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604 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Silva vs. Court of Appeals
*
G.R. No. 114742. July 17, 1997.

CARLITOS E. SILVA, petitioner, vs. HON. COURT OF

APPEALS and SUZANNE T. GONZALES, respondents.

Parent and Child; Custody; Words and Phrases; Visitation right

is the right of access of a noncustodial parent to his or her child or
children.The issue before us is not really a question of child
custody; instead, the case merely concerns the visitation right of a
parent over his children which the trial court has adjudged in favor
of petitioner by holding that he shall have visitorial rights to his
children during Saturdays and/or Sundays, but in no case (could) he
take out the children without the written consent of the mother

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* FIRST DIVISION.

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Silva vs. Court of Appeals

x x x. The visitation right referred to is the right of access of a non-

custodial parent to his or her child or children.

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Same; Same; Illegitimate Children; There is nothing conclusive

to indicate that the constitutional and legal provisions on the
natural right and duty of parents are meant to solely address
themselves to legitimate relationships.There is, despite a dearth of
specific legal provisions, enough recognition on the inherent and
natural right of parents over their children. Article 150 of the
Family Code expresses that (f)amily relations include those x x x
(2) (b)etween parents and children; x x x. Article 209, in relation to
Article 220, of the Code states that it is the natural right and duty
of parents and those exercising parental authority to, among other
things, keep children in their company and to give them love and
affection, advice and counsel, companionship and understanding.
The Constitution itself speaks in terms of the natural and primary
rights of parents in the rearing of the youth. There is nothing
conclusive to indicate that these provisions are meant to solely
address themselves to legitimate relationships. Indeed, although in
varying degrees, the laws on support and successional rights, by
way of examples, clearly go beyond the legitimate members of the
family and so explicitly encompass illegitimate relationships as
well. Then, too, and most importantly, in the declaration of nullity
of marriages, a situation that presupposes a void or inexistent
marriage, Article 49 of the Family Code provides for appropriate
visitation rights to parents who are not given custody of their
children.

Same; Same; In all cases involving a child, his interest and

welfare is always the paramount consideration.There is no doubt
that in all cases involving a child, his interest and welfare is always
the paramount consideration. The Court shares the view of the
Solicitor General, who has recommended due course to the petition,
that a few hours spent by petitioner with the children, however,
could not all be that detrimental to the children.

PETITION for review on certiorari of a decision of the

Court of Appeals.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

Agcaoili Law Offices for petitioner.
German S. Gonzales, Sr. for private respondent.

606

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606 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Silva vs. Court of Appeals

VITUG, J.:

Parents have the natural right, as well as the moral and

legal duty, to care for their children, see to their proper
upbringing and safeguard their best interest and welfare.
This authority and responsibility may not be unduly denied
the parents; neither may it be renounced by them. Even
when the parents are estranged and their affection for each
other is lost, the attachment and feeling for their offsprings
invariably remain unchanged. Neither the law nor the
courts allow this affinity to suffer absent, of course, any
real, grave and imminent threat to the well-being of the
child.
The petition bears upon this concern.
Carlitos E. Silva, a married businessman, and Suzanne
T. Gonzales, an unmarried local actress, cohabited without
the benefit of marriage. The union saw the birth of two
children: Ramon Carlos and Rica Natalia. Not very long
after, a rift in their relationship surfaced. It began,
according to Silva, when Gonzales decided to resume her
acting career over his vigorous objections. The assertion
was quickly refuted by Gonzales who claimed that she, in
fact, had never stopped working throughout their
relationship. At any rate, the two eventually parted ways.
The instant controversy was spawned, in February 1986,
by the refusal of Gonzales to allow Silva, in apparent
contravention of a previous understanding, to have the
children in his company on weekends. Silva filed a petition
for custodial rights over the children before the Regional
Trial Court (RTC), Branch 78, of Quezon City. The
petition was opposed by Gonzales who averred that Silva
often engaged in gambling and womanizing which she
feared could affect the moral and social values of the
children.
In an order, dated 07 April 1989, the trial court
adjudged:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is rendered

directing respondent to allow herein petitioner visitorial rights to

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his children during Saturdays and/or Sundays, but in no case

should he

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Silva vs. Court of Appeals

take out the children without the written consent of the mother or
1
respondent herein. No pronouncement as to costs.

Silva appeared somehow satisfied with the judgment for

only Gonzales interposed an appeal from the RTCs order to
the Court of Appeals.
In the meantime, Gonzales got married to a Dutch
national. The newlyweds emigrated to Holland with Ramon
Carlos and Rica Natalia.
On 23 September 1993, the appellate tribunal ruled in
favor of Gonzales; it held:

In all questions, regarding the care, custody, education and

property of the child, his welfare shall be the paramount
considerationnot the welfare of the parents (Art. 8, PD 603).
Under the predicament and/or status of both petitionerappellee
and respondent-appellant, We find it more wholesome morally and
emotionally for the children if we put a stop to the rotation of
custody of said children. Allowing these children to stay with their
mother on weekdays and then with their father and the latters live-
in partner on weekends may not be conducive to a normal up-
bringing of children of tender age. There is no telling how this kind
of set-up, no matter how temporary and/or remote, would affect the
moral and emotional conditions of the minor children. Knowing that
they are illegitimate is hard enough, but having to live with it,
witnessing their father living with a woman not their mother may
have a more damaging effect upon them.
Article 3 of PD 603, otherwise known as the Child and Youth
Welfare Code, provides in part:

Art. 3. Rights of the Child.x x x

(1) x x x
(2) x x x
(3) x x x

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(4) x x x
(5) Every child has the right to be brought up in an atmosphere of
morality and rectitude for the enrichment and the strengthening of
his character.

