
b(t) 0 t
Tc f
-1
fb
1 c(f)
c(t) 0 t
-1 f
fc
1 y(f)
y(t)= 0 t
b(t) c(t) f
-1
fc
42
Introduction
CDMA uses a modulation technique called spread spectrum to transport a narrowband voice
signal over a wide bandwidth channel. The wide bandwidth for IS-2000 is 1.23 MHz.
The CDMA modulation technique uses three methods for spectrum spreading:
FH (Frequency Hopping)
TH (Time Hopping)
DS (Direct Sequence).
Because Lucent systems operate only with DS spreading, it is the only spreading technique
discussed throughout the remainder of this course, so whenever CDMA is mentioned, DS
CDMA is implied.
Spreading
In a spread spectrum system, the data information signal, b(t), is multiplied by a wideband
signal, c(t), which is the output signal of the Direct Sequence (DS) generator: A pseudorandom
noise (PN) output signal. The signal which will eventually be transmitted, y(t)=b(t)c(t), will
occupy bandwidth far in excess of the minimum bandwidth to transmit the data information.
Note that Tb is the bit interval of the information stream, and Tc is the bit interval of the DS
stream. Tc is also called a chip time. It should also be noted that the ratio of Tb to Tc is referred to
as the processing gain.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 42
Signal Spreading
With c(t) faster:

1
Period Tb
Bits
Bits b(t) t
1
Tb BW b =
-1 Tb
1 Period Tc
Chips
Chips c(t) t 1
BWc =
Tc
-1
Tc
1
Period Tc
b(t) c(t) t
BWc > BW b
-1 1
Inverse Same Inverse =
Tc

43
Spreading
When two signals, b(t) and c(t), are multiplied together, the resulting signal, b(t)c(t), will have
the same bit (or chip) period as the faster signal (wider bandwidth); in this case, c(t). The signal
b(t) can be seen as altering the phase of the spreading signal c(t).
Observe that the combined signal waveform shown has more high frequency changes than the
changes in the data information since (1/Tc) >> (1/Tb). Note that Tb is the bit interval of the
information stream, and Tc is the bit interval of the DS stream. Tc is also called a chip time.
When c(t) is faster, y(t) contains all the information of b(t), and has the faster bit rate and its
correspondingly wider spectrum. In addition to being scrambled, b(t) is said to have had its
spectrum spread.
Scrambling
When b(t) and c(t) have the same rate, the product y(t)=b(t)c(t) contains all the information of
b(t) and has the same rate. The spectrum of the signal is unchanged, and the incoming bit stream
is said to be encrypted or scrambled.
Bit and Chips
In CDMA, the terms chips and bits are often used. The terms chips and bits both refer to
ones and zeroes, but they have slightly different meaning. When talking about the digital signal
that is spread over a wide bandwith signal, b(t) in the example, the ones and zeroes are typically
called bits. The ones and zeroes of the digital signal that is being used to spread the
information signal, c(t) in the example, are typically called chips.
So, what happens in the spreading process is that when a bit is +1 the chips remain the same, but
when a bit is 1, the chips change their polarity, and we flip the chips.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 43
2.3 Direct Sequence Despreading
b(t) c(t)
b(t)
b(t) c(t)
... output
= b(t) c(t) c(t)
= b(t)
c(t) c(t)
Waveforms
1 1
t
b(t) 0
-1
0 ...
1
c(t) 0
-1
... t
1
b(t) c(t) 0 ... t
-1
output = 0
1 1 ... t
b(t) c(t) c(t) -1 0
= b(t)
44
To despread a received signal, b(t)c(t), the signal is multiplied with an exact replica of the
original spreading code, c(t). The output of the despreader will be b(t)c(t)c(t) = b(t).
Note that c(t)c(t)=+1 for all bits; this is true for any bipolar waveform encoded as +1, -1. Also, if
signal propagation delays the output b(t)c(t) by some propagation time, the second occurrence of
c(t) must be delayed by the same amount (synchronization!).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 44
Why It Works!
Receiver receives b(t)c(t), multiplies by c(t), resulting in b(t)c(t)c(t) = b(t).

Multiplying with another code would not yield the same result
0 1 0 0 1
1
c(t) 0 t
-1
1
c(t)c(t) 0 t
-1

45
The reason DS CDMA despreading works is seen by understanding that multiplying c(t) with
itself produces +1 for all bits. Hence, c(t)c(t) is an identity operation producing b(t).
Note: One c(t) accompanies signal transmission and sees transmission delay. The other c(t) is
inserted at the receiver with bit boundaries aligned to the first (i.e., synchronization).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 45
2.4 Integrate & Dump Good Reception
Tb
1
b(t) 0 t
Tc
-1
1
c(t) 0 t
-1
1
y(t) = 0 t
b(t) c(t)
-1
+1+1+1+1+1+1
1 bit1 = = +1.00
6
b(t) = 0 t
y(t) c(t) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1
bit2 = = -1.00
6
bit1 bit2

46
At the CDMA receiver, there is a process taking place that is often referred to as integrate &
dump. Integrate & dump means that for the duration of the bit, after the received signal is
multiplied with the spreading code, each individual chip value is summed up (integrate), a
decision is made and reported, and the sum is reset to zero (dump) to be ready for the next bit.
The decision whether a bit is a +1 or a -1 can be made by saying that if the integration (sum) is
greater than zero, then the bit is a +1; if its less than zero, it is a -1. The graphic illustrates the
integrate and dump process when the received chip-stream is error-free.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 46
Integrate & Dump Chip Errors
Tb
1
b(t) 0 t
Tc
-1
1
c(t) 0 t
-1
1
y(t) = 0 t
b(t) c(t)
-1
+1+1+1 -1+1 -1
1 bit1 = = +0.33
6
b(t) = 0 t
y(t) c(t) -1 -1+1 -1 -1 -1
-1
bit2 = = -0.83
6
bit1 bit2

47
If the received chip-stream consists of chips in error, the bit may still be detected. As long as
more than 50% of the chips per bit are error-free, the integrate & dump process will make a
correct decision as to the bit-value. If a bit is received in error, higher level error-correction
algorithms may detect and correct the bad bit.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 47
Linear Summation
When transmitting multiple information signals at the

same time, linear summation is used.
Every chip magnitude, voltage (electrical field strength), is
summed up.
1
y1 0
-1
1
y2 0
-1
1
y3 0
-1
3
2
1
ytot = y 1+ y 2+ y 3 0
-1
-2
-3

48
When multiple information signals, or channels, are transmitted simultaneously, their bit streams
are summarized together in a linear fashion. The graphic illustrates the concept by summarizing
the three signals electrical field strengths to yield a composite bit stream with varying
magnitude.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 48
Linear Summation Exercise 1
Use the codes below to calculate:

y1=b1*c1, y2=b2*c2, and y3=b3*c3
There are six chips per bit
Then, calculate the sum ytot=y1+y2+y3.
1
b1 0
-1
1
c1 0
-1
1
b2 0
-1
1
c2 0
-1
1
b3 0
-1
1
c3 0
-1

49
CL8300-SG.en.UL 49
Linear Summation Exercise 2
Use ytot from previous exercise (#1) and multiply with c1,
and integrate & dump to extract the bit values.
Sum > 0 means +1 (0), sum < 0 means -1 (1)

50
CL8300-SG.en.UL 50
2.5 Detection With Noise
N(t)
b(t) c(t) b(t) c(t) N(t) + b(t) c(t) d(t)

b(t) ... F e(t)
c(t) c(t)
d(t) = b(t) c(t) c(t) + N(t) c(t)
= b(t) + N(t) c(t)
Spectrum of b(t)
Eb wideband
narrowband
Filter F
Spectrum of
N(t) c(t) Tb
Spreading Gain = G =
Nt Tc
f
1/Tb 1/Tc
51
When the CDMA signal is transmitted it is exposed to noise, N(t), most notably from the RF
environment. The receiver receives the original CDMA signal, b(t)c(t), plus an additive noise
component, N(t).
When despreading the received signal the noise component will be, or continue to be, spread
over the wide bandwidth spreading signal. If a low-pass filter is tuned to filter out everything
except the narrowband signal, b(t), the result will be a signal with a certain bit energy, Eb, for
b(t) and a narrowband noise component, filtered N(t)c(t), with an energy of NT (or N0). The
signal to noise ratio is then Eb/NT or Eb/N0.
The result of the despreading is that the noise energy from the despreader is decreased, and it
appears as if b(t) has experienced a gain, the so-called spreading gain, G = Tb/Tc.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 51
Spreading Gain
Transmitted
BTS Power User 1
User 2
All users spread
f Filter
Receiver output User 1
after despreading User 2
user 1 (same power)
User 2 still spread f

bw
Filter output User 1 BW
User 2 bw
Filter output = P user1 + Puser2 X BW
f
same power
BW
The S/N at test point is: S = Psignal = Puser1 = bw Puser1 G P1 Note:
Note: Supressing
Supressing noise
noise
N Pnoise P user2 x bw = by
by 1/G
1/G appears
appears like
like
Puser2 P2 signal
signal is
is increased
increased by
by G
G
BW

52
Spreading gain or processing gain is achieved when noise components, or noise-like

components, remain spread when the original signal (user 1 in the figure) is despread. The
original signal appears to have gained energy relative the noise. It can also be seen as if the noise
has been suppressed.
By filtering out most of the wideband noise energy the original signal can be extracted, provided
sufficient bit energy over noise ratio, Eb/NT. It can be seen that the signal to noise ratio after
despreading will favor user 1 by a factor of G = BW/bw (or Fc/Fb or Tb/Tc). G is then called
spreading gain or processing gain. Processing gain can also be seen as the number of chips per
bit.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 52
Quick Quiz
What is processing/spreading gain?

53
CL8300-SG.en.UL 53
2.6 Eb/Nt Explained
Spectrum of b(t)
Eb
Filter F
Spectrum of
N(t) c(t)
Nt
f
1/Tb 1/Tc

54
After the received CDMA signal has been despread, the resulting signal consists of a relatively
narrow-band information energy and a wide-band (suppressed) noise energy. When passing the
despread signal through a low-pass filter, the majority of the noise energy is removed, and the
resulting signal consists of a narrow-band information energy (Eb) and a narrow-band noise
energy (Nt). The ratio between Eb and Nt (Eb/Nt) is one of the main quality indicators of a
CDMA signal.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 54
Eb/NT and Ec/I0
What is the difference between Eb/NT and Ec/I0?

Eb/NT is traffic channel bit energy over noise.
Eb/N0 is often used.
Ec/I0 is pilot channel chip (bit) energy over interference.

55
One of the most common questions when discussing CDMA engineering is: What is the
difference between Eb/NT and Ec/I0?
Eb/NT and Ec/I0 both describe the ratio of energy per bit (1s and 0s) over interfering energy.
The difference is in what channels we are referring to, and whether the discussion is about bits or
chips.
Eb/NT is traffic channel bit energy over noise.
When talking about the digital signal that is spread over a wide bandwith signal, the 1s and 0s
are typically called bits. The signals signal-to-noise ratio for the spread signal is often
referred to as Eb/NT; hence, traffic channel Eb/NT.
The term Eb/N0 (pronounced ebb-no) is also used. In literature, N0 is often used for thermal
noise or white noise; however, in CDMA, N0 and NT are used interchangeably.
Ec/I0 is pilot channel chip (bit) energy over interference.
The 1s and 0s of the digital signal that are being used to spread the information signal are
typically called chips. The signals signal-to-noise ratio for the spreading signal is often
referred to as Ec/I0. The pilot channel in a CDMA system is a non-spread signal (bandwidth 1.23
MHz); therefore, the term pilot channel Ec/I0 is often used.
I0 normally refers to the interference level. Theoretically, the thermal noise (and other noise
sources) impacts the Ec/I0 ratio. In a practical CDMA system, the generated interference energy
is much greater than the thermal noise energy; therefore, the thermal noise may be ignored.
Note: It is important to understand that there is a difference between a CDMA RF carriers signal
to noise ratio (S/N or S/I) and the digital CDMA signals Ec/I0.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 55
2.7 Noise Rise
Transmitted signal:
I = Desired signal
n = Other users the noise to user 1
After despreading:
Desired signal bandwidth = bw
Other signals bandwidth = BW
BW
and bw = 128 for 9.6 kbps (e.g. EVRC)
S/N = G/N
1
If signal power = 1, then 2 users S/N = 1/128 = 128
bw
noise power / user = 1 X BW = G-1 1
3 users S/N = 2/128 = 64
n 1
For n + 1 users, total voice power = G 5 users S/N = 4/128 = 32
1
9 users S/N = 8/128 = 16
1
17 users S/N = 16/128 = 8
Capacity Quality related
56
Every user and channel in a CDMA system will have their own unique spreading code, c(t).
Thus, if the receiver despreads and extracts the signal for user 1, all the other users (user 2, 3, ,
M) will appear as noise or interference to user 1.
In other words, the more users there are on the CDMA system, the more noise the receiver
experiences. This is called noise rise and is one of the core concepts of CDMA.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 56
Noise Rise vs. Loading
20
18
16
)
Noise Rise [dB]
14
B
d(
12
e
si
R 10
e
si 8
o
N 6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent Loading

57
Reverse link loading or sector loading is a measure of the total interference from CDMA sources
allowed in the system in reference to the receiver thermal noise. As the number of users in the
system increases, the noise rise increases. The median noise rise in dB can be calculated as:
10log[ 1 / (1-loading) ]
where loading is a ratio of the number of active users to a theoretical maximum number of users,
the pole capacity.
The noise rise increases dramatically as the loading approached the pole capacity. This noise rise
is also driven by the loading of neighboring cells (frequency re-use efficiency) and the
information data rate.
Since the goal is to maintain a certain communication link quality, Eb/NT, the noise rise
(increased NT) impacts the CDMA coverage.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 57
2.8 End-To-End Overview
Transmit
coded RF
digital Modulator
spreader
information y(t)
b(t) Mod
1.2288 Mbps RF path
with delay
c(t)
PN code RF carrier
1.2288 Mbps
RF
Receive coded
Demodulator
digital despreader
information y(t - )
b(t - ) Demod
1.2288 Mbps
c(t - )
Regenerated Regenerated
PN code RF carrier
(1.2288 Mbps)
58
Transmit
Low bit rate speech, b(t), is spread by multiplying it with a high bit rate PN (pseudorandom
noise) code, c(t).
The spread signal, b(t)c(t), is modulated by multiplication with an RF carrier and transmitted.
Receive
The received signal is delayed seconds and is demodulated by multiplication with the RF
carrier.
The demodulated signal b(t-)c(t-), is despread by multiplication with the PN code, c(t-) to
obtain b(t-)c(t-)c(t-) = b(t-).
The despread signal is detected by a bit detector (an integrate and dump lasting Tb seconds) to
obtain the original digital speech.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 58
Summary
When performing DS spreading, the information signal bit

is multiplied with DS spreading code chips.
The DS spreading code should have pseudorandom noise
characteristics, orthogonal
When several information signals are transmitted the output is a
linear summation of all the chip.
By despreading the received signal with the same DS
spreading code, the information signal can be extracted.
Integrate & dump
Information signals spread with other codes appear as noise,
generating noise rise
Processing gain is the number of chips per bit.
Eb/Nt indicates the quality of the information signal.

59
The spread spectrum theory was developed in the 1940s. Several spread spectrum techniques
exist. The technique discussed in this course is the direct sequence (DS) technique, where each
information signal is spread using a spreading code. With orthogonal spreading codes with
pseudo-random characteristics, several information signals can share the same spectrum.
Multiple information signals are linearly summed for each chip.
At the receiving end, multiplying the transmitted signal with the exact same code used to spread
an information signal will extract the original information signal. Other signals spread with other
codes will appear as noise. The more noise an information signal experiences (loading), the
higher the noise rise. The ratio (Eb/Nt) between the information signals bit energy (Eb) and the
noise energy (Nt) indicates the quality of the signal.
A term often used with spread spectrum techniques is processing gain (spreading gain).
Processing gain is an apparent gain that is introduced when a signal is despread. During
depreading, only the information signal with the exact same spreading code is extracted; all other
signals will become spread with that same code. After passing the despread signal through a low-
pass filter, the noise energy level is suppressed; hence, it appears that the original information
signal has gained energy.
Processing gain can be expressed as the number of spreading chips per information signal bit.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 59
Knowledge Check
1. Discussion: What is Eb/NT?

60
CL8300-SG.en.UL 60
2. Discussion: What is the difference between Eb/NT and

Ec/I0?

61
CL8300-SG.en.UL 61
Knowledge Check
3. Why is there noise rise in a CDMA system?

A. Users are using different RF carriers and different spreading
codes
B. Users are using the same RF carriers and the same spreading
codes
C. Users are using different RF carriers but the same spreading
codes
D. Users are using the same RF carriers but different spreading
codes

62
CL8300-SG.en.UL 62
Lesson 3
Information Coding

63
CL8300-SG.en.UL 63
Lesson Objectives
Explain the concept of frames

Describe forward error correction
Explain bit interleaving.

64
CL8300-SG.en.UL 64
3.1 Typical Signal Processing
Information
Speech Quality FEC
Interleaving
Encoding Indicator Encoding
Lesson 3
Digital
Scrambling Spreading
Modulation
RF Amp
Modulation
Lesson 4

65
CDMA Transmitter
Before the digital information signal can be transmitted in the RF environment it must undergo a
number of signal processing steps. The general steps a transmitted signal undergoes is shown in
the graphic. The steps are, but not limited to:
Speech encoding. This step is only used if speech information is transmitted. Data transmission
omits this step.
Quality indicator
Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Digital modulation
RF modulation
Amplification of RF signal.
Note: The various signal processing steps do not necessarily have to be performed in the order
shown. Additional signal processing steps may also be taking place.
CDMA Receiver
At a CDMA receiver, similar steps take place but in the reverse order, i.e., first the received
signal is demodulated, then de-spread, de-scrambled, de-interleaved, etc.
The various signal processing step shown will be discussed in more detail throughout the course.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 65
3.2 Speech Encoding
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
A number of variable rate speech coders
are supported using different service options.
EVRC most common
Can be used for reducing facility costs by allowing
speech to be packetized
Vector Code-Excited Linear Predictive (VCELP) coder is
used in CDMA.

66
In order to transmit speech over a digital system, it must be digitized and encoded using a
vocoder. Normal speech is received as an analog signal. The analog signal is converted into a
digital signal using a process called Nyquist sampling, in which the analog input is typically
sampled 8,000 times per second. The product of Nyquist sampling is a digital waveform called
PCM (pulse code modulation).
The PCM output is transferred to a vocoder (voice coder), which compresses the digitized voice
signal into either Rate Set 1 (RS1) with an output of 8 kbps, or Rate Set 2 (RS2) with an output
of 13 kbps, depending on the type of vocoder. In CDMA, variable rate vocoders are used. The
most common vocoder today is the RS1 EVRC (Enhanced Variable Rate Coder).
Variable Rate Vocoder
The variable rate vocoder employs a codec (coder/decoder) that compresses digitized speech
from the analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and produces an output that complies with the data
rate to be transmitted.
VCELP
One vocoder technique is called VCELP (vector code-excited linear predictive). VCELP
produces high quality speech at lower bits rates, less than 16 kbps.
The essence of VCELP is the analysis-by-synthesis codebook search. The VCELP speech coder
takes 160 samples of quantized speech and produces a variable number of bits in a 20 ms speech
frame. The speech vector to be coded is matched against a codeword (codeword index, gain,
pitch lag, and pitch gain) that minimizes the error between digitized and synthesized speech.
The vector (codebook index, gain and pitch parameters), and the LPF (linear predictive filter)
coefficients are multiplexed and transmitted to the receiver. These parameters are used by the
decoder in the receiver to reproduce the synthesized speech of the transmitter.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 66
Speech Activity
Natural speech includes active periods and quiet periods

Spurts and pauses
average talk cycle
3.75 seconds
spurt
pause
1.5 2.25
seconds seconds
1.5
Voice activity factor = = 40%
1.5 + 2.25
Variable bit rate coders tied to speech activity:

Full rate, 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, 1/8 rate
Lower coder rates means lower required transmit power.
67
Natural speech includes active periods and quiet periods called spurts and pauses. Spurts are
generally syllables and words, while pauses include the times in a conversation when the party is
listening. In a typical conversation, the speech spurts last between one and two seconds, and the
activity factor is about 40% in a minimum talk cycle of 3.75 seconds. The average speech time
and non-speech time can be modeled as shown in the figure.
By taking advantage of the variations in speech that occur during a normal conversation, the
variable rate vocoder can dynamically change its rate. During normal speech, speakers take
pauses and breaths, events in which no speech is transmitted. During these lulls in the
conversation, the vocoder can reduce its bandwidth requirements, before the FEC encoder, from
full rate (9600 bps for EVRC) to 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, or 1/8 rate (1200 bps for EVRC).
Since the transmitter only transmits the lowest bit rate required, the required transmit power is
minimized, and the channel interference is reduced.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 67
3.3 Frames And Quality Indicator
Information bits are grouped into frames:

20 ms (IS-95, IS-2000)
26.67 ms (IS-856)
Number of bits per frame depends on data rate and
additional information added to the frame
A frame quality indicator can be added to each frame:
CRC
Receiver uses indicator to determine frame in error
Various error rate measurements exists:
BER
FER
PER

68
Frame
Information bits are grouped into frames. A frame is the basic timing interval in the system. The
length of a frame depends on what channel on which it is transmitted (e.g., Sync Channel,
Traffic Channel), what type of information transmitted in the frame (e.g., overhead messages,
traffic information), and what air-interface standard is used (e.g., IS-2000, IS-856).
For a traffic channel transmitting traffic information, the frame length will be 20 ms for IS-95
and IS-2000, and 26.67 ms for IS-856. The number of bits per frame depends on the current data
rate and if any additional information is added to the frame.
Frame Offset
A frame offset is a time skewing to Traffic Channel frames from System Time. The purpose of
the frame offset is to spread out the exact transmission time for the channel so that the
processing delay at the base station can be minimized, e.g., frames from different mobiles will
arrive at the base station at different times.
Frame Quality Indicator
A frame may include a frame quality indicator, depending on what channel the frame is
transmitted, and the data rate of the frame. The frame quality indicator can support two functions
at the receiver. The first function is to determine whether the frame is in error. The second
function may be to assist in the determination of the data rate of the received frame. Other
parameters may be needed for rate determination in addition to the frame quality indicator, such
as symbol error rate evaluated at different data rates.
The frame quality indicator is a Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC). A CRC is a class of linear
error detecting codes which generate parity check bits by finding the remainder of a polynomial
division. The CRC is calculated on all bits within the frame, except the frame quality indicator
itself and the encoder tail bits.
Error Measurements
There are a number of error measurements available in CDMA transmission: Bit Error Rate
(BER), Frame Error Rate (FER), and Packet Error Rate (PER).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 68
3.4 Forward Error Correction
Provides channel bit error detection and correction

capability
Generates redundancy in the bit stream
Simple example:
No encoding vs. multiply bits by 3
11001 1XXX1
RF
RF
11001 111 111 000 000 111 11X XX1 0X0 0XX X11 11001
x3 /3
Two types of FEC encoders:

Convolutional encoder (IS-95, IS-2000)
Turbo encoder (IS-2000, IS-856)
Viterbi decoder.
69
Forward error correction (FEC) encoding provides channel bit error detection and correction
capability at the receiver. FEC enables noise- and interference-free communication over a wide
range of input signal-to-impairment conditions by adding redundancy to the bit-stream.
Encoding Process Example
Lets say that the encoder receives a number of bits and multiplies them by three. If the input to
the encoder is 11001, the encoder reproduces each bit by a factor of three. The resulting output is
111 111 000 000 111.
Multiplying the input data frame provides a measure of protection against loss of data caused by
interference. Assume that a given frame is damaged during transmission, it is possible that the
receiver would not be able to reconstruct the frame without having access to the additional bits.
Using the example of 11001, if we did not encode the frame and it was damaged by interference,
the received frame may be 1XXX1. The additional bits generated by the encoding process
provide the receiver with a backup source that may allow it to reconstruct the original frame.
The FEC encoders used in CDMA are more sophisticated than the one shown in the example.
Encoders, Decoders
Two types of encoders are used in the technologies discussed in this course, convolutional
encoder and turbo encoder. The decoder used is often the Viterbi decoder. The encoders and
decoder will be discussed in more detail.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 69
Convolutional Encoder
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
Output depends on current and previous bits.
Constraint length, K, e.g., K=9
Coding coefficient R, e.g., R=1/2
For every bit going into the encoder, two bits are coming out
Encoder tail bits set to 0 at the end of frame clear the registers.
Example: K=9, R=1/2.
c0
+
Input Code
r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 symbols
(output)
+
c1
70
The convolutional encoder and symbol repetition take advantage of the bandwidth in CDMA
spread spectrum systems to introduce redundancy into the original data stream. The receiver uses
the redundancy as an opportunity for error correction. Through the use of convolutional
encoding, symbol energy and transmit power can be reduced, and the system will still achieve
the same FER (frame error rate).
Convolutional Encoder Characteristics
A convolutional encoder is primarily characterized by two parameters: The coding coefficient,
R, and the constraint length, K.
The coding coefficient, R, determines the amount of redundancy to be generated in the bit
stream. For example, R=1/2 means that for every bit going into the encoder, two bits are
produced by the encoder.
The constraint length, K, determines the memory of the convolutional encoder, or the number
of shift-registers (K-1). The output from the encoder depends not only on the bit currently going
into the encoder but also on the previous bit that has passed through the encoder. A long memory
creates a more robust bit stream but it also creates more delay in the transmission. Also, the
benefit of the convolutional encoder versus the complexity is diminishing as K becomes greater
than nine.
Modulo-2 Addition (XOR)
The table shows the modulo-2 addition operation.
Modulo-2 addition can be realized using XOR gates. A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
CL8300-SG.en.UL 70
Convolutional Encoder - Example
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
c0
+
Input Code
r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 symbols
(output)
+
c1
Bits left Input r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 c0 c1 Bits sent (c 1 c0)

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 11
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 10 11
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 10 10 11

71
The slide illustrates a convolutional encoder (K=9, R=1/2 ) in the process of transmitting the
information bit stream, 1 0 1 1.
The previous frame transmitted has filled the encoders shift registers (r0, r1, r2, ) with zeroes
using the encoder tail bits to clear the encoder. When each bit is fed into the encoder, the output
depends on the input an each of the shift registers values. Since the encoder has a coding
coefficient of R=1/2, two output bits (symbols) are generated for each input bit.
When the input bit stream is 1 0 1 1, the output will be 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 71
Turbo Encoder
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
Two convolutional encoders operating in
parallel
Input: turbo interleaver
Output: concatenated, repeated and punctured
Input Encoder
#1
Turbo Puncture & Output

Interleaver Repeat
Encoder
#2
More robust than convolutional codes

Can increase throughput
Adds additional delay to the traffic data.
72
The turbo encoder can be seen as two convolutional encoders operating in parallel. The
convolutional encoders are also called constituent encoders. A turbo interleaver selects the input
to each convolutional encoder. The output of the two convolutional encoders are concatenated
with the appropriate symbol repetition and puncturing to achieve the correct symbol rate.
Turbo codes are more robust than convolutional codes but add additional delay to the traffic
data. Therefore, turbo codes are not suitable for voice traffic, but function well for data traffic.
Andrew Viterbi explains: Turbo codes are mixture of simple short convolutional codes, long
interleavers and better soft decision decoding, which permit data rates to approach within 60% to
80% of the Shannon coding limit (an amazing feat), thus increasing current throughputs by more
than 60%. Putting it in simple words, turbo codes do a lot of processing to encode relatively
large chunks (frames) of information before transmission and to extract it upon reception. The
overall process is resistant to interference approaching 80% of the theoretical capacity limit.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 72
Viterbi Decoder
Developed and analyzed in 1967 by A.J. Viterbi

Efficient in determining the most likely bit sequence
based on symbol organization
Decoding algorithm is proprietary to Qualcomm.
Reference: Viterbi, A.J., Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and Asyptotically Optimum
Decoding Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, col IT13, April 1967, pp. 260-269
73
Decoding an encoded signal is much more complex than encoding the signal. The Viterbi
decorder is often used as the decoder.
Viterbi Decoder
The Viterbi decoder is the final step the frame encounters as part of a CDMA-specific
transmission. The Viterbi decoder receives the frame from the deinterleaver and, based upon the
organization of the symbols in the frame, determines the most likely sequence of bits in the
frame (maximum likelihood decoding). Given the encoder bit redundancy (coding coefficient)
and memory (constraint length), the decoder can detect and correct corrupt encoder symbols.
The algorithm used to perform Viterbi decoding is proprietary to Qualcomm, and is incorporated
in chip sets purchased or licensed from Qualcomm.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 73
Symbol Repetition & Puncturing
Encoder symbols (output) are repeated and punctured as

necessary before interleaving.
Ensure constant symbol rate for interleaver
Depends on channel and data rate.

74
The output from the encoder is called encoder symbols. These symbols are repeated and
punctured as necessary before entering the bit interleaver. The purpose is to ensure a constant
symbol rate for the interleaver. Also, when a symbol is repeated N times, its transmit power can
be reduced by a factor of N and still provide the same energy for the receiver.
Repeating the symbols will generate even more redundancy, whereas puncturing of symbols will
reduce the redundancy. How often to repeat and puncture the symbols depends on the channel
used and the data rate transmitted.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 74
3.5 Bit Interleaving
Rearranges bits to eliminate bit error bursts

Writes the bits into a matrix in a specific pattern
Transmits the bits from the matrix in a different pattern
Enables the channel decoder process to work under
fading conditions
Receiver deinterleaves the bits back into correct order
Example:
Transmitter
Enter bits column-wise
Transmit bits row-wise
Receiver
Enter bits row-wise
Recover bits column-wise. Interleaver matrix

75
The bit interleaver works closely with the encoder to provide additional communication
reliability by interleaving the encoded bits so that the transmitted frame is, essentially,
transmitted multiple times. The decoder is very efficient in detecting and correcting non-
consecutive corrupted bits, but not as efficient for consecutive corrupted bits. With interleaving,
the decoder is provided with additional opportunities to reconstruct frames damaged during
transmission. When the frame is deinterleaved, the bits are restored to their encoded position.
The decoder in the receiver is able to compare the received bits with those immediately adjacent,
and decode the speech frame into a duplicate of the original.
The block interleaver randomizes the bits to further reduce the effects of interference. Through
the process of encoding, code repetition and block interleaving, the potential for one or more
frames to be completely undecipherable by the receiver is substantially reduced. These processes
are crucial to maintaining a low FER.
The coded signal is interleaved by writing a block of coded bits into an array, a matrix,
according to a bit pattern and then reading from that array according to another bit pattern.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 75
Bit Interleaving - Example
Interleave and deinterleave the bit stream

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 b14 b15 b16 Interleaver matrix
Step 1: Enter bits column-wise b1 b5 b9 b13
Step 2: Transmit bits row-wise b2 b6 b10 b14

b1 b5 b9 b13 b2 b6 b10 b14 b3 b7 b11 b15 b4 b8 b12 b16 b3 b7 b11 b15
Bit-errors b4 b8 b12 b16

b1 b5 X
b9 bX13 X
b2 bX6 b10 b14 b3 b7 b11 b15 b4 b8 b12 b16 Deinterleaver matrix
Step 3: Enter bits row-wise b1 b5 X

b9 bX
13
Step 4: Recover bits column-wise X

b2 bX6 b10 b14
b1 X
b2 b3 b4 b5 Xb6 b7 b8 X b9 b10 b11 b12 bX
13 b14 b15 b16 b3 b7 b11 b15
b4 b8 b12 b16

76
CL8300-SG.en.UL 76
Summary
Transmitted speech needs to be encoded by a vocoder.

Forward error correction (FEC) encoding is used to make
signal more robust.
Convolutional encoder
Turbo encoder
FEC Decoder can detect and correct corrupt bits.
Bit interleaving spreads out corrupt bits.
Works with FEC decoder.

77
Before a digital information signal is transmitted, it is encoded to make it more suitable for
transmission.
If speech is transmitted, it has to be encoded using a vocoder. The vocoder transforms the speech
information into information symbols that can be more efficiently transmitted. An additional
benefit of the vocoder is that the data rate of the vocoder can vary based on the activity (amount
of information during a time period) of speech. A CDMA vocoder supports varying speech
activity by using full rate, 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate, and 1/8 rate operation.
Every information signal undergoes forward error correction (FEC). FEC is a process with which
the information signal is transformed into a bitstream with more bits than the original
information signal. When the encoded bitstream arrives at the decoder, the decoder can detect
and correct corrupt bits in the original information signal. Two FEC techniqies are used in
CDMA: convolutional coding (used in IS-95 and IS-2000), and turbo coding (used in IS-2000
and IS-856).
FEC works best on occasional corrupt bits; however, in an RF environment, RF fades generates
consecutive corrupt bits that the FEC decoder may not be able to correct. To maximize the
efficiency of the FEC decoder, the bits are interleaved before transmission. When interleaved,
the bits are not transmitted in their natural order. If an RF fade generates consecutive corrupt
bits, the deinterleaver will spread out those bits and make it easier for the FEC decoder to correct
them.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 77
Knowledge Check
1. Given the bit stream: 1 0 1 1

Encode, interleave, deinterleave, and decode the bit
stream
Use encoder that multiplies bits by 4
Use a 4x4 interleaver/deinterleaver matrix
When transmitted, the middle four bits are corrupt
Whats the received and decoded bit stream?
See next page for a worksheet.

78
CL8300-SG.en.UL 78
1. Worksheet
Step 1: Encode (x4) the bitstream 1 0 1 1
Step 2: Interleave (4x4). Enter bits column-wise, transmit row-wise
Interleaver matrix
Step 3: Transmit. Middle four bit are received corrupt
Step 4: Deinterleave. Enter bits row-wise, recover column-wise
Deinterleaver matrix
Step 5: Decode.

79
CL8300-SG.en.UL 79
2. When FER is greater than 0%, then BER must be

greater than 0%.
A. True
B. False
3. When BER is greater than 0%, then FER must be

greater than 0%.
A. True
B. False

80
CL8300-SG.en.UL 80
4. Why are the information bits grouped into frames?

A. To increase the data rate of the transmission
B. To accommodate FEC and bit interleaving
C. To reduce facility cost by packetizing the information
D. Any of the above
5. A turbo encoder with an R = 1/4 factor indicates that for

every one information bit to be transmitted, three bits are
added to greatly improve the accuracy of the information
being received.
A. True
B. False

81
CL8300-SG.en.UL 81
CL8300-SG.en.UL 82
Lesson 4
CDMA Codes

83
CL8300-SG.en.UL 83
Lesson Objectives
Explain code-correlation
Describe the codes used in CDMA
Explain orthogonality
Explain digital modulation.

84
CL8300-SG.en.UL 84
4.1 Typical Signal Processing
Information
Speech Quality FEC
Interleaving
Lesson 3
Digital
Modulation
RF Amp
Modulation
Lesson 4
But
Butfirst,
first,codes
codesand
andcorrelation
correlation
85
CDMA Transmitter
Before the digital information signal can be transmitted in the RF environment, it must undergo a
Speech encoding: This step is only used if speech information is transmitted. Data transmission
omits this step.
Quality indicator
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Digital modulation
RF modulation
CDMA Receiver
At a CDMA receiver, similar steps take place but in the reverse order, i.e., first the received
signal is demodulated, then de-spread, de-scrambled, de-interleaved, etc.
In this lesson, we will take look at the use of codes in CDMA, and what code correlation means.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 85
4.2 Code Correlation
1 15Tc 15 bit
0
sequence
-1
-
Multiply regenerated PN code
sequence with incoming
sequence. 1
Average the result and look for Autocorrelation
of 15 bit sequence
maximum.
If not maximum, shift regenerated
sequence and repeat.
To maintain close chip- and
code-synchronization, GPS time
is used as reference.
bit
shift
0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-1/15

86
The average of the product of the 15 bit PN code with a shifted version of itself is shown for
various bit shifts. The plot of the average value calculated over the code period for all bit shifts is
called the autocorrelation function. It can be seen that when the signals are synchronized (bit
shift = 0), the autocorrelation is very high.
In order for CDMA to maximize performance, the codes must be aligned. GPS time is used as
the time reference in a CDMA network to aid the transmitter and receiver when they are
synchronizing their codes.
Examle
+1 is represented as + and -1 as -.
Bit shift = 0
PN15(t) x PN15(t) =
= (+ + + + - - - + - - + + - + -) x (+ + + + - - - + - - + + - + -) / 15 =
= (+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1) / 15 =
=1
Bit shift = -4
PN15(t) x PN15(t - 4) =
= (+ + + + - - - + - - + + - + -) x (+ - + - + + + + - - - + - - +) / 15 =
= (+1-1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1+1+1-1-1) / 15 =
= -1 / 15
Note: If the signal is the same or a shifted version of itself, then the correlation is called an
autocorrelation. If the signal is different from either signal, then the correlation is call a cross-
correlation.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 86
Pseudo Noise Code-Sequence
Generator
+ Output
1 2 3 4
Register
Register
Clock
Clock 11 22 33 44 Output
Output
00 11 00 00 00 00
11 00 11 00 00 00
22 00 00 11 00 00
33 11 00 00 11 11
PN generator using shift registers 44 11 11 00 00 00
55 00 11 11 00 00
with XOR feedback 66 11 00 11 11 11
Periodicity, L = 2m 1 77 00 11 00 11 11
where m is the number of shift registers. 88 11 00 11 00 00
99 11 11 00 11 11
10
10 11 11 11 00 00
11
11 11 11 11 11 11
12
12 00 11 11 11 11
13
13 00 00 11 11 11
14
14 00 00 00 11 11
15
15 11 00 00 00 00

87
Introduction
A direct sequence (DS) or pseudo-noise (PN) stream is generated in an m-stage maximal-length
shift register. The sequence, or PN code, that is produced at the output repeats itself after a
maximum period of time corresponding to 2m -1 shifts. The smallest time increment in the output
sequence is of duration Tc, which is called the time chip. For the resulting output waveform to
have the desired pseudo-noise property, the outputs of certain stages must have feedback
connections that are made in a certain fashion.
Example
In the illustration shown, we are feeding back the modulo-2 sum (XOR) of stage m and m-1 to
the input to obtain the output. Different feedback connections result in distinct coded outputs.
Codes generated by a maximal-length PN code generator have the time period given by
TPN = LTc
where L is the number of chips that make up the period:
L = 2m - 1
The waveform shown comes from a four stage register, m=4, with modulo-2 connections of
Stages 3 and 4 fed back to Stage 1 as shown.
The initial states of the stages in the register is 1 0 0 0. The output sequences through all 24 - 1 =
15 states are summarized in the state table.
Modulo-2 Addition (XOR)
A B A XOR B
The table shows the modulo-2 addition operation.
Modulo-2 addition can be realized using XOR gates. 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
CL8300-SG.en.UL 87
4.3 CDMA Codes
The codes used in CDMA are:

Long code (242 1 bits)
Short code (215 bits)
Walsh code (4 256 bits)
Pseudo-random noise (PN) characteristics
The codes have different functions:
Scrambling
Spreading
Digital modulation
Identification
The function depends on:
Forward or reverse link channel
Technology used.
88
PN Long Code
The long code gets its name from the fact that it takes about 41.4 days for the code to repeat
itself. Information about the long code is broadcast to the mobile station by the Sync Channel (or
Control Channel) to help the mobile lock onto the base station, and helps provide separation
from other base stations.
PN Short Code
One of the codes used in conjunction with the Walsh Code is the PN (pseudo-random noise)
short code. The PN short code on the forward link is used to provide the base station with a
unique identification that the mobile station uses to identify the serving base station.
Because CDMA communication is conducted on a common frequency with several calls in
progress simultaneously, identifying the serving base station and sector is an important issue for
the mobile station. In addition, DS CDMA operates at the RF (radio frequency) noise floor,
adding to the difficulty in detecting and decoding the transmitted signal. As a result, the mobile
must have a way to detect and communicate with the serving base station/sector from among all
the surrounding base stations and sectors.
Walsh Function
The user signal (or control channel) is multiplied by the Walsh code. The Walsh code provides
each user or channel with a unique identifier and, in DS spreading, may spread the frame across
the bandwidth.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 88
4.4 Long Code
Long code is 242-1 bits long

Periodicity of 41.4 days
Typically used for scrambling and identification
Forward link: Scrambles information
Reverse link: Identifies mobile
Long code is masked with a long code mask.
r0 + r1 + r2 + r3 r4 + r5 r40 r41
Modulo-2 addition
42-bit long Effective

code mask long code
89
The long code is generated using a PN code-sequence generator with 42 stages, or shift-registers.
The length of the long code is 242-1 bits long. With a rate of 1.2288 Mbps, the code repeat itself
approximately every 41.4 days. The characteristic polynomial used to generate the long code is
defined in the standard specifications as:
p(x) = x42 + x35 + x33 + x31 + x27 + x26 + x25 + x22 + x21 + x19 + x18 + x17 + x16 + x10 + x7 + x6 +
x5 + x3 + x2 + x1 + 1
In addition to the code-sequence generator, a long code mask is used to generate an effective
long code that is unique to the channel or user in question. The effective long code is typically
used to scramble the bit-stream transmitted, or to assign a unique identification to a user.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 89
Long Code Masks
41 32 31 0
1100011000 Public Permuted ESN
Traffic Channel 41 0
or Private (specified in controlled appendix)
41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0
Access Ch Paging Ch
Access Channel 110001111 Base Station Id Pilot Offset Index
Number Number
Note:
Note:The
Themasks
masksused
usedininIS-856
IS-856
are
are defined somewhatdifferently
defined somewhat differently
90
Traffic Channel
When the long code mask is used for traffic channel, public or private versions are possible.
The public mask uses the mobile stations electronic serial number (ESN) in a permutation
specified in the standard. The permutation prevents high correlation between long codes
corresponding to consecutive ESNs. Note that this is not encryption, since the ESN is known,
then the mask is known.
The private long code mask is determined by referring to a controlled appendix of the standard.
The distribution of the appendix is controlled by TIA.
Access Channel
The access channel number is the channel number being used by the mobile to initiate
communication with, or respond to a message from, the base station with a specific identification
number.
Note: The masks shown are to illustrate the concept. The masks used for IS-856 channels are
defined in a slightly different way.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 90
4.5 Short Codes
Short codes are 215 bits (32768 bits) long

In-phase code, PNI
Quadrature-phase code, PNQ
Same codes used everywhere
Shifted versions used
PN-I-i(t) = PNI(t - i* 64*Tc)
PN-Q-i(t) = PNQ(t - i* 64*Tc)
Each shift is 64 bits, called an offset
Total 512 offsets (32768 / 64)
Typically used for spreading and identification
Forward link: Quadrature spreading with specific offset identifying
antenna face
Reverse link: Quadrature spreading with zero-offset.

91
The short codes, or PN short codes, are 215 bits long and are used for both spreading and
identification. In-phase and quadrature-phase components have different short codes, PNI and
PNQ, respectively. The characteristic polynomials used to generate the short codes are defined in
the standard specifications as:
PNI(x) = x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 + x7 + x5 + 1
PNQ(x) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + 1
Note: For IS-856, the short codes used on the forward link are specified as:
PNI(x) = x15 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x6 + x2 + 1
PNQ(x) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x9 + x5 + x4 + x3 + 1
PNI [PN-I-i(t)] and PNQ [PN-Q-i(t)] for different cells and sectors are distinguished by time
offset index from the basic code: the zero offset sequence, PN-I-0(t) and PN-Q-0(t) (i.e., i = 0).
Signals transmitted from a single antenna in a particular CDMA radio channel share a common
PN code phase (or time offset). Including the zero offset sequences, PN-I-0(t) and PN-Q-0(t),
there are 512 possible time offset indices to identify cells. Each time offset is 64 chips, and PN-I
and PN-Q are identified by an offset index, 0 through 511, from the zero offset PN sequence,
PN-I-0, PN-Q-0. This can be expressed as:
PN-I-i-(t) = PN-I-0 (t-i x 64Tc)
PN-Q-i(t) = PN-Q-0 (t-i x 64Tc)
where i = 0, 1, 2,...511, and Tc is the chip duration.
The time offsets used for the PN code is based on orthogonal coding in which the spread signal
is split and sent to a quadrature spreader whose output is offset by 90 degrees. On the reverse
link, the quadrature spreader is using the zero-offset PN codes.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 91
PN Offset For Sector Identification
PN(t-0)
1
0
-1
PN(t-4Tc)
1
0
-1
Note:
Note: PN(t-0)
PN(t-0) xx PN(t-4T
PN(t-4Tcc)) == -1/15
-1/15

92
The forward link uses a pilot signal to allow the mobiles in the cell to synchronize to the base
station. The pilot is to be used by the mobile demodulator to provide a coherent reference which
is effective even in a fading environment, because the desired signal and the pilot fade together.
All users in the same cell (or sector) share the same quadrature pair of modified PN codes, often
referred to as pilot PN offset.
Each base station will use the same PN short codes with a different offset, PN offset. Since these
codes have different offsets, they will have very low correlation with each other. Mobiles
identify their serving base station by looking for the appropriate offset assigned to the given base
station. Shown in the figure are two PN sequences which differ only in their offset.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 92
4.6 Walsh Codes
Walsh codes range between 4 and 256 bits

Depends on technology
Also known as Walsh functions
Typically used for identification
Identifying channels
IS-95 reverse link uses Walsh codes for digital modulation
Walsh codes used must be orthogonal
Orthogonal: Having a sum of products or an integral that is zero
Cross-correlation = 0
Must be time-aligned to have zero correlation.
Not always zero cross-correlation at other alignments
Hadamard matrix generates orthogonal codes.

