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Design Considerations
Chapter 11
Sections 11.1 through 11.3
Types
Simplest configuration.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUjTa5BajxQ
Types (cont.)
For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing, in the transverse
direction (y) is prevented for the finned tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUj
Ta5BajxQ
Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the
shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.
The number of tube and shell passes may be varied, e.g.:
With subscripts c and h used to designate the cold and hot fluids, respectively,
the most general expression for the overall coefficient is:
=1 =1 1
UA (UA)c (UA)h
1 Rf , c Rf , h 1
= + + Rw + +
(o hA)c (o A)c (o A)h (o hA)h
Overall Coefficient (cont.)
tanh ( mL )
f ,c or h =
mL c or h
mc or h = ( 2U p / k wt )c or h
h
=
U p ,c or h partial overall coefficient
1 + hR
f c or h
LMTD Method
T1 Th ,1 Tc ,1
= Th ,i Tc ,o
T2 Th ,2 Tc ,2
= Th ,o Tc ,i
LMTD Method (cont.)
T1 Th ,1 Tc ,1
= Th ,i Tc ,i
T2 Th ,2 Tc ,2
= Th ,o Tc ,o
Note that Tc,o cannot exceed Th,o for a PF HX, but can do so for a CF HX.
For equivalent values of UA and inlet temperatures,
Tm ,CF > Tm ,PF
Assume negligible heat transfer between the exchanger and its surroundings
and negligible potential and kinetic energy changes for each fluid.
q m h ( ih ,i ih , o )
=
q m c ( ic , o ic ,i )
=
i fluid enthalpy
Assuming no l/v phase change and constant specific heats,
q m h c p , h (Th ,i =
Th , o ) Ch (Th ,i Th , o )
=
q m c c p , c (Tc , o =
Tc ,i ) Cc (Tc , o Tc ,i )
=
Ch , Cc Heat capacity rates
Special Conditions
Problem 11.5: Determination of heat transfer per unit length for heat recovery
device involving hot flue gases and water.
KNOWN: Geometry of finned, annular heat exchanger. Gas-side temperature and convection
coefficient. Water-side flowrate and temperature.
SCHEMATIC:
Do = 60 mm
Di,1 = 24 mm
Di,2 = 30 mm
t = 3 mm = 0.003m
L = (60-30)/2 mm = 0.015m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (300 K): k = 0.613 W/mK, Pr = 5.83, = 855 10-6
Ns/m2.
where
)c 1/ ( hA)c + Rw + 1/ (o hA)h
1/ (UA=
=
Rw
( =
)
ln Di,2 / Di,1 ln ( 30 / 24 )
= 7.10 104 K/W.
2 kL 2 ( 50 W/m K ) l m
Problem: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (cont.)
With
4m 4 0.161 kg/s
=
ReD = = 9990
Di,1 ( 0.024m ) 855 106 N s/m 2
( )
1
( hA)c=
1
1883 W/m K 0.024m 1m = 7.043 103 K/W.
2
o = (
1 Af / A 1 f )( )
8 2 ( L w) =
Af = 8 2 ( 0.015m 1m ) =
0.24m 2
( )
A= A f + Di,2 8t w= 0.24m 2 + ( 0.03m 8 0.003m )= 0.31m 2 .
where
1/2
[ 2h / kt ] 2 100 W/m 2 K / 50 W/m K ( 0.003m ) 36.5 m 1
1/2
m= =
=
tanh ( 2h / kt )
1/2
L = 0.499.
Hence
= f 0.499
= / 0.55 0.911
o = ( )( )
1 ( 0.24 / 0.31)(1 0.911) =
1 A f / A 1 f = 0.931
( )
1 1
(o hA)=
h
2 2
0.931100 W/m K 0.31m = 0.0347 K/W.
It follows that
(UA)c=
1
( 7.043103 + 7.1104 + 0.0347 ) K/W
(UA)c = 23.6 W/K
and
COMMENTS: (1) The gas-side resistance is substantially decreased by using the fins
( )
Af >> Di,2 and q is increased.
(2) Heat transfer enhancement by the fins could be increased further by using a material of
larger k, but material selection would be limited by the large value of Tm,h.
Problem: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (cont.)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (2) Negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, (3) Constant properties.
q 6.67 107 W
=A =
U F Tm,CF 1200 W/m 2 K 1 5C
A = 11,100 m 2 . <
Problem: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (cont.)
q 6.67 107 W
=m h =
c p, h Th,i Th,o ( )
4181 J/kg K ( 300 292 ) K
COMMENTS: (1) The required heat exchanger size is enormous due to the small temperature
differences involved.
(2) The concept was considered during the energy crisis of the mid 1970s but has not
since been implemented.
Heat Exchangers:
The Effectiveness NTU Method
Chapter 11
Sections 11.4 through 11.7
General Considerations
General Considerations
Computational Features/Limitations of the LMTD Method:
Definitions
Heat exchanger effectiveness, :
q
=
qmax
0 1
Ch if Ch < Cc
Cmin = or
Cc if Cc < Ch
Will the fluid characterized by Cmin or Cmax experience the largest possible
temperature change in transit through the HX?
NTU UA
Cmin
q with NTU
HX Relations
=q Cmin (Th ,i Tc ,i )
Performance Calculations:
Cr
Relations Table 11.3 or Figs. 11.10 - 11.15
HX Relations (cont.)
Design Calculations:
NTU = f ( , Cmin / Cmax )
1 exp ( NTU )
=
or
1n (1 )
NTU =
Problem: Blood Cooling
KNOWN: Cross-flow heat exchanger (both fluids unmixed) cools blood to induce body
hypothermia using ice-water as the coolant.