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1 Rollo, p. 29.

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Silva vs. Court of Appeals

(6) x x x
(7) x x x
(8) Every child has the right to protection against exploitation,
improper influences, hazards and other conditions or
circumstances prejudicial to his physical, mental, emotional,
social and moral development.

x x x
With Articles 3 and 8 of PD No. 603, in mind, We find it to the
best interest of the minor children, to deny visitorial and/or
temporary custodial rights to the father, even at the expense of
hurting said parent. After all, if indeed his love for the children is
genuine and more divine than the love for himself, a little self-
sacrifice and self-denial may bring more benefit to the children.
While petitioner-appellee, as father, may not intentionally prejudice
the children by improper influence, what the children may witness
and hear while in their fathers house may not be in keeping with
the atmosphere of morality and rectitude where they should be
brought up.
The children concerned are still in their early formative years of
life. The molding of the character of the child starts at home. A
home with only one parent is more normal than two separate
houses(one house where one parent lives and another house
where the other parent with another woman/man lives). After all,
under Article 176 of the Family Code, illegitimate children are
supposed to use the surname of and shall be under the parental
authority of their mother.
The child is one of the most important assets of the nation. It is

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thus important we be careful in rearing the children especially so if

they are illegitimates, as in this case.
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, judgment is hereby
rendered giving due course to the appeal. The Order of the Regional
Trial Court of Quezon City dated April 7, 1989 is hereby reversed.
Petitioner-appellees petition for visitorial rights is hereby denied.
2
SO ORDERED.

Silva comes to this Court for relief.

_______________

2 Rollo, pp. 22-23.

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Silva vs. Court of Appeals

The issue before us is not really a question of child custody;

instead, the case merely concerns the visitation right of a
parent over his children which the trial court has adjudged
in favor of petitioner by holding that he shall have
visitorial rights to his children during Saturdays and/or
Sundays, but in no case (could) he take out the children
without the written consent of the mother x x x. The
visitation right referred to is the right of access 3
of a
noncustodial parent to his or her child or children.
There is, despite a dearth of specific legal provisions,
enough recognition on the inherent and natural right of
parents over their children. Article 150 of the Family Code
expresses that (f)amily relations include those x x x (2)
(b)etween parents and children; x x x. Article 209, in
relation to Article 220, of the Code states that it is the
natural right and duty of parents and those exercising
parental authority to, among other things, keep children in
their company and to give them love and affection, advice
and counsel, companionship and understanding. The
Constitution itself speaks in terms of the natural and4
primary rights of parents in the rearing of the youth.
There is nothing conclusive to indicate that these
provisions are meant to solely address themselves to

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legitimate relationships. Indeed, although in varying

degrees, the laws on support and successional rights, by
way of examples, clearly go beyond the legitimate members
of the family and so 5
explicitly encompass illegitimate
relationships as well. Then, too, and most importantly, in
the declaration of nullity of marriages, a situation that
presupposes a void or inexistent marriage, Article 49 of the
Family Code provides for appropriate visitation rights to
parents who are not given custody of their children.
There is no doubt that in all cases involving a child, his
interest and welfare is always the paramount
consideration. The Court shares the view of the Solicitor
General, who has

______________

3 See Blacks Law Dictionary, Sixth edition, p. 1572.

4 Art. II, Sec. 12, 1987 Constitution.
5 Arts. 176, 195 Family Code.

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Silva vs. Court of Appeals

recommended due course to the petition, that a few hours

spent by petitioner with the children, however, could not all
be that detrimental to the children. Similarly, what the
trial court has observed is not entirely without merit; thus:

The allegations of respondent against the character of petitioner,

even assuming as true, cannot be taken as sufficient basis to render
petitioner an unfit father. The fears expressed by respondent to the
effect that petitioner shall be able to corrupt and degrade their
children once allowed to even temporarily associate with petitioner
is but the product of respondents unfounded imagination, for no
man, bereft of all moral persuasions and goodness, would ever take
the trouble and expense in instituting a legal action for the purpose
of seeing his illegitimate children. It can just be imagined the deep
6
sorrows of a father who is deprived of his children of tender ages.

The Court appreciates the apprehensions of private

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respondent and their well-meant concern for the children;

nevertheless, it seems unlikely that petitioner would have
ulterior motives or undue designs more than a parents
natural desire to be able to call on, even if it were only on
brief visits, his own children. The trial court, in any case,
has seen it fit to understandably provide this precautionary
measure, i.e., in no case (can petitioner) take out the
children without the written consent of the mother.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the trial court is
REINSTATED, reversing thereby the judgment of the
appellate court which is hereby SET ASIDE. No costs.
SO ORDERED.

Padilla (Chairman), Bellosillo and Kapunan, JJ.,

concur.
Hermosisima, Jr., J., On leave.

Judgment reversed and set aside, that of the court a quo

reinstated.

______________

6 Rollo, p. 29.

611

VOL. 275, JULY 17, 1997 611

Pono vs. National Labor Relations Commission

Notes.A marriage though void still needs a judicial

declaration of such fact under the Family Code even for
purposes other than remarriage. (Domingo vs. Court of
Appeals, 226 SCRA 572 [1993])
An unrecognized spurious child has no rights from his
parents or to their estate. (Ilano vs. Court of Appeals, 230
SCRA 242 [1994])
Of the different categories of illegitimate children under
the old Civil Code, the natural child occupies the highest
position, she being the child of parents who, at the time of
her conception, were not disqualified by any impediment to
marry each other. (Alberto vs. Court of Appeals, 232 SCRA
745 [1994])

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