93
The Walsh codes, or Walsh functions*, are a set of codes that range from 4 to 256 bits. One of
the main functions of the Walsh codes is to identify channels that are being transmitted. In order
to efficiently identify the channels, Walsh codes must be orthogonal (correlation between two
different codes equal 0) and orthonormal (correlation between the same code equal 1).
To generate orthogonal Walsh codes, CDMA uses the Hadamard matrix.
Note: Walsh codes must be time-aligned to have zero correlation. They do not always have a
zero cross-correlation at other alignments.
* See:
Beauchamp, K. G., Applications of Walsh and Related Functions, Academic Press, N.Y., 1984
J. Hadamard, Rsolution d'une question relative aux dterminants, Bull. Sci. Math. 17, 1893
CL8300-SG.en.UL 93
Hadamard Matrix
Used to generate orthogonal codes

Use copies of previous matrix and its inverse
Hn Hn
H2n =
Hn Hn
Walsh codes written as W kN
N = Length of Walsh code
k = Walsh code index of length N
Example:
H0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H2 =
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
H4 =
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
H8 =
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 W78 = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
94
The Hadamard matrix generates codes that are orthogonal. The process to generate the codes can
be seen in the slide.
A Hadamard matrix of size NxN is said to have N Walsh codes of length N. In other words,
there are as many orthogonal Walsh codes as there are bits in a Walsh code. For example, Walsh
code W78 consists of 8 bits.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 94
Walsh Code Orthogonality Example
#1, Same Length
1 T WW2288 == 00 00 11 11 00 00 11 11
4
W2 8 0 t
T T
-1 2
Code
Code length
length == TT
1
WW7788 == 00 11 11 00 11 00 00 11
W78 0 t
-1
T
8
Average =
W28 1
x 0 t +1-1+1-1+1-1+1 1
W78 T
-1 =0

95
Shown is an example where the correlation (cross-correlation) is calculated for two different
Walsh codes, W28 and W78. When integrating over the code length (8 chips), the value is zero, or
close to zero. Please note that when calculating the correlation for the same code, e.g., W28 and
W28, the value will be 1 (or close to some constant).
Note: Multiplying voltages (+1, -1) is the same as performing modulo-2 addition on the bit-
values (0, 1).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 95
#2, Different Length, Orthogonal
1 3T WW2244 == 00 00 11 11
4 T 2T
W2 4 0 t
T
-1 4
Code
Code length
length == TT
1
WW7788 == 00 11 11 00 11 00 00 11
W78 0 t
-1
Averagecode 1 =
+1-1+1-1 =0
W24 1 T
x 0 t
W78 Averagecode 2 =
-1
-1+1-1+1 =0
code
code 11 code
code 22 T
96
Shown is an example where the correlation (cross-correlation) is calculated for two different
Walsh codes, W24 and W78. The code length used for integration is now four chips instead of
eight (as in previous example). Even though the code length differs between the two codes, when
integrating over the code length, the value is still zero or close to zero, indicating that the two
codes are orthogonal.
values (0, 1).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 96
#3, Different Length, Non-Orthogonal
1 3T WW2244 == 00 00 11 11
4 T 2T
W2 4 0 t
T
-1 4
Code
Code length
length == TT
1
WW7788 == 00 00 11 11 11 11 00 00
W68 0 t
-1
Averagecode 1 =
+1+1+1+1 = +1
W24 1 T
x 0 t
W68 Averagecode 2 =
-1
-1-1-1-1 = -1
code
code 11 code
code 22 T
97
In this example two different Walsh codes, W24 and W68 are compared. The code length used for
integration is four chips. When integrating over the code length, the value is not zero, indicating
that the two codes are not orthogonal.
values (0, 1).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 97
Why Are W24 and W68 Not Orthogonal?
W24 from H4 is repeated in H8, both in original and

inverted form.
Therefore, the codes are not orthogonal.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
H4 =
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
H8 =
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
With the same logic, W24 would not be orthogonal with

W216, W616, W1016, and W1416.
It would be nice to have a table that showed what Walsh
codes are orthogonal with what Walsh codes
98
If Walsh codes of variable length are used together, then a shorter code precludes using all
longer codes derived from the shorter code.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 98
Walsh Code Orthogonality Table
The table shows W4

W4
W8
W8
Walsh Code Lengths
Walsh Code Lengths
W16
W16
W32
W32
W64 W128
W64 W128
W4
W4
W8
W8
Walsh Code Lengths
Walsh Code Lengths
W16
W16
W32
W32
W64 W128
W64 W128
0 0 2 2
orthogonality 0
0
32
0
64
32
0
64
2
2
34
2
66
34
2
66
32 32 34 34
relationships 0
0
16
96
16
96
2
2
18
98
18
98
16 16 18 18
between Walsh 16
16
48
48
80
48
80
48
18
18
50
50
82
50
82
50
0 112 2 114
codes. 0
8
8
8
112
8
2
10
10
10
114
10
74
10
8 72
8 72 10 74
Parts 1 and 3 8
40
40
40
104
40
10
42
42
42
106
42
8 104 10 106
shown in slide 24
24
24
24
88
24
26
26
26
26
90
26
24 88 26 90
56 56 58 58
Rule: 0
0
56
120
56
120
2
2
58
122
58
122
4 4 6 6
4 4 6 6
Walsh codes on 4
4
36
68
36
68
6
6
38
70
38
70
36 36 38 38
the same row are 4
4
20
100
100
20
6
6
22
102
102
22
22 22
not orthogonal 20
20
20
84
20
84
22
22
54
86
54
86
52 52
52 52 54 54
4 116 6 118
4 116 6 118
12 12 14 14
12 12 14 14
12 76 14 78
12 76 14 78
44 44 46 46
44 44 46 46
12 108 14 110
12 108 14 110
28 28 30 30
28 28 30 30
28 92 30 94
28 92 30 94
60 60 62 62
60 60 62 62
124 126
124 126
99
If Walsh codes of variable length are used together, then a shorter code precludes using all
longer codes derived from the shorter code. The tables show the orthogonality relationships
between Walsh codes of variable length.
Rule
Walsh codes appearing on the same row are not orthogonal with each other. Walsh codes that do
not share one or more rows with another Walsh code in use are orthogonal.
Example
Walsh
WalshCode
CodeLengths
Lengths Walsh
WalshCode
CodeLengths
Lengths
Walsh code W5264 is not W4
W4 W8
W8 W16 W16 W32W32 W64W64 W128
11
W128
11
W4
W4 W8
W8 W16 W16 W32W32 W64W64 W128
33
W128
33
orthogonal with W04, W48, 11 65
65 33 67
67
33 33 35 35
W416, W2032, W52128, and W116128. 11
33 33
97
97 33
35 35
99
99
17 17 19 19
However, it is orthogonal with, 17
17 17
81 19
19 19
83
17 81 19 83
for example, W1264 and W84128. 49
49 49
49 51
51 51
51
11 113
113 33 115
115
99 99 11
11 11
11
99 73
73 11
11 75
75
41
41 41
41 43
43 43
43
99 105
105 11
11 107
107
25
25 25
25 27
27 27
27
25
25 89
89 27
27 91
91
57
57 57
57 59
59 59
59
11 121
121 33 123
123
55 55 77 77
55 69
69 77 71
71
37
37 37
37 39
39 39
39
55 101
101 77 103
103
21
21 21
21 23
23 23
23
21
21 85
85 23
23 87
87
53
53 53
53 55
55 55
55
55 117
117 77 119
119
13
13 13
13 15
15 15
15
13
13 77
77 15
15 79
79
45
45 45
45 47
47 47
47
13
13 109
109 15
15 111
111
29
29 29
29 31
31 31
31
29
29 93
93 31
31 95
95
61
61 61
61 63
63 63
63
125
125 127
127
Parts 2 and 4 of the Walsh code orthogonality table
CL8300-SG.en.UL 99
Quasi-Orthogonal Codes
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
To gain more Walsh codes, quasi-orthogonal
codes may be used.
Not fully orthogonal
Generated by adjusting existing Walsh code
Change sign of bit-value:
Bit 0 => *1
Bit 1 => *(-1)
Rotate phase when transmitting:
Bit 0 => 0
Bit 1 => 90
See IS-2000 for more detail.

100
IS-2000 provides the functionality to expand the Walsh code space by using so called quasi-
orthogonal Walsh codes (or Walsh functions). While this may seem like a desirable feat, it is
important to keep in mind that the quasi-orthogonal codes are not fully orthogonal. This means
that two different codes are interfering with each other to some degree.
Quasi-orthogonal functions (QOFs) are created using a non-zero sign multiplier QOF mask and a
non-zero rotate enabling Walsh code as specified in IS-2000. The repeated sequence of an
appropriate Walsh code is multiplied by the repeated sequence of masks with symbols +1 and -1,
which correspond to the sign multiplier QOF mask values of 0 and 1, respectively. The sequence
is also multiplied by the repeated sequence of masks with symbols 1 and j (j is the complex
number representing a 90o phase shift), which correspond to the rotate enable Walsh function
values of 0 and 1, respectively.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 100
CDMA Codes Summary
The codes used in CDMA are:

Long code (242 - 1 bits)
Short code (215 bits)
Walsh code (4 256 bits)
They work together.
Forward link:
Short code (PN offset) identifies antenna face
Walsh code identifies channels within the antenna face
Reverse link:
Long code identifies users
Walsh code may be used to identify channels
The codes also perform scrambling and spreading.

101
CL8300-SG.en.UL 101
4.7 Scrambling & Spreading
Main process:
y(t) = b(t) c(t)
Scrambling:
If b(t) and c(t) have the same rate then y(t) has the same rate,
and the spectrum of the signal is unchanged
b(t) is said to be encrypted or scrambled
Spreading:
If c(t) has a higher rate than b(t), y(t) has the faster rate and its
correspondingly wider spectrum
In addition to being scrambled, b(t) is said to have had its
spectrum spread
CDMA codes are used to perform scrambling and
spreading.
See the technology specific lessons for more details.

102
Assuming that the main process performed is the multiplication of two signals, b(t) and c(t) so
that y(t)=b(t)c(t), scrambling and spreading can be explained.
Scrambling
When b(t) and c(t) have the same rate, the product y(t)=b(t)c(t) contains all the information of
b(t) and has the same rate. The spectrum of the signal is unchanged, and the incoming bit stream
is said to be encrypted or scrambled.
Spreading
When two signals, b(t) and c(t), are multiplied together, the resulting signal, b(t)c(t), will have
the same bit (or chip) period as the faster signal (wider bandwidth); in this case, c(t). The signal
b(t) can be seen as altering the phase of the spreading signal c(t).
Observe that the combined signal waveform shown has more high frequency changes than the
changes in the data information since (1/Tc) >> (1/Tb). Note that Tb is the bit interval of the
information stream, and Tc is the bit interval of the DS stream. Tc is also called a chip time.
When c(t) is faster, y(t) contains all the information of b(t), and it has the faster bit rate and its
correspondingly wider spectrum. In addition to being scrambled, b(t) is said to have had its
spectrum spread.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 102
4.8 Digital Modulation
Modulation in the digital domain:

Bit patterns generate certain energy in the quadrature-phase (Q-
phase) and in-phase (I-phase) bit stream
Creates a vector (i, q) with a certain amplitude and phase [a, ]
Example, BPSK:
0: (i, q) = (+x, +y)
Q-phase
1: (i, q) = (-x, -y)
Example, QPSK:
I-phase
00: (i, q) = (+x, +y)
01: (i, q) = (-x, +y)
11: (i, q) = (-x, -y)
10: (i, q) = (+x, -y)
Multiply with PN short codes Constellation diagram
Quadrature spreading.

103
Digital Modulation
With digital modulation the bit or bit pattern generates certain energies in the quadrature-phase
(Q-phase) and in-phase (I-phase) components of a signal. Several different digital modulation
techniques exist:
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): Transmits 1 bit at a time, used in IS-95
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): Transmits 2 bits at a time, used in IS-2000 and IS-856
8-ary Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK): Transmits 3 bits at a time, used in IS-856
16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: Transmits 4 bits at a time, used in IS-856.
The I and Q components are then multiplied with a PN sequence (short code); this is called
quadrature spreading*. Quadrature spreading ensures that other-user interference appears as
though it has both random phase and amplitude information (i.e., looks like bandlimited
Gaussian noise).**
* For analytical details, refer to: Ziemer, R. E. and Peterson, R. L., Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum
Systems, MacMillan, N.Y., 1985, pp. 340-343.

** Viterbvi, A. J., "Very low rate convolutional codes for maximum theoretical performance of spread-spectrum multiple-
access channels," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 641-649, May 1990.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 103
RF Modulation and Amplification
Modulation in the RF domain

Performed with quadrature mixer:
q * sin(2fct)
i * cos(2fct)
Quadrature Mixer
cos(2fct)
I I
Quadrature
Baseband
Filter x RF
Channels Spreading/
Q Scrambling Q Baseband
Filter x
sin(2fct)
PNI PNQ
RF amplification:
Amplifies the RF signal after modulation
Digital channel have their individual gain.
104
RF Modulation
The orthogonality of cosines and sines makes it possible to transmit and receive two independent
signals simultaneously on the same carrier frequency. This is known as quadrature modulation.
In the quadrature mixer, the Q-phase and I-phase are multiplied with sin(2fct) and cos(2fct),
respectively, making the signal a RF signal.
Quadrature modulation is an efficient method of transmitting two message signals within the
same bandwidth. It requires precise phase synchronization of transmitter and receiver.
RF Amplification
Once the signal has been modulated in the RF domain, it passes through an RF amplification
process to generate the signal strength needed for RF transmission.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 104
Typical Signal Processing Summary
Information
Speech Quality FEC
Interleaving
Lesson 3
Digital
Modulation
RF Amp
Modulation
Lesson 4

105
CDMA Transmitter
Before the digital information signal can be transmitted in the RF environment, it must undergo a
Speech encoding. This step is only used if speech information is transmitted. Data transmission
omits this step.
Quality indicator
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Digital modulation
RF modulation
CL8300-SG.en.UL 105
4.9 Receiver
Receiver must perform most signal processing steps in

the reverse order.
Information
Speech De- FEC De- De-
coding coding Interleaving
De- De- Digital De- RF De-

Scrambling Spreading Modulation Modulation
Multi-user environment:
Combining the CDMA codes makes each user and channel
unique in the area
Receiver knows what codes to look for
All other codes appear as noise.
106
Receiver Processes
Just as the transmitter is wrapping the information signal in a number of signal processing
layers, the receiver must unwrap the signal by performing the signal processing steps in the
reverse order:
De-modulation
De-spreading
De-scrambling
De-interleaving
De-coding (FEC)
De-coding (speech), if speech information is transmitted.
Multi-User Environment
An information signal in a multi-user environment can be detected if the correct CDMA codes
are known. The combination of a set of codes (long code, short code, Walsh code) makes that
information signal appear unique; all other code combinations appear as noise.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 106
End-To-End Overview
Transmit
coded RF
digital Modulator
spreader
information y(t)
b(t) Mod
1.2288 Mbps RF path
with delay
c(t)
PN code RF carrier
1.2288 Mbps
RF
Receive coded
Demodulator
digital despreader
information y(t - )
b(t - ) Demod
1.2288 Mbps
c(t - )
Regenerated Regenerated
PN code RF carrier
(1.2288 Mbps)
107
Transmitter
Low bit rate speech, b(t), is spread by multiplying it with a high bit rate PN (pseudorandom
noise) code, c(t). The spread signal, b(t)c(t), is modulated by multiplication with an RF carrier
and transmitted.
Receiver
The spread signal arriving at the receiver for a traffic channel, i, is zi(t) + noise, where zi(t)
contains the desired signal and other channels. After RF de-modulation, a locally generated DS
sequence that is an exact replica to the desired DS code transmitted multiplies the received signal
- despreading. The received signal is delayed seconds, and the generated DS sequence must be
in perfect synchronization (receiver estimates delay, ) with the transmitted version.
Regenerating the PN code at the receiver is easily done by following the steps specified in the
standard specifications. Synchronization of the code and finding proves to be a bigger
challenge. The synchronization is performed by sliding correlators that will constantly asssure
that the codes used are synchronized.
The multiplier output yields the desired data signal bi(t - ) plus interfering terms due to other
users. Ideally, the integrator, an integrate and dump over Tb seconds, should produce a cross-
correlation between the desired signal and the interferers that is 0. Hence, the output for traffic
channel i is proportional to the transmitted data stream, bi(t - ).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 107
Summary
High code-correlation means the codes are very similar.

CDMA uses three codes:
Long code
Masked with a long code mask
Short code
Can be shifted to create PN offsets
Walsh code
Generated using the Hadamard matrix
Have to be orthogonal
The codes are used for scrambling and spreading.
The receiver knows the set of codes used for the user in question
Digital modulation
Receiver performs signal processing steps in reverse.
108
A fundamental part of a CDMA system are the codes used in spreading and scrambling of the
information signal. It is important that the codes have good correlation characteristics, i.e., high
correlation with the same code, and low correlation with other codes. Three codes are used in the
CDMA systems discussed in this course: long code, short code, and Walsh code.
The long code is used when there is a need for a user-specific code. The user-specific code is
obtained by masking the long code with a long code mask that is unique to every user or channel.
The short code is actually two codes, one for the I-phase, and one for the Q-phase components of
the RF signal. The short code is used for spreading/scrambling. By applying a time shift to the
short code, PN offsets are generated. A PN offset is used to identify a base stations antenna
face.
Walsh codes are generated using a Walsh function. The Walsh function uses the Hadamard
matrix when generating Walsh codes. An important characteristic of the Walsh codes is that the
codes are orthogonal. Walsh codes are often used to separate channels transmitted within the
same CDMA Channel.
When a receiver knows the codes used for a specific user, the receiver can extract that users
information from the CDMA Channel.
A quadrature mixer generates the I-phase and Q-phase components of the RF signal. The
information (energy) on the two phases is determined in the digital modulation step. BPSK and
QPSK were shown as examples of digital modulation. Other digital modulation techniques will
be discussed throughout the course.
When the transmitted signal is received at the receiver, all the signal processing steps must be
performed in reverse order to extract the original information signal.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 108
Knowledge Check
1. Using the Hadamard matrix, what does W1216 look like?

A. 0000 1111 1111 0000
B. 0101 1010 1010 0101
C. 0000 1111 0000 1111
D. 0110 0110 1001 1001
2. What Walsh codes of length 2, 4 and 8 are not

orthogonal with W 1216 and why?
A. W 02, W 12, W 04, W 24, W 08, W 48
B. W 12, W 04, W 24, W 08, W 48
C. W 02, W 04, W 08, W 48
D. W 02, W 04, W 48

109
CL8300-SG.en.UL 109
3. The shift register circuit shows a maximal-length shift

register, if the registers are initialized with 1 0 0 0.
+ Output
1 2 3 4
A. True
B. False
4. What is the periodicity (in chips) of the code generated

by the shift register shown in Question 3?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 15

110
Register
Register
Clock
Clock 11 22 33 44 Output
Output
CL8300-SG.en.UL 110
5. PN(t) is a 15 bit code as shown below. What is the

correlation value between PN(t-1) and PN(t-6)?
PN(t)
1
0
-1
A. -14/15
B. -1/15
C. 0
D. 1

111
CL8300-SG.en.UL 111
6. What is the difference between PN offset 41 and PN

offset 42?
A. Different codes
B. 1 bit
C. 64 bits
D. 512 bits

112
CL8300-SG.en.UL 112
Lesson 5
CDMA Concepts

113
CL8300-SG.en.UL 113
Lesson Objectives
Differentiate between RF impairments

Explain the functionality of the Rake receiver
Describe the random access procedure
Describe the soft handoff process
Explain the benefits of power control
Explain the impact of system loading on coverage.

114
CL8300-SG.en.UL 114
5.1 RF Impairments - Delay Spread
Multipath
Reflected signals 2 4
Delay spread 3
Typically a few
micro seconds
depending on area
1
Base Station
Antenna
Delay Spread
CDMA solution TM
Rake-receiver Multiple
Received
Search windows. Pulses
t1 t2 t3 t4
115
Multipath and Delay Spread

Multipath is a phenomenon that occurs when an RF transmission strikes a solid object (such as a
building, vehicle, etc.) and is reflected. The reflections may turn the signal away from its
intended path, they may cause the signal to be scattered, or they may direct the signal toward
another reflector. Eventually, the radiated signal reaches a receiving antenna, arriving from
several different directions. This is the basis of multipath.
In CDMA systems, multipath can be either an advantage or disadvantage. When multipath
signals arrive within approximately 4 msec of each other, they can be used to maintain a low
frame error rate (FER). If the multipath signals arrive with a delay of greater than 4 msec, they
can be damaging to the received signal.
The signal received at the receiver from the transmitter is made up of the sum of many signals,
each traveling over a separate path. Because these path lengths are not equal, the information
carried on the radio link will experience a spread in delay as it travels between base and mobile.
In the illustration, a transmitted narrow pulse arrives as four pulses, where the delay spread is
defined as TM. Typical delay spreads are from 2-5 s in urban areas. However, delay spreads of
around 25 s has been seen in large distant buildings such as apartment flats.
The effect of delay spread can be reduced, or eliminated using Rake receivers and search
windows. A search window defines a window in time, in which the Rake receivers fingers will
decode the multipath components.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 115
RF Impairments - Rayleigh Fading
Multipath signals added constructively and destructively

at receiving antenna
Called Rayleigh fading
Received signal follows statistical model
10 dB below the local mean in 10 percent of the locations
20 dB below the local mean in 1 percent of the locations
CDMA solution
Power control
Slow fading
FEC encoding and interleaving
Fast fading
Wide-band carrier.

116
Rayleigh Fading
In addition to delay spread, the same multipath environment causes severe local variations in
signal strength as these multipath signals are added constructively and destructively at the
receiving antenna. This type of variation is called Rayleigh fading. Statistically, the received
signal will be 10 dB below the local mean in 10 percent of the locations, and 20 dB below the
local mean in 1 percent of the locations. This can cause large blocks of information to be lost.
If the set of reflected signals have one dominant component, such as a line-of-sight signal, the
fading is more appropriately modeled using the Rician model.
Note that if the mobile speed is zero, there is no fading, except if signals are reflected from
moving objects.
For slow fading, CDMA uses power control to adjust the transmitted power in order to overcome
the fades. Power control is too slow for the fast Rayleigh fading; instead, FEC encoding and bit
interleaving are used.
By having a wide-band CDMA carrier, narrow frequency-selective fading will have limited
impact on the signals.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 116
RF Impairments - Doppler Shift
Movement of mobile creates a Doppler shift

Received signal shifted in frequency/phase as a function of
direction and speed
Shifts as much as 100 and 200 Hz can take place at 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz, respectively
CDMA solution
Pilot signal for synchronization and channel estimation
Continuous track of each signal.

117
Doppler Effect
The third effect of multipath propagation is caused by the movement of the mobile station. This
effect is known as Doppler shift and causes each receive signal to be shifted in frequency as a
function of the direction and speed of the mobile. Shifts of as much as 100 and 200 Hz can
take place in cellular systems at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. As a result, differential
detection techniques must be used to demodulate the received signal. The maximum Doppler
shift occurs when a wave is coming from the opposite direction as the direction to which the
mobile is moving.
A pilot signal is used by the receiver to track the signal, estimate the condition of the channel,
and synchronize to the changing signal.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 117
Path Loss and Shadow Fading
Signal strength
[dBm]
38.4 dB
= 8 dB
d1 10 * d1 Distance (R)

118
In typical cellular radio frequencies, there are two types of signal strength variations:
Microscopic variations
Macroscopic variations.
The microscopic (short term) variations are known as Rayleigh fading and take place as the
mobile station moves over a short distance compared to the distance between mobile station and
base station. Rayleigh fading is discussed in the course.
Path Loss
Macroscopic variations can be modeled as the addition of two components that make up the path
loss between mobile station and base station antennas. The first component is a deterministic
component, L (red dotted line), that adds loss to the signal as the distance, R, increases between
the base station and the mobile station. This component typically can be written as:
L = 1 / Rn
where n is about 3.84, depending on the RF environment. In dB, this component contributes to a
roll-off of about 38.4 dB per decade of distance; i.e., L [dB] = 38.4 * log(R).
Shadow Fading
The other macroscopic component is a random variable, X. X follows a log-normal distribution
with a mean of 0 dB and a typical standard deviation* of 8 dB (blue dashed line). This random
component takes into account the effects of shadow fading caused by variations in terrain and
other obstructions in the radio path. When added to the deterministic component, we get a local
mean value of path loss which, when subtracted (in dB) from the radiated transmitted RF
power, yields the received power to the mobile antenna.
When designing the system from an RF perspective, a margin for shadow fading is included in
the design. Power control is also useful against shadow fading.
*
Given the mean value, m, and the standard deviation, , with a log-normal distribution, 67% of the values
are within the range [m - , m + ].
CL8300-SG.en.UL 118
5.2 Rake Receiver
What is a Rake receiver?

A Rake receiver has a number of fingers
Each finger locks on to a multipath component
The signals from each finger are combined
A searcher constantly searches for the best multipath component.
path 1 C1 (t - 1)
Tx path 2 Integrate Hold
& dump until
. Tb + N
: Tb second
C1 (t - 2)
path N Integrate Hold
until b1(t)
& dump Combine
. Tb second Tb + N & Decide
:
cos ct . .
C1 (t - N) : :
Integrate Hold
& dump until
ii == differential
differential delay
delay between
between Tb second Tb + N
path
path ii and
and system
system time
time

119
The receiving antenna uses a Rake receiver with a number of fingers that are tuned to the
incoming signal. Each finger receives the signal from a different path based on signal strength.
Inside the receiver, the received signals are compared and correlated. Errors in a frame received
on one finger of the Rake receiver may not appear on the same frame received on one of the
other fingers. Using all frames received on all fingers, the receiver can rebuild the frame for
improved call quality. The combining is often maximum ratio-combining.
In some cases, however, multipath can appear as interference to the received signal. In those
cases, the propagation delay is so great that the received frame cannot be used to reconstruct the
frame received on the other fingers of the rake receiver. This situation is less common than when
multipath is advantageous to the CDMA system. Other technologies are unable to take advantage
of multipath because they do not use rake receivers.
A searcher constantly seeks different multipath components. The fingers are used to tune to
frames being received from different directions. As described earlier, the received frames from
the different fingers are compared to one another and can be used to reconstruct missing bits in a
frame caused by interference.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 119
Quadrature Despreading And Rake
Receiving
Path 1 Path J
Quadrature Quadrature
Demodulation Despreading
PN-I(t - 1)
Tb + 1
Tb
cos ( ct + ) Hold
. 0
I . b1 (t)
.
Decide
PN-I(t - j)
Tb + j
Tb
Hold
0
PN-Q(t - 1)
Q
PN-Q(t - j)
sin ( ct + )

120
A Rake receiver takes advantage of the multipath environment to improve receiver performance.
Rake receivers are needed in both transmission directions.
Shown is the Rake receiver for a user. The receiver sums the demodulated I and Q signals for
each path. The differential delays are measured by the receiver in order to accomplish this. The
sum for each path is integrated, and then the results from all paths are summed to produce the
stronger signal.
The Rake receiver can resolve as many paths as it has rake fingers (minus the searcher).
Individual path arrivals are tracked independently, and the weighted sum of their received
signals is then used to detect the signal.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 120
5.3 CDMA Call Processing Overview
Power On
Initialization
State
Idle
State
Access
State
Traffic Channel
State

121
In order to realize the benefits of CDMA, an understanding of the fundamental CDMA call
processing steps are needed. A mobile station can be said to have four mutually exclusive call
processing states: Initialization State, Idle State, Access State, and Traffic Channel State.
Initialization State
When a mobile station (or access terminal) first power on, the mobile station initializes itself.
The Initialization State is needed so that the mobile station can align itself to the systems
CDMA codes and timing. Information about synchronization and timing is sent from the base
station on an overhead channel, e.g., Sync Channel in IS-95 and IS-2000.
Idle State
After the Initialization State, the mobile station enters the Idle State. In the Idle State, the
network can communicate with the mobile. An overhead channel is used to communicate with
the mobile station; the overhead channel can be the Paging Channel for IS-95 and IS-2000, to the
Control Channel for IS-856.
A mobile station monitors the overhead channel for a page message. The page message informs
the mobile to initiate contact with the network, a termination. The mobile station may also
decide to initiate contact with the network without receiving a page message, an origination. The
contact is done in the Access State, on an Access Channel, and called an access attempt.
If a data session (virtual connection) is established, the Idle State is called the dormant state.
Access State
When the access attempt is successful, the base station sets up and assigns a Traffic Channel for
the mobile. The Traffic Channel assignment is communicated to the mobile using a forward
overhead channel, e.g., Paging Channel for IS-95 and IS-2000.
Traffic Channel State
In the Traffic Channel State, user data is exchanged. Also, the mobile station performs a number
of call processing activities such as handoff and power control.
Next, we discuss random access, handoff, and power control in more detail.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 121
5.4 Random Access
Access protocol
Based on a slotted aloha protocol
Used when mobile contact base station
Quickly
Avoid interference
Trial-and-error
Probes sent on reverse Access Channel
Acknowledgement transmitted on Paging or Control Channel
If no acknowledgement received, power is increased and another
probe is sent.

122
A mobile may attempt to access a base station whenever the mobile needs to communicate with
the base station; I.e., if the mobile originates a call or if the mobile has been paged by the system.
The access attempt is performed in the Access State.
The mobile transmits a message to the base station on the Access Channel using the Access
Channel Protocol. The message is sent in an access probe, which is sent during an access channel
slot.
The access channel slots are non-overlapping. Collisions are avoided using a very narrow
demodulation window. Access probe consists of a preamble portion and a message portion.
The Access Channel Protocol specifies the rules with which the access probes are transmitted on
the Access Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 122
Access Procedure
Persistence
Test
tS

Probe 1 2 3 NP 1 2 3 NP Time
Sequence
1 2 NS
PowerStep
IP tP
IP
IP == -- Mean
Mean Rx
Rx Power
Power (dBm)
(dBm) ++
Various
Various Adjustments
Adjustments

123
Introduction
The mobile accesses the base station on the Access Channel using a random procedure to
minimize the chance of interference to other users. The access protocol is controlled by base
station-controlled parameters that are communicated to the mobile. The figure shows a
simplified Access Channel Protocol as first introduced in IS-95A.
Access Attempt
The entire process of accessing a base station is called an access attempt. Each transmission in
the access attempt is called an access probe. The mobile transmits the same data in each access
probe in the access attempt.
Within an access attempt, access probes are grouped into access probe sequences. Each
sequence consists of a number of access probes, all transmitted on the same Access Channel.
The first access probe of each sequence is transmitted at a specified power level relative to the
received signals power level, IP. Each subsequent access probe is transmitted at a higher power
level until the base station acknowledges the transmission.
To avoid the risk of collisions of access probes at the base station receiver, the time of
transmission of the probes is randomized.
Persistence Test
A persistence test may take place before the transmission of each access probe sequence. The
purpose of the persistence test is to increase the probability a high priority subscriber will gain
access over a lower priority subscriber during emergency or overload conditions.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 123
Access Probe
Persistence
Test
tS

Probe 1 2 3 NP 1 2 3 NP Time
Sequence
1 2 NS
Access Probe
Preamble Segment Message Segment

124
Access Probe Structure

The actual access probe transmission consists of a preamble segment, followed by the actual
message segment consisting of a number of frames. The preamble is used to synchronize the
base station to the mobile. The preamble plus the message capsule is called one access slot.
Note: IS-856 uses the concept of Access Channel Cycles instead of access slot. While the
concept remains the same, an Access Channel Cycle does not have to be the length of the
preamble plus the message.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 124
Limitations Of IS-95A Access Procedure
Procedure used in IS-95A has limitations:

Data rate of 4.8 kbps
Slow data rate, so message duration is long
Long preamble segment typically used
Low throughput and relative large delays
If error occurs for message:
Retransmission at higher power
Increased latency
More transmit power needed for error-free message
More interference reduces system capacity
Later technologies improve the access scheme.

125
The presented access procedure is used in IS-95A. The procedure has limitations.
First, the data rate of the IS-95 Access Channel is 4.8 kbps. This data rate is a low data rate;
therefore, the messages transmitted are long in duration.
The preamble segment in the access probe must be relatively long so that the base station
receiver can properly detect the message segment. This leads to a low throughput on the Access
Channel, and relatively large delays. Low throughput and large delays are not desirable since the
probability of an access message being received in error at the base station is increased.
If an access message was received in error at the base station, it will be retransmitted with a
higher power level. Not only will this retransmission increase the latency of the message, but the
increased power will increase the interference seen in the system. Increased interference
decreases system capacity.
Later technologies, e.g., IS-95B, IS-2000, and IS-856, introduce enhancements to the IS-95A
access procedure that decreases the probability of an access message being received in error.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 125
IS-95B Access Handoff Features
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
Mobile (MS) idle
No
Origination?
Yes BS pages MS
Access Entry
Handoff
Access
Access Probe
Probe MS performs access attempt.
Handoff
Handoff
Access
Handoff
Channel Additional
Additional technology
technology specific
specific
Channel Assignment
Assignment MS has traffic improvements
improvements exist.
exist. See
See the
the
Into
Into Soft
Soft Handoff
Handoff channel specific
specific lessons
lessons for
for more
more details.
details.

126
Introduction
IS-95B introduced a set of features aimed at lowering the origination and termination failures by
increasing the efficiency of the access scheme. The features assure that the mobile is always
communicating with the best server or servers. The features are:
Access Entry Handoff
Access Probe Handoff
Access Handoff
Channel Assignment Into Soft Handoff
The Access Handoff features operate from the time the base station sends a page message to the
mobile, until a Channel Assignment Message is sent to the mobile.
Access Entry Handoff
Access Entry Handoff (AEHO) allows mobiles to transfer the reception of the paging channel
from one base station to another before the mobile transmits access probes during a termination.
Access Probe Handoff
Access Probe Handoff (APHO) allows mobiles to handoff to a stronger CDMA pilot while
waiting for acknowledgement to the access probe.
Access Handoff
Access Handoff (AHO) allows mobiles to transfer reception of the paging channel from one base
station to another after a successful access attempt. When a mobile sends a message to a cell and
receives an acknowledgment from the cell, a successful access attempt has been made.
Channel Assignment Into Soft Handoff
Channel Assignment Into Soft Handoff (CAMSHO) gives the capability for a mobile to request
multiple traffic channels with multiple cells (soft handoff) when the traffic channel assignment
takes place.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 126
5.5 Soft Handoff
Base Station A
MSC
Base Station B

127
Soft handoff is a term used to describe a feature unique to CDMA systems in which a mobile can
be in communication with two or more base stations, or antenna faces, simultaneously. Other
wireless technologies such as FDMA and TDMA use hard handoffs between base stations. The
hard handoff involves both a change of base station and a change of frequency. As a result, the
mobile must break its connection with the serving cell, tune its receiver to the new serving cells
frequency, and resume the call.
Because CDMA typically involves only one frequency, the mobile is able to monitor and
communicate with multiple base stations simultaneously. This allows the mobile station to make
its connection with the new base station while still communicating with the serving base station.
A CDMA mobile station is said to be in soft handoff when the mobile communicates with two or
more antenna faces (PN offsets). The PN offsets involved in soft handoff are said to be in the
mobile stations Active Set. Up to six PN offsets can be in the active set. The traffic frames from
the various antenna faces are sent to the MSC, where the best frames are selected.
The soft handoff process enables the mobile to establish contact with those sectors likely to
proceed well before it leaves its serving (host) site. In addition, the simultaneous support
provides a diversity gain that improves link quality in fringe areas, and multipath is taken
advantage of with the rake receiver. The application of power control from neighbor sites also
ensures that a progressively distant mobile will not unduly boost its transmit strength and
become a primary source of interference to a nearby cell site.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 127
Softer Handoff
Base Station

Rake Receiver
Traffic
Frames
MSC
Speech Handler

128
A subset of soft handoff is the so-called softer handoff. A softer handoff occurs between two
sectors of the same cell.
Softer handoff is a special case of soft handoff and can be handled within the base station by one
channel element (CE) saving resources. The CE is typically the component in the base station
that performs most of the digital processing of the information signal.
A softer handoff occurs when the mobile moves between cell sectors. The mobile is in a soft
handoff mode, since it is communicating on two CDMA Traffic Channels in the same 1.23MHz
CDMA RF Channel. The base station can use the CEs rake receiver to combine the traffic
frames from both sectors into a single traffic frame that is sent to the MSC.
The MSC treats this traffic frame as if it were the only frame received by the base station CE.
The base station CE also generates two forward traffic channel frames, each with a different
Walsh code.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 128
Soft/Softer Handoff Process
Mobile Assisted Handoff based on pilot signal levels of

neighboring base stations
Three phases:
Measurement
Mobile measures signal quality and strength
Mobile sends a message when add/drop threshold are met
Trigger
Base station evaluates measurements against threshold
Base station decides if handoff should be initiated
Transition
Base station tells mobile what base stations to communicate with
Mobile enters the soft handoff state (intra-frequency handoff)
or an inter-frequency handoff is performed.

129
Measurement
During the measurement phase, the mobile takes measurements of the signal quality and signal
strength of its serving cell or cells and its neighboring cells. The mobile measures the Ec/I0 of the
pilots and reports the signal strengths to the base station.
An IS-95 and an IS-2000 mobile reports the signal strength in the Pilot Strength Measurement
Message, and an IS-856 mobile (Access Terminal) reports the signal strength in the RouteUpdate
Message.
Trigger
The measurement results are compared against thresholds and defined rules. The base station
decides whether handoff should be initiated. Also, the base station determines what type of
handoff that will take place: Soft handoff, softer handoff, or an inter-frequency handoff (between
carriers).
Transition
If a handoff is triggered, the base station orders the mobile to execute the handoff by starting to
communicate with the new antenna faces, or to stop communicating with the antenna faces that
have fallen out from the handoff state.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 129
Pilot Sets and Handoff Parameters
Pilots in four mutually exclusive sets

Active Set
Candidate Set
Neighbor Set
Remaining Set
Pilots move between these sets based on handoff
parameters and rules
Base station controls Active Set and Neighbor Set
Four handoff parameters
Add threshold (t_add)
Drop threshold (t_drop)
Drop timer (t_tdrop)
Comparison threshold (t_comp).

130
For a given mobile, the pilots (PN offsets) are organized into four mutually exclusive set that are
controlled by a number of handoff parameters and specific rules.
Active Set
The pilots actively involved in soft/softer handoff are placed in the Active Set. The base station
instructs the mobile what pilots to have in the Active Set.
Candidate Set
Pilots that satisfy the criteria to be included in the Active Set, but have not yet been added are
placed in the Candidate Set.
Neighbor Set
Pilots that are likely candidates for soft/softer handoff will be in the neighbor Set. The Neighbor
Set is controlled by the base station and are usually base stations whose geographical coverage
areas are near the mobile station.
Remaining Set
The pilots not included in all other sets are parts of the Remaining Set.
Add Threshold
A pilot must be stronger than the add threshold to possibly be added to the Active Set. The add
threshold is called t_add in IS-95 and IS-2000.
Drop Threshold and Drop Timer
A pilot weaker than the drop threshold for a longer time than the drop timer will be removed
from the Active Set. The two thresholds are called t_drop and t_tdrop, respectively, in IS-95 and
IS-2000.
Comparison Threshold
The comparison threshold is used to make sure that a pilot in the Candidate Set is a certain
amount stronger than a pilot in the Active Set before replacing that Active Set pilot. The
threshold is called t_comp in IS-95 and IS-2000.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 130
Original Soft Handoff Algorithm -
Example
Signal Strength
Pilot 1
(BS1) Pilot 2
Active Set (BS2)
Total Ec/I0
1
Add Threshold
2
Drop Threshold 3
Drop
Timer
Time
Soft Handoff Range
BS2 added BS1 removed
to Active Set from Active Set

131
Example
The graphic shows the handoff parameters when the signal strength of base station 2 (BS2)
exceeds the add threshold (point 1), and the pilot enters into the mobiles Active Set. When the
signal strength of base station 1 (BS1) falls below the drop threshold (point 2) and stays there
until the drop timer has expired (point 3), BS1 is removed from the Active Set.
Note that add threshold and drop threshold are fixed and do not take into account situations
where a weak pilot added to the Active Set would not bring any benefit if there are already some
dominant strong pilots in the Active Set. Adding a weak pilot does not improve performance.
However, if all pilots in the active set are weak, then even adding a new weak pilot is beneficial.
Soft Handoff Gain
In a CDMA system, there is an advantage due to soft handoff that results in effectively lowering
the fade margin required to obtain a specific probability of edge coverage, as compared to other
technologies. For a CDMA system that admits soft handoff, for any given frame, the better or
stronger of two or more base stations reception will be utilized at the frame selector, typically at
the switching center.
Assuming an 8 dB standard deviation and 50% partially correlated two-way handoff, the soft
handoff gain numerically works out to approximately 4 dB. Due to the soft handoff feature, the
excess link margin requirement has dropped by 4 dB. This is the advantage due to soft handoff
that results in increased coverage.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 131
IS-95B Soft Handoff Algorithm
IS-95B Soft Handoff algorithm

Reduce soft handoff activity
Filter out unnecessary handoffs
Reduce number of soft handoff legs
Improve forward link capacity
Additional soft handoff parameters
Soft Slope
Add Intercept Ec/I0
Drop Intercept
Dynamic thresholds calculated
Dynamic Add Threshold (DAT)
PSi
Dynamic Drop Threshold (DDT)
Based on the Ec/I0 of the Active Set.

132
Background
The field data shows that under some conditions, there may be more soft handoffs occurring than
are necessary when using the original IS-95A handoff algorithm. Such handoff overheads may
also overuse system resources, thereby degrading total system capacity. The IS-95B soft handoff
algorithm is intended to improve these situations by introducing the Dynamic Add and Drop
Thresholds (DAT and DDT, respectively).
DAT and DDT are determined by combining the pilot strengths from all pilots in the Active Set.
Under this algorithm, the mobile will send out a message with pilot signal strength
measurements to request the base station to add a pilot into the Active Set only when the pilot is
worthy of being added. The mobile will request the base station to drop a pilot from the Active
Set if the pilot contributes little to the call quality.
Benefits
The IS-95B soft handoff algorithm introduces improvements that will reduce the time a call is in
soft handoff, and also filter out unnecessary handoffs from each call; therefore, the average
number of legs for each call is reduced and the forward link capacity is increased.
Dynamic Thresholds
Three additional parameters are defined for IS-95B; namely, an Add Intercept, Drop Intercept,
and a Soft Slope. The parameters contribute to the calculation of the DAT and DDT.

DAT = max soft _ slope * 10 * log
i:PSiA

PSi + add _ int cpt , t _ add _ b

DDTj = max soft _ slope * 10 * log PSi + drop _ int cpt , t _ drop _ b
i:PS A ,
PSi i PS j

CL8300-SG.en.UL 132
IS-95B Soft Handoff Algorithm - Example
Signal Strength
Pilot 1
(BS1) Pilot 2
Active Set (BS2)
Total Ec/I0
Dynamic
2
Add Threshold 3 Dynamic
1 4 Drop Threshold
Add Threshold
5
Drop Threshold
Drop
Timer
Time
Original Soft Handoff Range
Soft Handoff Range
BS2 added BS1 removed

to Active Set from Active Set
133
The figure shows a time representation of soft handoff and associated event when the mobile
moves away from a serving base station (BS1) towards a new base station (BS2). The
combination of static and dynamic thresholds (vs static thresholds only) results in reduced soft
handoff regions.
The principles of the Dynamic Add Threshold (DAT) and the Dynamic Drop Threshold (DDT)
for adding and deleting pilots are as follows.
The mobile detects a pilot which crosses a given static threshold, the Add Threshold [Ec/I0]
(point 1). The pilot is then moved to the Candidate Set and is searched more often and tested
against a second dynamic threshold, DAT.
Comparison with DAT determines if the pilot is worth adding to the active set. DAT is a function
of the total energy of the pilots demodulated coherently (in the Active Set).
When the pilots in the Active Set are weak, adding an additional pilot (even weak) will improve
performance. However, when there are one or more dominant pilots, adding an additional
weaker pilot above the Add Threshold will not improve performance, but will use more network
resources. The dynamic soft-handoff thresholds reduce and optimize the network resource
utilization.
After detecting a pilot above DAT (point 2), the mobile reports it back to the network. The
network then sets up the handoff resources and orders the mobile to coherently demodulate this
additional pilot.
When a pilot signal strength decreases below DDT (point 3), the handoff connection is removed
after a specific period (point 4). The pilot is moved back to candidate set. The threshold DDT is
a function of the total energy of the other pilots in the Active Set. Pilots not contributing
sufficiently to total pilot energy are dropped. On further decreasing below a static threshold, the
Drop Threshold, the pilot is removed from Candidate Set (point 5).
A pilot dropping below a threshold (e.g., DDT and Drop Threshold) is reported back to the
network only after being below the threshold for a specific period. This timer allows for a
fluctuating pilot not to be prematurely reported.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 133
Inter-Frequency Handoff
Inter-frequency handoff is a handoff between carriers

Maximize resource utilization
Congestion control
Inter-operator handoff
Base station controlled inter-frequency handoff
Most common type of inter-frequency handoff
Uses vendor specific algorithms at the base station
Mobile assisted inter-frequency handoff
Mobile makes pilot measurements on other carriers
Message used to report pilot signal strengths can include pilots
channel number and band class
Not specified for IS-95A.

134
Intra-frequency handoff (soft handoff) is the handoff between base stations when the same
carrier frequency is used. Inter-frequency handoff is the handoff between carrier frequencies.
When performing an inter-frequency handoff, the mobile station must discontinue the
transmission on the current carrier while it retunes to a new Traffic Channel on the new carrier.
There are many reasons why inter-frequency handoffs are performed:
We want to maximize the utilization of resources on each carrier
If the current carrier experiences resource congestion, the mobile station could handoff to
another carrier to ease the situation
The mobile station may have to handoff to another operator, so-called inter-operator handoff.
Most inter-frequency handoffs are controlled by the base station, without any explicit assistance
from the mobile. Since the base station controls the handoff, the algorithms used are proprietary
to the vendor.
When the mobile station assists the base station in the inter-frequency handoff, we call this
mobile assisted inter-frequency handoff. The mobile station may have the capability to make
pilot signal strength measurements on other carriers. The mobile can then report these
measurements to the base station, including the pilots channel number and band class.
Note: An IS-95A mobile station cannot report a pilots channel number and band class..
CL8300-SG.en.UL 134
Mobile Assisted Inter-Frequency
Handoff
95A 95B 3G 1xEV
A mobile may be allowed to make pilot
measurements on other frequencies while
maintaining connection with the current frequency
Two methods for mobile assisted inter-frequency handoff:
Dual receivers at the mobile
Not specified in the standard
Mobile visits candidate frequency for a short period as
commanded or periodically to make measurement
Base station may direct mobile to new frequency based on
measurements
Mobile is allowed to return to previous frequency in case of failure
Not specified for IS-856.

135
Two methods may be used for mobile assisted inter-frequency handoff: Dual receiver, or a single
receiver operating in slotted mode (mobile visits the candidate frequency for a short time
period).
The dual receiver approach is suitable if the mobile terminal uses antenna diversity. During the
inter-frequency measurements, one receiver branch is switched to another frequency for
measurements, while the other keeps receiving from the current frequency. The loss of diversity
gain during measurements needs to be compensated for the higher forward link transmit power.
The advantage of the dual receiver approach is that there is no break in the current frequency
connection.
The slotted mode approach is considered attractive for the mobile station without antenna
diversity. The mobile visits another frequency during a short period of a frame to make a
measurement of the other frequencys pilot signal strength.
After a measurement, the mobile may send the information to the base station in the regular
message used to report pilot signal strengths. The message can include the pilots channel
numbers and band classes. The base station still makes a decision and can order the mobile to
continue the call on a new carrier frequency. If there is a failure for the mobile going to the new
frequency, the mobile may be allowed to return to the original serving frequency.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 135
5.6 Power Control - Near/Far Problem
A1
A2
MS 1
A3
A4
MS 2
rev
ers
elink
for interf e
MS ren MS 3
1 ce
MS 4
Near mobiles dominate:
Signal-to-interference ratio is lowered for far mobiles
Performance is degraded for far mobiles
System capacity is reduced
The problem can be reduced through mobile dynamic power control to equalize the
received signal levels:
A1 = A2 = A3 = A4

136
A power control problem arises because of multiple access interference. All users in a DS-
CDMA system transmit information by using the same bandwidth at the same time, and
therefore, users interfere with one another. The signal received by the base station from a mobile
close to the base station will be stronger than the signal received from another mobile station
located at the cell edge.
Near/Far Problem
The near/far problem is concerned with a strong interferer at a receiver swamping out the effects
of weaker signals. This can occur in the cellular environment when a mobile unit close to the
base station masks the received signal from far-end mobiles.
This problem can be resolved through power control. For a CDMA cellular system, this requires
that the power transmitted from the mobiles to the base station be adoptively controlled. When
the transmitted power from each mobile is controlled so that all received signals arrive with
equal power at the base station, (A1 = A2 = A3 = A4) then system capacity is maximized for a
specified signal-to-interference ratio.
It is important to remember that one mobile's signal is another mobile's interference.
Forward Link
In the forward link, all signals propagate through the same channel, and thus are received by a
mobile with equal power. Therefore, no power control is needed to solve the near-far problem
for the forward link. However, power control is required to minimize the interference to other
cells and to compensate against the interference from other cells. The worst-case situation for a
mobile station occurs when the mobile station is at the edge, equidistant from some number of
base stations.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 136
Desired Mobile Power Control
dB
Relative Power at
Mobile Receiver
1
Average Path Loss
R3.84
80
dB
Relative Base Station

Received Power
8 dB variation
about the average
(log-normal shadow fading)
km
dB km
Transmit Power
Relative Mobile

km
137
The power transmitted by the mobile is based on a measurement of the received power. This
measurement accounts for path loss and shadow fading. As shown, the mobile transmit power
varies inversely with the received power. The base station will then receive an almost constant
level of signal. This type of control is called open loop power control since there is no feedback
between mobile and base station.
In addition, the base station will send power control commands to direct the mobile to adjust its
power. The power control commands are chosen such that the base station receives an
acceptable frame error rate for that particular traffic channel. This type of control is called closed
loop power control since there is feedback between mobile and base station.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 137
Why Power Control?
Objectives:
Maintain QoS
Maximize capacity
Minimize interference
Power control algorithms
Forward Link Power Control
Discussed in each specific technology section
Reverse Link Power Control.