FIND: (a) Heat transfer rate from the blood, (b) Water flow rate, (liter/min), (c) Surface
c
area of the exchanger, and (d) Calculate and plot the blood and water outlet temperatures as a
function of the water flow rate for the range, 2 4 liter/min, assuming all other
c
parameters remain unchanged.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Negligible losses to the surroundings, (3)
Overall heat transfer coefficient remains constant with water flow rate changes, and (4)
Constant properties.
=
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Tc 280K
= ) , 1000 kg/m
=
3
, c 4198 J/kg K.
3
=
Blood (given): 1050 kg/m
= , c 3740 J/kg K.
Problem: Blood Cooling (cont.)
ANALYSIS: (a) The heat transfer rate from the blood is calculated from an energy balance
on the hot fluid,
m h = h = 1050 kg/m 3 ( 5 liter/min 1 min/60 s ) 10 3 m 3 / liter = 0.0875 kg/s
h
Th , o ) 0.0875 kg/s3740 J/kg K ( 37 - =
q = m h ch (Th ,i = 25 ) K 3927 W < (1)
(b) From an energy balance on the cold fluid, find the coolant water flow rate,
=q m c cc (Tc,o Tc,i ) (2)
m c 4198 J/kg K (15 0 ) K
3927 W = m c =
0.0624 kg/s
=
/ c 0.0624 kg/s/1000 kg/m3 103 liter/m3 60 s/min
m c= = 3.74 liter/min <
c
(c) The surface area can be determined using the effectiveness - NTU method. The capacity
rates for the exchanger are
=
Ch m=
h ch 327 W/K =
Cc m=
c cc 262 W/K C=
min Cc (3, 4, 5)
From Eqs. 11.18 and 11.19, the maximum heat rate and effectiveness are
= Cmin (Th,i T=
qmax c,i ) 262 W/K ( 37 0 )=
K 9694 W (6)
= q=
/ qmax 3927 =
/ 9694 0.405 (7)
For the cross flow exchanger, with both fluids unmixed, substitute numerical values into Eq.
11.32 to find the number of transfer units, NTU, where Cr = Cmin / Cmax .
=
{ }
1 exp (1/Cr ) NTU 0.22 exp Cr NTU 0.78 1 NTU = 0.691
(8,9)
From Eq. 11.24, find the surface area, A.
NTU = UA / Cmin
=
A 0.691 262 W/K/750 W/m 2 K
= 0.241 m 2 <
Problem: Blood Cooling (cont.)
(d) Using the foregoing equations, the blood and water outlet temperatures, Th,o and Tc,o,
respectively, are calculated and plotted as a function of the water flow rate, all other
parameters remaining unchanged.
24
22
20
18
16
14
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Water flow rate, Qc (liter/min)
From the graph, note that with increasing water flow rate, both the blood and water outlet
temperatures decrease. However, the effect of the water flow rate is greater on the water
outlet temperature. This is an advantage for this application, since it is desirable to have the
blood outlet temperature relatively insensitive to changes in the water flow rate. That is, if
there are pressure changes on the water supply line or a slight mis-setting of the water flow
rate controller, the outlet blood temperature will not change markedly.
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger
Problem 11.35: Use of twin-tube (brazed) heat
exchanger to heat air
by extracting energy from a hot
water supply.
KNOWN: Counterflow heat exchanger formed by two brazed tubes with prescribed hot and
cold fluid inlet temperatures and flow rates.
SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
1 1 1 1
= + + (5)
UA (ohA)h Rt L (ohA)c
Since circumferential conduction may be significant in the tube walls, o needs to be evaluated for each of the tubes.
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
The flow is turbulent, and since fully developed, the Dittus-Boelter correlation may be used,
=
Nu h h= (
0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023 11, 243
h D / k 0.023 ReD = ) 0.8
( 2.88
= )0.3 54.99
hh = 3607 W/m 2 K.
54.99 0.656 W/m K / 0.01m =
4m c 4 0.120 kg/s
Air-side: =
ReD = = 275,900.
D 0.030m 184.6 107 N s/m 2
The flow is turbulent and, since fully developed,
=
Nu c h= (
0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023 275,900
c D / k 0.023 ReD = ) 0.8
( 0.707
= )0.4 450.9
hc = 395.3 W/m 2 K.
450.9 0.0263 W/m K / 0.030m =
With Lh = 0.5 Dh, o,h = tanh(143.2 m-1 0.5 0.010m)/143.2 m-1 0.5 0.010 m =
0.435.
( )
1/ 2
c tanh ( mLc ) / mLc m
o,c= f ,= = 395.3 W/m 2 K / 88 W/m K 0.002m = 47.39 m 1
With Lc = 0.5Dc, o,c = tanh(47.39 m-1 0.5 0.030m)/47.39 m-1 0.5 0.030m =
0.438.
1
UA= 5.070 104 + 2.50 104 + 1.533 103 W/K = 437 W/K.
With
C=
C=
h c=
h m h 0.040 kg/s 4186 J/kg K
c c=
c m
= 167.4 W/K Cmax
c 0.120 kg/s 1007 J/kg K
=
= 120.8 W/K Cmin
Cr C= }
min / Cmax 0.722
UA 437 W/K
=
NTU = = 3.62
Cmin 120.8 W/K
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
COMMENTS: (1) Using the overall energy balance, the water outlet temperature is
( )
Th,o = Th,i + ( Cc / Ch ) Tc,o Tc,i = 85C 0.722 ( 76.4 23) C = 46.4C.
(2) To initially evaluate the properties, we assumed that Th 335 K and Tc 300 K. From
the calculated values of Th,o and Tc,o, more appropriate estimates of Th and Tc are 338 K and
322 K, respectively. We conclude that proper thermophysical properties were used for water
but that the estimates could be improved for air.