138
The nature of CDMA systems is such that interference is one of the primary problems which
may affect communications. With all of the base stations and mobiles operating on the same
frequency at the RF noise floor, controlling the interference is essential.
The fundamental purpose of power control is to maintain acceptable Quality of Service (QoS)
for the largest number of users. Service providers identify the following as the objectives for
power control:
Maintain satisfactory QoS
Maximum system capacity consistent with the QoS objective
Minimum power consumption for both the battery powered mobile and the base station
transmitters.
To achieve the objectives, two types of power control are needed:
Reverse Link Power Control.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 138
Reverse Link Power Control
Transmit just enough power to achieve required Eb/N0

Open loop power control
Compensate for path loss and shadow fading
Operates at the mobile station
Closed loop power control
Improves inaccuracies in the slower open loop power control
Operates at the base station.
Received Matched Rake Viterbi
signal filter combiner decoder
Eb/N0 Frame error

Measurement detector
PCB Inner loop Outer loop

control control

139
Open Loop Power Control

Open loop power control sets the transmit power based upon the power that is received at the
mobile. The purpose is to compensate for the path loss from the mobile to the base station and to
handle very slow fading.
Closed Outer Loop Power Control
Closed loop power control compensates for medium to fast fading and for inaccuracies in open
loop power control. The close loop power control consists of two parts, an inner loop and an
outer loop. The outer loop power control is implementation-specific, but typically adjusts the
closed loop power control threshold in the base station in order to maintain a desired frame error
rate.
Closed Inner Loop Power Control
The inner loop power control consists of a fast feedback loop from the base station to the mobile.
The inner loop adjusts the transmit power of the mobile by transmitting power control
commands, or bits.
Possible Implementation
The graphic shows a possible implementation of the reverse link power control at the base
station. The matched filter and Rake combiner will extract the information bits.
The Viterbi decoder can be used to decode encoded data streams, and the frame error detector
can determine is a frame is in error or not. Based on frame errors the outer loop control can set
proper operating Eb/N0 at base station receiver. The Eb/N0 determined by the outer loop control
is used by the inner loop control.
Current received Eb/N0 is measured and compared with the operating Eb/N0 setpoint, or target
Eb/N0, from the outer loop control. Based on the comparison, the inner loop control decides the
value of the power control bit (PCB) to be transmitted.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 139
Why is Fast Power Control Important?
Transmit higher than required power

Excessive interference
Transmit lower than required power
Insufficient quality
Slow power control
Fast power control.
Thick
Thick green
green line
line required
required power
power
Thin
Thin black
black line
line transmitted
transmitted power
power
140
Fast power control is important. The faster the power control, the more accurate the transmit
power is with respect to the required transmit power. If transmit power is higher than required
power, then excessive interference is generated and system capacity reduced. If transmit power
is lower than required power, then the quality of the channel is insufficient and performance
problems may incur.
Examples of slow and fast power control are shown for a specific required transmit power. It can
be seen that with the faster power control, transmitted power is closer to required power, thereby
reducing excessive interference while maintaining sufficient quality.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 140
5.7 Noise Rise vs. Coverage Reduction
Energy seen at
BS receiver
B
if it e
co mo ner
ns bil gy
ta e t (E
nt ra b )
po ns
we mi
r ts
At
At the
the edge
edge of
of the
the
Eb cell,
cell, the
the mobile
mobile is
is
transmitting
transmitting max
max
Eb/N0 power
power
Eb
N0 with
loading Eb/N0 Noise rise
N0 without
loading Coverage reduction
Distance
New Cell edge
cell edge
141
Noise rise and its impact on reverse link coverage is a very important concept in CDMA. The
concept relates mostly to the reverse link.
Base Station Received Noise
The base station receiver receives the RF energy that exists within the receivers bandwith. The
information in a traffic channel on the reverse link is extracted by the base stationss circuits that
perform the necessary signal processing. The extracted digital information has some bit energy,
Eb. All the other RF energy is considered interference to this particular traffic channel. That
interference is suppressed by the processing gain. The ratio between Eb and the noise energy
(N0), or interference energy is one of the main quality indicators for a digital traffic channel.
Noise Rise and Coverage
Noise rise is the fact that the amount of noise, or interference, increases. When a mobile
experiences noise rise, it must increase its transmit power to maintain the required Eb/N0 ratio at
the base station receiver as dictated by a certain QoS. A peculiar situation occurs when a mobile
is located at the edge of the cell.
At the edge of the cell, the mobile is transmitting maximum transmit power. When the mobile at
the edge of the cell experience noise rise, it cannot increase its transmit power. The mobile
would have to move closer to the cell to allow the reduced pathloss to maintain the Eb/N0 ratio at
the base station receiver; the mobile is still transmitting maximum power. In other words,
increased noise levels, noise rise, will reduce the reverse link coverage for a given Eb/N0 ratio.
Sources for Noise Rise
There are several sources for noise rise: Other channels, external noise, and jammers. The most
significant source for noise rise is other channels, or other users being served by the system.
When the number of users increases, the noise rise also increases. When the number of users
increases, we say that reverse link loading increases.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 141
Reverse Link Loading
20
18
16
14
Noise Rise [dB]
)
B
d( 12
e
si 10
R
e 8
si
o
N 6
4
3.0
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent Loading

142
Reverse link loading, or sector loading, is a measure of the total interference from CDMA
sources allowed in the system in reference to the receiver thermal noise. As the number of users
in the system increases, the noise rise increases. The median noise rise can be calculated as 1/(1-
loading), where loading is defined as the ratio of actual users, m, to the pole capacity, Mmax.
The noise rise increases dramatically as the loading approached the pole capacity. This noise rise
is also driven by the loading of neighboring cells (frequency re-use efficiency, or ) and the
information data rate (channel activity).
The non-linear behavior can be summarized by noting that the ratio of total power at the base
station receiver input to base station noise doubles every time half the remaining pole capacity is
used. For example, the ratio increases from 0 to 3 dB when the loading factor increases from 0 to
50%, and it rises from 3 dB to 6 dB when the loading factor increases from 50% to 75%.
Typical loading for IS-95 is 55%, for IS-2000 and IS-856, loading may be increased to 72% due
to the general increase in pole capacity.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 142
Radio Frequency Impairments
Total impairment = Thermal noise } N0
+ Co-channel interference
from mobiles served by the
same physical antenna
face NT
+ Co-channel interference
from mobiles served by
nearby physical antenna
faces
Thermal noise = N0
Total impairment = NT

143
Although thermal noise, N0, is the easiest radio frequency impairment to quantify, it is not the
most important impairment to consider in the engineering of a CDMA system. The thermal noise
is the impairment which limits the maximum coverage range of any cell site.
The major source for interference is the co-channel interference coming from mobiles served by
the physical antenna face in interest. Another major source for interference is the co-channel
interference from mobiles served by nearby physical antenna faces.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 143
Reverse Link Pole Capacity
Achieved Eb/N0 at J4 has to be greater than or equal to the required, full

rate, median Eb/N0, (di)fullrate. For user i: (Eb/N0)i (di)fullrate = idi
iSiTbi
(Eb N0 )i = idi

M M
FNt + Tc jS j + Tc jS j
j= 2 j=1
1 1 T T
Mair = * * b c + 1 * loading
1 + Eb N0
Legend:
Legend:
Activity
Activity Factor
Factor Interference
Interference Geometry
Geometry
dd Bit
Bit Energy
Energy Over
Over Noise
Noise SS Received
Received Power
Power
NNtt Thermal
Thermal Noise
Noise FF Receiver
Receiver Noise
Noise Figure
Figure
TTbb Bit
Bit time
time TTcc Chip
Chip time
time

144
Pole Capacity
Pole capacity, Mmax, is the CDMA channel capacity limited only by the mutual interference from
all users in both the same and neighboring cells. When deriving the pole capacity, the Eb/N0 for
user i is derived; see the first equation. Eb is the bit energy for user i, and N0 is the total
impairment user i is experiencing. Assuming that external interference (to the CDMA system)
can be ignored, the total impairment consists of:
Thermal noise (Nt)
Receiver noise figure (F)
Interference from users on the same cell (second term in the denominator)
Interference from users on other cells (third term in the denominator).
The beta factor () is an interference ratio relating interference from other cells to interference
from the serving cell. Alpha () is the traffic channel activity factor (including the reverse link
pilot, if applicable).
After some general assumptions, we can solve for M and Mmax. The RF Engineering Guidelines
discuss the theoretical details and derivations for M and Mmax.
Air-interface Limit
Mmax implies maximum capacity, and therefore also minimum coverage. To have a practical
amount of coverage, the capacity has to be decreased. By multiplying Mmax with a loading
factor, the air-interface limit, Mair, is obtained.
Note: The pole point capacity is a theoretical estimation given a set of assumptions. The real life
capacity will vary based on the variation in the parameters, and other limitations such as
hardware capacity.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 144
Summary
Several RF impairments exist:

Delay spread
Rayleigh fading
Doppler shift
Shadow fading
Rake receiver combats fading
An access procedure on the Access Channel is used for
user device to establish contact with the system
Soft handoff enhances performance
Pilot sets
Handoff parameters
Power control combats the near/far problem
Increased reverse link loading decreases coverage.

145
The RF link between the transmitter and the receiver is impacted by many naturally occurring
phenomena. Reflected signals (multipath) can significantly change the signal. Reflected signals
arrive at the receiver at different times causing delay spread in the signal. The phase differences
of the reflected signals may add or subtract to the final signal; this is called Rayleigh fading.
When a user is moving, the frequency of the signal may shift according to the Doppler shift.
Finally, obstacles in the RF path create shadow fading (log-normal fading).
A hardware component, called Rake receiver, in the CDMA receiver combats multipath by using
Rake fingers to lock onto and decode the multipath components.
When a user establishes contact with the system, the user will use an Access Channel. An access
protocol is used as a trial-and-error method to establish contact over the Access Channel.
Soft handoff is a unique CDMA feature that allows a mobile to making a connection with a new
base station before breaking the connection with the old base station. This provides a natural
diversity gain to the system, and improves RF performance. Decisions about soft handoff are
made using measurements of base station pilots. The pilots are divided into four pilot sets:
Active Set, Candidate Set, Neighbor Set, and Remaining Set. The pilots move between the sets
as governed by handoff parameters.
Power control is used to make sure that every user is received with the same energy level at the
receiver, so that one user is not swamping weaker signals. For the reverse link, the base station
has a power control algorithm with a Eb/Nt setpoint for the reverse link channel. By comparing
measured Eb/N0 with the setpoint, power control bits are transmitted to the mobile, telling the
mobile to increase or decrease its transmit power.
As the number of users (loading) increases, a channel at the receiver experiences more noise.
This is called noise rise. When the noise rise increases, coverage decreases for a fixed signal
quality, and vice versa.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 145
Knowledge Check
1. How does CDMA combat delay spread?

A. Power control
B. Pilot signal
C. Speech encoding
D. Rake receiver
2. How does CDMA combat Rayleigh fading?

A. Power control
B. Pilot signal
C. Speech encoding
D. Rake receiver

146
CL8300-SG.en.UL 146
3. How does the Rake receiver know what multipath

components to decode?
A. By instructions from the base station
B. By the searcher finger in the Rake receiver selecting the best
multipath for the other fingers to decode
C. By each finger selecting the mutlipath with the lowest BER
D. By recognizing the Rake receiver-specific code each multipath is
coded with
4. Why is the access procedure needed?

A. To determine the power level needed to communicate with the
base station
B. To power control the Traffic Channel
C. For the base station to send messages to the mobile
D. All of the above

147
CL8300-SG.en.UL 147
5. The IS-95B soft handoff algorithm may reduce soft

handoff activity.
A. True
B. False
6. What call processing state will the mobile station enter

when the power is turned on?
A. Traffic Channel State
B. Access State
C. Initialization State
D. Idle State

148
CL8300-SG.en.UL 148
Lesson 6
IS-95 Specifics

149
CL8300-SG.en.UL 149
Lesson Objectives
Explain how high speed data is implemented

Differentiate between IS-95 revisions A and B
Explain the signal processing steps for a Traffic Channel
Identify the use of the CDMA codes.

150
CL8300-SG.en.UL 150
Outline - 1/4
Major characteristics
High speed packet data implementation
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Primary and signaling traffic.

151
CL8300-SG.en.UL 151
6.1 Major Characteristics
High capacity wireless technology

Dynamic capacity limits
Enhanced RF channel performance
Rake receiver
Soft handoff
Gated reverse link transmission
Support for 8k vocoders and 13k vocoder
Rate Set 1 (9.6 kbps)
Rate Set 2 (14.4 kbps)
Inherent privacy
Data rates up to 115.2 kbps
IS-95B only.

152
The CDMA technology and the commercial application, IS-95, are now well established
concepts and technologies. One of the main benefits of CDMA is the dynamic capacity inherent
in the technology. By optimizing the system and the hardware and software of the network
components, system capacity can be increased.
Compared to other technologies, such as GSM and IS-136 (TDMA), the performance of
CDMA is enhanced through Rake receivers and soft handoff. Rake receivers allow the receiver
to efficiently combat multipath. Soft handoff allows the mobile station to have a seamless
connection to the network as the mobile station is moving around within the system.
An IS-95 handset (mobile station) utilizes gated transmission to realize variable rates in the
information stream (mostly voice). By gating the transmission, interference is reduced, and the
mobile stations amplifier can be kept relatively simple.
IS-95 supports two different Rate Sets (RS), RS1 and RS2. RS1 supports a maximum data rate of
9.6 kbps over the air-interface. RS1 can be used with 8k vocoders such as the EVRC vocoder.
RS2 supports a maximum data rate of 14.4 kbps over the air-interface. RS2 can be used with the
13k vocoder.
There is a degree of privacy inherent in the CDMA technology. By using pseudo-noise codes, an
eavesdropper cannot intercept the information without extensive code-breaking computations.
Please note that while there is inherent privacy in CDMA, the information is not encrypted.
Encryption must be performed prior to the CDMA processing.
Revision A of IS-95 supports data rates up to 14.4 kbps (RS2). Revision B supports data rates up
to 115.2 kbps (RS2) by utilizing a number of Supplemental Code Channels (SCCH). The SCCHs
are part of the Traffic Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 152
Improvements With Revision B
Higher data rates

Up to 115.2 kbps
Dynamic soft handoff thresholds
Conserves resources
Access Handoff features
Decreases call setup failures
Hopping pilot beacon
Simulates multiple pilot beacons.
Tx_Duration Tx_Offset
Pilot beacon Pilot beacon System

time
Tx_Period

153
Revision A of IS-95, IS-95A, was the first commercial implementation of the CDMA technology
as a wireless communication system. As networks were deployed, operational experience was
gained. This experience led to a revision of IS-95A, revision B (IS-95B). Some of the
enhancements in IS-95B are listed below.
Higher Data Rates
By using Supplemental Code Channels, IS-95B is capable of supporting data rates up to 115.2
kbps (RS2) over the air-interface.
Dynamic Soft Handoff Thresholds
In order to conserve system resources and thereby increasing the total system capacity, dynamic
soft handoff thresholds can be used to decrease the total amount of soft handoff activity.
Dynamic soft handoff thresholds are discussed in the CDMA Concepts lesson.
Access Handoff Features
When the mobile station is in the process of establishing contact with the system using the
Access Channel, the IS-95B Access Handoff features can be used to decrease call setup failures.
The Access Handoff features are discussed in the CDMA Concepts lesson.
Hopping Pilot Beacon
In some places, a pilot beacon may be needed to aid in inter-frequency handoffs (between
carriers). IS-95B defines a hopping pilot beacon. The hopping pilot beacon is transmitted
periodically and defined by three parameters, in units of 80 ms:
Tx_Period - The period between pilot beacon transmissions
Tx_Offset - The time offset of the pilot beacon transmission from the beginning of the
transmission period
Tx_Duration - The duration of each pilot beacon transmission.
Note: IS-95B networks have not been widely deployed around the world. However, IS-2000
systems support IS-95B functionality.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 153
IS-95B High Speed Data
1.25 MHz channel IS-95A
Traffic Channel
Base
FCH
Station
SCCH
1
:
:
SCCH IS-95B
N
Diversity Receiver
Fundamental Code Channel (FCH) is aggregated with

up to seven Supplemental Code Channels (SCCH) to
carry high speed data
Signaling messages are not transmitted on SCCH
SCCH can operate in either forward or reverse link.
154
The Traffic Channel is used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific
mobile station during a call. Each Traffic Channel contains one Fundamental Code Channel
(FCH) and may contain one to seven Supplemental Code Channels (SCCH). By aggregating up
to seven SCCHs, the IS-95B Traffic Channel can achieve data rates up to 115.2 kbps for Rate
Set 2 (RS2):
14.4 kbps * (7 + 1) = 115.2 kbps
Signaling is only transmitted in the fundamental data block (FCH) via a blank-and-burst format
or the dim-and-burst format. When neither primary traffic nor secondary traffic is available, the
supplemental data blocks (SCCH) are not transmitted.
The base station can assign a SCCH for the Forward Traffic Channel, Reverse Traffic Channel,
or both. The assignment includes the parameters that control the timing of the SCCH assignment
(e.g., starting time and duration), and parameters that control the number of SCCHs which will
be used during the assignment (e.g., the number of Reverse SCCHs on which the mobile station
may transmit, and the set of Walsh codes on which the mobile station receives Forward SCCHs
for each pilot in the mobile stations Active Set).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 154
Outline - 2/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding

155
CL8300-SG.en.UL 155
6.2 Forward Link Channels - Overview
Forward Link
Channel
Paging Traffic
Pilot Channel Sync Channel
Channels Channels
Fundamental Supplemental
Code Code
Channel Channels

156
In a CDMA system, each base station sector and carrier has its own forward link CDMA
channel. The CDMA channel on the forward link consists of the following channels:
Pilot Channel (F-PICH) - Used at the mobile station to provide continuous time and phase
reference. Each base station transmits the short PN code using Walsh code W0 (all zeros) over
the F-PICH with a unique base station timing offset.
Sync Channel (F-SYNC) - In addition to providing system timing and network identification,
the Sync Channel identifies the state of the long PN code so that the generation of the long PN
code in the mobile is synchronized with the generation of the long PN code at the base station.
Paging Channel (F-PCH) - Provides notification of incoming calls to idle mobiles. In addition,
the F-PCH may be used to broadcast messages. IS-95 allows for up to seven Paging Channels to
be used per forward link CDMA channel.
Fundamental Code Channel (F-FCH) - Carries speech, low speed data, signaling messages, and
control information. For IS-95A, the Fundamental Code Channel is the Traffic Channel. For IS-
95B, the Fundamental Code Channel is the Traffic Channel is no Supplemental Code Channels
are used.
Supplemental Code Channel (F-SCCH) - Up to seven SCCHs are used in IS-95B to increase the
data rate for a forward Traffic Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 156
Paging Channel Structure
Minimum length slot cycle of 16 slots

1.28 seconds
Paging ... 2047 0 1 2 ... 15 16 ...
Channel
80ms
Slot n

157
The Paging Channel is divided into 2048 paging slots, each slot is 80 ms. Within the 2048 slots,
a slot cycle is defined (minimum length is 16 slots, or 1.28 seconds). The Paging Channel
protocol provides for scheduling the transmission of messages to an individual mobile station in
an assigned paging slot within each slot cycle. We say that the mobile station operates in the
slotted mode. If the mobile station were to continuously monitor the Paging Channel, we say that
the mobile station operates in the non-slotted mode.
The slotted mode saves battery life for the mobile station since the mobile can power down some
of its circuitry when not monitoring the Paging Channel. The mobile station calculates the
paging slot by using the International Mobile Station Identification (IMSI) and the hashing
algorithm specified in the IS-95 standard. The base station calculates the same paging slot and
only transmits messages to a mobile in that particular paging slot.
The slot cycle is a multiple of 1.28 seconds, and is specified by the slot cycle index. The length
of the slot cycle, T, in units of 1.28 seconds is given by:
T = 2i
Where i is the slot cycle index. There are 16 * T slots in a slot cycle.
Example
If the slot cycle is 16 slots and the paging slot, calculated by using the IMSI, is 6, then the mobile
monitors slots 6, 22, 38, 54, 60, 76,
CL8300-SG.en.UL 157
6.3 Forward Link Coding - Overview
PNI
Pilot
Channel
Iin
Page Baseband
Channels Filter
Walsh Code and To RF
Assignment modulation
Sync Qin Quadrature
Channel Mixer
Traffic
Channels
PNQ

158
The figure shows an overview of the IS-95 forward physical link structure for base station
transmission. Some components will be discussed in more detail in this lesson.
Once the channels have been generated using their specific signal processing, the following steps
are taken:
1. Appropriate Walsh codes are assigned to the channels in the Walsh code assignment.
2. The channels are then transmitted on both I- and Q-phases and multiplied by the I and Q PN
sequences, respectively.
3. Finally, the I and Q channels are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF frequencies by
the baseband filter and quadrature mixer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 158
Forward Traffic Channel
Modulation
Add Symbol
Add 8
Channel Frame Convolutional Symbol Symbol Block
Encoder W
Bits Quality Encoder Repetition Puncture Interleaver
Tail Bits
Indicator
Data Rate
Bits/Frame Bits (kbps) R Factor Deletion Symbols Rate (ksps)
16 0 1.2 1/2 8x None 384 19.2
40 0 2.4 1/2 4x None 384 19.2
80 8 4.8 1/2 2x None 384 19.2
RS1 172 12 9.6 1/2 1x None 384 19.2
RS2 21 6 1.8 1/2 8x 2 of 6 384 19.2

55 8 3.6 1/2 4x 2 of 6 384 19.2
125 10 7.2 1/2 2x 2 of 6 384 19.2
267 12 14.4 1/2 1x 2 of 6 384 19.2

159
The channel bits (voice, data, or signaling) going into processing will first have a frame quality
indicator attached so that the receiver can detect a bad frame. Next, tail bits are added to clear
the encoder before the next frame enters the encoder.
The encoder adds forward error correction bits to the bit stream. On the forward link, the
encoder is a convolutional encoder with coding coefficient, R = 1/2, and constraint length, K = 9.
The symbols coming out from the encoder is then repeated and punctured to achieve the
appropriate symbol rate for the block interleaver. The block interleaver will interleave the bit
stream for more robust transmission.
IS-95 was originally designed to support only Rate Set 1 (RS1); therefore, no symbol puncture is
needed for RS1. RS2 was adder later to support the 13k vocoder. In order to support RS2 without
significant changes in signal processing, two our of six symbols are punctured (deleted) before
entering the block interleaver. This puncturing makes the effective coding coefficient, R= 3/4,
for the RS2 encoder.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 159
Forward Link Scrambling and Power
Control
Modulation
Symbol Rate Signal Point Mapping
Channel
W 0 +1
Gain
1 -1
Power
Control X
Symbol
Forward Power Puncture
Power Control Bits
1 Values Control
16 Bits per 20 ms Frame Sub-Channel
(800 bps) Gain
Puncture
Timing
Control (800
Hz)
Long Code Long Code Power
Mask for Generator
Decimation Control
User m (1.2288 Decimator
Bit Position
Mcps) Extractor
Modulation
Symbol Rate

160
When the information signal has been interleaved, the modulation symbols will undergo
scrambling. Scrambling is performed using a user-specific long code mask together with the long
code. The user-specific long code is decimated before scrambling so that the correct symbol rate
is achieved. The digital signal is then mapped as: 0 to +1, 1 to -1, and channel specific
gain is applied. Next, power control bits (symbols) are inserted into the bit stream by puncturing
and replacing existing bits.
The power control bits (PCB) make up the Power Control Sub-Channel. A power control
algorithm determines the values of the PCBs. The information bits the PCBs are replacing are
determined by the power control bit position extractor, which will pseudo-randomly puncture
the symbols at a rate of 800 Hz.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 160
Power Control Sub-Channel
20 ms = 16 PCGs
Reverse
Traffic Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 PCGs later
Forward
Traffic Channel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Scrambling bits
1 1 0 1
c0 c1 c2 c3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1.25 ms = 24 modulation symbols

161
A Power Control Sub-Channel is continuously transmitted on the Forward Traffic Channel at a

rate of one Power Control Bit (PCB) every 1.25 ms (800 bps). The bit indicates to the mobile
station to increase (bit = 0) or decrease (bit = 1) its mean output power level. Based on the
estimated received signal strength of the particular mobile stations Reverse Traffic Channel
over a 1.25 ms period (equivalent to six modulation symbols), a power control algorithm
determines the value of the PCB.
The PCB is transmitted in the second power control group (PCG) following the corresponding
Reverse Traffic Channel PCG in which the signal strength was estimated. The length of one PCB
is exactly two modulation symbols of the Forward Traffic Channel and replaces two consecutive
Forward Traffic Channel modulation symbols. This is called symbol puncturing. The PCB is
pseudo-randomly inserted into the data stream after the data scrambling is performed.
Randomization of PCB Position
In every PCG, there are 24 bits, or modulation symbols, from the long code that are used for
scrambling. The modulation symbols are numbered 0 through 23. The first 16 modulation
symbols can used as possible starting positions for the PCB.
Scrambling bits 20 through 23 from the previous PCG are used to determine the starting position
of the PCB. In the figure, these bits are identified as c0 through c3, respectively. The starting
position of the PCB is determined as:
c0 + 2*c1 + 4*c2 + 8*c3
In the example shown, the values of bits 23, 22, 21, and 20 are 1011 (11 decimal), and the
power control bit starting position is the eleventh modulation symbol.
Impact of Gated Transmission
When the mobile station is using gated transmission on the reverse link, the mobile ignores the
PCBs related to the gated-off periods.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 161
Pilot, Paging, and Sync Channel
Pilot Signal Point

Mapping Channel
Channels X
(All 0s) 0 +1 Gain
1 -1
Modulation
Sync Conv. Block Symbol Signal Point
Channel Symbol Channel
Encoder Interleaver Mapping
Repetition X
Bits R = 1/2, (128 4.8 ksps 0 +1 Gain
(2x Factor)
K=9 Symbols) 1 -1
32 Bits per
26.666ms Frame
Data Rate 1.2 kbps
Modulation
Paging Conv. Block Signal Point
Symbol Channel
Channel Encoder Symbol Interleaver Mapping
X
Bits R = 1/2, Repetition (384 0 +1 Gain
19.2 ksps
K=9 Symbols) 1 -1
Bits/20 ms Data Rate (kbps) 19.2 ksps

96 4.8 Long Code
192 9.6 Long Code
Generator
Mask for Decimator
(1.2288
Paging
Mcps)
Channel p

162
The graphic shows the structures of the Pilot Channel, Sync Channel, and Paging Channels.
The Pilot Channel spreads the all 0s sequence with Walsh code 0. The channel is continuously
broadcast throughout the cell in order to provide timing and phase information. The Pilot
Channel is shared between all mobiles in the cell and is used to obtain acquisition of new
multipath components and channel estimation (i.e., phase and multipath strength).
The Sync Channel is used by mobile stations operating within the coverage area of the base
station to acquire initial time synchronization. Convolutional encoding and bit interleaving is
performed to generate a robust signal.
A system may have multiple Paging Channels per carrier, up to seven Paging Channels. A
Paging Channel can transmit at a data rate of 9.6 kbps or 4.8 kbps. In addition to convolutional
encoding and bit interleaving, a long code mask specific to that particular Paging Channel is
used to scramble the information, as well as to identify the particular channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 162
Final Steps in Forward Link Coding
PN-I-i(t)
I
Walsh code LPF
cos ct RF
x + PN-Q-i(t) sin ct
Q
LPF

163
After the channels have been generated, a specific Walsh code is assigned to each channel. The
resulting bit stream is then transmitted on both the in-phase, I, and quadrature-phase, Q,
components of the signal. This effectively makes the digital modulation BPSK. The I- and Q-
phases are then quadrature-spread using the PN codes, PN-I-i(t) and PN-Q-i(t), respectively,
with their appropriate time offset, i.
RF Modulation
After quadrature spreading, the signal is filtered, using a baseband filter, and then modulated in
the frequency domain using a quadrature mixer. The modulated signal is amplified and sent to
the antenna.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 163
6.4 Forward Link CDMA Codes
Long code
Walsh code
Short code
PN offset
512 available offsets.

164
For the forward link in IS-95, the CDMA codes, long code, short code, and Walsh code, are used
as discussed in the CDMA Codes lesson. The short code is used to provide identification of an
antenna face by using one of 512 time-offset of the code (PN offset). Long code and Walsh
codes will be discussed further.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 164
Forward Link Long Code Masks
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
Paging
1100011001101 00000 PCN 000000000000 PILOT_PN
Channel
41 32 31 0
1100011000 Permuted ESN

Traffic
41 40 39 0
Channel
01 40 LSBs of VPM

165
For certain channels, the long code is used to scramble and give and identity to the channel. Data
scrambling is accomplished by performing modulo-2 addition of the interleaver output symbol
with binary value of the long code PN chip that is valid at the start of the transmission period of
that symbol. The output of the long code mask is combined with output of the long code
generator to obtain the scrambling sequence.
Long Code Long Code Scrambling

Mask Generator Sequence
Shown are the long code masks used for the forward link channels in IS-95.
User Specific Long Code Mask
The long code mask for the Traffic Channel is user-specific and based on the ESN of the mobile.
For the user specific long code mask a permuted version of the ESN is used.
For example, if the ESN of the mobile has 32 bits:
x31 x30 x29 x28 x1 x0
Then the permuted ESN used for the long code mask would look like:
x0 x31 x22 x13 x18 x9
Private Long Code Mask

For the user-specific long code mask, it is also possible to have a private mask based on
encryption. The private mask is based on the 40 least significant bits (LSB) of the Voice Privacy
Mask (VPM) as generated by a key generation procedure*.
*
See Common Cryptographic Algorithms, Revision C, 1997. This
is an EAR-controlled document subject to restricted distribution.
PCN
PCN Paging
Paging Channel
Channel number
number
PILOT_PN
PILOT_PN F-PICH
F-PICH PN
PN offset
offset
CL8300-SG.en.UL 165
Forward Link Walsh Codes
Reserved Walsh codes

F-PICH
W064
F-SYNC
W3264
F-PCH
W164 through W 764
Walsh codes not used can be used for Traffic Channels.

166
On the forward link in IS-95, the length of the Walsh code used is 64 bits, W64. Certain Walsh
codes are reserved for the overhead channels, Pilot, Paging, and Sync Channels.
The Pilot Channel is assigned W064. This Walsh code is unique in that it consists of only zeroes,
basically a DC (direct current) signal. All other Walsh codes used consists of an equal number of
ones and zeroes.
The Sync Channel is assigned W3264. W3264 consists of 32 consecutive zeroes followed by 32
consecutive ones.
The Paging Channels, up to seven channels, are assigned W164 through W764. W164 is assigned
the primary Paging Channel.
Any of the Walsh codes that are not used by a Paging Channel or the Sync Channel can be used
by a Fundamental or Supplemental Code Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 166
Outline - 3/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding

167
CL8300-SG.en.UL 167
6.5 Reverse Link Channels - Overview
Reverse Link
Channel
Traffic Access
Channels Channels
Fundamental Supplemental
Code Code
Channel Channels

168
The CDMA channel on the reverse link consists of:

Fundamental Code Channel (R-FCH) - Carries speech, low speed data, signaling messages, and
control information. For IS-95A, the Fundamental Code Channel is the Traffic Channel. For IS-
95B, the Fundamental Code Channel is the Traffic Channel when no Supplemental Code
Channels are used.
Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH) - Up to seven SCCHs are used in IS-95B to increase the
data rate for a reverse Traffic Channel.
Access Channel (R-ACH) - Used when the mobile must access the system to initiate
communication, or to respond to a direct message sent from the base station.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 168
Access Channel
Access probes transmitted

Following the Access Protocol.
Sequence
Access Access Access

Slot N Slot N+1 Slot N+2
Access transmission length
Preamble Message Capsule

System
Time
20 ms Access Frame

169
The Access Channel is used when the mobile station must access the system to initiate
communication or respond to a direct message sent from the base station. The mobile transmits
access probes on the Access Channel using the access protocol, or procedure, discussed in the
CDMA Concepts lesson. An access probe consists of a preamble and a message capsule, both of
which are of a length of some number of frames (20 ms), determined by the system operator.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 169
6.6 Reverse Link Coding - Overview
PNI
Iin
Data Burst Baseband
Randomizer Filter
Traffic To RF
and and
Channel modulation
Long Code Qin Quadrature
Scrambling D Mixer
PNQ

170
The figure shows an overview of the IS-95 reverse physical link structure for mobile station
Once the Traffic Channel has been generated using specific signal processing, the following
steps are taken:
1. Data burst randomization and long code scrambling is performed to accommodate sub-rate
frames, as well as scramble and identify the channel from the mobile.
2. The channel is then transmitted on both I- and Q-phases and multiplied by the I and Q PN
sequences, respectively.
3. Finally, the I and Q channels are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF frequencies by
the baseband filter and quadrature mixer.
Note: When the Access Channel is transmitted, similar processing is taking place. There is no
data burst randomization for the Access Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 170
Reverse Traffic Channel
Modulation
Add Symbol
Add 8 64-ary
Channel Frame Convolutional Symbol Block
Encoder Orthogonal W
Bits Quality Encoder Repetition Interleaver
Tail Bits Modulator
Indicator
Data Rate
Bits/Frame Bits (kbps) R Factor Symbols Rate (ksps) Rate (kcps)
16 0 1.2 1/3 8x 576 28.8 307.2
40 0 2.4 1/3 4x 576 28.8 307.2
80 8 4.8 1/3 2x 576 28.8 307.2
RS1 172 12 9.6 1/3 1x 576 28.8 307.2
RS2 21 6 1.8 1/2 8x 576 28.8 307.2

55 8 3.6 1/2 4x 576 28.8 307.2
125 10 7.2 1/2 2x 576 28.8 307.2
267 12 14.4 1/2 1x 576 28.8 307.2

171
The channel bits (voice, data, or signaling) going into processing will first have a frame quality
indicator attached so that the receiver can detect a bad frame. Next, tail bits are added to clear
the encoder before the next frame enters the encoder.
The encoder adds forward error correction bits to the bit stream. Similar to the forward link,
convolutional coding is used with a constraint length of K=9. The coding coefficient, R, depends
on the Rate Set to be transmitted. See the figure.
The symbols coming out from the encoder are then repeated to achieve the appropriate symbol
rate for the block interleaver. The block interleaver will interleave the bit stream for more robust
transmission.
After the block interleaver, 64-ary orthogonal modulation is performed. 64-ary orthogonal
modulation, or just 64-ary modulation, can be seen as a type of digital modulation that makes the
information stream more robust. With 64-ary modulation, a group of six bits from the block
interleaver is changed (modulated) into 64 bits, a Walsh code (W64). After the 64-ary modulation
the chip rate is 307.2 kcps. Further spreading is done in the scrambling process.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 171
Access Channel
Modulation
Symbol
Add 8 64-ary
Channel Convolutional Symbol Block
Encoder Orthogonal W
Bits Encoder Repetition Interleaver
Tail Bits Modulator
Data Rate
Bits/Frame (kbps) R Factor Symbols Rate (ksps) Rate (kcps)
88 4.8 1/3 2x 576 28.8 307.2

172
The coding of the Access Channel is similar to the coding of the Reverse Traffic Channel with a
data rate of 4.8 kbps. There is no frame quality indicator needed for the Access Channel; instead,
tail bits are added immediately to clear the encoder before the next frame enters the encoder.
The encoder adds forward error correction bits to the bit stream. Convolutional coding is used
with a constraint length of K=9 and a coding coefficient of R=1/3.
The symbols coming out from the encoder are then repeated to achieve the appropriate symbol
rate for the block interleaver. The block interleaver will interleave the bit stream for more robust
transmission.
Similar to the Reverse Traffic Channel, 64-ary orthogonal modulation is performed after the
block interleaver. After the 64-ary modulation, the chip rate is 307.2 kcps. Further spreading is
done in the scrambling process.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 172
64-ary Orthogonal Modulator
Six bits converted to a Walsh code

Spreading more than 10 times
Accounts for about 10 dB of processing gain
Receiver can easily detect Walsh codes.
c5 c4 c3 c2 c1
101110010110
W2264
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011

173
On the reverse link in IS-95, 64-ary orthogonal modulation, or 64-ary modulation, is performed.
With 64-ary modulation, one of 64 possible modulation symbols, Walsh codes, is transmitted for
each six code symbols. The modulation symbol index is selected as follows:
index = c0 + 2*c1 + 4*c2 + 8*c3 + 16*c4 + 32*c5
where c5 represents the last (or most recent), and c0 the first (or oldest) binary value of each
group of six code symbols (bits) that form the modulation symbol index. Given the index, the
transmitted modulation symbol is Windex64.
The transmission period for a single modulation symbol is 1/4800 second (= 208.333... s). The
period of time associated with one-sixty-fourth of the modulation symbol is referred to as a
Walsh chip and is equal to 1/307200 second (= 3.255... s).
The 64-ary modulation spreads the information more than 10 times (64 / 6), and accounts for
about 10 dB of the final processing gain experienced in the system.
From the receivers point of view, receiving Walsh codes are beneficial. The orthogonal property
of Walsh codes makes for easy detection at the receiver. Only a portion of the modulation
symbol needs to be correctly received in order to determine the original bits.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 173
Final Steps in Reverse Link Coding
PN-I-i(t)
I
LPF
cos ct RF
Data Burst
w
Randomizer + PN-Q-i(t) sin ct
Q
LCG D LPF
LCM
LCG
LCG Long
Long Code
Code Generator
Generator
LCM
LCM Long
Long Code
Code Mask
Mask
LPF
LPF Low-Pass
Low-Pass Filter
Filter

174
When a Traffic Channel has been generated, it will undergo a data burst randomization process
to gate the transmission. Gating of the transmission is needed to achieve the various sub-rates
(1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 rate).
Note: The Access Channel is not undergoing the data burst randomization.
Both the Traffic Channel and Access Channel will be scrambled using a specific long code mask
(LCM) and the long code generator (LCM). Obviously, the Traffic Channel and the Access
Channel are not transmitting at the same time.
The resulting bit stream is then transmitted on both the in-phase, I, and quadrature-phase, Q,
component of the signal. The I- and Q-phases are then quadrature spread using the PN codes,
PN-I-i(t) and PN-Q-i(t) respectively, with the zero time offset, i = 0.
In order to maximize the battery life for a mobile, the mobiles amplifier has to be efficient. For
the amplifier to be efficient, the peak-to-average (P/A) power ratio of the signal should be as
small as possible.
Zero-crossings in the constellation (see Digital Modulation in the CDMA Codes lesson) increase
the P/A power ratio of the signal. Signals with a high P/A ratio may saturate the amplifier, which
in turn may cause out-of-band emission (interference outside the channels bandwidth). High
P/A ratio also decreases the amplifiers efficiency and therefore reduces battery life. The goal for
modulation is to reduce the P/A ratio.
After quadrature spreading, a delay of 1/2 chip (406.9 ns) on the Q-phase, illustrated by the D-
box, provides offset quadrature spreading to eliminate phase transitions of 180 from the reverse
link since the I- and Q-phases never will change bit values at the same time. This type of
modulation is also called Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 174
Gated Transmission
Gated transmission is used to achieve 1/2 rate, 1/4 rate,

and 1/8 rate for a frame
Transmitters duty cycle depends on sub-rate
A PCG is gated-on or gated-off
Gated-on PCGs are pseudo-random within a frame
Data burst randomization algorithm controls what PCGs that are
gated-on
Ensures that every code symbol from encoder is transmitted exactly
once.
Output power reduced by at least 20 dB for gated-off
PCG.

175
Prior to transmission, the Reverse Traffic Channel interleaver output stream is time gated to
allow transmission of certain interleaver output symbols and deletion of others. The duty cycle of
the transmission gate varies with the transmit data rate.
When the transmit data rate is at full rate (9.6 or 14.4 kbps), the transmission gate allows all
interleaver output symbols to be transmitted, which means a duty cycle of 100%. When the
transmit data rate is 1/2 rate (4.6 or 7.2 kbps), the transmission gate allows one-half of the
interleaver output symbols to be transmitted (duty cycle of 50%). The duty cycles for 1/4 rate
and 1/8 rate are then 25% and 12.5%, respectively.
The gating process operates on the power control groups (PCG). Certain PCGs are gated-on (i.e.,
transmitted), while other groups are gated-off (i.e., not transmitted). There are 16 PCGs in a
frame.
The assignment of gated-on and gated-off PCGs is performed by the data burst randomization
algorithm. The gated-on PCGs are pseudo-random in their positions within the frame. The data
burst randomizer ensures that every code symbol input to the repetition process is transmitted
exactly once.
During the gated-off periods, the mobile station reduces its output power by at least 20 dB, thus
reducing the interference to other mobile stations operating on the same Reverse CDMA
Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 175
Data Burst Randomization Algorithm
20 ms = 16 PCGs
Previous frame Full

Rate
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Previous frame 1/2

Rate
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Previous frame 1/4

Rate
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Previous frame 1/8

Rate
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Scrambling bits example

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13

PCG 14 PCG 15

176
The data burst randomizer generates a masking pattern of 0s and 1s that randomly masks out
the redundant data generated by the code repetition. The masking pattern is determined by the
data rate of the frame and by a block of 14 bits taken from the long code. These 14 bits are the
last 14 bits of the long code used for spreading in the previous to the last power control group of
the previous frame. See the figure. The bits are denoted as
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13
where b0 represents the oldest bit, and b13 represents the latest bit. The PCGs gated-on are then
determined based on the rate of the transmitted frame.
The figure shows transmitted PCGs if b0 through b13 were
00101101100100
Full Rate Frame
Transmit all 16 PCGs.
1/2 Rate Frame
Transmit the following eight PCGs: Transm ission# Transm it PCG#
b0, 2+b1, 4+b2, 6+b3, b8 = 0 b8 = 1
8+b4, 10+b5, 12+b6, 14+b7 1 b0 2+b1
1/4 Rate Frame b9 = 0 b9 = 1
2 4+b2 6+b3
Transmit the four PCGs shown in the table to the right. b10 = 0 b10 = 1
The PCGs transmitted depends on the state of several bits. 3 8+b4 10+b5
1/8 Rate Frame b11 = 0 b11 = 1
4 12+b6 14+b7
Transmit the two PCGs shown in the table below. The
PCGs transmitted Transm ission# Transm it PCG#
depends on the state (b8,b12) = (0,0) (b8,b12) = (1,0) (b9,b12) = (0,1) (b9,b12) = (1,1)
of several bits. 1 b0 2+b1 4+b2 6+b3
(b10,b13) = (0,0) (b10,b13) = (1,0) (b11,b13) = (0,1) (b11,b13) = (1,1)
2 8+b4 10+b5 12+b6 14+b7
CL8300-SG.en.UL 176
6.7 Reverse Link CDMA Codes
Long Code
Walsh Code
Used for 64-ary orthogonal modulation
Short Code
Zero offset for quadrature spreading.

177
For the reverse link in IS-95, the CDMA codes, long code, short code, and Walsh code, are used
as discussed in the CDMA Codes lesson. The Walsh codes were used to perform 64-ary
modulation for a more robust reverse link. The short code is used to perform quadrature
spreading with the zero-offset (PN offset 0) code sequence. The long code will be discussed
further.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 177
Reverse Link Long Code Masks
41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0
Access
110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID PILOT_PN
Channel
41 32 31 0

Traffic
Channel 41 40 39 0
01 40 LSBs of VPM

178

Shown are the long code masks used for the reverse link channels in IS-95.
User-Specific Long Code Mask
The long code mask for the Traffic Channel is user-specific and based on the ESN of the mobile.
For the user-specific long code mask, a permuted version of the ESN is used.
ACN
ACN Access
Access Channel
Channel number
number
*
See Common Cryptographic Algorithms, Revision C, 1997. PCN
PCN Paging
Paging Channel
Channel number
number
This is an EAR-controlled document subject to restricted distribution. BASE_ID
BASE_ID Base
Base station
station identifier
identifier
PILOT_PN
PILOT_PN F-PICH
F-PICH PNPN offset
offset
CL8300-SG.en.UL 178
Summary Of Code-Sequences IS-95
242 - 1 bits Forward Link Reverse Link

Used for scrambling 42 bit mask
PN Long Codes identifies user
215 bits
64 chip offsets used Zero offset code
Quadrature set of to identify antenna is used for
modified PN short codes face to the mobile spreading
PN-I-i(t) = PN-I-0 (t - i x64Tc)
PN-Q-i(t) = PN-Q-0 (t - i x64Tc)
64 bits Walsh functions are Walsh functions

used to identify are used for
Walsh Functions - Wi channels 64-ary orthogonal
modulation
179
PN Long Code
itself. Information about the long code is broadcast to the mobile station by the Sync Channel to
help the mobile lock onto the base station and helps provide separation from other base stations.
For the reverse link, the long code and the long code mask is used to identify the signal from a
specific user.
PN Short Code
One of the codes used in conjunction with the Walsh Code is the PN (pseudo-random noise)
short code. The PN short code on the forward link is used to provide the base station with a
unique identification that the mobile station uses to identify the serving base station.
For the reverse link, the PN short code is with a zero offset (no offset) to perform quadrature
spreading.
Walsh Functions
A channel is multiplied by a Walsh function, or Walsh code. The Walsh code provides each user
or channel with a unique identifier and, in DS spreading, spreads the frame across the entire
bandwidth.
One of the most important properties of the Walsh function is that different codes are orthogonal
with each other.
On the reverse link in IS-95, the Walsh function is used to perform 64-ary orthogonal
modulation. Six code symbols are changed into a 64 bit Walsh function.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 179
Outline - 4/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding

180
CL8300-SG.en.UL 180
6.8 Primary and Signaling Traffic
Multiplex Option specifies the type of frame used

Called MuxPDU in IS-2000
Signaling is transmitted as blank-and-burst or dim-and-
burst.
Transmit
Transmit Format
Format Primary
Primary Signaling
Signaling
Rate
Rate Bits
Bits Traffic
Traffic Traffic
Traffic
[bps]
[bps] MM
MM TT TT TM
TM [bits/frame]
[bits/frame] [bits/frame]
[bits/frame]
00 -- -- 171
171 00
11 00 00 00 80
80 88
88
9600
9600 11 00 01 01 40
40 128
128
11 00 10 10 16
16 152
152
11 00 11 11 00 168
168
4800
4800 -- -- -- 80
80 00
2400
2400 -- -- -- 40
40 00
1200
1200 - - - -
- - 16
16 00
MM
MM Mixed
Mixed Mode
Mode bit
bit
Multiplex Option 1 TT Traffic
TT Traffic Type
Type bit
bit
TM
TM Traffic
Traffic Mode
Mode bits
bits
181
The Multiplex Option (MO) specifies how much and what type of information are transmitted in
a frame. IS-95 has two MOs. MO1 supports frames for Rate Set (RS) 1, and MO2 supports
frames for RS2. Shown in the table is MO1.
In IS-2000, the MO is called a MuxPDU (Multiplex Sub-layer Protocol Data Unit) of a certain
type. MuxPDU Type 1 corresponds to MO1, and MuxPDU Type 2 corresponds to MO2. There
are more MuxPDU types defined in IS-2000.
For a full rate MO1 frame (9.6 kbps), there are a total of 172 bits. These bits can be used for
primary traffic, secondary traffic, and signaling traffic. The allocation of bits between these
traffic types are determined, for the 9.6 kbps frame, by three format bits: Mixed Mode (MM) bit,
Traffic Type (TT) bit, and Traffic Mode (TM) bits.
When the MM bit is set to 0, only primary traffic is carried in the frame. There are 171 primary
traffic bits and one MM bit. The TT bit and TM bits are not used when the MM bit is 0. When
the MM bit is set to 1, signaling or secondary traffic can also be transmitted in the frame.
When transmitting mixed traffic types in a frame, the TT bit and TM bits must be specified. The
TT type specifies if the traffic, in addition to the primary traffic, is signaling traffic (TT = 0) or
secondary traffic (TT = 1). The TM bits then control the allocation of bits between primary
traffic and signaling/secondary traffic. See table.
In a frame, the format bits are at the beginning of the frame, followed by the primary traffic bits
(if any). The signaling and secondary bits are added last to the frame.
Blank-and-Burst vs. Dim-and-Burst
If the TM bits are 11, then the entire frame consists of signaling or secondary traffic. We say
that the signaling/secondary traffic is transmitted as blank-and-burst; all primary traffic bits are
removed.
If the TM bits are 00, 01, or 10, then just some of the frame consists of signaling or
secondary traffic. In this case, we say that the signaling/secondary traffic is transmitted as dim-
and-burst; some primary traffic bits are removed.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 181
Summary
High speed data is implemented in IS-95B using

Supplemental Code Channels
Forward link
Overhead channels and Traffic Channels transmitted
simultaneously
PCBs are sent to the mobile using puncturing
Modulation symbol transmitted on I- and Q-phase; BPSK
Reverse link
Q-phase is offset 1/2 chip; OQPSK
64-ary modulation is used
Gated transmission based on data burst randomization algorithm
Multiplex option, frame configuration, and data rate
determines the number of traffic bits per frame.
182
The maximum data rate in IS-95A is 14.4 kbps (rate set 2). In IS-95B, high speed data is
implemented using aggregated Supplemental Code Channels. With Supplemental Code
Channels, the maximum data rate can be 115.2 kbps (rate set 2).
Forward Link
On the forward link in IS-95, the overhead channels (Pilot, Paging, and Sync Channels) are
transmitted at the same time as the Traffic Channels. Separation of the channels are done with
the Walsh codes.
Power control bits (PCB) are transmitted by puncturing information bits. The puncturing is
pseudo-random. The PCBs tell the mobile station to increase or decrease its transmit power.
On the forward link in IS-95, the same modulation symbol is transmitted on both the I-phase and
Q-phase components of the RF signal. This scheme effectively makes the modulation BPSK.
Reverse Link
Prior to the quadrature spreading (RF), the reverse link signal undergoes 64-ary modulation. Six
code symbols are transformed into a 64 bit modulation symbol (Walsh code).
On the reverse link in IS-95, the same modulation symbol is transmitted on both the I-phase and
Q-phase components of the RF signal. However, a 1/2 chip delay is introduced to the Q-phase.
This scheme effectively makes the modulation OQPSK.
In order to reduce interference and achieve the reverse link sub-rates for a frame, gated
transmission is incorporated. When to gate the transmission on or off is pseudo-randomly
determined by a data burst randomization algorithm.
Multiplex Option
The format of a frame transmitted in IS-95 is determined by a multiplex option. The number of
traffic bits per frame is determined by the multiplex option, the frame configuration, and the data
rate of the frame.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 182
Knowledge Check
1. From a Walsh code perspective, how many active users

can be supported with a data rate of 115.2 kbps?
A. 1
B. 4
C. 7
D. 8
2. System performance is enhanced with revision B of IS-

95 due to what improvement or improvements?
A. Enhanced coding of the Traffic Channel
B. Implementation of the access handoff features
C. The 64-ary orthogonal modulator
D. All of the above

183
CL8300-SG.en.UL 183
3. Match the following signal processing steps with the

order in which they are performed for a Traffic Channel:
A. Encoder 1. Step 1
B. Block interleaver 2. Step 2
C. Frame quality indicator 3. Step 3
D. Symbol repetition/puncturing 4. Step 4
4. What is the duty cycle during gated transmission of a 1/2

rate frame?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 12.5%

184
CL8300-SG.en.UL 184
5. How many bits are transmitted after the following bit

stream has gone through the 64-ary orthogonal
modulator?
011011100101001001
A. 42
B. 54
C. 162
D. 192

185
CL8300-SG.en.UL 185
6. Given the scrambling bits in the previous frame as

shown below, what power control groups (PCG) are
transmitted for a 1/4 rate frame?
20 ms = 16 PCGs
Previous frame 1/4

Rate
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Scrambling bits example

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 A. 1, 7, 10, 15

PCG 14 PCG 15 B. 1, 7, 10, 13
C. 3, 4, 11, 15
D. 3, 4, 10, 15

186
CL8300-SG.en.UL 186
Lesson 7
IS-2000 Specifics

187
CL8300-SG.en.UL 187
Lesson Objectives

Explain the benefits of complex scrambling
Describe the implementation of multi-carrier mode
Identify the use of the CDMA codes
Explain the role of reverse link Pilot Channel in power
control.

188
CL8300-SG.en.UL 188
Outline - 1/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Reverse access
Handoff
Power control.

189
CL8300-SG.en.UL 189
Backward compatibility with IS-95

Overlay with IS-95B on the same 1.23 MHz channel
Reuse of same base stations and IS-41D infrastructure
Handoff from IS-95 to IS-2000 and IS-2000 to IS-95
Faster data rates and double voice traffic through
technology enhancements
Enhanced convolutional coding and Turbo codes
Reverse link pilot for coherent detection
Faster forward power control at 800Hz
Supplemental channels for high data rates
Supporting intelligent antennas and transmit diversity.

190
The main design characteristics of IS-95 are:

Overlay with AMPS (analog) systems
Frequency reuse of N=1
Soft handoff
Variable rate vocoders
Fast power control.
In addition to the IS-95 characteristics, IS-2000 provides:
Backward compatibility with IS-95:
Overlay with IS-95B on the same 1.23 MHz channel
Reuse of same base stations and IS-41D core network infrastructure
Handoff from IS-95 to IS-2000 and IS-2000 to IS-95
Faster data rates and double voice traffic through technology enhancements
Pilot channels on the reverse link for coherent detection at the base station, which enable
mobiles to transmit at less power. The continuous pilot channel broadcast provides power
control, timing, and phase independent of transmission rate and fast initial acquisition with a
minimum of hardware complexity.
Faster forward and reverse link power control at 800 times per second
Intelligent Antennas, either switch beam or adaptive array beam, that steer a narrower beam
lobe in the direction of the mobile user, and transmit diversity. These techniques are designed to
increase capacity.
Turbo coding at higher transmission rates (greater than 14.4 kbps) for improved error detection
Supplemental channel for higher data rates.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 190
Spreading Rates
IS-95 uses a single spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps.

IS-2000 uses spreading rates (SR) from 1.2288 to
14.7456 Mcps:
1X = SR1 = 1 x 1.2288 Mcps
3X = SR3 = 3 x 1.2288 Mcps
6X = SR6 = 6 x 1.2288 Mcps*
9X = SR9 = 9 x 1.2288 Mcps*
12X = SR12 = 12 x 1.2288 Mcps*
* Not supported by current TIA/EIA IS-2000 standards

191
In IS-95, the spreading rate (SR) is 1.2288 Mcps. IS-2000 builds on IS-95 and provides an
evolutionary process to achieve data rates of up to 2 Mbps in accordance with ITUs
specifications. The IS-2000 specifications were intended to use spreading rates from 1.2288
Mcps to 14.7456 Mcps in order to provide data rate services ranging from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps.
In the current versions of the standard specifications, spreading rates of 1.2288 Mcps (SR1) and
3.6864 Mcps (SR3) are defined. Higher spreading rates than SR3 may not be implemented as
there are other technologies, such as the IS-856 standard, that more efficiently provide the higher
data rates.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 191
IS-2000 Family Of Standards
IS-2000-1
Introduction to CDMA2000 standards for spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-2
Physical layer standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-3
Medium Access Control (MAC) standard for CDMA2000 spread
spectrum systems
IS-2000-4
Signaling Link Access Control (LAC) standard for CDMA2000 spread
spectrum systems
IS-2000-5
Upper Layer (Layer 3) signaling standard for CDMA2000 spread
spectrum systems
IS-2000-6
Analog signaling standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems.

192
Unlike IS-95B, IS-2000 is structured in accordance with the International Standard

Organizations (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and is defined in a family of
standards. The IS-2000 family of standards specifies a spread spectrum radio interface using
CDMA technology to meet the requirements for 3G wireless communication. These standards
are:
IS-2000-1: Introduction to CDMA2000 standards for spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-2: Physical layer standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-3: Medium Access Control (MAC) standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-4: Signaling Link Access Control (LAC) standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum
systems
IS-2000-5: Upper Layer (Layer 3) signaling standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems
IS-2000-6: Analog signaling standard for CDMA2000 spread spectrum systems.
The first standard, IS-2000-1, provides an introduction, describes CDMA2000 compatibility and
the relationship with TIA/EIA-95B, lists related standards, and defines common aspects and
naming conventions.
The next four standards, IS-2000-2 through IS-2000-5, specify CDMA2000 functional interface
on Layers 1, 2, and 3, in accordance with the OSI reference mode. Layer 2, which is subdivided
into the Link Access Control (LAC) sublayer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer,
is described in IS-2000-3 and IS-2000-4. The last standard, IS-2000-6, specifies analog operation
to support dual-mode mobiles and base stations.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 192
IS-2000 Layering Structure
Packet Data Voice Circuit Data

Application Services Application
Upper Layers
(OSI 3-7) Signaling TCP UDP
Services High-speed
Circuit Network
IP layer services
PPP
LAC LAC Protocol Null LAC
New for IS-2000
Link Layer MAC

(OSI 2) Control Best Effort Delivery RLP IP: Internet Protocol
State LAC: Link Access Control
MAC MAC: Medium Access Control
OSI: Open System Interconnect
Multiplexing QoS Control PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
QoS: Quality of Service
RLP: Radio Link Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Data Protocol
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
(OSI 1)

193
The major significance of the layering structure from the RF engineering perspective is found in
the physical and link layers.
Upper Layer
The Upper Layer corresponds to the Application and Transport Layer Sets protocols assigned to
Layers 3 through 7 in the OSI model. The Upper Layer supports multiple concurrent active
sessions with any combination of service, and supports four basic services:
- Voice service
- End user data bearing services
- Signaling services (control all operational aspects of the mobile)
- Multi-media services.
Link Layer
The Link Layer, is divides into the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer and a Link Access
Control (LAC) sublayer. The MAC Protocol manages RF resources to keep total interference
below acceptable level, whereas the LAC Protocol supports and controls mechanisms for data
transport services.
MAC Sublayer
From the RF engineering point of view, in 3G, the MAC sublayer has major significance with
respect to managing RF resources and insuring Quality of Service (QoS). The QoS allows users
willing to pay more for services to subscribe to different classes of service.
To insure reliability, the MAC sublayer includes a Radio Link Protocol that attempts Best Effort
Delivery by re-transmission of error data frames.
Physical Layer
The physical layer provides coding and modulation services for a set of logical channels used by
the Link Layer, and generates a set of physical channels that are directly transmitted over the air
interface.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 193
IS-2000 High Speed Data
1.25 MHz channel IS-95
Traffic Channel
Base
Pilot
Station F
S1
S2
IS-2000
Diversity Receiver
Supplemental Channel (SCH) carries high speed data.

Requires Fundamental Channel (FCH) or Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH) to carry signaling
Each user can transmit and receive up to two SCH.
SCH can be shared or dedicated.
194
High speed data in an IS-2000 system is achieved by utilizing Supplemental Channels.

Supplemental Channels
The number of Supplemental Channels (SCH) permitted to be transmitted by the base station is
optional. In this regard, a service may configure the system in many ways.
No SCH - A service provider may choose not to have any SCHs and not provide any high speed
data capabilities. In this case, only voice and low speed data services are provided.
Dedicated SCH - One or more (multiple) SCHs is available. If the SCHs are being used and
another user requires high data rate service, the call is blocked until a SCH is available.
Shared SCH - More than one user is assigned to a single or multiple SCHs. A user on the shared
channel must share the channel resources with other users. The more users are assigned to the
channel, the longer the latency experienced by each user. Each user must receive control data on
either a separate Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) or Fundamental Channel (FCH).
Sharing RF Resource
There two ways of sharing the RF resource:
Assign each user its own SCH (dedicated SCH)
Assign users to share one or more SCHs (shared SCH).
The service provider may use either or both methods within the system. If a separate SCH is
assigned to a user, the transmission can be in a circuit switched mode. However, if users are
assigned to share a SCH, the users must be in packet switched mode. Regardless of the method
used, the fundamental objective is to keep the overall interference level below a maximum
allowable total interference level. This interference management is handled through the MAC
protocol that will schedule when and how long a user can transmit. The MAC protocol is
transmitted to each user over either DCCH or FCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 194
High Speed Packet Data Signaling and
User Data
A B B A
User
A
User
B
User
C A C C
Control channel No
NoSCH
SCH Dedicated
DedicatedSCH
SCH Shared
SharedSCHSCH
LSPD Low Speed Packet Data
LSCD Low Speed Circuit Data
Voice/LSPD/LSCD
Voice/LSPD/LSCD HSPD/HSCD
HSPD/HSCD HSPD
HSPD
HSPD High Speed Packet Data 11user
userper
perSCH
SCH Multiple
Multipleusers,
users,
HSCD High Speed Circuit Data multiple
multipleSCH
SCH
195
Shared Supplemental Channel

A shared Supplemental Channel (SCH) is illustrated in the figure. In this illustration, each user is
in communication with the base station on two channels. This means that each user is assigned
two Walsh codes: One for user data on the shared SCH, and the other for control data, which can
be over either a Fundamental Channel (FCH) or a Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH). More
than one SCH may be needed to serve all the users.
Request and Scheduling of Transmission
For the reverse link, any request for user data is transmitted to the base station over the control
channel. The base station will schedule transmission of the requested data over the shared SCH
so that user data is sent from only one user at a time. If the base receives requests for user data
from more than one user at the same time, the base station will make the decision about which
user will be served first, based on user QoS or some other parameter. The transmission of user
data is also scheduled to keep the total level of interference below the total allowable
interference level.
For the forward link, the request does not have to be sent to the mobiles because the base station
schedules the transmission. Instead, it is the RLP (Radio Link Protocol) that requests the
transmission.
Dedicated Supplemental Channels
As with the shared SCH, when using a dedicated SCH, each user is in communication with the
base station on two channels. This means that each user is assigned two Walsh codes: One for
user data on its own dedicated SCH, and one for control on its own control channel, FCH or
DCCH.
As described for the shared SCH, any request for user data is transmitted to the base station over
the control channel. Even though each user has its own dedicated SCH, the mobile can only
transmit over the reverse link when permitted by the MAC protocol that communicates to the
mobile over the forward control channel. In this manner, the MAC protocol can schedule traffic
on all reverse link SCH so as not exceeded the total allowable interference.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 195
Accumulative Interference
Maximum Allowable Total Interference Level

196
The total level of interference on the reverse RF channel is kept below the total allowable
interference level by the MAC protocol control data that is transmitted to each user on its control
channel. The MAC protocol will tell each user mobile when to transmit, the transmission data
rate, and the duration.
Managing RF Resources
In IS-95, where most users sends voice data, management of the RF resource is relatively simple.
The base station is able to handle a certain number of calls, after which additional calls are
blocked. The number of calls is related to the Total Allowable Interference level.
In IS-2000, where a multitude of services are offered, each having a different data rate, the level
of interference contributed from each user may differ considerably, making management of the
Total Allowable Interference level more complex. This management is handled by the MAC
protocol.
An example of this accumulated interference and the management scheme is shown in the figure.
The amount of interference introduced by each user is a function of its transmitted data rate.
Whenever a user accesses the network to transmit a message, it negotiates a level of service in
accordance with its QoS. The amount of transmission time the MAC protocol allocates for each
user is based on the users QoS and the current interference environment.
In the figure, five users are illustrated. User 1 may be using a voice application. Voice
applications tend to have low data rates but the channel is used for a longer period of time. User
2 may be using a packet data application. Packet data is bursty by nature, which means that
relatively high data rate bursts are transmitted during short time periods.
The MAC protocol will stack only those users who keep the total interference below the
Minimum Allowable Total Interference level.
Please note that in the figure, interference levels and time durations are not shown in scale.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 196
Burst Control Function
Schedules transmission to:

Maximize peak and average throughput per user and for the
entire system
Minimize delay for each user
Maximize the forward link power efficiency for entire system
Maximize the reverse link capacity utilization
Trade-off fairness, priority, and capacity
Determines, for each transmission, what user is to
transmit, the SCH rate, and the burst duration
May terminate bursts prematurely if loading approaches
power or interference overload levels
Not standardized, vendor-specific implementation
Lucent: Supplemental Air-Resource Allocation (SARA).

197
Since data in general is bursty by nature, especially packet data, there must be a function that can
control the bursts to and from a number of users. IS-2000 specifies that the Medium Access
Control (MAC) layer performs that functionality. However, IS-2000 does not specify how the
burst control function within the MAC should operate; this is left up to the vendor to implement.
The burst control functionality in a Lucent Technologies system is mostly handled by an
algorithm called Supplemental Air-Resource Allocation, or SARA.
The burst control function tries to balance the individual QoS per user with the overall
performance objectives for the entire system. Not only will the function determine who can
transmit when with what rate and for how long, but the function can also terminate a burst
prematurely to conserve precious resources. The resources could also be re-allocated to higher
priority users or data.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 197
Data Call With Supplemental Channel
Log on User session Log off
Call #1 Call #N
Dormant
Period
Data Rate
[kbps]
153.6 kbps
(SCH)
76.8 kbps
(SCH)
38.4 kbps
(SCH)
19.2 kbps
(SCH)
9.6 kbps
(FCH)
1.2 kbps
(FCH)

198
Data Call with Supplemental Channel

A data call does not need the high data bandwidth all the time, so the resources must be
efficiently managed to maximize capacity. The figure shows the structure of a data call using the
Supplemental Channel (SCH). The user session starts when a data user logs on to the system.
During a session, several data calls may be made. Being logged on to the system does not
necessarily mean that air-interface resources are allocated to the user. The time period where the
user is still logged on but no resources are allocated to a call is called the dormant period.
Typically, the resources are released after some time of inactivity on the control channel. The
time is controlled by the so called inactivity timer, or dormancy timer.
A data call needs a channel on which to transmit and receive signaling messages; the SCH is
only used to transmit user data. For messaging, a Fundamental Channel (FCH) or a Dedicated
Control Channel (DCCH) can be used. The figure shows a FCH for messaging. The SCH can
only be set up once a FCH/DCCH is established.
If a data burst must be transmitted, the system will set up a SCH in addition to the FCH/DCCH
to transmit the high speed data. The bandwidth of the SCH and the duration of the burst may be
determined in order to maximize capacity and minimize interference.
In conclusion, with packet data applications, the user perceives that there is a constant
connection to the IP network, always on. In reality, resources are only allocated when they are
needed to transmission of data.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 198
Outline - 2/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Reverse access
Handoff
Power control.

199
CL8300-SG.en.UL 199
Forward CDMA Channel

for SR1 and SR3
Common Common Common Broadcast Paging Quick

Pilot Sync Traffic
Assignment Power Control Control Control Channels Paging
Channels Channel Channels
Channels Channels Channels Channels (SR1) Channels
Forward Transmit Auxiliary Auxiliary Transmit

Pilot Diversity Pilot Pilot Diversity Pilot
Channel Channel Channels Channels
0-1 Dedicated Mobile Station 0-7 Supplemental 0-2 Supplemental

0-1 Fundamental
Control Power Control Code Channels Radio Channels Radio
Channel
Channel Subchannel Configurations 1-2 Configurations 3-9

200
IS-95 Compatible Forward Link Channels

To maintain compatibility with IS-95, IS-2000 uses the same forward link channel functionalities
that are used in IS-95. These channels are:
Pilot Channel (F-PICH)* - Similar to the forward Pilot Channel in IS-95, it is used at the mobile
to provide continuous time and phase reference. Each base station transmits the short PN code
using Walsh code W0 (all zeros) over the F-PICH with a unique base station timing offset.
Sync Channel (F-SYNC)* - In addition to providing system timing and network identification,
the sync channel identifies the state of the long PN code so that the generation of the long PN
code in the mobile is synchronized with the generation of the long PN code at the base station.
Paging Channel (F-PCH)* - Provides notification of incoming calls to idle mobiles. In addition,
the F-PCH may be used to broadcast messages.
Fundamental Channel (F-FCH)* - For low data rates and voice calls that operate in the same
way as IS-95 Traffic Channels for backwards capability. The FCH carries both message and
control data.
Supplemental Code Channel (F-SCCH) Up to seven channels are used in IS-95B to increase
the data rate for a Forward Traffic Channel.
Additional channels are specified in IS-2000. These channels will be discussed on the following
pages.
* The channel is required in a IS-2000 system using spreading rate 1 to support typical voice operation.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 200
Forward Link Common Physical
Channel (F-CPHCH)
F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel)

F-CAPICH (Forward Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel)
F-CPHCH
(Forward Common Physical Channel) F-TDPICH (Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)
F-ATDPICH (Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)
F-PCH (Forward Paging Channel)

F-CCHT F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel)
Forward Common Channel Type F-SYNC (Forward Sync Channel)
F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel)
F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel)
F-CPCCH (Forward Common Power Control Channel)
F-CACH (Forward Common Assignment Channel)

201
The Forward Link Common Physical Channel (F-CPHCH) is the collection of all physical
channels that carry information from the base station to a set of mobiles in a point to multipoint
manner. Multiple mobiles may receive the same F-CPHCH.
Two types of messages are carried on the F-CPHCH:
Overhead messages (broadcast) in which multiple mobiles receive the message
Directed messages to a single mobile, determined by use of an explicit mobile address.
The F-CPHCH is composed of:
Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH)
Spreads the all 0s sequence with Walsh code 0. The channel is continuously broadcast
throughout the cell (sector) in order to provide timing, phase information, channel estimation,
initial acquisition, power control, and handoffs.
Forward Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel (F-CAPICH)
Used with antenna beam-forming applications to generate spot beam. Spot beams can be used to
increase coverage towards a particular geographical point or to increase capacity towards hot
spots. The F-CAPICH can be shared among multiple mobiles in the same spot beam.
Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel (F-TDPICH)
An unmodulated, direct-sequence spread spectrum signal transmitted continuously by a CDMA
BS to support forward link transmit diversity. The F-PICH and F-TDPICH provide phase
references for coherent demodulation of forward link CDMA channels which use transmit
diversity.
Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel (F-ATDPICH)
Associated with the Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot (F-DAPICH). Both F-DAPICH and F-ATDPICH
provide phase reference for coherent demodulation of those forward links CDMA channels
associated with the F-DAPICH and employ transmit diversity.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 201
Forward Link Common Physical
Channel (F-CPHCH) contd
F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel)

F-CAPICH (Forward Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel)
F-CPHCH
(Forward Common Physical Channel) F-TDPICH (Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)
F-ATDPICH (Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)
F-PCH (Forward Paging Channel)

F-CCHT F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel)
Forward Common Channel Type F-SYNC (Forward Sync Channel)
F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel)
F-BCCH (Forward Broadcast Control Channel)
F-CPCCH (Forward Common Power Control Channel)
F-CACH (Forward Common Assignment Channel)

202
Forward Common Channel Type (F-CCHT)

Forward Paging Channel (F-PCH)
Used to transmit system overhead information and mobile specific messages. Multiple F-
PCHs can be configured per base station. Transmission data rate 9600 or 4800 bps.
Forward Common Control Channel (F-CCCH)
A common channel used for communication of Layer 3 and MAC messages to one or more
mobiles. The F-CCCH can transmit longer messages and more data (frame sizes are 5 ms,
10 ms, and 20 ms) to individuals without setting up a dedicated channel. The coding
parameters are identical to those of the F-PCH.
Forward Sync Channel (F-SYNC)
Used by mobile stations to acquire initial time synchronization and F-PCH location.
Forward Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH)
A paging channel dedicated to carry only the overhead messages and possible SMS
broadcast message.
Forward Common Power Control Channel (F-CPCCH)
Used to transmit common power control subchannels (one bit per subchannel) for power
control of multiple R-CCCH (Reverse Common Control Channel) and R-EACH (Reverse
Enhanced Access Channel). The common power control subchannels are time multiplexed
on F-CPCCH.
Forward Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH)
Used to reduce the amount of time the mobile spends monitoring the paging channel
resulting in extended battery life. The F-QPCH is using an uncoded and On-Off-Keying
(OOK) modulated spread spectrum signal to inform mobiles operating in the slotted mode
during the idle state whether to receive F-CCCH or F-PCH.
Forward Common Assignment Channel (F-CACH)
Used by the base station to acknowledge a mobile accessing the R-EACH, and in the case of
reservation mode, to transmit the address of the R-CCCH and associated Common Power
Control Sub-Channel (CPCSCH) on the F-CPCCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 202
Forward Link Dedicated Physical
Channel (F-DPHCH)
F-DAPICH
(Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel)
F-DCCH
(Forward Dedicated Control Channel)
F-DPHCH F-FCH
(Forward Dedicated Physical Channel) (Forward Fundamental Channel)
F-SCH1
(Forward Supplemental Channel 1)
F-SCH2
F-SCHT
(Forward Supplemental F-SCCH0
Channel Type) (Forward Supplemental Code Channel 0)
.
.
.
F-SCCH7

203
The Forward Link Dedicated Physical Channel (F-DPHCH) is the collection of all physical
channels that carry information from the base station to a set of mobiles in a point to unipoint
manner. Each mobile receives their own F-DPHCH.
The F-DPHCH is composed of:
Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel (F-DAPICH)
Used for beam steering and beam forming applications for a single mobile to increase the
coverage or data rate towards that particular mobile.
Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH)
Used to carry MAC and signaling information to a particular mobile. For transmitting control
data to individual users on the SCH. The control data includes signaling for soft handoff, power
control, and MAC protocol.
Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH)
Carries voice, data, and control information to a mobile user. The F-FCH is transmitted at
variable rates and consequently requires rate detection at the mobile receiver.
Forward Supplemental Channel Type (F-SCHT)
Forward Supplementary Channel (F-SCH)
Carries data to a mobile user. The F-SCH can be operated in two distinct modes. The first
mode is used for data rates that do not exceed 14.4 kbps and uses blind rate detection (no
scheduling or rate information provided). In the second mode, the rate information is
explicitly provided by the base station (no blind rate detection is performed). There may be
more than one F-SCH in use at a given time. The channel carries user data only and must be
transmitted with either the FCH and/or DCCH.
Forward Supplemental Code Channel (F-SCCH)
Used to carry data to a mobile user. The F-SCCHs are used to provide backward
compatibility for IS-95B.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 203
Forward Link Channel Types for the
SR1 and SR3
Maximum Number
Channel Type
SR1 SR3
Forward Pilot Channel 1 1
Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel 1 N/A
Auxiliary Pilot Channel Not specified Not specified
Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel Not specified N/A
Sync Channel 1 1
Broadcast Control Channel 8 8
Quick Paging Channel 3 3
Common Power Control Channel 4 4
Common Assignment Channel 7 7
Forward Common Control Channel 7 7
Forward Dedicated Control Channel 1* 1*
Forward Fundamental Channel 1* 1*
Forward Supplemental Channel (RC3-RC5) 2* 2*
Forward Supplemental Coded Channel
7* N/A
(RC1 and RC2)
Paging Channel 7 N/A
* Per forward traffic channel

204
The table shows the number of possible channels available per carrier in a SR1 and SR3 system.
The number of traffic channels (each of which may consists of F-DCCH, F-FCH, F-SCH, and F-
SCCH) is limited by availability of Walsh codes and other system resources.
Note that the F-PCH is not defined for SR3. The assumption is that the F-PCH will be replaced
with other overhead channels, such as the F-BCCH and F-CACH.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Forward
Forward Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-PICH
F-PICH
Transmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-TDPICH
F-TDPICH
Common
Common AuxiliaryPilot
Auxiliary Pilot Channel
Channel F-CAPICH
F-CAPICH
Dedicated
Dedicated Auxiliary
AuxiliaryPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-DAPICH
F-DAPICH
Auxiliary
AuxiliaryTransmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-ATDPICH
F-ATDPICH
Sync Channel
Sync Channel F-SYNC
F-SYNC
Broadcast
Broadcast Control
Control Channel
Channel F-BCCH
F-BCCH
Paging Channel
Paging Channel F-PCH
F-PCH
Quick
Quick Paging
Paging Channel
Channel F-QPCH
F-QPCH
Common
Common Power
Power Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CPCCH
F-CPCCH
Common
Common Assignment Channel
Assignment Channel F-CACH
F-CACH
Forward
Forward Common
Common Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CCCH
F-CCCH
Forward
Forward Dedicated Control
Dedicated Control Channel
Channel F-DCCH
F-DCCH
Forward
Forward Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel F-FCH
F-FCH
Forward
Forward Supplemental
Supplemental Channel
Channel F-SCH
F-SCH
Forward
Forward Supplemental Code
Supplemental Code Channel
Channel F-SCCH
F-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 204
Forward Link Radio Configurations
RC SR Characteristics
1 1 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 bps data rates with R=1/2, BPSK pre-
spreading symbols
2 1 1800, 3600, 7200, and 14400 bps data rates with R=1/2, BPSK pre-
spreading symbols
3 1 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
and 153600 bps with R=1/4, QPSK pre-spreading symbols, OTD
allowed
4 1 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
153600, and 307200 bps with R=1/2, QPSK pre-spreading symbols,
OTD allowed
5 1 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 57600, 115200, and 230400 bps
with R=1/4, QPSK pre-spreading symbols, OTD allowed
6 3 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
153600, and 307200 bps with R=1/6, QPSK pre-spreading symbols,
MC mode, OTD allowed
7 3 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
153600, 307200, and 614400 bps with R=1/3, QPSK pre-spreading
symbols, MC mode, OTD allowed
8 3 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 57600, 115200, 230400, and
460800 bps with R=1/4 (20ms) or R=1/3 (5ms), QPSK pre-spreading
symbols, MC mode, OTD allowed
9 3 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800,
1036800 bps with R=1/2 (20ms) or R=1/3 (5ms), QPSK pre-
spreading symbols, MC mode, OTD allowed

205
The radio configuration (RC) determines the coding and modulation of the FCH and SCH.
For the forward link, there are six radio configurations (RC) defined: RC1 through RC9. RC1
and RC2 correspond to IS-95 Rate Set (RS) 1 and 2, respectively. The details regarding coding
for RC1 and RC2 can be found in the IS-95 Specifics lesson. The first five RCs are for the 1X
spreading rate (SR1), and the last four for the 3X spreading rate (SR3).
Note that there are two radio configurations for SR1 supporting N*9.6 kbps, RC3 and RC4. The
difference between RC3 and RC4 is that RC3 has a coding coefficient of R=1/4 and supports up
to 64 Walsh codes. RC4 has a coding coefficient of and supports up to 128 Walsh codes.
There are more radio configurations on the forward link than on the reverse link.
Note: For RCs 3, 4, 6, and 7, the lowest data rate (1/8 rate) for the F-FCH is 1500 bps. The
data rates of 1200 bps and 1350 bps are for the F-SCH with frames of size 80 ms and 40 ms,
respectively. The F-SCH with frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms also use the data rate of 2400 bps
instead of 2700 bps.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 205
Walsh Function
F-CCCH
F-CACH Iin
F-CPCC Baseband
F-QPCH Filter
Rotation Complex To RF
F-BCCH De-multiplexing and
Function Multiplier modulation
F-PCH Function Quadrature
Qin
F-PICH Mixer
F-CPICH
F-SYNC
QOF Sign
PNI PNQ
Long Code
Scrambling,
LCG LCM Power Control,
Signal Point
Mapping
CPICH
CPICH Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channels
Channels
LCG
LCG Long
Long Code
Code Generator
Generator
F-FCH F-SCH F-DCCH LCM
LCM Long
Long Code
Code Mask
Mask
QOF
QOF Quasi-orthogonal
Quasi-orthogonal Function
Function

206
Once the channels have been generated using their specific signal processing, the following steps
are taken:
1. The de-multiplexing function combines a number of channels for transmission and forms an I
and an Q stream for the forward link.
2. Several of the channels require spreading as provided by the long code generator (LCG) and
long code mask (LCM).
3. The long code scrambling, power control, and signal point mapping function combines the
output of the long code generator with the data stream of the appropriate channel, maps 0's and 1'
to +1' and -1's, and punctures power control information.
4. The symbol repetition function duplicates symbols if necessary, and is dependent upon the
transmission rate.
5. The output is multiplied, if enabled, by a quasi-orthogonal function (QOF) to provide almost
(quasi) orthogonal separation.
6. When enabled, the rotation function rotates the I- and Q-phases (-Q is mapped to I and I is
mapped to Q).
7. These outputs are then multiplied by the I- and Q-phase PN sequences, as provided by the
complex multiplier function, or complex scrambling.
8. Finally, the I- and Q-phase channels are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF
frequencies by the baseband filter and quadrature mixer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 206
F-FCH and F-SCH - RC3
Modulation
Add Add 8 Symbol
Convolutional
Channel Frame Reserved/ Symbol Symbol Block
or Turbo W
Encoder
Indicator Tail Bits
Data Rate
24 Bits/5 ms 16 9.6 1/4 1x None 192 38.4
16 Bits/20 ms 6 1.5 1/4 8x 1 of 5 768 38.4

40 Bits/20n ms 6 2.7/n 1/4 4x 1 of 9 768 38.4/n
80 Bits/20n ms 8 4.8/n 1/4 2x None 768 38.4/n
172 Bits/20n ms 12 9.6/n 1/4 1x None 768 38.4/n
360 Bits/20n ms 16 19.2/n 1/4 1x None 1,536 76.8/n

744 Bits/20n ms 16 38.4/n 1/4 1x None 3,072 153.6/n
1,512 Bits/20n ms 16 76.8/n 1/4 1x None 6,144 307.2/n
3,048 Bits/20n ms 16 153.6/n 1/4 1x None 12,288 614.4/n
1 to 3,047 Bits/20n ms

207
Analogous to the Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH), the Forward Fundamental Channel
(F-FCH) is similar to that of the 2G traffic channel. The figure shows an example of the F-FCH
and F-SCH processing for RC3. The data rate for RC3, as seen at the input of the encoder, can be
up to 9.6 kbps for the FCH, and up to 153.6 kbps for the SCH.
The channel bits (voice, data, or signaling) going in to the processing will first have a frame
quality indicator attached so that the receiver can detect a bad frame. Next, tail bits are added to
clear the encoder before the next frame enters the encoder. The encoder adds forward error
correction bits to the bit stream. Depending on application, convolutional or turbo encoding is
used. The symbols coming out from the encoder are then repeated and punctured to achieve the
The table shows the available processing parameters for F-FCH and F-SCH for RC3. While the
processing steps are the same, the processing parameters for other radio configurations (e.g.,
RC4) are different.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 207
Forward Link Scrambling and Power
Control - SR1
Modulation
Symbol Rate Signal Point Mapping
Channel
W 0 +1
Gain
1 -1
Power
Control X
Symbol
Forward Power Puncture
Power Control Bits
1 Values Control
16 Bits per 20 ms Frame Sub-Channel
or 4 bits per 5 ms Frame Gain
Puncture
Timing
Control (800
Hz)
Long Code Long Code Power
Mask for Generator
Decimation Control
User m (1.2288 Decimator
Bit Position
Mcps) Extractor
Modulation
Symbol Rate

208
When the information signal has been interleaved, it will undergo scrambling. Scrambling is
performed using a user-specific long code mask together with the long code. The digital signal is
then mapped as: 0 to +1, 1 to -1. A channel specific gain is applied and power control
commands (symbols) are inserted into the bitstream by puncturing (replacing) existing bits.
After the power control symbol puncturing, the data stream is added to other channels and
undergoes further processing steps, such as quadrature spreading. Before we discuss those steps,
we will take a look at the coding of some of the other channels transmitted on the forward link.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 208
F-PICH, F-SYNCH and F-PCH - SR1
Pilot Signal Point

Mapping Channel
Channels X1
(All 0s) 0 +1 Gain
1 -1
0 XQ
Modulation
Sync Conv. Block Symbol Signal Point
Channel Symbol Channel
Encoder Interleaver Mapping
Repetition X1
Bits R = 1/2, (128 4.8 ksps 0 +1 Gain
(2x Factor)
K=9 Symbols) 1 -1
32 Bits per 0 XQ
26.666ms Frame
Data Rate 1.2 kbps
Modulation
Paging Conv. Block Signal Point
Symbol Channel
Channel Encoder Symbol Interleaver Mapping
X1
Bits R = 1/2, Repetition (384 0 +1 Gain
19.2 ksps
K=9 Symbols) 1 -1
0 XQ
Bits/20 ms Data Rate (kbps) 19.2 ksps
96 4.8 Long Code
192 9.6 Long Code
Generator
Mask for Decimator
(1.2288
Paging
Mcps)
Channel p

209
The graphic shows the structures of the Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH), Forward Sync Channel
(F-SYNC), and Forward Paging Channels (F-PCH).
The Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH) spreads the all 0s sequence with Walsh code 0. The
channel is continuously broadcast throughout the cell in order to provide timing and phase
information. The F-PICH is shared between all mobiles in the cell and is used to obtain
acquisition of new multipath components and channel estimation (i.e., phase and multipath
strength).
The Forward Sync Channel (F-SYNC) is used by mobile stations operating within the
coverage area of the base station to acquire initial time synchronization. Convolutional encoding
and bit interleaving is performed to generate a robust signal.
A system may have multiple Forward Paging Channels (F-PCH) per carrier. A F-PCH can
transmit at a data rate of 9.6 kbps or 4.8 kbps. In addition to convolutional encoding and bit
interleaving, a long code mask specific to that particular F-PCH is used to scramble the
information on the F-PCH. The long code mask is also used to identify a particular F-PCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 209
F-QPCH - SR1
Works together with the F-PCH

Reduces amount of time MS spends in monitoring F-PCH
Contains a single bit message.
Modulation
Quick Paging Channel Symbol Symbol Signal Point Mapping
Channel
Indicators Repetition +1 When Indicator Enabled
Gain
X
Indicator Rate 9.6 or 4.8 ksps (2x or 4x) 19.2 ksps 0 Otherwise
Data Rate 4.8 or 2.4 kbps

210
The Forward Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH) is a type of paging channel that is used to
reduce the amount of time the mobile spends monitoring the F-PCH resulting in extended battery
life for the mobile. The F-QPCH contains a single bit message, quick paging indicator, to direct
a mobile, operating in the so-called slotted mode, to monitor its assigned slot on the F-PCH that
immediately follows. The F-QPCH uses a different modulation, so it will appear as a different
physical channel.
As seen in the signal point mapping, the modulation for the F-QPCH is On-Off Keying (OOK)
since the signal is +1 when the indicator is transmitted; otherwise, the signal is 0 (no
transmitted energy).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 210
F-PCH & F-QPCH Structure
Minimum length slot cycle of 16 slots

1.28 seconds
F-PCH ... 2047 0 1 2 ... 15 16 ...
80ms
F-PCH Slot n
20ms
F-QPCH slot n - 80ms
F-QPCH 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
paging indicators paging indicators
4 reserved indicators
4 configuration change indicators

211
F-PCH
The F-PCH protocol provides for scheduling the transmission of messages to an individual
mobile station in certain assigned paging slots. We say that the mobile station operates in the
slotted mode. If the mobile station monitors all paging slots, we say that the mobile is operating
in the non-slotted mode.
The slotted mode saves battery life for the mobile station since the mobile can power down some
of its circuitry when not monitoring the F-PCH. The mobile station calculates the paging channel
slot by using the hashing algorithm specified in the IS-95/IS-2000 standard. The base station
calculates the same paging channel slot from the International Mobile Station Identification
(IMSI) and only transmits messages in that paging slot.
The slot cycle is a multiple of 1.28 seconds, and is specified by the slot cycle index. The length
of the slot cycle, T, in units of 1.28 seconds is given by:
T = 2i
Where i is the slot cycle index. There are 16 * T slots in a slot cycle.
F-QPCH
A mobile station monitoring the F-QPCH will be notified about a page or updated overhead
messages on the regular F-PCH using a 2-bit indicator about 100ms prior to the assigned slot on
the F-PCH. The slot cycle structure of the F-QPCH is similar to the F-PCH structure. See the
figure.
A F-QPCH slot is divided into four parts. A paging indicator is transmitted two times, in Parts 1
and 3, or Parts 2 and 4. What parts to transmit the indicator to is determined by the hashing
algorithm defined in IS-2000. The purpose of the hashing algorithm is to spread out the mobile
stations over the F-QPCH slot so that not every mobile is monitoring the same indicators.
If the mobile station cannot detect a paging indicator to be OFF, the mobile will read the F-
PCH slot immediately following the F-QPCH slot. The mobile needs only to detect one indicator
to be OFF, i.e., if the mobile detect the first indicator to be OFF, the second indicator does
not have to be monitored.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 211
De-Multiplexing Function
I-phase
Overhead
and user To Walsh function,
De-multiplexing
channels, complex scrambling,
Function Q-phase
x, or x I & xQ etc.
or
YI YI
XI
X DEMUX
YQ YQ
XQ

212
To maintain downward compatibility, the data on the forward channels is processed at the base
station in a manner similar to that of the forward channels in IS-95. The primary difference is
that after the channel data is scrambled by the long code, encoded, and interleaved, rather than
transmitting the same data bits as I and Q components, the data bits stream is split, and alternate
set of bits are transmitted as either I or Q components. This split is done in the de-multiplexing
function.
It is only those channels that are generated on output, x, of the signal processing (e.g., F-FCH
and F-QPCH) that will have their bit stream de-multiplexed. The other channels (e.g., F-PCH
and F-SYNC) have their output defined as I and Q components, xI and xQ, and therefore do not
need further multiplexing.
Transmit Diversity
The figure shows the multiplexing done if no transmit diversity is employed. If transmit diversity
is used, both the I and Q components are further divided into separate streams, e.g., YQ1 and YQ2.
SR3
For SR3, instead of generating YI and YQ, the output of the de-multiplexing function is YI1, YI2,
YI3, YQ1, YQ2, YQ3.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 212
Complex Multiplier Quadrature Mixer
YI Iin
x
x +

I Baseband
Filter x
Walsh
Function
When
enabled, x -
+ s(t)
rotate
x by 90o
cos(2fct)

QOFsign (output +
-Qin + jIin) x +
Q
YQ
x
Qin
Baseband
Filter x
+
Walsh rot
x sin(2fct)
Enable
PNI PNQ

213
When the channels have been de-muliplexed, the Walsh function for the channel is applied. If
enabled, the Quasi-Orthogonal Function sign (QOFsign) provides a mask that when applied to the
Walsh function creates quasi-orthogonal Walsh codes. The different QOFsign mask that can be
used are specified in the standard.
After the Walsh function is applied, the signal can be rotated in the I and Q plane (review the
constellation diagram for digital modulation in previous lesson). If the Walshrot bit is 0, the no
rotation is performed, otherwise the signal is rotated 90 degrees.
Note: The standard specifies a NULL QOF, which means that QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = 0.
In other words, quasi-orthogonal Walsh codes are not used, and the signal is not rotated.
Complex Scrambling
The next step in the process is to perform complex multiplication, or complex scrambling, and
quadrature spreading of the signal with the PN codes, PNI and PNQ (a.k.a. Pseudo-Noise
Complex QPSK, or PNCQPSK). Complex scrambling is not performed in IS-95, but is needed
for IS-2000 to balance the energy between the I- and Q-phase so that the peak-to-average (P/A)
ratio in the RF signal is lowered. A lower P/A ratio in the RF signal typically means that more
cost-effective amplifiers can be used to amplify the RF signal.
When performing complex scrambling, the I and Q components are cross-multiplied with the I
and Q components of the PN code. The product is a complex number, having a real part and an
imaginary part (indicated by j) that are 90 degrees apart, as shown below:
(I + jQ) x (PNI + jPNQ) = (I x PNI - Q x PNQ) + j (Q x PNI + I x PNQ)
This multiplication rotates the constellation (see the Digital Modulation topic in the CDMA
Codes lesson) and thereby distributes the power evenly between the axis*.
RF Modulation
After quadrature spreading, the signal is filtered using a baseband filter, and then modulated in
the antenna.
*
See: HPSK Spreading for 3G, Agilent Technologies, application note 1335
CL8300-SG.en.UL 213
Forward Link Channels Data Rates - SR1
Channel Type Data Rates [bps]
Sync Channel 1200
Paging Channel 9600 or 4800
19200 (40 ms slots), 9600

Broadcast Control Channel
(80 ms slots), or 4800 (16 ms slots)
Quick Paging Channel 4800 or 2400
Common Power Control Channel 19200 (9600 per I and Q phase)
Common Assignment Channel 9600

38400 (5, 10 or 20 ms frames)
Forward Common Control
19200 (10, or 20 ms frames) or
Channel 9600 (20 ms frames)
Forward FCH and RC1 9600, 4800, 2400 or 1200

Supplemental
Code Channel RC2 14400, 7200, 3600 or 1800
RC3 9600 x N*, 4800, 2700 or 1500

Forward FCH and
Forward SCH RC4 9600 x N**, 4800, 2700 or 1500
RC5 14400 x N*, 7200, 3600 or 1800
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16
**
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32
32
214
The table shows the allowed data rates for the specified forward link channels operating with
SR1.
The actual data rates used for the F-SCH depends not only on the radio configuration, but also on
the size of the frame used. For the F-SCH, the lowest data rate for frames of size 40 ms and 80
ms is not 1500 bps, but 1350 bps and 1200 bps, respectively. The F-SCH with frames of size 40
ms and 80 ms also use the data rate 2400 bps instead of 2700 bps.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Forward
Forward Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-PICH
F-PICH
Transmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-TDPICH
F-TDPICH
Common
Channel F-CAPICH
F-CAPICH
Dedicated
Dedicated Auxiliary
AuxiliaryPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-DAPICH
F-DAPICH
Auxiliary
AuxiliaryTransmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-ATDPICH
F-ATDPICH
Sync Channel
Sync Channel F-SYNC
F-SYNC
Broadcast
Broadcast Control
Control Channel
Channel F-BCCH
F-BCCH
Paging Channel
F-PCH
Quick
Quick Paging
Paging Channel
Channel F-QPCH
F-QPCH
Common
Common Power
Power Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CPCCH
F-CPCCH
Common
F-CACH
Forward
Forward Common
Common Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CCCH
F-CCCH
Forward
Channel F-DCCH
F-DCCH
Forward
Forward Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel F-FCH
F-FCH
Forward
Channel F-SCH
F-SCH
Forward
Channel F-SCCH
F-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 214
Forward Link Channels Data Rates - SR3
Sync Channel 1200

19200 (40 ms slots), 9600
Broadcast Control Channel (80 ms slots), or 4800 (160 ms slots)
Quick Paging Channel 4800 or 2400
Common Power Control Channel 19200
Common Assignment Channel 9600
Forward Common Control 38400 (5, 10 or 20 ms frames)

19200 (10, or 20 ms frames) or
Channel 9600 (20 ms frames)
RC6, RC7 9600
Forward Dedicated
RC8 9600, 14400
Control Channel
RC9 9600, 14400
RC6 9600 x N*, 4800, 2700, 1500
Forward FCH RC7 9600 x N**, 4800, 2700, 1500
and SCH RC8 14400 x N*, 7200, 3600, 1800
RC9 14400 x N*** , 7200, 3600, 1800
** N
N == 1,
1, 2,
2, 4,
4, 8,
8, 16,
16, or
or 32
32
** N
** N == 1,
1, 2,
2, 4,
4, 8,
8, 16,
16, 32,
32, or
or 64
64
***
*** N
N == 1,
1, 2,
2, 4,
4, 8,
8, 16,
16, 32,
32, or
or 72
72
215
The table shows the allowed data rates for the specified forward link channels operating with
SR3.
The actual data rates used for the F-SCH depends not only on the radio configuration, but also on
the size of the frame used. For the F-SCH, the lowest data rate for frames of size 40 ms and 80
ms is not 1500 bps, but 1350 bps and 1200 bps, respectively. The F-SCH with frames of size 40
ms and 80 ms also use the data rate 2400 bps instead of 2700 bps.
Remember that the F-PCH is not used when operating with SR3.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Forward
Forward Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-PICH
F-PICH
Transmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-TDPICH
F-TDPICH
Common
Channel F-CAPICH
F-CAPICH
Dedicated
Dedicated Auxiliary
AuxiliaryPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-DAPICH
F-DAPICH
Auxiliary
AuxiliaryTransmit
Transmit Diversity
DiversityPilot
Pilot Channel
Channel F-ATDPICH
F-ATDPICH
Sync Channel
Sync Channel F-SYNC
F-SYNC
Broadcast
Broadcast Control
Control Channel
Channel F-BCCH
F-BCCH
Paging Channel
F-PCH
Quick
Quick Paging
Paging Channel
Channel F-QPCH
F-QPCH
Common
Common Power
Power Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CPCCH
F-CPCCH
Common
F-CACH
Forward
Forward Common
Common Control
Control Channel
Channel F-CCCH
F-CCCH
Forward
Channel F-DCCH
F-DCCH
Forward
Forward Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel F-FCH
F-FCH
Forward
Channel F-SCH
F-SCH
Forward
Channel F-SCCH
F-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 215
Multi-Carrier Mode to Implement SR3
Main features of multi-carrier mode are:

Allows overlay of 3X with 1X or IS-95
Maintains orthogonal modulation between 3X and 1X
Coded information symbols are de-multiplexed among three 1.23
MHz carriers
Frequency diversity is equivalent to spreading the signal over the
entire bandwidth
Natural transmit diversity without additional complexity at mobile
Transmit different sub-carriers on spatially separated antennas
Allows for spectrum flexibility
Rake receiver captures signal energy from all bands:
Each forward link channel may be allocated an identical Walsh
code on all carriers.

216
In order to implement SR3, IS-2000 is using the so-called multi-carrier mode. Multi-carrier
mode means that the coded information symbols are multiplexed across the 1.23MHz carriers
(1X) involved in the process SR3 is using three carriers.
Example
SR3 is made up of the following carriers:
f1, f2, f3
The coded information symbols to be transmitted are:
sn, where n = 1, 2,
The symbols are then multiplexed on the carriers as follows:
s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7
f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1
Why Multi-Carrier Mode?
The alternative to multi-carrier mode is direct-spread mode where the information symbols are
spread across the entire carrier instead of multiplexed between a number of 1X carriers. For
SR3, it would be a carrier three times the bandwith of a 1X carrier.
Multi-carrier mode is particularly important for operators with very limited spectrum license.
The standard allows for flexible configurations. For example, it is possible to use SR3 for the
forward link and SR1 on the reverse link. This configuration would consume the frequency
spectrum equivalent of two fully frequency duplex 1X carriers.
Another benefit with the multi-carrier mode on the forward link is that transmit diversity (TD)
can easily be implemented at no additional complexity at the mobile receiver. This is
accomplished by transmitting the different sub-carriers in a multi-carrier system over different
spatially separated antennas. Auxiliary Pilot Channels are used for the extra antennas. The
signals from the antennas fade with low correlation, which increases the effective frequency
diversity. The multi-carrier receiver automatically captures this diversity by combining signals
from the multiple frequency bands in a maximum-ratio-combining manner.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 216
Long code
Walsh code
Short code
PN offset
Same as IS-95.

217
For the forward link in IS-2000, the CDMA codes used, long code, short code, and Walsh code,
are used in a similar manner as they are used in IS-95. In fact, the short code is used exactly the
same way: to provide identification of an antenna face by using a time-offset of the code (PN
offset).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 217
Forward Link Long Code Masks
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
F-PCH 1100011001101 00000 PCN 000000000000 PILOT_PN
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
F-BCCH 1100011001101 00100 BCN 000000000000 PILOT_PN
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
F-CCCH
1100011001101 10000 000 000000000000 000000000
F-CPCCH
41 29 28 24 23 21 20 9 8 0
F-CACH 1100011001101 01100 CACH_ID 000000000000 PILOT_PN
41 32 31 0

F-DCCH
F-FCH 41 40 39 0
F-SCH
01 40 LSBs of VPM

218

Shown are the long code masks used for the forward link channels in IS-2000.
The long code mask for the F-DCCH, F-FCH, and F-SCH is user-specific and based on the ESN
of the mobile. For the user-specific long code mask, a permuted version of the ESN is used.
For example, if the ESN of the mobile has 32 bits:
x31 x30 x29 x28 x1 x0
Then, the permuted ESN used for the long code mask would look like:
x0 x31 x22 x13 x18 x9

Mask (VPM) as generated by a key
generation procedure*.
PCN
PCN Paging
Paging Channel
Channel number
number
* See: Common Cryptographic Algorithms, Revision C, BCN
BCN Broadcast
Broadcast Control
Control Channel
Channel number
number
1997. This is an EAR-controlled document subject to CACH_ID
CACH_ID Common Assignment Channel
Common Assignment Channel identifier
identifier
restricted distribution.
PILOT_PN
PILOT_PN F-PICHF-PICH PN
PN offset
offset
CL8300-SG.en.UL 218
Forward Link Walsh Codes
Walsh codes of length up to 256 bits can be used.

Up to 128 bits for SR1
Reserved Walsh codes:
F-PICH
W064
F-SYNC
W3264
F-PCH
W164 through W 764
F-TDPICH
W16128
F-QPCH (SR1)
W80128, W48128, W 112128
Quasi-orthogonal codes are possible.

219
On the forward link in IS-2000, the length of the Walsh code used ranges from 4 bits to 128 bits
for SR1, and 256 bits for SR3. (The Auxiliary Pilot Channels can have codes of a length up to
512 bits.)
The length of the Walsh code used often depends on the data rate of the channel. For example, if
the data rate for a F-SCH (RC4) is N*9.6 kbps, then the length of the Walsh code used for that
channel is 128/N. So, a F-SCH (RC4) with a data rate of 76.8 kbps (8*9.6 kbps) will have a
Walsh code of length 16 (128/8).
Any of the Walsh codes that are not used for any overhead channels, other than the Pilot
Channel, can be used by Traffic Channels.
IS-2000 also allows for the use of quasi-orthogonal Wlash codes to be used. See the CDMA
Codes lesson for more details.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 219
Outline - 3/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Reverse access
Handoff
Power control.

220
CL8300-SG.en.UL 220
Reverse CDMA Channel for SR1 and SR3
Access Traffic Enhanced Common Traffic Channel

Channel Access Channel Control Channel Operation
Channel
(RC1 or 2) Operation Operation (RC3 to 6)
Reverse Reverse Reverse Reverse

Fundamental Pilot Channel Pilot Channel Pilot Channel
Channel
Enhanced Reverse Common 0 or 1 Reverse
0 to 7 Reverse Access Channel Control Channel Dedicated Control
Code Channels
0 or 1 Reverse
Fundamental
Channel
0 to 2 Reverse
Supplemental
Channel
Reverse Power
IS-95 compatible IS-2000 specific Control Subchannel

221
IS-95 Compatible Reverse Link Channels

To maintain compatibility with IS-95, IS-2000 uses the same reverse link channel functionalities
that are used in IS-95. These channels are:
Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)* - For low data rates and voice calls that operate in the same
way as IS-95 Traffic Channels for backwards capability. Channel carries both massage and
control data.
Pilot Channel (R-PICH)* - A new channel for IS-2000 and similar to the F-PICH, it is used at
the base station to provide phase reference for the received reverse link signal. The R-PICH
allows the mobile to transmit at a lower power level to reduce the overall interference level.
Access Channel (R-ACH)* - Used when the mobile must access the system to initiate
communication or respond to a direct message sent from the base station. Similar to IS-95
Access Channel.
Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH) Up to seven channels are used in IS-95B to increase
the data rate for a Reverse Traffic Channel.
Additional channels are specified in IS-2000. These channels will be discussed on the following
pages.
* The channel is required in a IS-2000 system using spreading rate 1 to support typical voice operation.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 221
R-PICH and R-ACH
Pilot Channel (R-PICH)

Carries the Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel
Access Channel (R-ACH)
Same as IS-95
Transmit access probes.
Access Access Access

Slot N Slot N+1 Slot N+2
Access transmission length
Preamble Message Capsule

System
Time
20 ms R-ACH Frame

222
Pilot Channel (R-PICH) - Similar to the F-PICH, it is used for initial acquisition, time tracking,
Rake-receiver coherent reference recovery, and power control measurements. The pilot channel
allows the mobile to transmit at a lower power level to reduce the overall interference level. The
R-PICH also has multiplexed forward Power Control (PC) information.
Access Channel (R-ACH) - Used when the mobile station must access the system to initiate
communication or respond to a direct message sent from the base station. The mobile transmits
access probes on the R-ACH. An access probe consists of a preamble and a message capsule,
both of with a length of some number of frames (20 ms), determined by the system operator. The
R-ACH has the same coding and structure as the IS-95 access channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 222
R-EACH
Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH)

Transmit enhanced access probes
Two operational modes
Basic Access (BA) mode
Reservation Access (RA) mode
Data transmitted on R-CCCH
Tx Power
Enhanced Enhanced
Access Header Access Data
Preamble
Transmission
Reverse Pilot Channel Transmission
5 ms 20, 10, 5 ms
1.25 ms
BA RA BA RA BA RA

223
The Reverse Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH) is used by the mobile to initiate
communication with the BS or to respond to a mobile directed message. The EACH can be used
in two possible modes:
Reservation Access (RA) mode.
In BA mode, the enhanced access probe (so called Aloha Access Probe, AAP) consists of an
enhanced access channel preamble, followed by enhanced access data. When operating in the
BA mode, the mobile does not transmit the enhanced access header on the R-EACH.
In the RA mode, the enhanced access probe (so called Reservation Access Probe, RAP) consists
of an enhanced access channel preamble, followed by an enhanced access header. Enhanced
access data is sent on R-CCCH upon receiving permission from the base station over the F-
CACH. The enhanced access channel header contains access information, e.g., the data rate and
frame size of the enhanced access data.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 223
R-CCCH
Common Control Channel (R-CCCH)

Sends longer data and messages without setting up dedicated
traffic channel
Two operational modes:
Designated Access (DA) mode.
Tx Power
Reverse Common Control Channel

Transmission
Preamble
Transmission
Reverse Pilot Channel Transmission
20, 10, 5 ms
1.25 ms

224
The Reverse Common Control Channel (R-CCCH) is used for the transmission of user and
signaling information to the base station when reverse traffic channels are not in use. The R-
CCCH differs from the R-ACH in that the R-CCCH offers extended capabilities beyond the R-
ACH. The R-CCCH supports lower latency access procedures required for efficient operation of
the Packet Data Suspended State. The R-CCCH can be used in one of two possible modes:
Designated Access (DA) mode.
The DA mode is a mode of operation on the R-CCCH where the mobile station responds to a
request received on the F-CCCH. In the DA mode, each R-CCCH is slotted, with the slot
duration given by the parameter RCCCH_slots. The R-CCCH slot duration will be RCCCH_slots
x 1.25 ms.
The RA mode is a mode of operation on the R-CCCH where the mobile station transmits the
enhanced access data when the R-EACH operates in the RA mode. During RA mode, closed
loop power control is used. The power control commands are transmitted on the F-CPCCH.
The preamble length is an integer number of 1.25 ms intervals. A zero length preamble (no
preamble) is permitted. The number of 1.25 ms intervals to be used is indicated by the BS. The
preamble length depends upon the rate at which the base station can search the PN sequence, cell
radius, and the multipath characteristics of the cell. The base station search rate is dependent
upon the hardware configuration of the cell.
The R-CCCH physical layer design for 9.6 kbps is identical to the R-ACH. Other rates available
are 19.2 and 38.4 kbps, with the same design but different power requirements (3 dB and 6 dB
respectively above the power setting for 9.6 kbps, depending upon the power limitations of the
mobile). If the mobile is unable to supply the power to transmit with the specified access
parameters, the mobile may autonomously reduce its transmission rate. If necessary due to
power limitations, the mobile may also transmit on an R-ACH (if available).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 224
R-DCCH and R-SCCH
Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH)

Similar to the F-DCCH
For signaling and short messages for the SCH
Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)

For high data rate transmission, such as multimedia
Used in a similar manner as the SCH
Identical to the same channel in IS-95B.

225
Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH) - For signaling and short messages for the SCH and can
be used instead of the FCH for signaling for data. If concurrent services (voice and data) are
used, the DCCH will be used together with the data service, and the FCH will transmit the voice.
Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH) - For high data rate transmission such as multimedia,
and is used in a similar manner as the SCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 225
R-FCH and R-SCH
Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)

For low data rates and voice calls
Operates in the same way as IS-95 traffic channels
Carries both message and control data
Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)

For high data rate transmission
Carries data only
Messages must be transmitted with either FCH and/or DCCH
Same coding as R-FCH

226
The Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) is used for low data rates and voice calls that
operate in the same way as an IS-95 traffic channel for backwards capability. The channel
carries both message and control data and supports 5 and 20 ms frames.
The 20 ms frame structures provide rates derived from IS-95 Rate Set 1 or Rate Set 2. The 5 ms
frames provide 24 information bits per frame with a 16-bit CRC. Within each 20 ms frame
interval, either one 20 ms R-FCH structure, up to four 5 ms R-FCH structure(s), or nothing, can
be transmitted. In addition, when the 5 ms R-FCH structure is used, it can be on or off in
each of the four 5 ms segments of a 20 ms frame interval.
The Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH) is used for high data rate transmission, packet data
or circuit data. The channel carries data only and messages must be transmitted with either the
FCH and/or DCCH.
The R-SCH can be operated in two distinct modes. The first mode is used for data rates not
exceeding 14.4 kbps and uses blind rate detection (no scheduling or rate information provided).
In the second mode, the rate information is explicitly known by the base station (no blind rate
detection is performed).
CL8300-SG.en.UL 226
Reverse Link Channel Types for the SR1
and SR3
Channel Type Maximum No.

Spreading Rate 1 Spreading Rate 3
Reverse Pilot Channel 1 1
Access Channel 1
Enhanced Access Channel 1 1
Reverse Common Control Channel 1 1
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel 1 1
Reverse Fundamental Channel 1 1
Reverse Supplemental Code
Channel (RC1 and RC2 only)
7
Reverse Supplemental Channel

(RC3 and RC4 only)
2 2

227
The table shows the number of possible channels that can be transmitted by each mobile for each
channel type in a SR1 and SR3 system.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Reverse
Reverse Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel R-PICH
R-PICH
Access Channel
Access Channel R-ACH
R-ACH
Enhanced
Enhanced Access
Access Channel
Channel R-EACH
R-EACH
Reverse
Reverse Common Control
Common Control Channel
Channel R-CCCH
R-CCCH
Reverse
Reverse Dedicated Control
Channel R-DCCH
R-DCCH
Reverse
Reverse Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel R-FCH
R-FCH
Reverse
Reverse Supplemental
Channel R-SCH
R-SCH
Reverse
Channel R-SCCH
R-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 227
Reverse Link Radio Configurations
RC SR Characteristics
1 1 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600 bps data rates with R=1/3, 64-ary
orthogonal modulation (non-coherent) (IS-95, 8kbps vocoder)
2 1 1800, 3600, 7200, and 14400 bps data rates with R=1/2, 64-ary
orthogonal modulation (non-coherent) (IS-95, 13kbps vocoder)
3 1 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
and 153600 bps with R=1/4, 307200 bps with R=1/2, BPSK
modulation with a pilot (cdma2000 1X, 8kbps vocoder)
4 1 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 57600, 115200, and 230400 bps
with R=1/4, BPSK modulation with a pilot
5 3 1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 2700, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 76800,
and 153600 bps with R=1/4, 307200 and 614400 bps with R=1/3,
BPSK modulation with a pilot (cdma2000 3X, 8kbps vocoder)
6 3 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 57600, 115200, 230400, and
460800 bps with R=1/4, 1036800 bps with R=1/2, BPSK modulation
with a pilot

228
Radio Configuration (RC) identifies the general characteristics of the radio interface, among
which are:
Data rate
Forward error correction (FEC)
Speech coding (vocoder rate)
Modulation scheme.
Currently, six reverse link radio configurations (RC1 through RC6) are defined for IS-2000. The
first four RCs are for the 1X spreading rate (SR), which equals 1.2288 Mchips/sec, and the last
two are for the 3X spreading rate (SR3), which equals 3 x 1.2288 Mchips/sec, or 3.6864
Mchips/sec. SR3 is not supported in the first phase of 3G-1X.
Radio configurations RC1 and RC2, which use the same modulation scheme as the IS-95 8kbps
and 13kbps vocoders, respectively, apply to both IS-95 and IS-2000.
Note: For RC 3 and 5, the lowest data rate (1/8 rate) for the R-FCH is 1500 bps. The data rates
of 1200 bps and 1350 bps are for the R-SCH with frames of size 80 ms and 40 ms, respectively.
The R-SCH with frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms also use the data rate 2400 bps instead of 2700
bps.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 228
R-SCH2
I I
Walsh

R-PICH
Baseband
Complex Filter
Relative To RF
Multiplier and
Gains modulation
Quadrature
R-DCCH
Q Q Mixer

Walsh
R-FCH
Walsh
R-SCH1/
R-CCCH/ PNI PNQ
R-EACH
Walsh
LCG LCM
LCG
LCG Long
Long Code
Code Generator
Generator
LCM
LCM Long
Long Code
Code Mask
Mask

229
The figure shows a simplified implementation of the reverse link transmit processing and its use
of the various codes.
Depending on application and configuration, different channels are generated, and their
respective Walsh code assigned. The R-PICH uses W032, which essentially is 32 zeroes, or +1 in
voltage; therefore, the Walsh code assignment is not shown.
After the assignment of Walsh code, the channels have their relative gains adjusted, and are
separated into the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q). The I- and Q-phases are transformed by
the complex multiplier by multiplying the I and Q inputs by the output of the long code
generator through the long code mask, the I-phase PN sequence (PNI), and the Q-phase PN
sequence (PNQ).
The transformed I and Q streams are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF frequencies by
the baseband filter and quadrature mixer. The output is then sent to further amplification and
transmission on the reverse link.
Each component will be discussed in greater detail.
Note: R-ACH is coded and transmitted the same way as in IS-95. See the IS-95 Specifics lesson
for more details.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 229
R-FCH and R-SCH - RC3
Modulation
Add Add 8 Symbol
Convolutional
or Turbo W
Encoder
Indicator Tail Bits
Data Rate
24 Bits/5 ms 16 9.6 1/4 2x None 384 76.8
16 Bits/20 ms 6 1.5 1/4 16x 1 of 5 1,536 76.8

40 Bits/20n ms 6 2.7/n 1/4 8x 1 of 9 1,536 76.8/n
80 Bits/20n ms 8 4.8/n 1/4 4x None 1,536 76.8/n
172 Bits/20n ms 12 9.6/n 1/4 2x None 1,536 76.8/n
360 Bits/20n ms 16 19.2/n 1/4 1x None 1,536 76.8/n

744 Bits/20n ms 16 38.4/n 1/4 1x None 3,072 153.6/n
1,512 Bits/20n ms 16 76.8/n 1/4 1x None 6,144 307.2/n
3,048 Bits/20n ms 16 153.6/n 1/4 1x None 12,288 614.4/n
6,120 Bits/20n ms 16 307.2/n 1/2 1x None 12,288 614.4/n

230
The primary attribute of IS-2000 backward compatibility with IS-95 is in the use of the
fundamental channels. The transmission of a voice call or a low data rate service in IS-2000 is
handled the same way as in IS-95 over its traffic channel, and in this respect, the operation of the
fundamental channel is similar to that of the traffic channel.
However, there are differences between IS-95 and IS-2000. Although both use 20-ms frames, IS-
2000 may also use 5-ms frames for the transmission of control data when a SCH is being
transmitted. Another difference is the implementation of forward power control requests. In IS-
95, the mobile power control request is transmitted on the traffic channel; in IS-2000, the power
control request is multiplexed on the R-PICH. See the processing for RC1 and RC2 in IS-2000
for details regarding IS-95.
R-FCH and R-SCH Processing
An example of the F-FCH and R-SCH processing for RC3 is shown in the figure. The same
processing steps are used for R-FCH (RC3) and R-SCH (RC3). R-FCH only allows data rates up
to 9.6 kbps.
The channel bits (voice, data, or signaling) going into the processing will first have a frame
The table shows the available processing parameters for R-FCH and R-SCH for RC3. While the
RC4) are different.
Other Channels
Other reverse link channels, e.g., R-DCCH and R-EACH, are coded in a similar manner but with
different processing parameters.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 230
R-PICH and Reverse Power Control Sub-
Channel
Pilot bits (0s)
Power Control Bit MUX W
Power
Pilot
Control
384 x N
Chips
1 Power Control Group

= 1536 x N PN chips

231
The R-PICH consists of a fixed reference value, a bit value of 0, or voltage of +1 with some
gain as determined by the current configuration and power control algorithms. Multiplexed on
the R-PICH is some Forward Power Control (FPC) information. This time multiplexed FPC
information is referred to as the Power Control Sub-Channel.
The Power Control Sub-Channel provides information on the quality of the forward link at the
rate of 1 bit (repeated) per 1.25 ms Power Control Group (PCG), and is used by the forward link
channels to adjust their power.
Each 1.25 ms PCG on the R-PICH contains 1536 x N PN chips (N=1 for SR1, N=3 for SR3).
The mobile transmits the pilot signal in the first 1152 x N PN chip and the Power Control Sub-
Channel in the following 384 x N PN chip in each PCG on the R-PICH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 231
HPSK Quadrature Mixer
R-PICH W 24, W 68
+
x
R-SCH2 +
x Relative
gain +

I Baseband
x
+ Filter
W 816
x -
+ s(t)
R-DCCH
x Relative
gain
cos(2fct)

+
W 416
x + Q
R-FCH
x Relative
gain
+
+
Baseband
Filter x
+
R-SCH1/
R-CCCH/
W 12,
W 28
W 24/
x sin(2fct)
R-EACH
x Relative
gain
x W 12
PNI x
Decimator
by factor
of 2
Effective
long code
1-chip
delay x PNQ

232
After the channels have undergone necessary signal processing (encoding, symbol repetition,
etc.), Walsh codes (or Walsh covers) are applied and individual channel gain assigned to each
channel.
R-PICH, R-DCCH, and R-SCH2 (if used) are summed together to generate the in-phase
component (I) of the transmitter signal. In a similar manner, R-FCH and R-SCH1 are summed
together to form the quadrature-phase component (Q). Because the bit rates of the R-FCH and R-
SCHs are higher and require different amounts of power to transmit than the R-PICH and R-
DCCH, an imbalance occurs.
Complex Scrambling
To compensate for this imbalance, complex scrambling is used during spreading, where the I and
Q components are cross-multiplied with the I and Q components of the PN code. The product is
a complex number, having a real part and an imaginary part that are 90 degrees apart:
(I + jQ) x (PNI + jPNQ) = (I x PNI Q x PNQ) + j (Q x PNI + I x PNQ)
The multiplication is the same multiplication done on the forward link. However, the PN codes
used, PNI and PNQ, are further manipulated to generate a digital modulation technique called
Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK).
The RF modulation performed using a quadrature mixer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 232
HPSK
Complex multiplier
R-PICH
W 24, W 68
+
x
R-SCH2 +
x Relative
gain +

I Baseband
x
+ Filter
W 816
x -
+ s(t)
R-DCCH
x Relative
gain
cos(2fct)

+
W 416
x + Q
R-FCH
x Relative
gain
+
+
Baseband
Filter x
+
R-SCH1/
R-CCCH/
W 12,
W 28
W 24/
x sin(2fct)
R-EACH
x Relative
gain
x W 12
Walsh rotator
Walsh rotator
PNI x
and decimator
and decimator Decimator
by factor
of 2
Effective
long code
1-chip
delay x PNQ

233
In order to maximize the battery life for a mobile, the mobiles amplifier has to be efficient. For
the amplifier to be efficient, the peak-to-average (P/A) power ratio of the signal should be as
small as possible.
In IS-95, where Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) is used, the P/A is reduced by
avoiding zero-crossings in the constellation (see Digital Modulation in the CDMA Codes lesson).
However, in IS-2000 where multiple channels with different power levels are transmitted are
transmitted on the I- and Q-phases, OQPSK is not suitable. Instead, a new digital modulation
technique is introduced to reduce the zero-crossings and the P/A ratio. The modulation technique
is called Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK), or Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (OCQPSK).
HPSK is a variation on the regular complex scrambling (see forward link) that reduces, but not
eliminates, zero-crossings for the signal.
Walsh Rotator
The key component in HPSK is the so-called Walsh rotator. The Walsh rotator for the I-phase is
W02 (+1, +1) and W12 (+1, -1) for the Q-phase. With the multiplication of these two Walsh
codes, two consecutive and identical chips are separated 90o in the final constellation and the
transition between them does not go through zero.
In order for the Walsh rotator to function properly, pairs of consecutive identical chips going into
the complex scrambler is assumed. Therefore, on the reverse link the standard specifies even
numbered Walsh codes (consists of pairs of identical bits) for the channels.
Decimator
The decimator used for the PNQ signal minimizes the so-called Multi-Access Interference.
Decimation with a factor of two ensures that the signal holds its value for two chips, thereby
randomizing the direction the signals phase rotation while keeping the 90o separation as
generated by the Walsh rotator.
Reference: HPSK Spreading for 3G, Agilent Technologies, application note 1335
CL8300-SG.en.UL 233
Benefits of HPSK

234
Zero-crossings in the constellation increases the peak-to-average (P/A) power ratio of the signal.
Signals with a high P/A ratio may saturate the amplifier, which in turn may cause out-of-band
emission (interference outside the channels bandwidth). High P/A ratio also decreases the
amplifiers efficiency and therefore reduces battery life. The goal for modulation is to reduce the
P/A ratio.
For a regular QPSK signal, the probability of zero-crossings for two signals with the same
amplitude is 1/4. Since HPSK limits the zero-crossing to every other chip, the probability of
zero-crossings is reduced to 1/8. By using other tricks, such as reducing the number of 0o phase
shifts, the P/A ratio when using HPSK is reduced by up to 1.5 dB.
Reduction of the P/A ratio and more efficient amplifiers leads to a reduction of the out-of-band
transmissions by almost 4 dB. This effect of HPSK modulation on reducing out-of-band
transmissions is illustrated in the figure, and shows a 5-MHz bandwidth using a spectrum
analyzer.
HPSK modulation is important at network bordering cells to reduce inter-network interference
and better meet the legal requirements set in the host country.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 234
Reverse Link Data Rates - SR1

Access Channel 4800
Enhanced Access Channel Header 9600
Data 38400 (5, 10, or 20 ms frames),
19200 (10 or 20 ms frames), or
9600 (20 ms frames)
Reverse Common Control Channel 38400 (5, 10, or 20 ms frames),
9600 (20 ms frames)
Reverse Dedicated Control RC3 9600
Channel RC4 14000 (20 ms frames) or 9600
(5 ms frames)
Reverse FCH and RC1 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200
Supplemental Code Channel RC2 14400, 7200, 3600, or 1800
*
Reverse FCH and RC3 9600 x N , 4800, 2700, or 1500
**
Reverse SCH RC4 14400 x N , 7200, 3600, or 1800
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32
**
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16

235
The table shows the allowed data rates for the specified reverse link channels operating with
SR1.
Also, for the F-SCH, the lowest data rate for frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms is not 1500 bps, but
1350 bps and 1200 bps, respectively. The F-SCH with frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms also use
the data rate 2400 bps instead of 2700 bps. The actual data rates used for the R-SCH depends not
only on the radio configuration, but also on the size of the frame used. Also, for the R-SCH, the
lowest data rate for frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms is not 1500 bps, but 1350 bps and 1200 bps,
respectively. The R-SCH with frames of size 40 ms and 80 ms also use the data rate 2400 bps
instead of 2700 bps.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Reverse
Reverse Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel R-PICH
R-PICH
Access Channel
R-ACH
Enhanced
Enhanced Access
Access Channel
Channel R-EACH
R-EACH
Reverse
Channel R-CCCH
R-CCCH
Reverse
Channel R-DCCH
R-DCCH
Reverse
Reverse Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel R-FCH
R-FCH
Reverse
Channel R-SCH
R-SCH
Reverse
Channel R-SCCH
R-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 235
Reverse Link Data Rates - SR3

Enhanced Access Channel Header 9600
Data 38400 (5, 10, or 20 ms frames),
9600 (20 ms frames)
Reverse Common Control Channel 38400 (5, 10, or 20 ms frames),
9600 (20 ms frames)
Reverse Dedicated Control RC5 9600
Channel RC6 14000 (20 ms frames) or 9600
(5 ms frames)
*
Reverse FCH and RC5 9600 x N , 4800, 2700, or 1500
**
Reverse SCH RC6 1036800, 14400 x N , 7200,
3600, or 1800
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64
**
** N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32
N = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32

236
The table shows the allowed data rates for the specified reverse link channels operating with
SR3.
The actual data rates used for the R-SCH depend not only on the radio configuration, but also on
the size of the frame used. Also, for the R-SCH, the lowest data rate for frames of size 40 ms and
80 ms is not 1500 bps, but 1350 bps and 1200 bps, respectively. The R-SCH with frames of size
40 ms and 80 ms also use the data rate 2400 bps instead of 2700 bps.
Channel
Channel Acronym
Acronym
Reverse
Reverse Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel R-PICH
R-PICH
Access Channel
R-ACH
Enhanced
Enhanced Access
Access Channel
Channel R-EACH
R-EACH
Reverse
Channel R-CCCH
R-CCCH
Reverse
Channel R-DCCH
R-DCCH
Reverse
Reverse Fundamental
Fundamental Channel
Channel R-FCH
R-FCH
Reverse
Channel R-SCH
R-SCH
Reverse
Channel R-SCCH
R-SCCH
CL8300-SG.en.UL 236
Long Code
Walsh Code
Short Code
Zero offset for quadrature spreading
Same as IS-95.

237
For the reverse link in IS-2000, the long code and short code are used in a similar manner as in
IS-95.
The Walsh codes are used in IS-2000 to give identities to the channels transmitted on the reverse
link. In IS-95, the Walsh codes were used to perform 64-ary modulation on the reverse link. 64-
ary modulation is not needed in IS-2000.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 237
41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0
R-ACH 110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID PILOT_PN
41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0
R-EACH 110001110 EACH_ID FCCCH_ID BASE_ID SLOT_OFFSET
41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0
R-CCCH
110001101 RCCCH_ID FCCCH_ID BASE_ID PILOT_PN
(RA/DA)
41 32 31 0
R-CCCH
(DA)
R-DCCH 41 40 39 0
R-FCH
01 40 LSBs of VPM
R-SCH
RA
RA Reservation
Reservation Access
Access Mode
Mode
DA
DA Designated
Designated Access
Access Mode
Mode

238
For certain channels, the long code is used to scramble and give an identity to the channel. Data

The long code mask for the R-DCCH, R-CCCH (Designated Access Mode), R-FCH, and R-SCH
is user-specific and based on the ESN of the mobile. For the user-specific long code mask, a
permuted version of the ESN is used.
ACN
ACN Access
Access Channel
Channel number
number
*See: Common Cryptographic Algorithms, Revision C, 1997.
This is an EAR-controlled document subject to restricted distribution.
PCN
PCN Paging
Paging Channel
Channel number
number
BASE_ID
BASE_ID Base
Base station
station identifier
identifier
PILOT_PN
PILOT_PN F-PICH
F-PICH PNPN offset
offset
EACH_ID
EACH_ID R-EACH
R-EACH identifier
identifier
FCCCH_ID
FCCCH_ID F-CCCH
F-CCCH identifier
identifier
SLOT_OFFSET
SLOT_OFFSET R-EACH
R-EACH slotslot offset
offset
RCCCH_ID
RCCCH_ID R-CCCH
R-CCCH identifier
identifier
CL8300-SG.en.UL 238
Reverse Link Walsh Codes
Channel Type Walsh Function

R-PICH W 032
8
R-EACH W2
8
R-CCCH W2
R-DCCH W 816
16
R-FCH W4
R-SCH 1 W 12 or W 24
R-SCH 2 W 24 or W 68

239
The reverse link physical channels are distinguished by a separate Walsh code within the mobile.
The Walsh codes are used to insure orthogonality. Spectrum spreading is done with the long
code, which is used to distinguish between mobiles as done in IS-95. Because only up to five
channels are separated (R-PICH, R-DCCH, R-FCH, R-SCH1, and R-SCH2), Walsh codes of
shorter chip lengths can be used. The Walsh codes for the reverse channels are given in the table.
Remember that for HPSK to properly work, the Walsh codes must be even-numbered. Even-
numbered Walsh codes contain pairs of identical bits.
Note: The standard allows for a mobile to transmit (and receive) two SCH at the same time.
However, the most common configuration is most likely using only one SCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 239

Used for scrambling 42 bit mask
PN Long Codes identifies user
215 bits
modified PN short codes face to the mobile spreading
4 - 256 bits Walsh functions are Walsh functions

used to identify are used to
Walsh Functions - Wi channels identify channels

240
PN Long Code
itself. Information about the long code is broadcast to the mobile station by the Sync Channel to
help the mobile lock onto the base station and helps provide separation from other base stations.
For the reverse link, the long code and the long code mask are used to identify the signal from a
specific user.
PN Short Code
One of the codes used in conjunction with the Walsh code is the PN (pseudo-random noise) short
code. The PN short code on the forward link is used to provide the base station with a unique
identification that the mobile station uses to identify the serving base station.
spreading.
Walsh Function
bandwidth.
with each other.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 240
Outline - 4/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Reverse access
Handoff
Power control.

241
CL8300-SG.en.UL 241
7.8 Reverse Access Specifics IS-2000
IS-95
Access scheme is based on a Slotted Aloha protocol
Probes sent on R-ACH, acknowledgement (ACK) on the F-PCH
If no ACK is received, mobile increases power and tries again
Sequence
IS-2000
Using IS-95 method, if mobile monitors F-PCH
Additional improvement using R-EACH and F/R-CCCH, if mobile
monitors F-CCCH/F-BCCH
Sending enhanced access probes with increasing power.
242
IS-95
In IS-95, R-ACH slots are non-overlapping and collisions are avoided using a very narrow
demodulation window. The mobile sends access probes on the R-ACH, according to the access
channel protocol, and receives acknowledgement (ACK) for the probe on the F-PCH. If no ACK
is received, mobile increases the power and tries again.
The entire process of sending one message and receiving (or failing to receive) an ACK for that
message on the R-ACH is an access attempt. One access attempt consists of one or more access
sub-attempts. Each access sub-attempt consists of one or more access probe sequences. Each
transmission in an access probe sequence is called an access probe.
IS-2000
IS-2000 uses the IS-95 access channel protocol whenever the mobile monitors the F-PCH. In
order to overcome some of the limitations of the IS-95 access channel protocol, IS-2000
provides the ability to improve the access attempts by using the R-EACH and F/R-CCCH. The
R-EACH is only used if the mobile monitors the F-CCCH/F-BCCH instead of the F-PCH.
A number of improvements are seen when using the R-EACH access procedure:
Increased system capacity by require less transmit power (less interference). It is also possible
to implement closed loop power control during the access process.
Better flow control and admissions policies
Increases throughput and reduce delay by higher data rates for access messages (9.6, 19.2, and
38.4 kbps) and shorter preamble
Longer messages are moved to reserved channels (R-CCCH)
Soft handoff can be used to improve access performance.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 242
R-EACH Access Procedures
R-EACH uses two distinct access protocols:

Similar to IS-95
Best for short messages (e.g., < 20 ms)
Open loop power adjustment
Best for longer messages
Closed loop power control on reverse link
Soft handoff facilitated
Similar procedure as IS-95
Enhanced access probes (EAP), grouped into access sequences,
transmitted with increasing power
Ec/I0 threshold has to be met before mobile transmits first EAP
R-EACH frame is 5 ms for less collision.

243
When operating on the R-EACH, there are two different access protocols that can be used:
Reservation Access (RA) mode.
The frame size for the R-EACH can be 5, 10, or 20 ms. A lower frame size can used for less
collisions of access probes. The data rate of the R-EACH is 9600, 19200, or 38400 bps. Each R-
EACH is uniquely identified by a specific long code mask.
Basic Access Mode
The BA mode is very similar to the access protocol used on the R-ACH and is intended for
relatively short messages. Before the mobile can transmit on the R-EACH, an Ec/I0 test must be
passed. The mobile cannot transmit the first enhanced access probe (EAP) until the primary
pilots Ec/I0 is greater than a threshold, specified in IS-2000 as EACH_ACCESS_THRESHOLD.
Then, if more than one R-EACH is associated with the F-CCCH, the mobile pseudo-randomly
selects the R-EACH on which to transmit the EAP.
An EAP is only sent on the R-EACH slot boundary. The EAP in BA mode consists of a
preamble and enhanced access data. The enhanced access header is not sent. The base station
monitors the R-EACH for EAPs. When the base station receives an EAP in the BA mode, it
sends an acknowledgement on the F-CCCH.
Reservation Access Mode
RA mode is similar to the access protocol used on the R-ACH in that the EAPs are transmitted
with increasing power and grouped in to sequences, but only after an Ec/I0 test has been met. For
RA mode the EAP consists only of the preamble and the enhanced access header. The enhanced
access data will be transmitted on the R-CCCH after the mobile has received an Early
Acknowledgement Channel Assignment Message (EACAM) on the F-CACH.
During transmission of the enhanced access data on the R-CCCH, the mobile is power controlled
by the base station. The F-CPCCH sends power control bits (PCB) to the mobile.
With the RA mode, it is also possible for the mobile to be in soft handoff with several base
stations. Several base stations can receive the R-CCCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 243
RA procedure - No soft handoff

If F-PICH exceeds a threshold, mobile transmits EAP on R-EACH
F-CACH sends EACAM upon successful EAP
Mobile transmits the data on the R-CCCH
The mobile is power controlled by the F-CPCCH
R-EACH Preamble Header
F-CACH EACAM
R-CCCH Preamble Data (message)
F-CPCCH
PCB
RA procedure Soft handoff

In addition to above, mobile receives PCCAM on R-EACH
Multiple F-CPCCH power controls the mobile.
244
In the Reservation Access (RA) mode, the mobile transmits enhanced access probes (EAP) on
the R-EACH. Before transmission of the first EAP, the primary base stations Ec/I0 must exceed
a threshold (EACH_ACCESS_THRESHOLD). Then, if more than one R-EACH is associated
with the F-CCCH, the mobile pseudo-randomly selects the R-EACH on which to transmit the
EAP.
The transmission scheme of the EAPs follows the protocol used when transmitting access probes
on the R-ACH. An EAP is only sent on the R-EACH slot boundary. In RA mode, the EAP
consists of the preamble and the enhanced access header. Unlike the R-ACH, where the mobile
transmits the data on the R-ACH, in RA mode the mobile requests a R-CCCH on which to
transmit the enhanced access data.
The base station monitors the R-EACH for EAPs. When the base station receives an EAP in the
RA mode, it sends an Early Acknowledgement Channel Assignment Message (EACAM) on the
F-CACH. The EACAM contains the R-CCCH the mobile will use for transmission of the
enhanced access data. The EACAM also contains the Common Power Control Sub-Channel
(CPCSCH) on the F-CPCCH that will be used to power control the mobile during its
transmission on the R-CCCH.
If supported, the mobile may report an additional pilot (PN offset) in the EAP if that pilot (or
candidate) has sufficient Ec/I0 signal strength relative the primary pilot. The (primary) base
station can then set up a soft handoff scenario on the R-CCCH by reporting the secondary pilots
CPCSCH in a Power Control Channel Assignment Message (PCCAM) following the EACAM
on the F-CACH. The mobile will then have to monitor the CPCSCH on two different F-CPCCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 244
7.9 Handoff Specifics IS-2000
Handoffs are handled in a similar way to IS-95

Handoffs between IS-2000 and IS-95 are possible
When active, the F-SCH may use a reduced Active Set
Subset of the Active Set for FCH/DCCH.

245
IS-2000 is using the same handoff algorithms used in IS-95, including the dynamic thresholds
introduced in IS-95B. It is possible to perform a handoff between IS-2000 and IS-95 by changing
the radio configuration. This can be useful when managing resources in a system with an IS-
2000 system overlaid with an IS-95 system.
When transmitting high speed data, the F-SCH can be active at the same time as the FCH or
DCCH. To consume resources, the F-SCH may operate with a reduced Active Set. However, the
Active Set for the F-SCH must be a subset of the Active Set for the FCH or DCCH.
For example, if the Active Set for the DCCH contains the pilots A, B, and C, then the Active Set
for the F-SCH may be A, or A and B, or any other combination.
The Active Set for the R-SCH is the same as the Active Set for the FCH or DCCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 245
7.10 Power Control Specifics IS-2000
Reverse link power control (RPC) - Traffic Channels

Similar to IS-95
Mobile adjusts R-PICH power, other channels relative R-PICH
RPC open loop
Operation depends on active channels, coding, and data rate
RPC closed loop - Outer loops
Can measure R-PICH instead of R-FCH
R-FCH/R-DCCH and R-SCH have different outer loops
RPC closed loop - Inner loop
Base station sends PCB every 1.25 ms [800 Hz]
R-FCH/R-DCCH and R-SCH controlled with the same PCB
R-FCH/R-DCCH and R-SCH have the same Active Set.

246
Reverse link power control (RPC) for IS-2000 is similar to the RPC for IS-95. One difference is
that an IS-2000 mobile transmits a constant R-PICH (unless gated transmission is used). This
means that the base station receiver can measure the Ec/I0 of the R-PICH instead of the Eb/NT of
the traffic channel (which will have varying data rates), e.g., R-FCH. By measuring a constant
channel, RPC implementation in the base station may be simplified.
Technically, the mobile adjusts the transmit power of the R-PICH and thereafter sets the channel
gain for other channels such as R-FCH and R-SCH. The specific channel gain depends on
current configuration, channel coding, and data rates.
The closed loop power control consists of the inner loop and the outer loop. The outer loop
power control is implementation specific but typically adjusts the closed loop power control
threshold in the base station in order to maintain a desired frame error rate. The outer loop allows
for separate Eb/NT control when the R-FCH/R-DCCH and R-SCH are transmitted
simultaneously.
The inner loop power control consists of a fast feedback loop from the base station to the mobile.
The inner loop adjusts the transmit power of the mobile by transmitting power control bits (PCB)
every 1.25 ms, or with a frequency of 800 Hz. The R-FCH/R-DCCH and R-SCH are controlled
with the same PCB. The IS-95 Specifics lesson discuss the randomization of the PCB location
within every 1.25 ms.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 246
Fast forward power control (FPC) at 800 Hz (total)

Outer and inner loop operation similar to RPC
Independent FPC on both F-FCH/F-DCCH and F-SCH
FPC outer loop
Adjusts an Eb/NT setpoint to desired received value
FPC inner loop
Generates PCB based on comparison between measured Eb/NT
and Eb/NT setpoint
F-FCH/F-DCCH and F-SCH have separate inner and
outer loops
Total PCB frequency on R-PICH is 800 Hz
For example, 400/400 Hz or 200/600 Hz.

247
A relatively fast forward power control (FPC) algorithm for the F-FCH/F-DCCH and F-SCH is
used for IS-2000 system. The standards specify a fast closed loop power control at a total
frequency of 800 Hz, i.e., power updates every 1.25 ms. The FPC algorithm follows a similar
design as the RPC algorithm with an inner and an outer loop.
When the forward link is transmitting the F-SCH, gains for the F-FCH/F-DCCH and F-SCH are
determined separately, and the mobile runs two separate outer loop algorithms (different Eb/N0
targets) and two separate inner loops (generation of PCB).
The R-PICH, which carries the PCBs on the Power Control Sub-Channel, supports a total PCB
frequency of 800 Hz. Since the F-FCH/F-DCCH and F-SCH have separate inner loops, the
channels must share the capacity of the R-PICH. For example, if the F-FCH and F-SCH are
transmitting simultaneously, the PCB frequency for F-FCH may be 400 Hz, and for F-SCH, 400
Hz.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 247
Reverse Link Gating - Impact on FPC
20 ms = 16 PCGs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Pilot PCB
R-PICH
Normal operation
Gating rate =1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
R-PICH gating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
with 1/8 rate
R-FCH gating R-FCH R-FCH R-FCH R-FCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
R-PICH gating
with R-DCCH
Gating rate = 1/2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
R-PICH gating
with R-DCCH
Gating rate = 1/4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

248
R-PICH Gating with R-FCH Gating

When the R-FCH (with a radio configuration of 3 or greater) transmits at 1/8 rate, the mobile
may perform gating of the R-FCH, and at the same time, gating of the R-PICH. If R-FCH gating
is performed, the duty cycle is 50%. A 20 ms R-FCH frame is divided into 16 power control
groups (PCG), numbered 0 to 15. During R-FCH gating, the R-FCH is transmitted in PCGs 2, 3,
6, 7, 10, 11, 14, and 15, as shown in the figure.
R-PICH Gating with R-DCCH
The R-PICH can also be gated when the only channel transmitted is the R-PICH, or when only
the R-DCCH is transmitted (i.e., no F/R-FCH, or F/R-SCH). During these conditions, the R-
PICH gating rate can be continuous, 1/2 rate, or 1/4 rate. The R-DCCH frame is not gated.
When 1/2 rate gating is used, only the odd-numbered PCGs are transmitted. When 1/4 rate gating
is used, only power control groups 3, 7, 11, and 15 are transmitted. See the figure for example of
the gating rates. The gated-on and gated-off periods are arranged so that the gated-on period
always comes immediately before the 5 ms frame boundary.
During transmission on the R-DCCH the R-PICH is transmitted in all PCGs but the PCBs are
transmitted according to the gating rate.
Impact on Power Control
As can be seen in the figure, when the R-PICH is gated, the PCB transmitted on the R-PICH is
also gated, and the effective FPC frequency is reduced down to 400 Hz for R-PCH gating or 1/2
rate R-PICH gating, and 200 Hz for 1/4 rate R-PICH gating.
Forward Power Control Sub-Channel Gating
When operating with 1/2 rate R-PICH gating, the Forward Power Control Sub-Channel is
transmitted only in the even numbered PCGs. When operating with 1/4 rate R-PICH gating, the
Forward Power Control Sub-Channel is transmitted only in PCGs 1, 5, 9, and 13.
When using gating other than R-PICH gating with reverse RC3 through RC6, the base station
transmits the PCB in the PCG that begins (REV_PWR_CNTL_DELAY+ 1) * 1.25 ms following
the end of a PCG in which the mobile station has transmitted.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 248
Power Control of Other Channels
F-CPCCH is used to transmit time multiplexed Common

Power Control Sub-Channels (CPCSCH)
One power control bit (PCB) per CPCSCH
One CPCSCH power controls one R-CCCH
Number of CPCSCH depends on number of Power
Control Groups (PCG) per frame
Determines power control frequency
Rate Duration PCGs per Number of
[bps] [ms] Frame CPCSCHs
800 1.25 16 24
400 2.5 8 48
200 5.0 4 96
Location (offset) of PCB (CPCSCH) within the PCG is pseudo-

randomized.

249
When used, R-CCCH can be power controlled using the F-CPCCH. The base station transmits
the Common Power Control Sub-Channels (CPCSCH) for the power control of multiple R-
CCCHs. The CPCSCHs (one bit per CPCSCH) are time-multiplexed on F-CPCCH and is used
to control one R-CCCH.
The F-CPCCH carries a number of CPCSCHs based on the number of Power Control Groups
(PCG) per frame. The fewer the PCGs per frame, the lower the power control frequency. Within
a PCG, the location or offset of a specific CPCSCH is pseudo-randomized using a power control
bit randomization long code mask and the long code generator.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 249
Summary
High speed data is implemented in IS-2000 using SCH

Burst control function (SARA)
Radio configurations determines coding and modulation
Forward link
Similar to IS-95
Additional overhead channels
F-QPCH
Complex scrambling
Reverse link
Continuous transmission with R-PICH
Coding similar to forward link
HPSK used for more cost-effective amplifier.

250
In IS-2000, high speed data is implemented using Supplemental Channels. The maximum data
rate depends on the spreading rate used. For spreading rate 3, the maximum data rate is 1,036.8
kbps. As the data rate increases, the generated interference also increases. A burst control
function assures that the interference does not exceed some level. The burst control function is
called Supplemental Air Resource Allocation (SARA) by Lucent Technologies.
Radio configurations are used to determine the coding characteristics and modulation parameters
for Traffic Channels (FCH and SCH). It is important to realize that the radio configuration can
vary between forward and reverse links.
Forward Link
The forward link in IS-2000 is similar to the forward link in IS-95, i.e., overhead channels and
Traffic Channels are transmitted at the same time. Additional overhead channels are defined in
IS-2000, e.g., the Forward Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH). The new overhead channels are
optional.
To balance the load between the I-phase and the Q-phase, complex scrambling (multiplication) is
performed at the same time as the quadrature spreading. The modulation method is QPSK.
Reverse Link
The reverse link is different from the IS-95 reverse link. In IS-2000, the reverse link is
transmitted continuously with a Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH), though gating of the reverse
link is supported. The R-PICH is the predominant factor in keeping the reverse link interference
low.
Reverse link coding of the Traffic Channel follows similar steps as the coding on the forward
link. In addition to complex scrambling, a Walsh rotator is introduced, and together they form a
modulation technique called Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK). HPSK reduces the peak-to-
average ratio; therefore, the amplifiers efficiency is also reduced.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 250
Knowledge Check
1. The primary function of the MAC protocol is to ensure

that interference contributed by all the users is kept
below the Total Allowable Interference Level.
A. True
B. False
2. What type of traffic is the Fundamental Channel (FCH)

primarily used for?
A. Voice only
B. Data only
C. Voice and low speed data
D. Voice and high speed data

251
CL8300-SG.en.UL 251
3. Reverse link signal detection at the base station is

improved by a phase reference extracted from what
reverse link channel?
A. Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH)
B. Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH)
C. Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH)
D. Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)
4. The transmission of user data on a Supplemental

Channel (SCH) must be accompanied by control data on
either a Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH) or a
Fundamental Channel (R-FCH).
A. True
B. False

252
CL8300-SG.en.UL 252
5. What is complex scrambling used for?

A. To spread the user data and achieve processing gain
B. To compensate for imbalance between the In-phase (I) and
Quadrature-phase (Q) components
C. To multiplex several traffic channels on the carrier
D. To make the user data more complex
6. What power control groups (PCG) are transmitted during

1/8 rate gating of R-FCH?
A. 2, 9
B. 3, 7, 11, 15
C. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
D. 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15

253
CL8300-SG.en.UL 253
CL8300-SG.en.UL 254
Lesson 8
IS-856 Specifics

255
CL8300-SG.en.UL 255
Lesson Objectives

Identify forward and reverse link channels
Differentiate forward and reverse link coding
Explain the benefits of complex scrambling
Identify the use of the CDMA codes.

256
CL8300-SG.en.UL 256
Outline - 1/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Handoff
Power control
Pole point.

257
CL8300-SG.en.UL 257
Same RF characteristics as IS-95 and IS-2000

Reuse RF infrastructure
Evolution of IS-2000
Reverse Pilot Channel
Turbo encoding
Optimized for data applications
Asymmetrical data rates
High peak forward link data rate
2,457.6 Mbps
Time-shared by up to 59 users
Moderate peak reverse link data rate
153.6 kbps.

258
IS-856 defines an air-interface providing high speed, high capacity packet data service for
wireless users. This service employs IP (Internet Protocol) for seamless data transfer over the
Internet or any private IP network. Rather than using mobiles, users access the system with an
Access Terminal (AT).
While the physical layer of IS-856, identifying channel encoding and channel structure, differs
greatly from IS-95 and IS-2000 (revision A), the 1.23 MHz wide RF signal is compatible with
IS-95 and IS-2000. Therefore, the same RF equipment (amplifiers, filters, etc.) used to provide
IS-95/IS-2000 service can also be used to provide IS-856 service.
IS-856 is optimized for data applications, giving room more flexibility in delay and frame error
requirements. By not being constrained to transmit the data in real-time and without interruption,
effective retransmission schemes are possible, maximizing performance. Also, experience with
the Internet indicates asymmetrical data flow, where forward link data flow is much higher than
reverse link data flow.
A single forward link Traffic Channel is used on each CDMA carrier designated for IS-856
operation. The Traffic Channel is time-shared by a maximum of 59 users. This means that at any
one time, only one user is actively receiving data over the Traffic Channel. With only one user,
there is no need for transmit power sharing as in IS-95. Therefore, the base station can transmit
at full power to produce the highest carrier-to-interference (C/I) ratio possible.
Data rate is assigned based on the signal strength measured at the AT. The AT continuously
monitors the C/I of the received signal, in addition to monitoring the C/I from other neighboring
sectors. The sector with the highest C/I ratio may transmit the Traffic Channel to the AT.
Forward link data can be transmitted at nine different data rates, starting at 38.4 kbps and up to
2,457.6 kbps.
Many of the enhancements (over IS-95) found in IS-2000 exist in IS-856, such as the reverse
link Pilot Channel for coherent detection at the base station receiver, and turbo coding of the
information. The reverse link data is transmitted in successive 26.67 ms frames at data rates from
9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 258
IS-856 Protocol Architecture
Default Signaling Default Packet

Application Application
Signaling Network Flow Control
Protocol Protocol Application
Signaling Link Radio Link Location Update Layer
Protocol Protocol Protocol
Stream Stream
Protocol Layer
Session Management Address Management Session Configuration Session
Protocol Protocol Protocol Layer
Air Link Management Initialization State Idle State Connected State
Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol Connection
Packet Consolidation Route Update Overhead Messages Layer
Protocol Protocol Protocol
Security Key Exchange Authentication Encryption Security

Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol Layer
Control Channel Fwd Traffic Channel Access Channel Rev Traffic Channel MAC
MAC Protocol MAC Protocol MAC Protocol MAC Protocol Layer
Physical Layer Physical
Protocol Layer
259
The figure shows the protocol layers that IS-856 defines. The IS-856 protocol stack fits into the
OSI models layers 1-3. The layers include:
Application Layer: Transport of protocol messages (Default Signaling Application) and user
data (Default Packet Application). The underlining principle of this layer is to increase the
robustness of the IS-856 protocol stack.
The Radio Link Protocol (RLP) uses a NAK-based retransmission (once) scheme and delivers,
together with TCP layers, an extremely low error rate. Instead of sequencing frames, the RLP
sequences octets, which simplifies segmentation and re-assembly of the data.
Stream Layer: Multiplexing of distinct application streams and aids in the prioritization of
information.
Session Layer: Address management, session configuration and management. A session is the
logical connection between the user and the IP network.
Connection Layer: Link connection establishment and maintenance. The Connection Layer is
comprised of a group of protocols that are optimized for packet data. Combined, they efficiently
manage the IS-856 air-link, reserve resources, and prioritize each users traffic. They are
designed to enhance the users experience, while at the same time bringing efficiencies to the
carrier network.
Security Layer: Ensures security of the connection between the AT and the AN. It utilizes the
Diffie-Helman key exchange to ensure the intended device is authenticated on the AN, and that
the connection is not hijacked. The layer is not intended to encrypt the users data. For complete
security of the users data, it is best to use an end-to-end method, i.e., IPSec.
MAC Layer: Procedures used to transmit and receive over Physical Layer. The layer is a key
component to optimizing the efficiency of the air-link and allowing access to the network.
Physical Layer: Physical channel structure and specifications. The Physical Layer is discussed
further in this lesson.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 259
Sending Information and Addressing
A priority assignment is used for user data and messages

For example, retransmitted data may have higher priority
Messages are delivered using one of two delivery
methods:
Best effort
Reliable
ATs can be addressed in a number of ways:
Broadcast Access Terminal Identifier (BATI)
Multicast Access Terminal Identifier (MATI)
Unicast Access Terminal Identifier (UATI)
Random Access Terminal Identifier (RATI).

260
The Access Terminal (AT) and the Access Network (AN) communicate with each other using a
number of protocols, or layers. The communication is done between the same protocols at the
AT and AN using messages.
Each protocol has their own set of messages, but there is a general format for all messages. The
format is as follows:
Message ID: The Message ID uniquely identifies the message
Channel: The channel on which the message can be transmitted: Control Channel, Access
Channel, Forward Traffic Channel, or Reverse Traffic Channel
Delivery method: A message can be transmitted as Reliable or Best Effort transmission
For Best Effort transmission, the receiver does not have to acknowledge the message
For Reliable transmission, the receiver must acknowledge each message and the transmitter
must re-transmit each message if no acknowledgement is received
Addressing mode: A message can be addressed using three different methods: broadcast,
multicast, or unicast
Broadcast Access Terminal Identifier (BATI) Addressing all ATs
Multicast Access Terminal Identifier (MATI) Addressing a groups of ATs
Unicast Access Terminal Identifier (UATI) Addressing a unique AT
In addition to the three addressing modes, a Random Access Terminal Identifier (RATI) can
be used by the AT before it is assigned a UATI.
Priority: The priority of the message specified as a value of 0 - 255, where 0 is the highest
priority. For example, retransmitted data may be assigned higher priority to ensure that the data
is received and not lost forever.
Payload: Data from or for the next higher protocol.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 260
Forward Link Transmission
Scheduling
algorithm
1.2M
61 4
k 1 .8
M1
.2 M
M
76
1 .2M
1.2
k
1. 2M
15
1 4k
307
3k
k1
DRC .2 M
30
M6
7k
1 .2
61
4k
k
76
614
DRC
k
61
76k
4
DRC
k
15
5 3k
3k
1.
M1
2M
C/I
1 .2
C/I
C/I
261
Forward link data is transmitted in successive 26.67 ms frames, which are divided into sixteen
1.667 ms slots in which packets of data are transmitted:
The transmission duration of a single packet may vary from 1 to 16 slots as a function of the
data transmission rate
Pilot and control information are multiplexed within each frame at fixed intervals
The packet AT destination is specified within the packet
Upon receiving the packet, the AT transmits an acknowledgement (ACK) indicating that the
packet is received, and whether its data is uncorrupted.
Scheduling Algorithm
To maximize the overall sector throughput, an IS-856 system uses a scheduling algorithm that
takes advantage of a multi-user pool requesting resources from the forward link multi-user
diversity. Based on the Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel reported by each AT, the scheduling
algorithm will schedule data transfer with only those ATs operating in favorable RF conditions.
This ensures that the data is transferred at the highest possible rate. The DRC Channel reports
the desired data rate from a sector based on the received signal strength measured at the AT. ATs
operating in less favorable RF conditions are served later, hopefully when their RF conditions
improve.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 261
Fast Best Serving Sector Selection
15
15
3K
3k
76
76
k
k
15
15
3k
3k
30
30
7k
7k
61
61
4k
4k
76
DRC
76
DRC
k
61
k
4k
61
4k
15
3k
15
1.
3k
2M
1.
2M
C/I C/I

262
The DRC Channel from the AT determines the data rate the AT will receive on the forward link.
The DRC Channel also determines specifically from what sector (base station) the AT would
like to receive the data from.
There are no messages involved on the the DRC Channel; just channel coding. This means that
an AT can rapidly change the requested data rate and the desired sector by simply changing the
coding of the DRC Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 262
Reverse Link High Speed Data
Pilot
Base MAC
Station
Data
IS-856
Ack
Diversity Receiver
Data Channel carries high speed data

Similar to IS-2000 reverse Supplemental Channel
Data Channel also carrier traffic messages
MAC Channel indicates transmitted reverse link data
rate and desired forward link data rate
Ack Channel acknowledges packets from the forward
link.Understanding the CDMA
263
High speed data on the reverse link in an IS-856 system is achieved by utilizing the Data
Channel. The Data Channel on the reverse link is similar to the Reverse Supplemental Channel
in IS-2000 with data rates up to 153.6 kbps.
In addition to the Data Channel, the AT is also transmitting a Pilot Channel to aid the base
station receiver in demodulating the reverse link. Also, a Medium Access Control (MAC)
Channel is transmitted on the reverse link.
The MAC Channel has a sub-channel, Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel that notifies the
receiver what data rate the Data Channel is transmitting. With the RRI Channel, the base station
receiver does not have to perform blind rate estimation. The MAC Channel also carries the
Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel.
The Ack Channel is used by the mobile to acknowledge forward link packets. The Ack Channel
does not directly impact the reverse link data.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 263
Reverse Link Accumulative Interference
Maximum Allowable Total Interference Level

264
The total level of interference on the reverse RF channel is kept below the total allowable
interference level by the MAC layer. The MAC layer will indicate to the ATs if they can
increase or decrease their data rate.
Managing interference is important in order to maximize the reverse link data throughput and to
maintain coverage. Also, forward link performance is dependent on the accurate reception of the
reverse MAC Channel.
Managing RF Resources
In IS-95, where most users send voice data, management of the RF resource is relatively simple.
The base station is able to handle a certain number of calls, after which additional calls are
blocked. The number of calls is related to the Total Allowable Interference level.
In IS-856, where a multitude of data services are offered, each having a different data rate, the
level of interference contributed from each user may differ considerably, making management of
the Total Allowable Interference level more complex. This management is handled by the MAC
layer.
An example of this accumulated interference and the management scheme is shown in the figure.
The amount of interference introduced by each user is a function of its transmitted data rate.
In the figure, five users are illustrated each with their own data rate and duration, therefore
generating different amounts of interference. The MAC layer will stack only those users who
keep the total interference below the Minimum Allowable Total Interference level.
Please note that in the figure, interference levels and time durations are not shown to scale.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 264
Frames and Slots
0 1 2 3 7 8 9 15
System time
1 Slot
slot: 1.667 ms
1/2 frame: 13.33 ms 8 Slots
16 Slots
frame: 26.67 ms

265
IS-856 data is transmitted in successive 26.67 ms frames, which are divided into sixteen 1.667
ms slots in which packets of data are transmitted.
Forward Link
On the forward link, the transmission duration of a single packet may vary from 1 to 16 slots as a
function of the data transmission rate. The packet destination is specified within the packet itself.
Pilot and control information are inserted within each frame at fixed intervals. Upon receiving
the packet, the AT transmits an acknowledge (ACK) signal, indicating that the packet is received
and its data is uncorrupted.
Reverse Link
On the reverse link, the packet duration is always 16 slots, or 1 frame. The senders address is
implicit in the user's long code mask used to code the signal. The transmission data rate is
explicitly indicated on a specific reverse link channel, the Reverse Rate Indication (RRI)
Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 265
Outline - 2/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Handoff
Power control
Pole point.

266
CL8300-SG.en.UL 266
Forward Link
Channel
Medium
Pilot Access Traffic Control
Control
Reverse Reverse
Activity Bit DRCLock Power Control
(RAB) (RPC)

267
A single forward link channel is used on each CDMA carrier frequency designated for IS-856
operation. Unlike the forward link for IS-95 and IS-2000, the forward link channel for IS-856 is
time-multiplexed with four channels, as shown in the figure. The four channels are:
Pilot Channel Similar to the forward link Pilot Channel in IS-95 or IS-2000, it is used at the
AT to provide continuous time and phase reference. Each base station transmits the short PN
code using Walsh code W0 (all zeros) over the Pilot Channel with a unique base station timing
offset.
Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel Controls the ATs on the reverse link to manage the
reverse link interference and performance
Traffic Channel Transmits the user data packets to specific ATs. There is only one AT
receiving the Traffic Channel at any time.
Control Channel Carries control data, or overhead information, to the ATs.
The MAC Channel is further divided into three sub-channels:
Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) Channel Indicates to the ATs if they can increase or decrease
their datarates.
DRCLock Channel Indicates to the ATs whether they can point their DRC Channels to that
sector
Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel Transmits power control commands to the active
ATs.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 267
Transmit Power Sharing
Transmit Transmit
Power Power
Maximum Power Maximum Power
Traffic Channel
Total Data
Sync Channel
Paging Channel
Pilot Channel
Time Time
IS-95 Forward Channel Structure IS-856 Forward Channel Structure

268
Because the Traffic Channel is time-multiplexed between users, there is no need for transmit
power sharing as in IS-95 and IS-2000. Therefore, the base station can transmit traffic data at
full power to produce the highest carrier-to-noise ratio possible, allowing high data rate
transmission.
Even if every channel is time-multiplexed on the forward link, that does not mean that the the
access scheme is TDMA based. Code-based spreading (CDMA) is still done for each channel,
just not in a (time) continuous fashion.
For IS-2000, data transmission is also time-shared with MAC and Pilot Channels. In contrast, not
only must IS-95 or IS-2000 users served by the same sector share the base station transmit
power, the base station transmit power must also be shared with the Pilot, Page, Sync Channels,
and other channels, as shown in the figure.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 268
Forward Link Frame and Time Slot
Structure
One Frame, 32,768 Chips, 26.6 ms
One Slot, 2048 Chips, 1.66 ms
Half Slot, 1024 Chips, 0.83 ms
Data 400 Chips MAC Pilot MAC

64 Chips 96 Chips 64 Chips Data 400 Chips

269
The forward channel is transmitted within 26.67 ms frames, as opposed to 20-ms frames in IS-
95. Each frame, which consists of 32,768 chips, is divided into sixteen 1.667 ms time slots with
2048 chips each, as shown in the figure. The time slots are, in turn, divided into two 1024-chip
half-slots in which the transmission of the Traffic, Pilot, and MAC Channels are time-
multiplexed.
When there is no traffic or control data transmitted, an idle time slot is transmitted. Even though
data is not transmitted during idle time slots, the MAC and Pilot Channels are transmitted during
their correct timing sequence within the idle time slot. The Pilot Channel is transmitted as
unmodulated 96-chip bursts, occurring at pre-determined fixed intervals at the center of each
half slot-clock period. The bursts are transmitted at the maximum power at which the cell is
enabled to transmit.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 269
Physical Layer Packets
FCS 6
MAC Layer Packet 16 Tail
1002 bits bits bits
1024-bit Packet
FCS 6
MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet 16 Tail
1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits bits bits
2048-bit Packet
FCS 6
MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet 16 Tail
1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits bits bits
3072-bit Packet
FCS 6
MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet Pad MAC Layer Packet 16 Tail
1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits 22 bits 1002 bits bits bits
4096-bit Packet

270
User data and Control Channel data are transmitted in physical layer packets over the air-
interface. The bit size of the forward Traffic Channel packets is a function of the selected rate
and varies from 1024 (1k) bits to 4096 (4k) bits. As shown, the bit size of the Traffic Channel
packets received from the MAC layer is fixed at 1002 bits.
Regardless of the size of the packet to be transmitted, a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is
performed on the 1002-bit packets received from the MAC layer. The FCS is a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). When a physical layer packet is to be transmitted, the 16-bit CRC
value is concatenated with a 6-bit tail bit sequence at the end of the packet. The six tail bits (all
zeroes) ensures that the encoders shift-registers are reset after the packet has passed through.
The AT receiving the packet will perform its own CRC calculation on the transmitted physical
layer packet to validate the correctness of the packet. If the 16-bit CRC value computed by the
AT matches the 16-bit CRC value transmitted in the physical layer packet, there is a high
probability that the packet received by the AT is uncorrupted.
When a 2048-bit (2k), 3072-bit (3k), or 4096-bit packet is transmitted, 2, 3, or 4 MAC layer
packets are concatenated together to form a single physical layer packet. A single FCS is
calculated regardless of the number of MAC layer packets encapsulated in the physical layer
packet, resulting in one 16-bit CRC value which is tacked on to end of the physical layer packet
before the 6 tail bits. To fill the physical layer packet to its appropriate 2k, 3k, and 4k bit sizes,
22-bit padding (pads) are inserted after the 1002-bit MAC layer packets. The 22 bit pads are
encoded as 0 bits, and ignored by the AT.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 270
Data Rates and Packet Sizes
Characteristics
Characteristics
Data
Data rate Bits / Preamble
rate Bits / Preamble Number
Number
[kbps]
[kbps] packet
packet chips
chips of ofslots
slots
38.4 1024
38.4 1024 1024
1024 16
16
76.8 1024
76.8 1024 512
512 88
153.6 1024
153.6 1024 256
256 44
307.2 1024
307.2 1024 128
128 22
307.2 2048
307.2 2048 64
64 44
614.4 1024
614.4 1024 128
128 11
614.4 2048
614.4 2048 64
64 22
921.6 3072
921.6 3072 64
64 22
1228.8 2048
1228.8 2048 64
64 11
1228.8 4096
1228.8 4096 64
64 22
1843.2
1843.2 3072
3072 64
64 11
2457.6 4096
2457.6 4096 64
64 11
271
There are nine different data rates available on the forward link for an IS-856 system, ranging
from 38.4 kbps to 2457.6 kbps (2.4 Mbps). User data is transmitted in packets over the air
interface and re-assembled at the AT by the Radio Link Protocol (RLP). The number of bits in
each packet depends on the data rate transmitted, and is shown in the table.
Also shown in the table is how many 1.667 ms slots a packet is transmitted over. The number of
slots needed is related to the desired data rate and the number of bits per packet:
Data rate [kbps] = (bits/packet) / (number of slots * 1.667 ms)
The preamble is used to identify to which AT the packet is intended, and to aid the AT in
synchronization to the packet.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 271
Packet Preamble
38.4 kbps example
38.4 kbps example
Start packet data transmission

Preamble Preamble MAC Pilot
400 chips 624 chips 64 Chips 96 Chips
Time
Half slot Half slot Repeated data transmission

sequence if required
Slot period
16 slots,
32,768 chips

272
In order for the AT to identify a packet addressed to that particular AT, and to assist the AT in
synchronizing to the changing data rates, a sequence of preamble chips is transmitted prior to
each Traffic and Control Channel packet.
The preamble sequence is covered by a 32-chip bi-orthogonal sequence based on the
MACIndex. A MACIndex in turn, is derived from a Walsh function of length 64. MACIndex is
discussed later. The 32 chip bi-orthogonal sequence is repeated at least once depending on the
transmit data rate. For example, to provide a 1024-chip preamble length required for a 38.4 kbps
data rate, the 32-chip preamble sequence is repeated 32 times.
The preamble chips are inserted within the data portion of the slot clock period prior to the start
of the packet transmission. The figure shows the preamble (1024 chips) for a data rate of 38.4
kbps. If the total number of preamble chips to be inserted exceeds the 400-chip data portion of
the half-slot period, as is the case for data rates of 38.4 kbps, the preamble chips are time-
multiplexed with the MAC and pilot chips.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 272
Multi-Slot Transmission Normal
Termination
153.6 kbps example
153.6 kbps example
Forward Traffic Data

or Control Channel
Slot n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+11 n+12 n+13 n+14 n+15
Reverse
Dynamic
Rate Control
Sub-Channel
DRC Request
for 153.6 kbps
Rate
Reverse ACK
Channel
Slot n-1 n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+11 n+12 n+13 n+14 n+15
NAK NAK ACK
NAK
or
NAK

273
When data is transmitted at a data rate that is allotted for multiple-slot packet transmission
(physical layer packet transmitted over more than one slot), a 1-to-4 slot data interlacing pattern
is used. In this scheme, each packet allotted for multi-slot transmission is transmitted every
fourth slot.
The three time-slot spacing between successive slots transmitting the packet is required to allow
the base station to receive acknowledgement from the AT. The acknowledgement indicates if the
AT has successfully received the packet (ACK) or not (NAK).
If the base station did not receive a positive acknowledgement (ACK) after the last slot for that
particular packet, the packet was received in error and the AT would have to request an RLP
retransmission.
A high packet error rate (PER) reduces the performance of the forward link.
Note: The reason the base station did not receive an ACK could be because the AT did not
receive the package, but it could also be because the base station did not hear the ACK even
though the AT sent the ACK.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 273
Multi-Slot Transmission Early
Termination
153.6 kbps example
153.6 kbps example
Initiate first Initiate second
packet packet
transmission transmission
Forward Traffic Data
or Control Channel
Slot n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+11 n+12 n+13 n+14 n+15
Reverse
Dynamic
Rate Control
Sub-Channel
DRC Request
for 153.6 kbps
Rate
Reverse ACK
Channel
Slot n-1 n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10 n+11 n+12 n+13 n+14 n+15
NAK NAK ACK NAK

274
Since the packet, when transmitted, has undergone FEC encoding, there is a redundancy of the
information built into the transmitted data. If the AT could validate the correctness of the packet
before the last transmitted slot for a particular packet, this means that the AT has received the
full packet due to the redundancy of information. The AT would send an ACK before all slots
for that packet have been used. This is called an early termination.
In the case of an early termination, the base station cancels transmission of the packet during the
remaining slots for that packet, and in their place initiates the transmission of a new packet.
Early terminations obviously allow more packets to be transmitted, and thereby increase the
forward link throughput.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 274
Control Channel
426.67 ms
Traffic Channel Control Channel Traffic Channel Control Channel
13.33 ms
Data Channel MAC Channel Pilot Channel

275
The Control Channel transmits broadcast messages and AT-directed messages with a data rate of
76.8 kbps or 38.4 kbps. From a coding perspective, the Control Channel is the same as the
Forward Traffic Channel.
Control Channel packets are transmitted in either a synchronous capsule, which is transmitted at
the beginning of a Control Channel cycle, or in an asynchronous capsule, which is transmitted at
any time except when a synchronous capsule is transmitted.
The Control Channel cycle is defined as a 256 slot (each slot is 1.667 ms) period synchronous
with system time. In other words, each Control Channel cycle is 426.66ms long. Thus,
synchronous Control Channel capsules always occur at the start of the 426.66ms Control
Channel cycle.
The control channel is eight slots wide, and in the same manner as the Traffic Channel, each slot
is divided into two 1024-chip half-slots in which the transmission of the control data, Pilot
Channel, and MAC Channel are time-multiplexed.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 275
Sleep State
AT transitions from Sleep State to Monitor State to

monitor the Control Channel
Every 5.12 seconds, or every 12th Control Channel cycle
Hash function determines what Control Channel cycle to monitor
5.12 seconds
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
426.66ms
Can reduce power consumption for the AT.

276
Similar to the slotted mode in IS-95/IS-2000 where a mobile monitors the Page Channel at
certain intervals (once every slot cycle), an IS-856 AT monitors the Control Channel in intervals.
The AT operates in the Sleep State. The Sleep State is similar to the IS-95/IS-2000 slotted mode
on the Page Channel with a slot cycle of 5.12 seconds.
When the AT operates in the Sleep State, it may stop monitoring the Control Channel and shut
down processing resources to reduce power consumption, hence increasing battery life.
The base station and the AT transition from the Sleep State to the Monitor State (actively
monitor the Control Channel) in time to send and receive, respectively, the synchronous capsule
sent in the Control Channel cycle (every 5.12 seconds).
There are 12 Control Channel cycles within 5.12 seconds. The ATs UATI is used with a hash
function to determine which one one of the 12 Control Channel cycles the AT is monitoring.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 276
Forward MAC Channel
Reverse Activity (RA) Channel

Transmits a Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) stream
RAB stream and random function at the AT determines reverse
link data rate
The RA Channel can be used to control reverse link interference
DRCLock Channel
Informs an AT if it can point its DRC (Data Rate Control) Channel
to that specific sector
Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel
Transmits a RPC bit stream to instructs AT to power up or down
RPC Channel vs. DRCLock Channel
RPC Channel is transmitted whenever the DRCLock Channel is
not
DRCLock interval specified by DRCLockPeriod
Data rate of the RPC Channel is 600(1-1/DRCLockPeriod) bps.
277
RA Channel
For the reverse link, there are five possible data rates: 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 and 153.6 kbps. The
actual data rate on the reverse link is determined by the AN and a random function at the AT.
The forward link has a Reverse Activity (RA) Channel that transmits a Reverse Activity Bit
(RAB) stream. The RA Channel is used to tell the AT to adjust its reverse link rate. If all the
sectors in the Active Set set the RAB to '0', the AT may double the rate up to an upper limit. If at
least one sector in the Active Set sets the RAB to '1', the AT must reduce its transmit rate by half.
The lowest data rate is 9.6 kbps.
The RA Channel can be used to control reverse link interference.
DRCLock Channel
The DRCLock Channel is used to inform an AT that the base station cannot decode the ATs
DRC (Data Rate Control) Channel. If an AT receives a DRCLock bit on the DRCLock Channel
that is set to 0 from the sector to which it is pointing its DRC, the AT will stop pointing its
DRC at that sector.
RPC Channel
Each AT with an open connection is assigned a Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel. The
RPC Channel is used for the transmission of the RPC bit stream (similar to the Power Control
Bits, PCB, in IS-95) destined to a particular AT. What RPC bit stream value to transmit is
determined by the Reverse Power Control algorithm.
RPC Channel vs. DRCLock Channel
The RPC Channel and the DRCLock Channel are time-division multiplexed and transmitted on
the same MAC Channel. The RPC Channel is transmitted whenever the DRCLock Channel is
not transmitted. The DRCLock is transmitted with an interval specified by DRCLockPeriod
(default 16 slots).
Because the RPC Channel and the DRCLock Channel are multiplexed on the MAC Channel, the
data rate of the RPC is 600 (1 -1/DRCLockPeriod) bps.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 277
Pilot
Baseband
Preamble Filter
Complex To RF
TDM and
Multiplier modulation
MAC Function Quadrature
Mixer
Traffic /
Control
PNI PNQ
TDM
TDM Time
Time Division
Division Multiplex
Multiplex

278
transmission. The components will be discussed in more detail in this lesson.
1. First, the channels are generated using their specific signal processing.
2. The TDM function multiplexes the generated channels so that only one channel is (or
preamble) is transmitting at any time.
3. The output is then multiplied by the I- and Q-phase PN sequences, as provided by the complex
multiplier function, or complex scrambling.
4. Finally, the I- and Q-phases are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF frequencies by the
baseband filter and quadrature mixer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 278
Pilot Channel and Preamble
Walsh Cover 0
Pilot Channel 0 +1
1 1
XI
(All 0s)
0 XQ
192 PN
Chips
per Slot
for Pilot
32-Symbol Bi-
Orthogonal Cover
with MACIndex i
Preamble 0 +1 Sequence
(All 0s) 1 1 Repetition XI
0 XQ

279
Pilot Channel
The Pilot Channel consist of all 0 symbols (+1 in voltage) transmitted on the I-phase with
Walsh cover 0. The Pilot Channel is used by the AT for initial acquisition, phase recovery,
timing recovery, and maximal-ratio combining. An additional function of the Pilot Channel is to
provide the AT with a means of predicting the received C/I ratio for the purpose of AT-directed
forward data rate control (DRC) functionality of the Data Channel.
Preamble
The preamble is transmitted prior to each Traffic Channel and Control Channel packet. The
purpose of the preamble is to identify to which AT the packet is addressed, or to identify if it is a
Control Channel packet.
The addressing is done by covering the preamble with a 32-symbol, bi-orthogonal sequence
based on the particular MAXIndex assigned to the AT (or Control Channel). Depending on the
data rate of the packet, the bi-orthogonal sequence may have to be repeated to achieve the
specific preamble length for that data rate. For example, if the preamble must be 1024 bits, then
the preamble is repeated 32 times.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 279
MAC Channel
64-ary Walsh Cover for I Channel for

MACIndex i Even MACIndex
Q Channel for
MAC Channel 0 +1 RPC Odd MACIndex
RPC Bits 1 1 Channel
for MACIndex i Gain
TDM
MAC Channel DRCLock
DRCLock Bit 0 +1 I
Repetition Channel
symbols for 1 1 Walsh Sequence XI
Gain:
MACIndex iI Chip Level Repetition
64 Q (Factor = 4)
Walsh Cover W2 Summer XQ
I
MAC Channel Bit 0 +1 RA
256 PN
RA Bits Repetition 1 1 Channel
Gain Chips
per Slot
for MAC

280
The MAC Channel consists of three sub-channels: Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel,
DRCLock Channel, and Reverse Activity (RA) Channel. Each MAC Channel symbol is BPSK-
modulated on one of 64 64-ary Walsh code words (covers). BPSK modulation means that
depending on the MAC Channel bit to be transmitted, the chip sequence transmitted is either the
regular Walsh cover (if bit is 0) or the inverse (if bit is 1). The MAC symbol Walsh covers is
transmitted four times per slot in bursts of 64 chips each, sequence repetition.
MAC Channels with even-numbered MACIndex values are assigned to the I-phase, while those
with odd-numbered MACIndex values are assigned to the Q-phase.
Since 64-ary Walsh covers are used in the coding process, 64 MAC indices can be used.
However, for the MAC Channel, only 60 indices are used: MACIndex of 4 (Walsh function
W264) is used for the RA Channel, and MACIndex 5 through 63 used for the Traffic Channels,
one for each active AT.
Every AT with an open connection is assigned to one of the available MAC Indices. The MAC
Channel is used for the transmission of the RPC bit stream and DRCLock information for that
specific MACIndex. The RPC Channel and the DRCLock Channel are time-division multiplexed
(TDM) and transmitted on the same MAC Channel. The TDM scheme is determined by the
DRCLockPeriod and DRCLockLength parameters (determines frequency and duration of the
DRCLock information) specified by the network.
The RA Channel transmits a Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) stream. The network decides the length
of the stream for one RAB. Depending on the length, the RAB needs to be repeated a number of
times to achieve the correct number of bits in the sequence.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 280
Traffic and Control Channel
Forward I
Encoder QPSK/ C
Channel or Channel
Control Channel R = 1/3 8-PSK/
Interleaver Q
Physical Layer or 1/5 16-QAM D
Packets
Scrambler 16 Channels
I I I I I
C Sequence Symbol 16-ary Walsh Walsh XI
Repetition/
DEMUX Walsh Channel Chip Level
Q Symbol Q Q Q Gain = 1/4 Q
D Puncturing 1
0 to 15
16 Covers Summer
XQ

281
The forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel data are encoded in blocks called physical
layer packets. There is no physical difference between a Traffic Channel packet and a Control
Channel packet. The output of the turbo encoder is scrambled and then fed into a channel
interleaver.
Unlike IS-95 and IS-2000, the scrambler on the forward link for IS-856 does not use the long
code. Instead, the scrambler is using a 17-tap linear feedback shift-registers, whose initial state
depends on the MACIndex and data rate of the packet to be coded. The scrambler is further
covered in the section discussing forward link CDMA codes.
The output of the channel interleaver is fed into a modulator. The digital signal modulator
performs QPSK, 8-PSK, or 16-QAM modulation. The modulated symbol sequences are then
repeated and punctured as necessary.
The resulting sequences of modulation symbols are then demultiplexed (DEMUX) to form 16
pairs (in-phase, I, and quadrature-phase, Q) of parallel streams, Ik and Qk (k = 0, 1, 2,, 15), for
I- and Q-phase, respectively. Ik and Qk are and covered with the kth Walsh channel, Wk16 (k = 0,
1, 2,, 15). The modulation values associated with the I- and Q-phase components of the same
Walsh channel are referred to as Walsh symbols.
The gain for each Walsh channel is reduced to 1/4 in order to achieve correct total gain for the
entire packet. The Walsh-coded symbols of all the Walsh channels (streams) are summed
together to form a single I-phase stream and a single Q-phase stream at a chip rate of 1.2288
Mcps.
The I- and Q-phase streams are then fed into the channel multiplexer, or TDM function.
Note: The tail bits needed to clear the encoders registers are embedded in the physical layer
packet.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 281
Forward Link Coding Parameters
Characteristics
Characteristics
Data rate
Data rate Digital
Digital Preamble
Preamble Code
Code
[kbps]
[kbps] modulation
modulation chips
chips rate
rate
38.4
38.4 QPSK
QPSK 1024
1024 1/5
1/5
76.8
76.8 QPSK
QPSK 512
512 1/5
1/5
153.6
153.6 QPSK
QPSK 256
256 1/5
1/5
307.2
307.2 QPSK
QPSK 128
128 1/5
1/5
307.2
307.2 QPSK
QPSK 64
64 1/3
1/3
614.4
614.4 QPSK
QPSK 128
128 1/3
1/3
614.4
614.4 QPSK
QPSK 64
64 1/3
1/3
921.6
921.6 8PSK
8PSK 64
64 1/3
1/3
1228.8
1228.8 QPSK
QPSK 64
64 1/3
1/3
1228.8 16QAM
1228.8 16QAM 64
64 1/3
1/3
1843.2
1843.2 8PSK
8PSK 64
64 1/3
1/3
2457.6 16QAM
2457.6 16QAM 64
64 1/3
1/3
282
The different data rates available in IS-856 are achieved by varying the transmitted signal
modulation scheme via forward link adaptive modulation and turbo code rate, as shown in the
table. The data rates used for a particular transmission are determined by the current channel
conditions experienced at the AT receiver. Each data rate is associated with a particular packet
bit size and modulation type.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 282
Digital Modulation QPSK and 8-PSK
Q Component Q Component
s = sin (/8)
c = cos(/8)
011 c 001
01 00
010 000
s
-c -s s c
I Component I Component
110 -s 100
11 01
-c
111 101
QPSK 8-PSK

283
Depending on the number of bits in the physical layer packet, different types of digital
modulation are used:
1024 bits per packet QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
2048 bits per packet QPSK
3072 bits per packet 8-PSK (8-ary Phase Shift Keying)
4096 bits per packet 16-QAM (16-ary Quardature Phase Shift/Amplitude Modulation).
QPSK
With QPSK modulation, transmitted data bits are distinguished by 90-degree phase separation in
the constellation diagram. This yields four distinct states, representing 00, 01, 10, and 11, thus
producing a 2-bit symbol per chip cycle. This modulation scheme is illustrated by the
constellation diagram shown in the figure. The four points in the diagram are obtained by
resolving the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components.
8-PSK
8-PSK produces a 3-bit symbol per cycle. This is done in a manner similar to QPSK. In this case,
the 8-PSK modulation scheme distinguishes 3-bit symbols by 45-degree phase separation to
yield eight states, representing 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111. This modulation
scheme is illustrated by the constellation diagram shown in the figure. The eight points on this
drawing are obtained by resolving the I- and Q-phase components.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 283
Digital Modulation 16-QAM
Q Component
0010 0011 0001 0000

3A A = 1/ 10
0110 0111 0101 0100

A
-3A -A A 3A
I Component
1110 0111 0100 0100
-A
1010 1011 1001 1000

-3A
16-QAM

284
16-QAM
The 16-QAM produces a 4-bit symbol per cycle. The 16-QAM modulation scheme uses a
combination of QPSK and amplitude modulation resulting in a 4-bit symbol. This modulation
scheme can be illustrated by the constellation diagram shown in the figure. The 16 points on this
drawing are obtained by resolving the I- and Q-phase components.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 284
Complex Multiplier Quadrature Mixer
I
x
+ I
Baseband
Filter x
Pilot,
XI
x -
+ s(t)
Preamble,
MAC,
TDM
function
cos(2fct)

Traffic, and XQ +
Control x +
Q
Q
Baseband
Filter x
+
x sin(2fct)
PNI PNQ

285
The forward link consists of slots of length 2048 chips (1.667 ms). Groups of 16 slots constitutes
a frame and are aligned to the zero-offset PN sequences, and align to system time on even-
second ticks. The preamble, Pilot, MAC, Traffic, and Control Channels are time-multiplexed on
the forward link.
The resultant sequence of chips is then sent to the quadrature spreading operation, or complex
scrambling.
Complex Scrambling
The next step in the process is to perform complex multiplication, or complex scrambling, and
quadrature spreading of the signal with the PN codes, PNI and PNQ (a.k.a. Pseudo-Noise
Complex QPSK, or PNCQPSK). Complex scrambling is not performed in IS-95, but is needed
for IS-856 (and IS-2000) to balance the energy between the I- and Q-phase so that the peak-to-
average (P/A) ratio in the RF signal is lowered. A lower P/A ratio in the RF signal typically
means that more cost-effective amplifiers can be used to amplify the RF signal.
When performing complex scrambling, the I and Q components are cross-multiplied with the I
and Q components of the PN code. The product is a complex number, having a real part and an
imaginary part (indicated by j) that are 90 degrees apart, as shown below.
(I + jQ) x (PNI + jPNQ) = (I x PNI - Q x PNQ) + j (Q x PNI + I x PNQ)
This multiplication rotates the constellation (see the Digital Modulation topic in the CDMA
Codes lesson) and thereby distributes the power evenly between the axis*.
RF Modulation
After quadrature spreading, the signal is filtered, using a baseband filter, and then modulated in
the antenna.
*
See: HPSK Spreading for 3G, Agilent Technologies, application note 1335
CL8300-SG.en.UL 285
Long code
Not used for forward link
Scrambling done by another code
Walsh code
Short code
PN offset
Same as IS-95.

286
For the forward link in IS-856, the CDMA codes used, short code and Walsh code, are used in a
similar manner as in IS-95. In fact, the short code is used exactly the same way: To provide
identification of an antenna face by using a time-offset of the code (PN offset).
The long code is not used on the forward link in IS-856. Scrambling is done for the Forward
Traffic Channel, but not by using the 242-1 long code.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 286
Forward Link Scrambling
Long code is not used for the forward link

Scrambling sequence generator is a 17-tap linear
feedback shift-register
Initial shift-register state depends on MACIndex and data rate.
Scrambling sequence

287
When scrambling the Traffic Channel and Control Channel, the regular 242-1 bit long code is not
used on the forward link. Instead, IS-856 specifies a 17-tap linear feedback shift-register with a
generator sequence of h(D) = D17 + D14 + 1, as shown in the figure.
At the start of each physical layer packet, the shift register is initialized to the state:
[ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r5 r4 r3 r2 r1 r0 d3 d2 d1 d0 ]
The rn bits (n = 0..5) are equal to the 6-bit preamble MACIndex value (0 to 63) and the dn bits (n
= 0..3) are determined by the data rate. See table.
The initial state generates the first scrambling bit, and then the shift registers are clocked once
for every encoder output code symbol to generate each bit of the scrambling sequence. Then
every encoder output code symbol is modulo-2 added (XOR) with the corresponding bit of the
scrambling sequence to yield a scrambled encoded bit.
Rate
Rate Packet
Packet length
length
[kbps]
[kbps] [slots]
[slots] dd33 dd22 dd11 dd00
38.4
38.4 16
16 00 00 00 11
76.8
76.8 88 00 00 11 00
153.6
153.6 44 00 00 11 11
307.2
307.2 22 00 11 00 00
307.2
307.2 44 00 11 00 11
614.4
614.4 11 00 11 11 00
614.4
614.4 22 00 11 11 11
921.6
921.6 22 11 00 00 00
1228.8
1228.8 11 11 00 00 11
1228.8
1228.8 22 11 00 11 00
1843.2
1843.2 11 11 00 11 11
2457.6
2457.6 11 11 11 00 00
CL8300-SG.en.UL 287
MACIndex vs. Walsh Codes
MACIndex is used to address a channel to a specific user

Total of 64 indices
59 can be used for active users
MACIndex MAC Channel Preamble
0 or 1 Not used Not used
Control Channel
2 Not used
(76.8 kbps)
Control Channel
3 Not used
(38.4 kbps)
4 RA Channel Not used
RPC and DRCLock
5-63 Traffic Channel
Channels
MACIndex is mapped to a Walsh function (code)

MAC Channel uses W 64 based on MACIndex
Preamble uses W 32 based on MACIndex.

288
The table shows the use of the MACIndex when using the MAC Channel and the Traffic/Control
Channel. The MAC, Reverse Activity (RA), Reverse Power Control (RPC), and DRCLock
Channels are discussed in the reverse link part of this lesson.
Note: Only 59 indices (5 to 63) are available for Traffic Channels. That means that the maximum
number of active (transmitting and receiving) users is 59 users per sector and carrier.
MAC Channel
The forward MAC Channel is composed of Walsh channels that are orthogonally covered and
BPSK-modulated on a particular phase of the carrier, either In-phase or Quadrature phase. Each
Walsh channel is identified by a MACIndex value that is between 0 and 63, and defines a unique
64-ary Walsh cover and modulation phase. The Walsh functions assigned to the MACIndex
values are as follows:
Wi/264 for i = 0, 2,, 62
W(i-1)/2+3264 for i = 1, 3,, 63
where i is the MACIndex value. Even-numbered MACIndex values are assigned to the I-phase,
odd-numbered MACIndex values are assigned to the Q-phase.
Preamble
The preamble consists of all 0 symbols transmitted on the In-phase component only, and is
time multiplexed into the Forward Traffic Channel stream. The preamble sequence is covered by
a 32-chip bi-orthogonal sequence. The sequence is repeated several times, depending on the
transmit mode. The bi-orthogonal sequence is specified in terms of the 32-ary Walsh functions
and their bit-by-bit complements as:
Wi/232 for i = 0, 2,, 62
[W(i-1)/232] for i = 1, 3,, 63
where i is the MACIndex value and [W32] is i the bit-by-bit complement of the 32-chip Walsh
function of order i.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 288
Outline - 3/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Handoff
Power control
Pole point.

289
CL8300-SG.en.UL 289
Reverse Link
Channel
Traffic Access
Channel Channel
Medium
Pilot Access Data ACK Pilot Data
Control
Reverse Data
Rate Indicator Rate Control
(RRI) (DRC)

290
The reverse channel structure consists of a Traffic Channel and an Access Channel, as shown in
the figure. As in IS-2000, the IS-856 reverse link provides a Pilot Channel, permitting coherent
detection by the base station on the reverse link and ultimately allows the AT to transmit at a
lower power level to reduce the overall interference level.
Access Channel
The Access Channel is similar to the IS-95 Access Channel and used when the AT must access
the system to initiate communication or respond to a message sent from the base station. The
Access Channel is divided into two sub-channels:
Pilot Channel - Similar to the forward link Pilot Channel, it is used at the base station to provide
phase reference for the received reverse link signal
Data Channel Carries the messages for the Access Channel.
Traffic Channel
The Traffic Channel is used to carry the user data on the reverse link. The Traffic Channel is
divided into four sub-channels:
Pilot Channel - Same purpose as the Pilot Channel for the Access Channel
Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel
Acknowledgement (ACK) Channel - Informs the base station if a physical layer packet has been
successfully received
Data Channel - Channel carries both massage and control data. The data is transmitted in
successive 26.67 ms frames at five different data rates ranging from 9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps.
The MAC Channel is further divided into two sub-channels for transmission data rate control:
Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel - Indicates what data rate the Data Channel is
transmitting
Data Rate Control Data (DRC) Channel - Informs a specific sector with what data rate the AT
would like to receive the forward link Traffic Channel.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 290
Reverse Sub-Channels
Frame = 16 Slots, 26.67 ms
Q-Phase
Data Traffic
Packets
1.67 ms
I-Phase
Acknowledge
(ACK)
Sub-Channel
Q-Phase
Reverse
Dynamic
Rate Control
Sub-Channel
I-Phase
Pilot/RRI
Sub-Channel
1 Slot, 2048 Chips
RRI Pilot Sub-Channel

256 chips 1,793 chips

291
Unlike the forward channel that uses time-multiplexing to separate its sub-channels, the sub-
channels that make up the reverse Traffic Channel are separated by Walsh codes, spreading at a
fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. The exceptions to this are the Pilot and RRI Channels, which are
time-multiplexed, as shown in the figure. The reverse link channels are also transmitted
separately on the I- and Q-phases.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 291
Physical Layer Packets
MAC Layer Packet 6

234, 490, 1002, FCS
Tail
2006,or 4074 bits 16 bits
bits
256, 512, 1024, 2048, or 4096-bit

Physical Layer Packet
Traffic Channel
FCS 6
MAC Layer Packet
234 bits 16 bits Tail
bits
256-bit Packet
Access Channel

292
User data is transmitted in physical layer packets over the air-interface. The size of a packet
ranges from 256 bits to 4096 bits.
As the transmit data rate incrementally doubles from 9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps, the MAC layer
packet bit size used to construct the physical layer packet also incrementally increases from 234
to 4074, as shown in the figure. A single Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is calculated regardless
of the of MAC layer packet bit size used to construct the physical layer packet. The FCS
calculation results in a 16-bit CRC value which is tacked on to end of the physical layer packet
just before the 6 tail bits.
The Access Channel is always transmitted at a fixed 9.6 kbps data rate. The physical layer
packet for an access probe is 256 bits and consists of a 234-bit MAC layer packet, followed by a
16-bit frame sequence check (FSC) value and 6 tail bits, as shown in the figure.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 292
Access Channel
Access Channel (R-ACH)

Similar to IS-95
Transmit access probes.
Transmit Power
Data Channel
Pilot Channel
Pilot Channel Time
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Preamble period Data period

293
The Access Channel is used when the AT must access the system to initiate communication or
respond to a direct message sent from the base station.
An access probe for IS-856 is similar to the access probe used in IS-95. The IS-856 access probe
consists of a preamble followed by one or more Access Channel physical layer packets. The
physical layer packet is transmitted on the Access Channels Data Channel.
An Access Channel physical layer packet is transmitted during a 16-slot frame, resulting in a
data rate of 9.6 kbps (256 bits / 26.67 ms). The Pilot Channel is transmitted at a certain power
level during the preamble. During the data portion of the access probe, the amplitude of the Data
Channel is proportionate to the Pilot Channel transmit power, so that the sum of the Data and
Pilot Channels transmit power is equal the Pilot Channel transmit output transmitted during the
preamble period, as shown in the figure.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 293
Reverse MAC Channel and Ack Channel
Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel Data rate RRI RRI

[kbps] symbol codeword
RRI symbol identifies reverse data rate 0 000 0000000
9.6 001 1010101
19.2 010 0110011
38.4 011 1100110
76.8 100 0001111
153.6 101 1011010
Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel DRC Rate Packet length DRC
value [kbps] [slots] codeword
DRC value indicates desired data rate 0 Null N/A 00000000
1 38.4 16 11111111
DRC cover identifies the sector from 2 76.8 8 01010101
which the data rate has to come 3 153.6 4 10101010
4 307.2 2 00110011
5 307.2 4 11001100
6 614.4 1 01100110
Ack Channel 7
8
614.4
921.6
2
2
10011001
00001111
Acknowledges received forward link 9 1228.8 1 11110000
10 1228.8 2 01011010
physical packets. 11 1843.2 1 10100101
12 2457.6 1 00111100
294
The Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel consists of two sub-channels, the Reverse Rate
Indicator (RRI) Channel and the Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel.
RRI Channel
The RRI Channel is transmitted by the AT to identify for the base station in which data rate the
Data Channel is transmitting. The RRI symbol (converted into a RRI codeword) indicates the
data rate.
DRC Channel
The DRC Channel is sent by the AT to identify the sector with the highest carrier-to-interference
(C/I) ratio and the highest rate in which the AT can receive quality data from the sector. A 4-bit
DRC value, converted to a 8-bit codeword, indicates a desired data rate, and a Walsh cover, Wi8,
is used to identify to what sector in the Active Set the DRC Channel is pointed.
To maximize the overall sector throughput, IS-856 systems use a scheduling algorithm that takes
advantage of a multi-user pool requesting resources from the forward link. Based on the DRC
reported by each AT, the scheduling algorithm will schedule data transfer with only those ATs
operating in favorable RF conditions, so that the data is transferred at the highest possible rate.
ATs operating in less favorable RF conditions are served later, hopefully when their RF
conditions improve.
Ack Channel
The Ack Channel is generated to acknowledge the validity of only those forward link physical
packets that are proceeded by a preamble addressing the AT. If an associated preamble is not
detected, the Ack Channel is gated off.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 294
Pilot/RRI
I I
Ack
Baseband
Complex Filter
To RF
Multiplier and
modulation
Quadrature
Q Q Mixer
DRC
Data
PNI PNQ
LCG LCM
LCG
LCG Long
Long Code
Code Generator
Generator
LCM
LCM Long
Long Code
Code Mask
Mask

295
The figure shows a simplified implementation of the reverse link transmit processing and its use
of the various codes.
When transmitting a Traffic Channel, five reverse sub-channels are generated: Pilot Channel and
RRI Channel, Ack Channel, DRC Channel, and Data Channel. The Pilot, RRI, and Ack Channels
are transmitted on the in-phase (I) component of the signal, and the DRC and Data Channels are
transmitted on the quadrature-phase (Q) component of the signal.
The I- and Q-phases are transformed by the complex multiplier by multiplying the I and Q inputs
by the output of the long code generator through the long code mask, the I-phase PN sequence
(PNI), and the Q-phase PN sequence (PNQ).
The transformed I and Q streams are shaped and converted to the appropriate RF frequencies by
the baseband filter and quadrature mixer. The output is then sent to further amplification and
transmission on the reverse link.
Each component will be discussed in greater detail.
Note: When transmitting the Access Channel, only a Pilot Channel and a Data Channel is
transmitted. The Pilot Channel is transmitted on the I-phase, and the Data Channel is transmitted
on the Q-phase.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 295
Reverse Link Channel Coding I-phase
16
W 0 = (++++++++++++++++)
Pilot Channel
(All 0s) 7:1
Codeword TDM
3-bit RRI symbol
converted to repeater/
codeword truncation XI

8
W 4 = (++++ )
1-bit ACK
symbol

296
On the reverse Traffic Channel the Pilot Channel, Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel, and
Ack Channel are transmitted on the in-phase component of the signal.
Pilot Channel and RRI Channel
The Pilot Channel, which is all "0" bits, is time division-multiplexed (TDM) with a 256-bit value
representing the Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) value. The actual RRI value is a 3-bit symbol
identifying the reverse data rates. To provide for the 256-chip spreading of this value, the 3-bit
RRI symbol is converted to one of five 7-bit values, which is repeated 37 times to generate a
259-bit pattern. The last three bits of this bit pattern are punctured (truncated) to keep a 256-bit
pattern.
The 256-bit pattern is selected by the 7:1 TDM at the start of each slot clock period. At the end
of the first 256-bit period, the 7:1 TDM selects all "0" bits (1793 bits) from the Pilot Channel
until the end of the slot clock period. The Pilot/RRI multiplexed channel is then spread by Walsh
function W016 and summed up with the Ack Channel.
Ack Channel
The Ack Channel consists of a 1024-chip burst transmitted during the first half of the third slot
following the slot with data received from the base station. The Ack Channel is generated to
acknowledge (ACK), or not acknowledge (NAK), the validity of only those data packets that are
proceeded by a preamble directed to the AT. If an associated preamble is not detected, the Ack
Channel is gated off.
In order to cover the 1024-chip burst half-slot period, the one-bit ACK/NAK signal is first
repeated 128 times by the x128 repeater, producing a 128-bit pulse burst. The pulse burst is then
spread by Walsh function W48 prior to being scaled by the Ack Channel gain control. The output
of the Ack Channel gain control is then summed with the Pilot/RRI Channel data to provide the
in-phase component sent to quadrature spreading.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 296
Reverse Link Channel Coding Q-phase
16
W 8 = (++++++++ )
4-bit DRC symbol DRC XQ

converted to
8-bit codeword
codeword
repeater
8
3-bit DRC Sector Wi
cover symbol identifier
W 2 = (++ )
Turbo Interleaved
Data Channel encoder/ packet
interleaver repeater

297
On the quadrature-phase of the signal for the Reverse Traffic Channel, the Data Rate Control
(DRC) Channel and the Data Channel are transmitted.
DRC Channel
The DRC Channel consists of a DRC symbol, or value, that is covered by a DRC cover. The
DRC value indicates the desired data rate on the Forward Traffic Channel. The 3-bit DRV cover
indicates what sector in the Active Set the DRC value is intended for. In other words, the DRC
cover indicates from which sector the AT wishes to receive Forward Traffic Channel.
The 4-bit DRC value is converted to an 8-bit DRC code word. The 8-bit DRC code word is
repeated twice by the DRC code word repeater to produce a 16-bit symbol that is spread by
Walsh function Wi8, where i is a value between 0 and 7 selected by the 3-bit DRC cover symbol
at the input of the sector identifier. As a result, the 16-bit symbol is spread to a 128-bit chip
sequence.
In order to cover a 2048-chip time slot, the 128-chip sequence is further spread to a 2048-chip
sequence by Walsh function W816. The amplitude of the resulting chip sequence is scaled via the
DRC Channel gain control and summed up with the Data Channel.
Data Channel
A data packet on the reverse link is first encoded using the turbo coder, and the bit interleaved.
The symbols from the interleaver are spread by Walsh function W24 and adjusted to a specific
gain. The output of the Data Channel gain control is then summed with the DRC Channel to
provide the quadrature-phase component sent to quadrature spreading.
Note: The tail bits needed to clear the encoders registers are embedded in the physical layer
packet.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 297
Reverse Link Coding Parameters
Data
Datarate
rate[kbps]
[kbps]
Characteristics
Characteristics 9.6
9.6 19.2
19.2 38.4 76.8
38.4 76.8 153.6
153.6
RRI
RRIsymbol
symbol 001
001 010
010 011011 100100 101
101
Bits/packet
Bits/packet 256
256 512 1024
512 1024 20482048 4096
4096
Digital
Digitalmodulation
modulation BPSK
BPSK BPSK
BPSK BPSK
BPSK BPSK
BPSK BPSK
BPSK
Code rate
Code rate 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 1/2
1/2
PN
PNchips/bit
chips/bit 128
128 64
64 32
32 16
16 88

298
The different data rates available in IS-856 are achieved by varying the number of bits per
physical layer packet, as shown in the table. Each data rate is also associated with a particular
RRI symbol that is transmitted on the RRI Channel to let the base station receiver know the data
rate of the packet. The digital modulation performed is BPSK.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 298
HPSK Quadrature Mixer
x
XI + I
Baseband
Filter x
x -
+ s(t)
cos(2fct)

+
x + Q
XQ
+
Baseband
Filter x
x sin(2fct)
x W 12
PNI x
Decimator
by factor
Effective long
of 2
code, I-phase
Effective long
code, Q-phase x PNQ

299
After the channels have undergone necessary signal processing (encoding, symbol repetition,
relative gain, etc.), the Pilot, RRI, and Ack Channel are summed together to generate the in-
phase component (I) of the transmitted signal. In a similar manner, the DRC Channel and Data
Channel are summed together to form the quadrature-phase component (Q). Because of different
bit rates and relative gains of the channels transmitted, an imbalance occurs between I-phase and
Q-phase.
Complex Scrambling
To compensate for this imbalance, complex scrambling is used during spreading, where the I and
Q components are cross-multiplied with the I and Q components of the PN code. The product is
a complex number, having a real and an imaginary part that are 90 degrees apart:
(I + jQ) x (PNI + jPNQ) = (I x PNI Q x PNQ) + j (Q x PNI + I x PNQ)
The multiplication is the same multiplication done on the forward link. However, the PN codes
used, PNI and PNQ, are further manipulated to generate a digital modulation technique called
Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK).
The RF modulation performed with a quadrature mixer.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 299
HPSK
Complex multiplier
x
XI + I
Baseband
Filter x
x -
+ s(t)
cos(2fct)

+
x + Q
XQ
+
Baseband
Filter x
x sin(2fct)
x W 12
Walsh rotator
Walsh rotator
and decimator
PNI x
and decimator
Decimator
by factor
Effective long
of 2
code, I-phase
Effective long
code, Q-phase x PNQ

300
In order to maximize the battery life for an AT, the ATs amplifier must be efficient. For the
amplifier to be efficient, the peak-to-average (P/A) power ratio of the signal should be as small
as possible.
In IS-95, where Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) is used, the P/A is reduced by
avoiding zero-crossings in the constellation (see Digital Modulation in the CDMA Codes lesson).
However, in IS-856 (and IS-2000) where multiple channels with different power levels are
transmitted are transmitted on the I- and Q-phases, OQPSK is not suitable. Instead, a new digital
modulation technique is introduced to reduce the zero-crossings and the P/A ratio. The
modulation technique is called Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK), or Orthogonal Complex
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OCQPSK).
HPSK is a variation on the regular complex scrambling (see forward link) that reduces, but not
eliminates, zero-crossings for the signal.
Walsh Rotator
The key component in HPSK is the so-called Walsh rotator. The Walsh rotator for the I-phase is
W02 (+1, +1) and W12 (+1, -1) for the Q-phase. With the multiplication of these two Walsh
codes, two consecutive and identical chips are separated 90o in the final constellation, and the
transition between them do not go through zero.
In order for the Walsh rotator to function properly, pairs of consecutive identical chips going into
the complex scrambler are assumed. Therefore, on the reverse link, the standard specifies even-
numbered Walsh codes (consists of pairs of identical bits) for the channels.
Decimator
The decimator used for the PNQ signal minimizes the so-called Multi-Access Interference.
Decimation with a factor of two ensures that the signal holds its value for two chips, thereby
randomizing the direction the signals phase rotation while keeping the 90o separation as
generated by the Walsh rotator.
Reference: HPSK Spreading for 3G, Agilent Technologies, application note 1335
CL8300-SG.en.UL 300
Benefits of HPSK

301
Zero-crossings in the constellation increases the peak-to-average (P/A) power ratio of the signal.
Signals with a high P/A ratio may saturate the amplifier, which in turn may cause out-of-band
emission (interference outside the channels bandwidth). High P/A ratio also decreases the
amplifiers efficiency and therefore reduces battery life. The goal for modulation is to reduce the
P/A ratio.
For a regular QPSK signal, the probability of zero-crossings for two signals with the same
amplitude is 1/4. Since HPSK limits the zero-crossing to every other chip, the probability of
zero-crossings is reduced to 1/8. By using other tricks, such as reducing the number of 0o phase
shifts, the P/A ratio when using HPSK is reduced by up to 1.5 dB.
Reduction of the P/A ratio and more efficient amplifiers lead to a reduction of the out-of-band
transmissions by almost 4 dB. This effect of HPSK modulation on reducing out-of-band
transmissions is illustrated in the figure, and shows a 5-MHz bandwidth using a spectrum
analyzer.
HPSK modulation is important at network bordering cells to reduce inter-network interference
and better meet the legal requirements set in the host country.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 301
Access Channel Coding
4
W2 = (++ )
Access Cannel
Packet Data Interleave Access Channel Q
Turbo Channel
packet relative gain
encoder interleaver
repeater control
HPSK
16
W 0 = (++++++++++++++++)
Pilot Channel
(All 0s)

302
The Access Channel consists of a Data Channel and a Pilot Channel.

Data Channel
The physical layer packet on the Access Channel is encoded by a turbo encoder at 1/4-code rate,
producing a 1024-bit symbol. The encoded packet is interleaved and repeated eight times,
generating a symbol rate of 307.2 ksps.
Next, the symbols are spread by Walsh function W24, and adjusted to a specific gain. The output
of the Data Channel gain control provides the quadrature-phase of the signal that is sent to
quadrature spreading.
Pilot Channel
Similar to the Pilot Channel for the Traffic Channel, the Pilot Channel for the Access Channel
also contains unmodulated symbols having a binary 0 bit value. The Pilot Channel is
continuously transmitted using Walsh function W016.
Quadrature Spreading
Quadrature spreading is performed in the same manner as for the Reverse Traffic Channel; I.e.,
using HPSK and quadrature mixer in the RF domain.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 302
Long Code
Walsh Code
Short Code
Zero offset for quadrature spreading
Same as IS-95.

303
For the reverse link in IS-856, the long code and short code are used in a similar manner as in IS-
95.
The Walsh codes are used in IS-856 to give identities to the channels transmitted on the reverse
link. In IS-95 the Walsh codes were used to perform 64-ary modulation on the reverse link. 64-
ary modulation is not needed in IS-856.
Also, the long code generator is reset (registers loaded with specific values) at the start of every
short code. Hence, the long code used on the reverse link is periodic with a period of 215 chips.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 303
Access Channel
41 40 39 32 31 0
LCMI 01 AccCycleNum Permuted (ColorCode | SectorID[23:0])
41 40 39 32 31 0
LCMQ 01 (AccCycleNum) Permuted (ColorCode | SectorID[23:0])
Traffic Channel
41 32 31 0
LCMI 1111111111 Permuted ATI
41 32 31 0
LCMQ 1111111111 Permuted (ATI)
LCM
LCM Long
Long code
code mask
mask
ATI
ATI Access
Access Terminal
Terminal identifier
identifier

304
For certain channels, the long code is used to scramble and give and identity to the channel. An
effective long code is generated by combining the output of the long code mask with the output
of the long code generator.

LCMI and LCMQ
The in-phase component (I) and quadrature-phase component (Q) of the channels have their own
long code masks, LCMI and LCMQ, respectively. LCMQ is generated by shifting the bits in
LCMI one step to the left and calculate a checksum for bit 0 in LCMQ. See the standard
specification for more details.
Access Channel
The long code mask used on the Access Channel is derived from the Access Channel cycle
(AccCycleNum), the sectors color code (ColorCode), and the 24 least significant bits of the
sectors ID (SectorID[23:0]). The ColorCode and SectorID[23:0] is used in a permuted fashion.
See the standard specification for more details.
Traffic Channel
The long code mask for the Traffic Channel is user-specific and based on the ATI of the AT. For
the user-specific long code mask a permuted version of the ATI is used.
For example, if the ATI of the AT has 32 bits:
x31 x30 x29 x28 x1 x0
Then the permuted ATI used for the long code mask would look like:
x0 x31 x22 x13 x18 x9
CL8300-SG.en.UL 304
Reverse Link Walsh Codes
Walsh function Used for Phase

16
W0 Pilot Channel I
8
W4 Ack Channel I
4
W2 Data Channel Q
16
W8 DRC Channel Q
8
Wi DRC cover -

305
The reverse link channels are distinguished by a separate Walsh code, or functions, within the
AT, as seen in the table. The Walsh codes are used to insure orthogonality. Spectrum spreading
is done with the long code, which is used to distinguish between ATs as in IS-95.
Walsh codes are also used for the DRC cover symbols indicating desired forward link sector.
The DRC cover Walsh codes are not used for channel orthogonality.
Remember that for HPSK to properly work, the Walsh codes must be even-numbered. Even
numbered Walsh codes contain pairs of identical bits.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 305

Not used. A 17-tap 42 bit mask
PN Long Codes code is used for (LCMI, LCMQ)
scrambling identifies user
215 bits
modified PN short codes face to the AT spreading
4 - 64 bits Walsh functions are Walsh functions

used to generate are used to
Walsh Functions - Wi MACIndex identify channels

306
PN Long Code
itself. On the forward link, the long code is not used. Instead, a 17-tap linear feedback shift-
register is used to generate the scrambling code.
For the reverse link, the long code and the long code mask is used to identify the signal from a
specific user. A permuted long code mask is used for the quadrature-phase.
PN Short Code
One of the codes used in conjunction with the Walsh code is the PN (pseudo-random noise) short
code. The PN short code on the forward link is used to provide the base station with a unique
identification that the AT uses to identify the serving base station.
spreading.
Walsh Function
bandwidth.
For the forward link, the Walsh functions are mapped to a specific MACIndex.
with each other.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 306
Outline - 4/4
Forward link
Channels and coding
Reverse link
Channels and coding
Operation specifics
Handoff
Power control
Pole point.

307
CL8300-SG.en.UL 307
8.8 Handoff Specifics IS-856
Reverse link
Handoffs are handled in a similar way to IS-95
RLP selects the best frames
Forward link
No soft handoff
Only one user receives the forward link at any time
DRC Channel decides from what sector in the Active Set the
forward link should be transmitted
AT points the DRC Channel to different sectors based on received
C/I
This is called virtual soft handoff.

308
IS-856 uses the soft handoff algorithms with dynamic thresholds introduced in IS-95B. The
Radio Link Protocol (RLP) is responsible for selecting the best frames coming from the sectors
in the Active Set.
On the forward link, there is no soft handoff for IS-856. The forward link channels are time-
multiplexed and only one AT receives the forward link at any instant of time. An AT points its
DRC Channel, based on C/I, to the sector in the Active Set from which it wants to receive the
Forward Traffic Channel. This procedure is called virtual soft handoff. A scheduling algorithm in
the system determines what AT will receive the forward link.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 308
8.9 Power Control Specifics IS-856
Reverse link power control (RPC)

Similar to IS-95
RPC closed loop
Base station measure Reverse Pilot Channel
Aided by the RRI Channel
Measurement compared to a calculated setpoint, Power Control
Threshold (PCT)
RPC Channel send RPC bits to the AT
Max frequency of 600 Hz, depends on DRCLock Channel
AT adjust power in 1dB or 0.5dB steps.

309
Reverse link power control (RPC) for IS-856 is similar to the RPC for IS-95. One difference is
that an IS-856 AT transmits a constant Pilot Channel. By measuring a constant channel, RPC
implementation in the base station may be simplified. The fact that the AT is also transmitting
the RRI Channel improves the reverse link estimation at the receiver since the receiver does not
have to analyze the Data Channel to determine the data rate.
The closed loop power control consists of the inner loop and the outer loop. The outer loop
power control is implementation-specific, but typically adjusts the closed loop power control
threshold (PCT) in the base station in order to maintain a desired quality on the Data Channel.
The inner loop power control consists of a fast feedback loop from the base station to the AT.
The inner loop adjusts the transmit power of the AT by transmitting power control bits, or RPC
bits on the RPC Channel. The RPC bits are transmitted with a frequency of up to 600 Hz,
depending on the DRCLock Channel frequency. The RPC Channel is transmitted whenever the
DRCLock Channel is not. The AT can adjust its power based on the RPC bits in steps of 1 dB or
0.5 dB.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 309
8.10 - Pole Point Specifics IS-856
Additional reverse link channel impact the pole point

Main concept remains the same.
1 1 1
Mair = * * + 1 * loading

1 + 10
DRC _ Gain
10
+ '*10
Traffic _ Gain
10 1 + Eb N0

Legend:
Legend:
Activity
Activity factor
factor Interference
Interference geometry
geometry
dd Chip
Chip energy
energy over
over noise
noise NN00 Thermal
Thermal noise
noise

310
The Pilot, RRI, and DRC Channels on the reverse link are transmitted continuously while the AT
is not in the dormant state. This is true regardless of how little data the AT has to send.
Therefore, the pole point derivation for IS-856 is a hybrid between the approach taken for typical
CDMA voice and data. The resulting expression is shown.
Note that the regular activity factor is now an expression based on the gain of the DRC Channel
(DRC_Gain) and the gain of the Traffic Channel (Traffic_Gain). The Ack Channel is ignored
since it is only transmitted when the AT received the Forward Traffic Channel, and there is only
one AT receiving the Forward Traffic Channel at any time.
The full derivation of the pole point expression is found in the RF Engineering Guidelines.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 310
Summary
IS-856 is a data-only technology

2,457.6 kbps on the forward link
153.6 kbps on the reverse link
Mobile stations are called access terminals
Forward link
Time-multiplexed
Only one users receives the Traffic Channel at any time
MACIndex indentifies user
Complex scrambling
Reverse link
Similar to IS-2000
DRC Channel determines desired forward data rate and sector
HPSK used for more cost-effective amplifier.
311
IS-856 is an evolution of IS-2000, and a data-only technology. The reverse link is similar to the
IS-2000 reverse link, and supports a data rate of 153.6 kbps. On the forward link, the channels
are time-multiplexed. This means that only one user at any time receives the forward Traffic
Channel. The maximum data rate on the forward link is 2,457.6 kbps.
In IS-856, an access terminal (AT) is the equivalent of a mobile station.
Forward Link
Four channels are time-multiplexed on the forward link, Pilot, MAC, Traffic, and Control
Channels. Even if time-multiplexing is done, the channels are still spread using CDMA
techniques.
The Walsh codes are mapped into MACIndices, and identifies users and channels.
To balance the load between the I-phase and the Q-phase, complex scrambling (multiplication) is
performed at the same time as the quadrature spreading. The modulation method depends on the
current data rate of the Traffic Channel. The modulation method can be QPSK, 8-PSK, or 16-
QAM.
Reverse Link
The reverse link is similar the IS-2000 reverse link, with a reverse Pilot Channel and Traffic
Channel similar to the IS-2000 Supplemental Channel. The R-PICH is the predominant factor in
keeping the reverse link interference low.
In addition to the Pilot and Traffic Channels, the reverse link also has a DRC Channel and an
Ack Channel. The DRC Channel determines from what sector the AT would receive the forward
Traffic Channel, and its desired data rate. The Ack Channel acknowledges forward link packets.
In addition to complex scrambling, a Walsh rotator is introduced, and together they form a
modulation technique called Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK). HPSK reduces the peak-to-
average ratio; therefore, the amplifiers efficiency is also reduced.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 311
Knowledge Check
1. At any one time, only one user is actively receiving data

over the forward Traffic Channel.
A. True
B. False
2. Which of the following CDMA modulation schemes is not

used in 1xEV-DO?
A. QPSK
B. BPSK
C. 8-PSK
D. 16-QAM

312
CL8300-SG.en.UL 312
3. Complete the sentence: Forward link data is transmitted

in successive ________ frames, which are divided into
___________ slots in which packets of data are
transmitted.
A. 20-ms, eight 2.5-ms
B. 40-ms, sixteen 2.5-ms
C. 48.88-ms, eight 6.11-ms
D. 26.67-ms, sixteen 1.67-ms
4. Both forward and reverse channels are time-multiplexed.

A. True
B. False

313
CL8300-SG.en.UL 313
5. The Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel:

A. is generated by the BTS to inform the AT of the forward Traffic
Channel data rate.
B. is generated by the AT to inform the BTS of the reverse Traffic
Channel data rate.
C. is generated by the AT to inform the BTS of the forward Traffic
Channel data rate.
D. is generated by the BTS to inform the AT of the reverse Traffic
Channel data rate.
6. The frequency of the inner loop power control is always

600Hz.
A. True
B. False
314
CL8300-SG.en.UL 314
7. How often will the Access Terminal monitor the Control

Channel when operating in the slotted mode (Sleep
State)?
A. 1.667 milliseconds
B. 426.67 milliseconds
C. 2.5 seconds
D. 5.12 seconds

315
CL8300-SG.en.UL 315
CL8300-SG.en.UL 316
Appendix I
Additional Coding Information
CL8300-SG.en.UL 1
This page unintentionally left blank
CL8300-SG.en.UL 2
Lesson 6: Primary and Signaling Traffic
Multiplex Option 2
Multiplex Option Transmit Format Primary
Transmit Format Primary Signaling
Signaling Secondary
Secondary
Rate Bits Traffic Traffic Traffic
specifies the type of Rate
[bps]
Bits Traffic Traffic Traffic
[bps] MM
MM FM FM [bits/frame]
[bits/frame]
frame used 00 -- 266
266 00 00
11 00nn00 124 138 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 138 (n=1)
Called MuxPDU 00 124 138 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 138 (n=1)
in IS-2000 14400 11 00nn01

14400 01 54
54 208 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 208 (n=1)
208 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 208 (n=1)
11 00nn1010 20
20 242 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 242 (n=1)
242 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 242 (n=1)
Signaling is transmitted 11 00nn1111 00 262 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 262 (n=1)
262 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 262 (n=1)
11 1000
1000 20
20 222
222 2020
as blank-and-burst or 00 -- 124 00 00
124
dim-and-burst. 11 000
000 54
54 67
67 00
7200
7200 11 001
001 20
20 101
101 00
11 010
010 00 121
121 00
11 011
011 54
54 00 6767
11 100
100 20
20 00 101
101
11 101
101 00 00 121
121
11 110
110 20
20 81
81 2020
00 -- 54
54 00 00
3600
3600 11 nn00 20
20 32 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 32 (n=1)
32 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 32 (n=1)
11 nn11 00 52 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 52 (n=1)
52 (n=0) / 0 (n=1) 0 (n=0) / 52 (n=1)
1800
1800 00 - - 20
20 00 00
MM
MM Mixed
Mixed Mode
Mode bit
bit 11 -- 00 00 2020
FM
FM Frame
Frame Mode
Mode bits
bits Multiplex Option 2
3
The Multiplex Option (MO) specifies how much and what type of information are transmitted in
a frame. IS-95 has two MOs. MO1 supports frames for Rate Set (RS) 1, and MO2 supports
frames for RS2. Shown in the table is MO2.
In IS-2000, the MO is called a MuxPDU (Multiplex Sub-layer Protocol Data Unit) of a certain
type. MuxPDU Type 1 corresponds to MO1, and MuxPDU Type 2 corresponds to MO2. There
are more MuxPDU types defined in IS-2000.
In a frame, bits can be used for primary traffic, secondary traffic, and signaling traffic. The
allocation of bits between these traffic types are determined by a number of format bits: Mixed
Mode (MM) bit and Frame Mode (FM) bits.
When the MM bit is set to 0, only primary traffic is carried in the frame. The FM bits are not
used when the MM bit is 0. When the MM bit is set to 1, signaling and/or secondary traffic
can also be transmitted in the frame.
When transmitting mixed traffic types in a frame, the FM bits must be specified. The FM bits
then control the allocation of bits between primary traffic, signaling, and secondary traffic. See
table.
In a frame, the format bits are at the beginning of the frame, followed by the primary traffic bits
(if any). The signaling and secondary bits are added last to the frame.
Blank-and-Burst vs. Dim-and-Burst
When the entire frame consists of signaling or secondary traffic, we say that the
signaling/secondary traffic is transmitted as blank-and-burst; all primary traffic bits are removed.
If just some of the frame consists of signaling or secondary traffic, we say that the
signaling/secondary traffic is transmitted as dim-and-burst; some primary traffic bits are
removed.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 3
Lesson 7: F-FCH and F-SCH RC4
Modulation
Add Add 8 Symbol
Convolutional
or Turbo W
Encoder
Indicator Tail Bits
Data Rate
24 Bits/5 ms 16 9.6 1/2 1x None 96 19.2
16 Bits/20 ms 6 1.5 1/2 8x 1 of 5 384 19.2

40 Bits/20n ms 6 2.7/n 1/2 4x 1 of 9 384 19.2 /n
80 Bits/20n ms 8 4.8/n 1/2 2x None 384 19.2 /n
172 Bits/20n ms 12 9.6/n 1/2 1x None 384 19.2 /n
360 Bits/20n ms 16 19.2/n 1/2 1x None 768 38.4/n

744 Bits/20n ms 16 38.4/n 1/2 1x None 1,536 76.8/n
1,512 Bits/20n ms 16 76.8/n 1/2 1x None 3,072 153.6/n
3,048 Bits/20n ms 16 153.6/n 1/2 1x None 6,144 307.2/n
6,120 Bits/20n ms 16 307.2/n 1/2 1x None 12,288 614.4/n

4
Analogous to the Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH), the Forward Fundamental Channel
(F-FCH) is similar to that of the 2G traffic channel. The figure shows an example of the F-FCH
and F-SCH processing for RC4. The data rate for RC3, as seen at the input of the encoder, can be
up to 9.6 kbps for the FCH, and up to 307.2 kbps for the SCH.
The channel bits (voice, data, or signaling) going in to the processing will first have a frame
The table shows the available processing parameters for F-FCH and F-SCH for RC4. While the
RC5) are different.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 4
Lesson 7: F-CACH R=1/4, SR1
Common Assignment Add 8-Bit

Add 8-Bit Convolutional Block
Channel Bits Frame
Encoder Encoder Interleaver
(32 Bits per Quality
Tail R=1/4, K=9 (192 Symbols)
5 ms Frame) Indicator
Data Rate 9.6 kbps
Modulation
Symbol Signal Point Mapping
0+1 Channel
11 Gain
X
38.4 ksps
No Message 0
Message present indicator
Long Code
Mask for Long Code
Common Generator Decimation
Assignment (1.2288 Mcps)
Channel

5
The F-CACH can also operate with R=1/2.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 5
Lesson 7: F-CCCH R=1/4, SR1
Forward Common Add 8-Bit Convolutional

Block
Control Channel Bits Encoder Encoder
Interleaver
Tail R=1/4, K=9
Bits/Frame Data Rate (kbps) Symbols Rate (ksps)

184 Bits/5 ms 38.4 768 153.6
184 Bits/10 ms 19.2 768 76.8
376 Bits/10 ms 38.4 1,536 153.6
184 Bits/20 ms 9.6 768 38.4
376 Bits/20 ms 19.2 1,536 76.8
760 Bits/20 ms 38.2 3,072 153.6
Signal Point Mapping

Channel
0+1 X
Gain
11
Long Code Mask for

Long Code Generator
Forward Common Decimation
(1.2288 Mcps)
Control Channel

6
The F-CCCH can also operate with R=1/2.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 6
Lesson 7: F-BCCH R=1/4, SR1
Add 16-Bit
Broadcast Channel Bits Add 8-Bit Convolutional Block
Frame
(744 Bits per 40, 80, or Encoder Encoder Interleaver
Quality
160 ms Broadcast Channel Slot) Tail R=1/4, K=9 (3,072 Symbols)
Indicator
Data Rate
19.2, 9.6, or 4.8 kbps
Modulation
Sequence Symbol Signal Point Mapping
Channel
Repetition 0+1 X
Gain
(1.2, or 4x Factor) 76.8 ksps 11
Long Code
Mask for Long Code
Broadcast Generator Decimation
Channel (1.2288 Mcps)

7
The F-BCCH can also operate with R=1/2.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 7
Lesson 7: F-CPCCH SR1
I Arm I Arm Modulation Symbol

Data Rate = 9.6 kbps 9.6 ksps for Non-TD, 19.2 for TD
Symbols Present Indicator
Assigned
Initial
Offset 0 Signal Point Mapping
Symbol Repetition
I Arm 0+1 Channel
MUX (1x Factor for Non-TD XI
Input 11 Gain
2x Factor for TD)
PC Bits No Symbol 0
Assigned
Initial
Offset N - 1
Update Rate N
Relative Long Code Long Code Mask
800 bps 12
Offset Decimator Generator for Common
400 bps 24
Calculation (1.2288 Mcps) Power Control
200 bps 48
Channel
Assigned
Initial
Offset 0 Signal Point Mapping
Q Arm Symbol Repetition
0+1 Channel
Input MUX (1x Factor for Non-TD XQ
11 Gain
PC Bits 2x Factor for TD)
Assigned No Symbol 0
Initial
Offset N - 1
Q Arm Modulation Symbol Symbols Present Indicator
Q Arm
9.6 ksps for Non-TD 19.2 for TD
Data Rate = 9.6 kbps

8
CL8300-SG.en.UL 8
Lesson 7: F-DCCH RC3 and RC4
Modulation
Symbol
Add
Add 8 Convolutional
Forward Frame Block
Encoder Encoder W
Dedicated Quality Interleaver
Tail Bits R = 1/2, K = 9
Control Channel Bits Indicator
Bits/Frame Bits Data Rate (kbps) R Symbols Rate (ksps)

24 Bits/5 ms 16 9.6 1/4 192 38.4
172 Bits/20 ms 12 9.6 1/4 768 38.4
RC3 1 to 171 Bits/20 ms 12 or 16 1.05 to 9.55 1/4 768 38.4
RC4 24 Bits/5 ms 16 9.6 1/2 96 19.2

172 Bits/20 ms 12 9.6 1/2 384 19.2
1 to 171 Bits/20 ms 12 or 16 1.05 to 9.55 1/2 384 19.2

9
The F-DCCH will undergo similar scrambling procedure as F-FCH and F-SCH.
CL8300-SG.en.UL 9
Lesson 7: R-EACH and R-CCCH SR1
Modulation
Add Symbol
Add 8 Convolutional
Channel Frame Symbol Block
Encoder Encoder C
Bits Quality Repetition Interleaver
Tail Bits K=9
Indicator
Data Rate
R-EACH Bits/Frame Bits (kbps) R Factor Symbols Rate (ksps)
Header 32 Bits/5 ms 8 9.6 1/4 4x 768 153.6
R-EACH 172 Bits/5 ms 12 38.4 1/4 1x 768 153.6

Data & 360 Bits/10n ms 16 38.4 1/4 1x 1,536 153.6
R-CCCH 172 Bits/10n ms 12 19.2 1/4 2x 1,536 153.6
744 Bits/20n ms 16 38.4 1/4 1x 3,072 153.6
360 Bits/20n ms 16 19.2 1/4 2x 3,072 153.6
172 Bits/20n ms 12 9.6 1/4 4x 3,072 153.6

10
CL8300-SG.en.UL 10
CL8300
Appendix II
Web-Based End-of-Course Assessment
Job-Aid
LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES PROPRIETARY -1

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
CL8300
Overview
Introduction
This appendix contains:
Student Web-Based Level 2 Assessment Instructions
This section contains general instructions to follow before and after the end-of-course
Level 2 Assessment. Your Instructor will cover this information before you take the as-
sessment.
Student JOB AID for Web-based L2A Test
The JOB AID takes you step-by-step through the entire process of how to access the
Saba website, take the assessment, exit from the test, print your results, and, if necessary,
retake the test.
If You Do Not Pass the Assessment
If you do not pass the end-of-course assessment, read this section thoroughly and answer
the questions before attempting to retake the assessment.
Level 2 Assessment Material
This section contains an introduction to the Level 2 Assessment and information needed
to complete certain questions in the assessment.
-2 LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES PROPRIETARY

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
CL8300
Student Web-Based Level 2

Assessment Instructions
Introduction
This end-of-course assessment measures your learning through the use of knowledge-
based questions, and/or task-related scenario questions with multiple-choice answers.
Everything that appears on the test was covered in this course.
General instructions
This assessment is accessed via your student workstation, and includes multiple-choice
and/or matching exercises.
Utilize the resources available to you for the test so that you do not have to guess at the
answers.
Record all answers in the on-line test.
For each question, choose the best alternative.
If you change an answer, select the new choice.
If you have any questions during the assessment, raise your hand, and your Instructor
will come to your desk.
Refer to the Student JOB AID for Web-based L2A Test for instructions to:
access and log into Saba
navigate to the test
take the test
exit from the test
retake the test if necessary
print your test results
CAUTION:
You have a maximum of three attempts for the assessment. The Saba score for the assess-
ment is always the last attempt. You could possibly get a lower score on the second and/or
third attempt, or even fail the assessment in an attempt to improve your score.

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
CL8300
After the test

Once you complete the assessment, you may choose to check over your answers, leave the
room until the assessment period ends, or stay quietly at your desk. However, you may not
interact with each other in any way.
If you wish to retake the assessment because of a failed first attempt, or to improve your
score, you are advised to review the areas in which you need to improve, then retake the
assessment later instead of immediately.
Refer to the Student JOB AID for Web-based L2A Test, and follow the steps under:
Exit From the Test
Print Your Test Results
Retake the Test (if necessary)
If you need to leave the room before you finish the assessment, please raise your hand to
notify your Instructor.

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
CL8300
Step Action
Internet Access and Saba Log In

1. Open your browser, type in https://www.lucent-product-training.com/SabaWeb/SabaWeb and press Enter.
If the LUCENT EMPLOYEES PLEASE SIGN IN window pops up, click on Close Window.
Ignore all of the security dialog boxes, or respond to them as you normally would.
2a From the Saba Welcome screen, log into Saba using your Student ID (from the class roster) or POST email handle (Lucent
employees). The default Saba password is welcome . (You may have changed your password to something else.) Click on
the Go button.
2b Should you experience technical difficluties, please contact:
During U. S. regular business hours (0800 -1800 EST)
Telephone: 1-888-582-3688 or 1-407-767-2798
Email: sabasupport@lucent.com
Outside of U. S. regular business hours

Telephone: 1-630-713-5000 or
Email: 8886390247@skytel.com
If you are logging into Saba for the first time, you will be prompted immediately to select a new password.
It is recommended that you make your new password the same as your Saba Username to make it easier to remember.
2c
Also, jot down your password on this Job Aid in case you want to atke the test more than one time.
_________________________________________________________________(password here)
Once you have successfully changed your password, click Learning Catalog Home.
2d, 2e Click Completed Training from the Welcome! Your Name screen.
2f Go to step 4a.
If you are not prompted to change your password, go to step 3a.
3a Click the My Training link.
The Completed Training: Your Name screen displays:
3b Click on Completed Training.
The Completed Training: Your Name screen displays:
Completed Title Type Status Score Action

03/31/03 Understanding the CDMA Air-Interfaces of Class Successful
IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
4a Click the Launch/Join icon that appears on the right-hand side of the screen under the Action column to the right of the
test title.
4b The Course Menu screen displays: (for example)
CL8300: Understanding the CDMA Air-Interfaces of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856

Lesson Completion Status Score Mastery Score Time Spent Total Attempts
CL8300 L2A Test Not Attempted 66
Notice the status bar (Completion Status-Score-Mastery Score- Time Spent- Total Attempts):
This is where you can see at a glance how many times you have taken the test.
The limit is 3 attempts.
5. Click the CL8300 L2A Test link.
This launches the test application. The next screen you will see is the title screen of the test.
Take the Test

6. Follow the online instructions for taking the test.
Exit From the Test

7. Click the RETURN button on the last screen of the test.
You are returned to the Course Menu screen in Saba (Step 4 above).
Notice the status bar is updated with your test results (Completion Status-Score-Mastery Score-Time Spent-Total
Attempts).
Print Your Test Results

8. Use the Print function from your browser tool bar to print the Course Menu screen or go to the next step to print a more
detailed report.
9. Select Training Logistics from the Course Menu screen
10. Click Assessment Results under General Reports on the left-hand side of the screen.

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CL8300
11a From the Questionmark Reports screen,

11b select Assessment Results Feedback Report.
12a From the list of assessments displayed, click Details for CL8300 under the Action column.
12b&c You may need to use the horizontal scroll bar to see the Action column.
13. Click Print at the bottom of the Report page if you want a paper copy of this report.
14. Click Close at the bottom of the Report page.
15. Close the Questionmark Reports screen by clicking on the X in the upper right-hand corner of the window.
16. You should be back at the Training Logistics screen. At this point, you may retake the test (by selecting My Training) or log
off from Saba altogether (by selecting Log Off in the upper right-hand corner).
Retake the Test (If Needed)

17. Select My Training (from Saba Web home page, Catalog screen).
18. Click the Completed Training or View Completed Training (As in Step 3 above).
19. Click the Launch/Join icon for this test in the Action column (As in Step 4 above).
20. Click the CL8300 L2A Test link from the Course Menu screen (As in Step 5 above).
You must take the entire test, not just the questions you missed.
Notice the status bar (Completion Status-Score-Mastery Score-time Spent-Total Attempts) changes each time you take
the test.
The limit is 3 attempts.

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CL8300
If You Do Not Pass the Assessment

Introduction
If your Assessment Results Feedback Report indicates that You have not met the passing
criteria for this test, please review the sections below.
Remember: Your Instructor cannot discuss the items on the test.
Once you have reviewed these sections and answered the questions, review your Assess-
ment Results Feedback Report printout, noting the objectives where you did not meet the
passing criteria, then review those sections in your Student Guide and/or documentation
before you consider retaking the assessment.
Considerations
Please answer all of the questions below:
Are you part of the Audience as indicated in the Y N

Course Description?
Have you taken all of the Prerequisites as indicated in Y N
the Course Description?
If so, how long ago? _________________________
Do you have relevant work experience? Y N
Did you attend 100% of the class presentation? Y N
Did you ask questions within the scope of the course Y N

on topics of which were unclear to you?
Did you participate in 100% of the workshops/hands- Y N
on exercises?
Did you refer to your Student Guide, the available doc- Y N
umentation, or the system to help you with your an-
swers?

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CL8300
Retaking the assessment

Upon reviewing the questions in the previous section, you may be able to identify reasons
indicating why you did not pass the assessment. If you decide to retake the assessment,
consider the following:
You have a maximum of three attempts for the assessment. The last attempt is the score
that is recorded in Saba.
Review your Assessment Results Feedback Report printout, noticing the objectives
where you did not meet the passing criteria.
Carefully review the section or sections in which you did not meet the passing criteria,
using any resources available to you for the assessment before you retake the assess-
ment. This may require that you retake the assessment after you return home.
NOTE:
You are advised NOT to retake the assessment immediately after the previous attempt.
You must retake the entire assessment.
Conclusion
Going back to and reviewing your Student Guide and documentation will help you meet
course objectives for this training. Many adult learners need some time to digest all that
they have learned before taking an end-of-course assessment.
We recommend taking some additional time to review your course materials to ensure
your success in meeting the criteria for this test.

of IS-95, IS-2000, and IS-856
Glossary
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
A AC
See Authentication Center
Access Attempt
A sequence of one or more access probe sequences on the Access Channel
containing the same message. See also Access Probe and Access Probe Sequence.
Access Channel
A Reverse CDMA Channel used by mobile stations for communicating to the base
station. The Access Channel is used for short signaling message exchanges such as
call originations, responses to pages, and registrations. The Access Channel is a
slotted random access channel. See also Access Channel Slot and Reverse Access
Channel.
Access Channel Message

The information part of an access probe consisting of the message body, length
field, and CRC.
Access Channel Message Capsule

Carries the Access Channel message.
Access Channel Preamble

The preamble of an access probe consisting of a sequence of all-zero frames.
Access Channel Request Message

An Access Channel message that is autonomously generated by the mobile station.
See also Access Channel Response Message.
Access Channel Response Message

A message on the Access Channel generated to reply to a message received from
the base station.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CL8300-SG.en.UL Lucent Technologies - Proprietary G L O S S A R Y
Issue 1.0, June 2003 See Notice on first page GL-1
Access Channel Slot
The assigned time interval for an access probe. An Access Channel slot consists of
an integer number of frames. The transmission of an access probe is performed
within the boundaries of an Access Channel slot.
Access Network (AN)

[IS-856]
The network equipment providing data connectivity between a packet switched
data network (typically the Internet) and the access terminals. An access
network is equivalent to a base station.
Access Probe
One Access Channel transmission consisting of a preamble and a message. The
transmission is an integer number of frames in length and transmits one Access
Channel message. See also Access Probe Sequence and Access Attempt.
Access Probe Sequence

A sequence of one or more access probes on the Access Channel. The same Access
Channel message is transmitted in every access probe of an access attempt. See
also Access Probe and Access Attempt.
Access Procedure
The set of rules governing an Access Attempt.
Access Protocol
See Access Procedure.
Access State
In the Access State, the mobile station (or access terminal) performs an access
attempt to establish contact with the base station.
Access Terminal (AT)

[IS-856]
A device providing data connectivity to a user. An access terminal may be
connected to a computing device such as a laptop personal computer, or it may be a
self-contained data device such as a personal digital assistant. An access terminal is
equivalent to a mobile station.
Acknowledgment
A Layer 2 response by the mobile station or the base station confirming that a
signaling message was received correctly.
Action Time
The time at which the action implied by a message should take effect.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y Lucent Technologies - Proprietary CL8300-SG.en.UL
GL-2 See Notice on first page Issue 1.0, June 2003
Active Set
The set of pilots associated with the CDMA Channels containing Forward Traffic
Channels assigned to a particular mobile station.
Active State
[IS-586]
In the Active State, the access terminal communicates with the base station using
the Traffic Channel.
Aging
A mechanism through which the mobile station maintains in its Neighbor Set the
pilots that have been recently sent to it from the base station, and the pilots whose
handoff drop timers have recently expired.
A-key
A secret, 64-bit pattern stored in the mobile station. It is used to generate/update
the mobile stations Shared Secret Data. The A-key is used in the mobile station
authentication process.
Aloha Protocol
Developed by the University of Hawaii, the Aloha protocol is a simple
communications scheme where the transmitter in a network sends data whenever
there is data to send. When the data is received. the receiver sends an
acknowledgement to the transmitter. If no acknowledgement is received by the
transmitter, the data is sent again.
ATI
[IS-586]
Access Terminal Identifier. See also Access Terminal.
Authentication
A procedure used by a base station to validate a mobile stations identity.
Authentication Center (AC)

An entity that manages the authentication information related to the mobile station.
Authentication Response (AUTHR)

An 18-bit output of the authentication algorithm. It is used, for example, to validate
mobile station registrations, originations, and terminations.
Autonomous Registration
A method of registration in which the mobile station registers without an explicit
command from the base station.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
[IS-2000]
An unmodulated, direct-sequence spread spectrum signal transmitted continuously
by a CDMA base station. An Auxiliary Pilot Channel is required for forward link
spot beam and antenna beam forming applications, and provides a phase reference
for coherent demodulation of those forward link CDMA Channels associated with
the Auxiliary Pilot. The Auxiliary Pilot Channel can be a Common Auxiliary Pilot
Channel, Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel, or Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot
Channel.
Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel

A Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel associated with an Auxiliary Pilot Channel.
The Auxiliary Pilot Channel and the Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
provide phase references for coherent demodulation of those forward link CDMA
Channels associated with the Auxiliary Pilot and that employ transmit diversity.
AWGN
Additive White Gaussian Noise
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
B Bad Frame
A frame classified with insufficient frame quality, or, for Radio Configuration 1, a
9600 bps primary traffic only frame with bit errors. See also Good Frame.
Band Class
A set of frequency channels and a numbering scheme for these channels.
Base Station
A fixed station used for communicating with mobile stations. Depending upon the
context, the term base station may refer to a cell, a sector within a cell, an MSC, or
other part of the wireless system. A base station contains the functionality of BTSs
and BSC. See also MSC, Access Network, and Mobile Station.
Base Station Authentication Response (AUTHBS)

An 18-bit pattern generated by the authentication algorithm. AUTHBS is used to
confirm the validity of base station orders to update the Shared Secret Data.
Base Station Controller (BSC)

Controls one or more BTSs. See also Base Station.
Base Station Random Variable (RANDBS)

A 32-bit random number generated by the mobile station for authenticating base
station orders to update the Shared Secret Data.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Contains the transmit and receive functionality need to communicate with a mobile
station over the air. The transmit function makes an electrical signal suitable for
transmission through the air (RF modulation). The receive function picks up
signals out of the air and converts them into an electrical signal (RF demodulation).
See also Base Station.
Basic Access Mode

[IS-2000]
A mode used on the Enhanced Access Channel where a mobile station transmits an
Enhanced Access Channel preamble and Enhanced Access data in a method
similar to that used on the Access Channel.
BATI
[IS-586]
Broadcast Access Terminal Identifier. See Also Access Terminal.
Bit
Represents a 0 or a 1 for communicated user information. In CDMA, bits are
spread over chips. See also chip.
Blank-and-Burst
The pre-emption of an entire Traffic Channel frames primary traffic by signaling
traffic or secondary traffic. Blank-and-burst is performed on a frame-by-frame
basis. See also Dim-and-Burst.
Boltzmans Constant
Boltzmans constant (1.38 x 10-33 Joules/Kelvin).
bps
Bits per second.
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying.
Broadcast Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A code channel in a Forward CDMA Channel used for transmission of control
information and pages from a base station to a mobile station.
BSC
See Base Station Controller.
BTS
See Base Transceiver Station.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
C Candidate Set
The set of pilots that have been received with sufficient strength by the mobile
station to be successfully demodulated, but have not been placed in the Active Set
by the base station. See also Active Set, Neighbor Set, and Remaining Set.
CDMA
See Code Division Multiple Access.
CDMA Carrier
A CDMA carrier is a pair of frequency bands, each has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz or
3.69 MHz, supporting forward and reverse links. A CDMA carrier centers at a set
of predefined carrier frequencies. A CDMA carrier can be reused in every sector.
There are two special CDMA carriers; Primary Carrier and Secondary Carrier.
CDMA Channel
The set of channels transmitted between the base station and the mobile stations
within a given CDMA frequency assignment. See also Forward CDMA Channel
and Reverse CDMA Channel.
CDMA Channel Number

An 11-bit number corresponding to the center of the CDMA frequency assignment.
CDMA Frequency Assignment

A 1.23 MHz or 3.69 MHz segment of spectrum, depending on technology and
configuration. The center of a CDMA frequency assignment is given by a CDMA
channel number.
CDMA Preferred Set

The set of CDMA channel numbers in a CDMA system corresponding to
frequency assignments that a mobile station will normally search to acquire a
CDMA Pilot Channel. For CDMA cellular systems, the primary and secondary
channels comprise the CDMA Preferred Set.
CE
See Channel Element.
Channel Element
The component in the base station performing most of the digital signal processing
for CDMA.
Chip
Represents a "0" or a "1" for a CDMA carrier. In CDMA, chips carries spread bits.
See also bit.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Chip Rate
Equivalent to the spreading rate of the channel. It is either 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864
Mcps depending on technology and configuration.
Code Channel
A sub-channel of a Forward CDMA Channel or Reverse CDMA Channel. Each
sub-channel uses an orthogonal Walsh function or quasi-orthogonal function.
Code Division Multiple Access

A technique for spread-spectrum multiple-access digital communications that
creates channels through the use of unique code sequences.
Code Symbol
The output of an error-correcting encoder. Information bits are input to the
encoder, and code symbols are output from the encoder. See Convolutional Code,
and Turbo Code.
Coherent
In wireless communication, coherent refers to a known signal phase-reference at
the receiver. The signal phase-reference is often provided by a Pilot Channel.

[IS-2000]
A forward common channel used by the base station to acknowledge a mobile
station accessing the Enhanced Access Channel, and in the case of Reservation
Access Mode, to transmit the address of a Reverse Common Control Channel and
associated Common Power Control Sub-Channel.
Common Power Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A forward common channel which transmits power control bits (i.e., Common
Power Control Sub-Channels) to multiple mobile stations. The Common Power
Control Channel is used by mobile stations operating in the Reservation Access
Mode or the Designated Access Mode.
Common Power Control Group

[IS-2000]
A 1.25, 2.5, or 5 ms interval on the Common Power Control Channel which carries
power control information for multiple mobile stations.
Common Power Control Sub-Channel

IS-2000]
A sub-channel on the Common Power Control Channel used by the base station to
control the power of a mobile station when operating in the Reservation Access
Mode or the Designated Access Mode on the Reverse Common Control Channel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Complex Multiplication
See Complex Scrambling.
Complex Scrambling
The in-phase (I-phase) and quadrature-phase (Q-phase) are cross-multiplied with
PN codes in order to balance the energy between the I-phase and Q-phase.
Complex scrambling is also called PNCQPSK.
Connection Layer
[IS-856]
The Connection Layer provides air-link connection establishment and
maintenance services.
Continuous Transmission
A mode of operation in which Discontinuous Transmission is not permitted.
Convolutional Code
A type of error-correcting code. A code symbol can be considered as the
convolution of the input data sequence with the impulse response of a generator
function. See also Forward Error Correction.
CRC
See Cyclic Redundancy Code.
Cyclilc Redundancy Code

A class of linear error detecting codes which generate parity check bits by finding
the remainder of a polynomial division. See also Frame Quality Indicator and
Frame Check Sequence.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
D Data Burst Randomizer

[IS-95, IS-2000]
The function that determines which power control groups within a frame are
transmitted on the Reverse Traffic Channel (or Reverse Fundamental Channel with
Radio Configurations 1 and 2) when the data rate is lower than the maximum rate
for the channel. The data burst randomizer determines for each mobile station, the
pseudorandom position of the transmitted power control groups in the frame while
guaranteeing that every modulation symbol is transmitted exactly once.
dB
dB A unit used to express a ratio using logarithms, called decibel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
dBc The ratio (in dB) of the sideband power of a signal, measured in a given
bandwidth at a given frequency offset from the center frequency of the same
signal, to the total in-band power of the signal. For CDMA, the total in-band
power of the signal is measured in a 1.23 MHz or 3.69 MHz bandwidth around
the center frequency of the CDMA signal.
dBd A measure of the gain of an actual antenna compared to an dipole antenna.
dBi A measure of the gain of an actual antenna compared to an isotropic radiator.
dBm A measure of power expressed in terms of its ratio (in dB) to one milliwatt.
dBm/Hz A measure of power spectral density. dBm/Hz is the power in one Hertz of
bandwidth, where power is expressed in units of dBm.
dBp A measure of power expressed in terms of its ratio (in dB) to the Pilot Channel.
dBW A measure of power expressed in terms of its ratio (in dB) to one Watt.
Deinterleaving
The process of un-permuting the symbols that were permuted by the interleaver.
Deinterleaving is performed on received symbols prior to decoding. See also
Interleaving.
Designated Access Mode

[IS-2000]
A mode of operation on the Reverse Common Control Channel where the mobile
station responds to requests received on the Forward Common Control Channel.
Digital Modulation
Depending on the bit-value or bit pattern, digital modulation generates certain
energies in the quadrature-phase (Q-phase) and in-phase (I-phase) component of
the signal. See also BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, HPSK, OQPSK, OCQPSK,
and PNCQPSK.
Dim-and-Burst
A frame in which primary traffic is multiplexed with either secondary traffic or
signaling traffic. See also Blank-and-Burst.
Dipole Antenna
Usually a straight, center-fed, one-half wavelength antenna. See also Isotropic
Antenna.
Direct Spread
A CDMA mode in the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 family
of standards.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
A mode of operation in which a base station or a mobile station switches its
transmitter or a particular code channel on and off autonomously. See also
Continuous Transmission.
Distance-Based Registration
An autonomous registration method in which the mobile station registers whenever
it enters a cell whose distance from the cell in which the mobile station last
registered exceeds a given threshold.
Doppler Effect
The change in the received frequency (or wavelength) of a wave, caused by time
rate of change in the effective path length between the source and the receiver.
Doppler Shift
The degree of change in frequency (or wavelength) of a wave due to the doppler
effect.
Dormant Mode
In the dormant mode the mobile has a logical connection with the network, but no
air-link resources are allocated.
Downlink
See Forward Link.
DRCLock Channel
[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward MAC Channel that indicates to the access terminal
whether or not the access network can receive the DRC Channel sent by the access
terminal.
DS
See Direct Spread.
DTMF
See Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency.
Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)

Signaling by the simultaneous transmission of two tones, one from a group of low
frequencies and another from a group of high frequencies. Each group of
frequencies consists of four frequencies.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
E Eb
The energy of an information bit.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Eb/N0
See Eb/N T.
Eb/NT
The ratio in dB of the combined received energy per bit to the effective noise power
spectral density. Also called E b/N 0.
Ec
The energy of a chip.
Ec/I0
The ratio in dB between the pilot energy accumulated over one PN chip period (Ec)
to the total power spectral density (I0) in the received bandwidth.
Effective Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)

The product of the power supplied to the antenna, and the antenna gain in a
direction relative to an isotropic antenna.
Effective Radiated Power (ERP)

The product of the power supplied to the antenna, and its gain relative to a half-
wave dipole in a given direction.
EIB
See Erasure Indicator Bit.
8-PSK
8-ary Phase Shift Keying. 8-PSK can transmit 3 bits per chip cycle.
EIRP
See Effective Isotropically Radiated Power.
Electronic Serial Number (ESN)

A 32-bit number assigned by the mobile station manufacturer, uniquely identifying
the mobile station equipment.
Encoder
The signal processing step performing forward error correction encoding.
Encoder Tail Bits

A fixed sequence of bits added to the end of a block of data to reset the encoder to
a known state.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Enhanced Access Channel
[IS-2000]
A reverse channel used by the mobile for communicating to the base station. The
Enhanced Access Channel operates in the Basic Access Mode or in the Reservation
Access Mode. It is used for transmission of short messages, such as signaling,
MAC messages, response to pages, and call originations. It can also be used to
transmit moderate-sized data packets.
Enhanced Access Channel Preamble

[IS-2000]
A non-data bearing portion of the Enhanced Access probe sent by the mobile
station to assist the base station in initial acquisition and channel estimation.
Enhanced Access Data

[IS-2000]
The data transmitted while in the Basic Access Mode on the Enhanced Access
Channel, or while in the Reservation Access Mode on a Reverse Common Control
Channel.
Enhanced Access Header

[IS-2000]
A frame containing access origination information transmitted immediately after
the Enhanced Access Channel preamble while in the Reservation Access Mode.
Enhanced Access Probe

[IS-2000]
One Enhanced Access Channel transmission consisting of an Enhanced Access
Channel preamble, optionally an Enhanced Access header, and optionally
Enhanced Access data. See also Enhanced Access Probe Sequence.
Enhanced Access Probe Sequence

[IS-2000]
A sequence of one or more Enhanced Access probes on the Enhanced Access
Channel. See also Enhanced Access Probe.
Erasure Indicator Bit (EIB)

[IS-95, IS-2000]
A bit used in the Radio Configuration 2 Reverse Traffic Channel frame structure
to indicate an erased Forward Fundamental Channel frame and in the Radio
Configurations 3, 4, 5, and 6 Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel to indicate
frame erasure(s) and/or non-transmission on the Forward Fundamental Channel or
Forward Dedicated Control Channel.
ERP
See Effective Radiated Power.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ESN
See Electronic Serial Number.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
F F
The noise figure of a receiver, often in units of dB.
F- (forward link channels)

[IS-2000]
F-PICH Forward Pilot Channel

F-TDPICH Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
F-CAPICH Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel
F-DAPICH Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel
F-ATDPICH Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
F-SYNC Sync Channel
F-BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
F-PCH Paging Channel
F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel
F-CPCCH Common Power Control Channel
F-CACH Common Assignment Channel
F-CCCH Forward Common Control Channel
F-DCCH Forward Dedicated Control Channel
F-FCH Forward Fundamental Channel
F-SCH Forward Supplemental Channel
F-SCCH Forward Supplemental Code Channel
FCS
See Frame Check Sequence.
FEC
See Forward Error Correction.
FER
Frame Error Rate.
Fixed Data Rate

The operation of a Traffic Channel where the data rate does not change from frame
to frame. See also Variable Data Rates.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Flexible Data Rate
The operation of a Traffic Channel with Radio Configuration 3 or above, where the
frame format, including the number of information bits, the number of reserved
bits, and the number of frame quality indicator bits, is configurable.
Forward CDMA Channel

A CDMA Channel from a base station to mobile stations. The Forward CDMA
Channel contains one or more code channels that are transmitted on a CDMA
frequency assignment using a particular Pilot PN offset.
Forward Channel
[IS-856]
Defined as the portion of the CDMA Channel consisting of those Physical Layer
channels transmitted from the access network to the access terminal.
Forward Common Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A control channel used for the transmission of digital control information from a
base station to one or more mobile stations. See also Forward Dedicated Control
Channel.
Forward Control Channel

[IS-856]
The channel that carries data to be received by all access terminals monitoring the
Forward Channel.
Forward Dedicated Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 3 through 9 Forward Traffic Channel used for
the transmission of higher-level data, control information, and power control
information from a base station to a mobile station. See also Forward Common
Control Channel.
Forward Error Correction

A process whereby data is encoded with convolutional or turbo codes to assist in
error correction of the link. See also Encoder.
Forward Fundamental Channel

[IS-95]
See Forward Traffic Channel.
[IS-2000]
A portion of a Forward Traffic Channel which carries a combination of higher-
level data and power control information.
See also Reverse Fundamental Channel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Forward Link
The communication path from base station to the mobile station. See also Reverse
Link.
Forward MAC Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward Channel dedicated to Medium Access Control
activities. The Forward MAC Channel consists of the RPC, DRCLock, and RA
Channels.
Forward MAC Reverse Activity (RA) Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward MAC Channel that indicates activity level on the
Reverse Channel.
Forward MAC Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward MAC Channel that controls the power of the Reverse
Channel for one particular access terminal.
Forward Pilot Channel

[IS-95, IS-2000]
by each CDMA base station. The Pilot Channel allows a mobile station to acquire
the timing of the Forward CDMA Channel, provides a phase reference for coherent
demodulation, and provides means for signal strength comparisons between base
stations for determining when to handoff.
[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward Channel that carries the pilot.
See also Reverse Pilot Channel.
Forward Power Control Sub-Channel

[IS-95, IS-2000]
A sub-channel on the Forward Fundamental Channel or Forward Dedicated
Control Channel used by the base station to control the power of a mobile station
when operating on the Reverse Traffic Channel. See also Forward MAC Reverse
Power Control Channel.
Forward Supplemental Channel

[IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 3 through 9 Forward Traffic Channel which
operates in conjunction with a Forward Fundamental Channel or a Forward
Dedicated Control Channel in that Forward Traffic Channel to provide higher data
rate services, and on which higher-level data is transmitted.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Forward Supplemental Code Channel
[IS-95B, IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 1 and 2 (IS-95) Forward Traffic Channel which
operates in conjunction with a Forward Fundamental Channel in that Forward
Traffic Channel to provide higher data rate services, and on which higher-level
data is transmitted.
Forward Traffic Channel

[IS-95, IS-2000]
One or more code channels used to transport user and signaling traffic from the
base station to the mobile station. See Forward Fundamental Channel, Forward
Dedicated Control Channel, Forward Supplemental Channel, and Forward
Supplemental Code Channel.
[IS-856]
The portion of the Forward Channel that carries information for a specific access
terminal. The Forward Traffic Channel can be used as either a dedicated resource
or a non-dedicated resource. Prior to successful access terminal authentication, the
Forward Traffic Channel serves as a non-dedicated resource. Only after successful
access terminal authentication can the Forward Traffic Channel be used as a
dedicated resource for the specific access terminal.
Fractional Preamble
[IS-2000]
A preamble in a sequence sent on the Reverse Pilot Channel prior to transmitting
on the Enhanced Access Channel or the Reverse Common Control Channel.
Frame
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A basic timing interval in the system. Most channels can handle a frame of 20 ms.
For the Sync Channel, a frame is 26.666... ms long. For the Common Assignment
Channel, a frame is 5 ms long. Other frame sizes are 10, 40, and 80 ms long. See
the IS-95 and IS-2000 standards specifications.
[IS-856]
The duration of time specified by 16 slots or 26.66... ms.
Frame Category
A classification of a received Traffic Channel frame based upon transmission data
rate, the frame contents (primary traffic, secondary traffic, or signaling traffic), and
whether there are detected errors in the frame.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

[IS-856]
A CRC check applied to a Physical Layer packet.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Frame Offset
A time skewing of Traffic Channel frames from system time in integer multiples
of 1.25 ms.
Frame Quality Indicator

The CRC check applied to frames.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
G Gated Transmission
A mode of operation in which the mobile station transmitter or certain channels are
gated on and off during specific power control groups.
Global Positioning System (GPS)

A US government satellite system that provides location and time information to
users. See Navstar GPS Space Segment / Navigation User Interfaces ICD-GPS-200
for specifications. See also System Time.
Good Frame
A frame not classified as a bad frame.
Good Message
A received message is declared a good message if it is received with a correct CRC.
GPS
See Global Positioning System.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
H Half Frame
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A 10 ms interval on the Paging Channel. Two half frames comprise a frame. The
first half frame begins at the same time as the frame.
Handoff
The act of transferring communication with a mobile station from one base station
to another. See also Soft Handoff, Softer Handoff, Semi-Soft Handoff, and Hard
Handoff.
Hard Handoff
A handoff characterized by a temporary disconnection of the Traffic Channel. Hard
handoffs occur when the mobile station is transferred between disjoint Active Sets,
the CDMA frequency assignment changes, the frame offset changes, or the mobile
station is directed from a CDMA Traffic Channel to an analog voice channel. See
also Soft Handoff and Semi-Soft Handoff.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Hash Function
A function used by the mobile station to select one out of N available resources.
The hash function distributes the available resources uniformly among a random
sample of mobile stations.
HLR
See Home Location Register.
Home Location Register

The location register to which a MIN is assigned for record purposes such as
subscriber information.
Home System
The cellular system in which the mobile station subscribes for service.
HPSK
Hybrid Phase Shift Keying. HPSK is a variation of complex scrambling
(PNCQPSK) where a Walsh rotator reduces zero-crossings in the constellation
diagram for the signal.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
I Idle Handoff
The act of transferring reception of the Paging Channel or Control Channel from
one base station to another, when the mobile station is in the Idle State.
Idle State
In the Idle State, the mobile station (or access terminal) receives control
information from the base station and is ready to communicate with the system.
Implicit Registration
A registration achieved by a successful transmission of an origination or page
response on the Access Channel.
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity.
Initialization State
In the Initialization State, the mobile station (or access terminal) tunes to a CDMA
carrier and initializes itself for communication with the system.
Interleaving
The process of permuting a sequence of symbols. See also Deinterleaving.
I0
The total power spectral density of interference received by a mobile station.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IP
The initial open loop power radiated by a mobile station on the first probe during
the access procedure.
IP also means Internet Protocol.
Isotropic Antenna
A hypothetical antenna that radiates or receives equally in all directions. Isotropic
antennas do not exist physically but represent convenient reference antennas for
expressing directional properties of physical antennas. See also Dipole Antenna.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
K kbps
Kilo-bits per second (103 bits per record).
kHz
Kilohertz (103 Hertz).
ksps
Kilo-symbols per second (103 symbols per second).
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
L Layering
A method of organization for communication protocols. A layer is defined in terms
of its communication protocol to a peer layer in another entity, and the services it
offers to the next higher layer in its own entity.
Layer 1
See Physical Layer.
Layer 2
Layer 2 provides for the correct transmission and reception of signaling messages,
including partial duplicate detection. See also Layering and Layer 3.
Layer 3
Layer 3 provides the control of the cellular telephone system. Signaling messages
originate and terminate at layer 3. See also Layering and Layer 2.
Local Control
An optional mobile station feature used to perform manufacturer-specific
functions.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Long Code
A PN sequence with period 242 - 1 that is used for scrambling on the Forward
CDMA Channel and spreading on the Reverse CDMA Channel. The long code
uniquely identifies a mobile station on both the Reverse Traffic Channel and the
Forward Traffic Channel. The long code provides limited privacy. The long code
also separates multiple overhead channels of the same type (e.g., Access Channel)
on the same CDMA Channel. See also Public Long Code and Private Long Code.
Long Code Mask

A 42-bit binary number that creates the unique identity of the long code. See also
Public Long Code, Private Long Code, Public Long Code Mask, and Private Long
Code Mask.
Long PN Code
See Long Code.
LSB
Least Significant Bit.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
M MAC Layer
The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer defines the procedures used to receive
and to transmit over the Physical Layer.
MATI
[IS-856]
Multicast Access Terminal Identifier. See also Access Terminal.
Maximal Length Sequence (m-Sequence)

A binary sequence of period 2n-1, where n a positive integer, with no internal
periodicities. A maximal length sequence can be generated by a tapped n-bit shift
register with linear feedback. See also PN Code.
MC
See Multi-Carrier.
Mcps
Megachips per second (106 chips per second). See also Chip.
Mean Input Power

The total received calorimetric power measured in a specified bandwidth at the
antenna connector, including all internal and external signal and noise sources.
Mean Output Power

The total transmitted calorimetric power measured in a specified bandwidth at the
antenna connector when the transmitter is active.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Message Capsule
A sequence of bits comprising a single message and padding. The padding always
follows the message and may be of zero length.
Message CRC
The CRC associated with a message. See also Cyclic Redundancy Code.
Message Field
A basic named element in a message. A message field may consist of zero or more
bits.
Message Record
An entry in a message consisting of one or more fields that repeats in the message.
MHz
Megahertz (106 Hertz).
MIN
See Mobile Station Identification Number.
Mobile Station
A station that communicates with the base station. See also Access Terminal.
Mobile Station Identification Number (MIN)

[IS-95, IS-2000]
The 34-bit number that is a digital representation of the 10-digit directory
telephone number assigned to a mobile station. See also IMSI.
Mobile Station Originated Call

A call originating from a mobile station.
Mobile Station Terminated Call

A call received by a mobile station (not to be confused with a disconnect or call
release).
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

A configuration of equipment that provides cellular radiotelephone service. Also
called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
Modulation Symbol
The input to the signal point mapping block, and the output of the interleaver or the
symbol repetition block, if present.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Modulo-2 Addition
Modulo-2 addition is a binary addition with no carry. Modulo-2 addition can be
realized using XOR gates. See table.
A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
ms
Millisecond (10-3 second).
MSB
Most significant bit.
MSC
See Mobile Switching Center.
MTSO
See Mobile Switching Center.
Multi-Carrier
[IS-2000]
A CDMA mode in the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 family
of standards. The mode uses N (N =1) adjacent 1.2288 Mcps direct-sequence
spread RF carriers on the Forward CDMA Channel and a single direct-sequence
spread RF carrier on the Reverse CDMA Channel.
Multipath
The propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving
antenna by two or more paths.
Multiplex Option
The ability of the multiplex sublayer and lower layers to be tailored to provide
special capabilities. A multiplex option defines such characteristics as the frame
format and the rate decision rules. See also Multiplex Sublayer.
Multiplex Sublayer
One of the conceptual layers of the system that multiplexes and demultiplexes
primary traffic, secondary traffic, and signaling traffic. See also Multiplex Option.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
N Neighbor Set
The set of pilots associated with the CDMA Channels that are probable candidates
for handoff. Normally, the Neighbor Set consists of the pilot channels associated
with CDMA Channels that cover geographical areas near the mobile station. See
also Active Set, Candidate Set, and Remaining Set.
Network
A network is a subset of a cellular system, such as an area-wide cellular network,
a private group of base stations, or a group of base stations set up to handle a special
requirement. A network can be as small or as large as needed, as long as it is fully
contained within a system. See also System.
Network Identification (NID)

A number that uniquely identifies a network within a cellular system. See also
System Identification.
NID
See Network Identification.
N0
The absolute minimum noise power spectral density received due to noise
temperature, thermal noise, and noise figure.
Non-Autonomous Registration
A registration method in which the base station initiates registration. See also
Autonomous Registration.
Non-Slotted Mode
[IS-95, IS-2000]
An operation mode of the mobile station in which the mobile station continuously
monitors the Paging Channel when in the Idle State.
ns
Nanosecond (10-9 second).
NT
The effective noise power spectral density.
NULL
Not having any value.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Null Traffic Channel Data
One or more frames of a specified data sequence sent at the lowest agreed-upon
rate of the negotiated Radio Configuration. Null Traffic Channel data may be sent
when there is no primary, secondary, or signaling traffic available. Null Traffic
Channel data serves to maintain the connectivity between the mobile station and
the base station. See also Traffic Channel.
Numeric Information
Numeric information consists of parameters that appear as numeric fields in
messages exchanged by the base station and the mobile station, and information
used to describe the operation of the mobile station.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
O OCQPSK
Orthogonal Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
Octet
A group of eight bits.
OLC
See Overload Class (CDMA).
Optional Field
A field defined within a message structure that is optionally transmitted to the
message recipient.
OQPSK
Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
Order
A type of message that contains control codes for either the mobile station or the
base station.
Ordered Registration
A registration method in which the base station orders the mobile station to send
registration related parameters.
Origination
See Mobile Station Originated Call.
Orthogonal
Two signals are orthogonal if the correlation, the sum of products or integral,
equals to zero.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Orthogonal Modulator
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A 64-ary orthogonal modulator transmits one of 64 possible, orthogonal,
modulation symbols, Walsh codes, for each six code symbols.
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)

A forward link transmission method which distributes forward link channel
symbols among multiple antennas, and spreads the symbols with a unique Walsh
or quasi-orthogonal function associated with each antenna.
OTD
See Orthogonal Transmit Diversity.
Overhead Message
A message sent by the base station to communicate base-station-specific and
system-wide information to mobile stations.
Overload Class
The means used to control system access by mobile stations, typically in
emergency or other overloaded conditions. Mobile stations are assigned one (or
more) of sixteen overload classes. Access to the CDMA system can then be
controlled on a per class basis by persistence values transmitted by the base station.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
P Packet
The unit of information exchanged between the base station and the mobile station.
Padding
A sequence of bits used to fill from the end of a message to the end of a message
capsule, typically to the end of the frame or half frame.
Paging
The act of seeking a mobile station when the mobile station needs to be contacted.
See also Paging Channel.
Paging Channel (CDMA)

[IS-95, IS-2000]
A code channel in a Forward CDMA Channel used for transmission of control
information and pages from a base station to a mobile station. See also Paging,
Broadcast Control Channel, Forward Common Control Channel, Forward
Dedicated Control Channel, and Forward Control Channel.
Paging Channel Slot

An 80 ms interval on the Paging Channel. Mobile stations operating in the slotted
mode are assigned specific slots in which they monitor messages from the base
station.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Parameter-Change Registration
A registration method in which the mobile station registers when certain of its
stored parameters change.
Parity Check Bits

Bits added to a sequence of information bits to provide error detection, correction,
or both. See also Cyclic Redundancy Code.
Persistence
A probability measure used by the mobile station to determine if it should transmit
in a given Access Channel Slot or on an Enhanced Access Channel.
Physical Layer
The Physical Layer provides the channel structure, frequency, power output,
modulation, and encoding specifications for the forward and reverse links. See also
Layering.
Pilot Channel
by each CDMA base station. A Pilot Channel provides a phase reference for
coherent demodulation and may provide a means for signal strength comparisons
between base stations for determining when to handoff. See also Forward Pilot
Channel and Reverse Pilot Channel.
Pilot Increment (PILOT_INC)

A value indicating useable PN offsets, in multiples of 64 PN chips. For example, if
the pilot increment is 4, then every fourth PN offset can be used.
Pilot PN Sequence
A pair of modified maximal length PN sequences with period 215 used to spread the
Forward CDMA Channel and the Reverse CDMA Channel. Different base stations
are identified by different pilot PN sequence offsets.
Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index

Also called pilot PN offset. The PN offset in units of 64 PN chips of a Pilot
Channel, relative to the zero offset pilot PN sequence.
Pilot Strength
The ratio of received Pilot Channel energy to overall received energy. See also
Ec/I0.
PN
Pseudo-noise.
PN Chip
One bit in the PN sequence.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PN Code
Pseudo-random noise, or pseudo-noise (PN), code is a maximal length sequence,
usually with period 2n-1 where n is a positive number.
PNCQPSK
Pseudo-Noise Complex Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. PNCQPSK is more
commonly referred to as complex scrambling.
PN Sequence
Pseudo-noise sequence. A periodic binary sequence.
Power Control Bit

A bit sent on the Forward Power Control Sub-Channel, Reverse Power Control
Sub-Channel, or Common Power Control Sub-Channel to signal the mobile station
or base station to increase or decrease its transmit power.
Power Control Group

A 1.25 ms interval on the Forward Traffic Channel, the Reverse Traffic Channel,
and the Reverse Pilot Channel. See also Power Control Bit.
Power-Down Registration
An autonomous registration method in which the mobile station registers on power
down.
Power-Up Registration
An autonomous registration method in which the mobile station registers on power
up.
ppm
Parts per million.
Preamble
See Access Channel Preamble, Enhanced Access Channel preamble, Reverse
Common Control Channel preamble, and Traffic Channel Preamble.
Primary Carrier
The primary CDMA carrier is the default carrier in a CDMA system where a user
terminal should tune to when power-up. All CDMA systems should implement the
primary carrier. See also Secondary Carrier.
Primary CDMA Channel

A CDMA Channel at a pre-assigned frequency assignment used by the mobile
station for initial acquisition. See also Secondary CDMA Channel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Primary Cell Site
During a soft handoff, the cell site entity that has direct control of call processing.
Primary cell site is virtual in nature, since both the primary cell site and the
secondary cell site can actually be at the same physical cell. The primary cell site
can initiate forward control messages. There is exactly one primary cell site during
a soft handoff. See also Secondary Cell Site.
Primary Paging Channel (CDMA)

[IS-95, IS-2000]
The default code channel (code channel 1) assigned for paging on a CDMA
Channel. See also Paging Channel.
Primary Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel

[IS-2000]
A Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel used to power control the Forward
Dedicated Control Channel or Forward Fundamental Channel.
Primary Traffic
The main traffic stream carried between the mobile station and the base station,
supporting the active primary service option, on the Traffic Channel. See also
Secondary Traffic, Signaling Traffic, and Service Option.
Private Long Code

The long code characterized by the private long code mask. See also Long Code.

The long code mask used to form the private long code. See also Public Long Code
Mask and Long Code.
Processing Gain
See Spreading Gain.
PSTN
Public switched telephone network.
Public Long Code

The long code characterized by the public long code mask. See also Long Code.
Public Long Code Mask

The long code mask used to form the public long code. The mask contains a
permutation of the bits of the mobile stations ESN, the TMSI, or the particular
mask specified by the base station. The mask also includes the channel number
when used for a Supplemental Code Channel. See also Private Long Code Mask
and Long Code.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Punctured Code
An error-correcting code generated from another error-correcting code by deleting
(i.e., puncturing) code symbols from the coder output. See also Forward Error
Correction.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
Q QIB
See Quality Indicator Bit.
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. QPSK can transmit 2 bits per chip cycle.
Quadrature Mixer
The RF modulation of two carrier components, which are 90 degrees apart in
phase.
Quality Indicator Bit

[IS-2000]
A bit used in the Radio Configurations 3, 4, 5, and 6 Reverse Power Control Sub-
Channel to indicate signal quality on the Forward Dedicated Control Channel.
When the Forward Fundamental Channel is present, this bit is set the same as the
Erasure Indicator Bits.
Quasi-Orthogonal Function
A function created by applying a quasi-orthogonal masking function to an
orthogonal Walsh function. See also Walsh Function.
Quick Paging Channel

[IS-2000]
An uncoded, spread, and On-Off-Keying (OOK) modulated spread spectrum
signal sent by a base station to inform mobile stations, operating in the slotted mode
during the Idle State, whether to receive the Forward Common Control Channel or
the Paging Channel starting in the next Forward Common Control Channel or
Paging Channel frame.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
R R- (reverse link channels)
[IS-2000]
R-PICH Reverse Pilot Channel
R-ACH Access Channel
R-EACH Enhanced Access Channel
R-CCCH Reverse Common Control Channel
R-DCCH Reverse Dedicated Control Channel
R-FCH Reverse Fundamental Channel
R-SCH Reverse Supplemental Channel
R-SCCH Reverse Supplemental Code Channel
Radio Access Network (RAN)

The system comprised of user devices (mobile stations and access terminals), base
stations, and MSC equipment.
Radio Configuration
[IS-2000]
A set of Forward Traffic Channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by Physical Layer parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Rake Receiver
A technique where multiple baseband correlators (fingers) individually process
several received multipath components. The output from the fingers are then
combined to a single signal.
RAN
See Radio Access Network.
Rate Set
[IS-95]
Specifies the data rates used for a Traffic Channel. See also Radio Configuration.
RATI
[IS-856]
Random Access Terminal Identifier. See also Access Terminal.
Rayleigh Fading
The phase-interference fading caused by mutlipath, and which may be
approximated by the Rayleigh distribution.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
RC
See Radio Configuration.
Registration
The process by which a mobile station identifies its location and parameters to a
base station. See also Autonomous Registration.
Registration Zone
A collection of one or more base stations treated as a unit when determining
whether a mobile station should perform zone-based registration.
Release
A process that the mobile station and base station use to inform each other of call
disconnect.
Remaining Set
The set of all allowable pilot offsets as determined by PILOT_INC, excluding the
pilot offsets of the pilots in the Active Set, Candidate Set, and Neighbor Set. See
also Active Set, Candidate Set, and Neighbor Set.
Request
A layer 3 message generated by either the mobile station or the base station to
retrieve information, ask for service, or command an action. See also Response.

A mode used on the Enhanced Access Channel and Reverse Common Control
Channel where a mobile station transmits an Enhanced Access Channel preamble
and an Enhanced Access header in the Enhanced Access probe. The Enhanced
Access data is transmitted on a Reverse Common Control Channel using closed
loop power control.
Response
A layer 3 message generated as a result of another message, typically a request. See
also Request.
Reverse Access Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Channel that is used by access terminals to
communicate with the access network when they do not have a Traffic Channel
assigned. There is a separate Reverse Access Channel for each sector of the access
network. See also Access Channel.
Reverse Access Data Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Access Channel that carries data. See also Access
Channel Message.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Reverse Access Pilot Channel
[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Access Channel that carries the pilot.
Reverse CDMA Channel

The CDMA Channel from the mobile station to the base station. From the base
station's perspective, the Reverse CDMA Channel is the sum of all mobile station
transmissions on a CDMA frequency assignment.
Reverse Channel
[IS-856]
The portion of the CDMA Channel consisting of those Physical Layer channels
transmitted from the access terminal to the access network.
Reverse Common Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A portion of a Reverse CDMA Channel used for the transmission of digital control
information from one or more mobile stations to a base station. The Reverse
Common Control Channel can operate in a Reservation Access mode or
Designated Access mode. The channel is power controlled in both modes, and may
support soft handoff in the Reservation Access Mode.
Reverse Common Control Channel Preamble

[IS-2000]
A non-data bearing portion of the Reverse Common Control Channel sent by the
mobile station to assist the base station in initial acquisition and channel
estimation.
Reverese Dedicated Control Channel

[IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 3 through 6 Reverse Traffic Channel used for
the transmission of higher-level data and control information from a mobile station
to a base station.
Reverse Fundamental Channel

[IS-95]
See Reverse Traffic Channel.
[IS-2000]
A portion of a Reverse Traffic Channel which carries higher-level data and control
information from a mobile station to a base station.
See also Forward Fundamental Channel.
Reverse Link
The communication path from the mobile station to the base station. See also
Forward Link.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Reverse Pilot Channel
[IS-2000, IS-856]
by a CDMA mobile station. A Reverse Pilot Channel provides a phase reference
for coherent demodulation and may provide a means for signal strength
measurement. See also Forward Pilot Channel and Reverse Traffic Pilot Channel.
Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel

[IS-95, IS-2000]
A sub-channel on the Reverse Pilot Channel used by the mobile station to control
the power of a base station when operating on the Forward Traffic Channel with
Radio Configuration 3 through 9.

[IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 3 through 6 Reverse Traffic Channel which
operates in conjunction with the Reverse Fundamental Channel or the Reverse
Dedicated Control Channel in that Reverse Traffic Channel to provide higher data
rate services, and on which higher-level data is transmitted.
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel

[IS95B, IS-2000]
A portion of a Radio Configuration 1 and 2 Reverse Traffic Channel which
operates in conjunction with the Reverse Fundamental Channel in that Reverse
Traffic Channel, and (optionally) with other Reverse Supplemental Code Channels
to provide higher data rate services, and on which higher-level data is transmitted.
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel Preamble

[IS-95B, IS-2000]
A sequence of all-zero frames that is sent by the mobile station on the Reverse
Supplemental Code Channel as an aid to Traffic Channel acquisition.
Reverse Traffic Ack Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel that indicates the success or failure of
the Forward Traffic Channel reception.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Reverse Traffic Channel
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A Reverse CDMA Channel used to transport user and signaling traffic from a
single mobile station to one or more base stations.
[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Channel that carries information from a specific access
terminal to the access network. The Reverse Traffic Channel can be used as either
a dedicated resource or a non-dedicated resource. Prior to successful access
terminal authentication, the Reverse Traffic Channel serves as a non-dedicated
resource. Only after successful access terminal authentication can the Reverse
Traffic Channel be used as a dedicated resource for the specific access terminal.
Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble

[IS-95]
A sequence of all-zero frames that is sent by the mobile station on the Reverse
Traffic Channel. The preamble is sent during initialization of the Traffic Channel.
[IS-2000]
A non-data bearing portion of the Reverse Pilot Channel sent by the mobile station
to aid the base station in initial acquisition and channel estimation for the Reverse
Dedicated Control Channel and Reverse Fundamental Channel.
Reverse Traffic Data Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel that carries user data.
Reverse Traffic MAC Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel dedicated to Medium Access Control
(MAC) activities. The Reverse Traffic MAC Channel consists of the RRI and DRC
Channels. See also MAC Layer.
Reverse Traffic MAC Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel that indicates the rate at which the
access terminal can receive the Forward Traffic Channel, and the sector from
which the access terminal wishes to receive the Forward Traffic Channel.
Reverse Traffic MAC Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel that indicates the rate of the Reverse
Traffic Data Channel.
Reverse Traffic Pilot Channel

[IS-856]
The portion of the Reverse Traffic Channel that carries the pilot. See also Reverse
Pilot Channel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
RF Carrier
A direct-sequence spread RF channel. For the Forward CDMA Channel, the
number of RF carriers is equal to the Spreading Rate; for the Reverse CDMA
Channel, there is one RF carrier.
RLP
Radio Link Protocol provides retransmission and duplicate detection for an octet-
aligned data stream.
RN
Random Number. See also Access Procedure.
Roamer
A mobile station operating in a cellular system (or network) other than the one from
which service was subscribed.
RP
The random time associated with the persistence of the mobile station during the
access procedure.
RS
The random time associated with the sequence repetition of the mobile station
during the access procedure.
RT
The random time associated with the delay before transmitting again of the mobile
station during the access procedure.
Rx
Receive.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
S Scrambling
When two signals, b(t) and c(t), have the same rate, the product y(t)=b(t)c(t)
contains all the information of b(t) and has the same rate. The spectrum of the
signal is unchanged, and the incoming bit stream is said to be encrypted or
scrambled. In other words, b(t) is made unintelligible at a receiver not equipped
with an appropriately set descrambling device. See also Spreading.
Search Window
The range of PN chips that a receiver searches for a signal. A mobile station
receiver searches for the Forward Link Pilot. A base station receiver searches for
the Reverse Pilot Channel or the Reverse Traffic Channel.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Secondary Carrier
Similar to the primary carrier. If a CDMA system has two or more carriers, then it
should also implement the secondary carrier. If a user terminal can not find the
primary carrier, it should tune to the secondary carrier.
Secondary CDMA Channel

A pre-assigned channel in a CDMA cellular system for Spreading Rate 1 (IS-95
operation) used by the mobile station for initial acquisition. See also Primary
CDMA Channel.
Secondary Cell Site

During a soft handoff, the cell site that does not have direct control of call
processing. See also Primary Cell Site.
Secondary Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel

A Reverse Power Control Sub-Channel used to control a Forward Supplemental
Channel.
Secondary Traffic
An additional traffic stream that can be carried between the mobile station and the
base station on the Traffic Channel. See also Primary Traffic and Signaling Traffic.
Sector
d The part of the radio access network that provides one CDMA Channel.
Security Layer
[IS-856]
The Security Layer provides authentication and encryption services. See also
Layering.
Semi-Soft Handoff
A handoff which does not require a new assignment of the frame selecting entity
at the MSC. See also Soft Handoff and Hard Handoff.
Service Option
A service capability of the system. Service options may be applications such as
voice, data, or facsimile.
Serving Frequency
The CDMA frequency on which a mobile station is currently communicating with
one or more base stations.
Session Layer
[IS-856]
The Session Layer provides protocol negotiation, protocol configuration, and state
maintenance services. See also Layering.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Shared Secret Data (SSD)
A 128-bit pattern stored in the mobile station (in semi-permanent memory) and
known by the base station. SSD is a concatenation of two 64-bit subsets: SSD_A,
which is used to support the authentication procedures, and SSD_B, which serves
as one of the inputs to the process generating the encryption mask and private long
code. See also Authentication.
Short PN Code
The short PN code is also called sector-specific PN code or pilot PN code. It is a
modified PN code with period 215. A sector is identified by a pair of short PN
codes. See also Pilot PN Sequence and Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index.
SID
See System Identification.
Signaling Traffic
Control messages that are carried between the mobile station and the base station
on the Traffic Channel. See also Primary Traffic and Secondary Traffic.
16-QAM
16-ary Quadrature Phase Shift/Amplitude Modulation. 16-QAM can transmit 4
bits per chip cycle.
64-ary Modulation
See Orthogonal Modulator.
Slot
[IS-856]
A duration of time specified by 1.66... ms.
Slot Cycle
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A periodic interval at which a mobile station operating in the slotted mode
monitors the Paging Channel.
Slotted Mode
[IS-95, IS-2000]
An operation mode of the mobile station in which the mobile station monitors only
selected slots on the Paging Channel. See also Slot Cycle.
SLP
[IS-856]
Signaling Link Protocol (SLP) provides best-effort and reliable-delivery
mechanisms for signaling messages. See also SNP.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Smin
The minimum signal level required to meet some criteria of Eb/N 0. Also referred to
as receiver sensitivity.
SNP
[IS-856]
Signaling Network Protocol (SNP) provides message transmission services for
signaling messages. The protocols that control each layer use SNP to deliver their
messages to their peer protocols. See also SLP.
Soft Handoff
A handoff occurring while the mobile station is on a Traffic Channel. This handoff
is characterized by commencing communications with a new base station on the
same CDMA frequency assignment before terminating communications with the
old base station. See also Hard Handoff and Softer Handoff.
Softer Handoff
This refers to the handoff process that is handled by a channel element which
supports multiple sectors. The user terminal, during the (inter-sector) soft handoff,
will communicate through two sectors (radios) with only one channel element.
Softer handoff is a subset of soft handoff.
SOM
Start-of-Message Bit.
Space Time Spreading

A forward link transmission method which transmits all forward link channel
symbols on multiple antennas, and spreads the symbols with complementary
Walsh or quasi-orthogonal functions.
Spreading
When two signals, b(t) and c(t), are multiplied together, the resulting signal,
b(t)c(t), will have the same bit (or chip) period as the faster signal (wider
bandwidth); e.g., c(t). See also Scrambling.
Spreading Gain
Spreading gain or processing gain is achieved when noise components, or noise-
like components, remain spread when the original signal is de-spread. The original
signal appears to have gained energy relative the noise. It can also be seen as if the
noise has been suppressed.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Spreading Rate (SR)
[IS-2000]
The PN chip rate of the Forward CDMA Channel or the Reverse CDMA Channel,
defined as a multiple of 1.2288 Mcps.
Spreading Rate 1 (SR1) is often referred to as "1X." A SR1 Forward CDMA
Channel uses a single direct-sequence spread carrier with a chip rate of 1.2288
Mcps. A SR1 Reverse CDMA Channel uses a single direct-sequence spread carrier
with a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps.
Spreading Rate 3 (SR3) is often referred to as "3X." A SR3 Forward CDMA
Channel uses three direct-sequence spread carriers (see multi-carrier) each with a
chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. A SR3 Reverse CDMA Channel uses a single direct-
sequence spread carrier with a chip rate of 3.6864 Mcps.
sps
Symbols per second.
SR
See Spreading Rate.
Station Class Mark (SCM)

An identification of certain characteristics of a mobile station.
Stream Layer
[IS-856]
The Stream Layer provides multiplexing of distinct streams. Stream 0 is dedicated
to signaling and defaults to the default signaling stream (SNP / SLP), and Stream
1 defaults to the default packet service (RLP). Stream 2 and Stream 3 are not used
by default. See also Layering.
STS
See Space Time Spreading.
Subnet Mask (of length n)

A 128-bit value whose binary representation consists of n consecutive '1's followed
by 128-n consecutive '0's.
Suspended Mode
[IS-856]
The suspended mode is similar to dormant mode, but a connection can be
established without using the Access State. See also Dormant Mode.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Sweden
A country of northern Europe on the eastern Scandinavian Peninsula. The region
was settled by Germanic tribes probably in Neolithic times, and by the 10th century
A.D. the Swedes had extended their influence as far as the Black Sea. During the
14th century Sweden and Norway, and for a while Denmark, formed a union, but
in the 16th century the Swedes revolted and established a separate state. By the
17th century Sweden was a major European power, controlling most of the Baltic
coast. It lost much of its territory in the Great Northern War (1700-1721) but
acquired Norway (1814) in the Napoleonic Wars, ruling it until 1905. Stockholm
is the capital and the largest city.
Area: 173,620 sq. miles (449,674 sq. km)
Population: 8,940,788 (year 2002).
Symbol
See Code Symbol and Modulation Symbol.
Symbol Puncturing
The process of deleting modulation symbols. See also Symbol Repetition.
Symbol Repetition
The process of repeating modulation symbols. See also Symbol Puncturing.
Sync Channel
[IS-95, IS-2000]
A code channel in the Forward CDMA Channel which transports the
synchronization message to the mobile station.
Sync Channel Superframe

[IS-95, IS-2000]
An 80 ms interval consisting of three Sync Channel frames (each 26.66... ms in
length). See also Sync Channel.
System
A system is a cellular telephone service that covers a geographic area such as a city,
metropolitan region, county, or group of counties. See also Network.
System Identification (SID)

A number uniquely identifying a cellular system. See also System.
System Time
The time reference used by the system. System time is synchronous to UTC
(Universal Coordinated Time) time (except for leap seconds) and uses the same
time origin as GPS time. All base stations use the same system time (within a small
error tolerance). Mobile stations use the same system time, offset by the
propagation delay from the base station to the mobile station. See also Universal
Coordinated Time.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
T TA
The specified time associated with waiting for an acknowledgement by the mobile
station during the access procedure. See also Access Procedure.
Tb
The time period between bits, or bit interval.
Tc
The time period between chips, or chip interval.
TD
Transmit Diversity schemes, including OTD and STS.
Termination
See Mobile Station Terminated Call.
Timer-Based Registration
A registration method in which the mobile station registers whenever a counter
reaches a predetermined value.
Time Reference
A reference, established by the mobile station, that is synchronous with the earliest
arriving multipath component used for demodulation.
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity. See also IMSI.
Traffic Channel
A communication path between a mobile station and a base station used for user
and signaling traffic. The term Traffic Channel often implies a Forward Traffic
Channel and Reverse Traffic Channel pair. See also Forward Traffic Channel and
Reverse Traffic Channel.
Traffic Channel Preamble

A sequence of all-zero frames that is sent at the by the mobile station on the
Reverse Traffic Channel. The Traffic Channel preamble is sent during
initialization of the Traffic Channel.
Traffic Channel State

[IS-95, IS-2000]
In the Traffic Channel State, the mobile station communicates with the base station
using the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
[IS-2000]
by a CDMA base station to support forward link transmit diversity. The Forward
Pilot Channel and the Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel provide phase references
for coherent demodulation of Forward CDMA Channels which employ transmit
diversity.
Turbo Code
A type of error-correcting code. A code symbol is based on the outputs of the two
recursive convolutional codes (constituent codes) of the turbo code. See also
Forward Error Correction.
Tx
Transmit.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
U Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)

An internationally agreed-upon time scale maintained by the Bureau International
de lHeure (BIH) used as the time reference by nearly all commonly available time
and frequency distribution systems i.e., WWV, WWVH, LORAN-C, Transit,
Omega and GPS.
UATI
[IS-856]
Unicast Access Terminal Identifier. See also Access Terminal.
Uplink
See Reverse Link.
UTC
Universal Temps Coordine. See Universal Coordinated Time.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
V Variable Data Rates

The operation of a Traffic Channel where the transmitter can change the data rate
among a set of possible choices on a frame-by-frame basis.
Variable-rate Supplemental Channel

[IS-2000]
The operation of the Forward Supplemental Channel and the Reverse
Supplemental Channel where the transmitter can change the data rate among a set
of possible choices on a frame-by-frame basis.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Virtual Soft Handoff
[IS-856]
When the access terminal is receiving the Forward Traffic Channel, virtual soft
handoff is the process of transferring the Traffic Channel to another base station
within the Active Set.
Vocoder
Abbreviation for voice-coder. A device that usually consists of a speech analyzer,
which converts analog speech waveforms into narrowband digital signals, and a
speech synthesizer, which converts the digital signals into artificial speech sounds.
Voice Privacy
The process by which user voice transmitted over a Traffic Channel is afforded a
modest degree of protection against eavesdropping over the air.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
W Walsh Chip
The shortest identifiable component of a Walsh or quasi-orthogonal function.
There are 2N Walsh chips in one Walsh function where N is the order of the Walsh
function.
Walsh Function
One of 2N time orthogonal binary functions (note that the functions are orthogonal
after mapping '0' to +1 and '1' to -1). See also Walsh Chip.
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
Z Zone-Based Registration
An autonomous registration method in which the mobile station registers whenever
it enters a zone that is not in the mobile stations zone list. See also Registration
Zone.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Airinterfaces PDF

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Student Guide

Understanding the CDMA Air-Interfaces

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Mandatory customer information

Developed by Lucent Technologies

RF Design CL8301/ CL3716

RF Performance CL3723 CL3723

System Performance CL1517/

These publications can be ordered from TIA (http://www.tiaonline.com)

Purpose of the assessment

1. Fundamental Radio Concepts and CDMA Introduction

IS-95 (a.k.a. 2G)

Understanding the CDMA

Explain the benefits of digital transmission

Understanding the CDMA

Electromagnetic waves propagate better than sound

Modulation allows another signal to be transported by the

Understanding the CDMA

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Phase Modulation (PM)

Understanding the CDMA

Analog signals are easily

Analog signals can be represented in a digital form

Understanding the CDMA

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Bandwidth

Uses FDMA and timeslots B

Understanding the CDMA

High and dynamic capacity

Understanding the CDMA

One CDMA Channel

Multiple CDMA Channels

Understanding the CDMA

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Spectrum

asymmetrical data links Reverse link

Understanding the CDMA

In order to support duplex operation (simultaneous or pseudo-simultaneous communication

Real phase of signal

Understanding the CDMA

Understanding the CDMA

Variable > 384 kb/s

Understanding the CDMA

Understanding the CDMA

Understanding the CDMA

Understanding the CDMA

Understanding the CDMA

RF carrier is modulated with a digital signal

RF frequencies are generally referred to as the electro magneticwaves propagating in the

1. Why is digital transmission more beneficial than analog

Understanding the CDMA

2. What uniquely identifies a TDMA user channel?

3. What uniquely identifies a CDMA user channel?

Understanding the CDMA

4. What is one of the benefits of CDMA?

5. For a typical CDMA carrier, what is the minimum

Understanding the CDMA

6. Match the following terms:

7. IS-856 can share certain RF components with IS-95A.

Understanding the CDMA

8. An IS-95 mobile station may be able to make a call on a