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get surrounded by a new theca, called as secondary follicles, which is transferred into a
tertiary follicle by developing a fluid filled cavity antrum. It completes its 1 st meiotic
division and produce a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny 1st polar body. The
tertiary follicle changes into graafian follicles. The secondary oocytes forms a membrane
of zona pellucida around it. The graafian follicles ruptured to release the secondary
oocyte(ovum) by the process called ovulation.
*menstrual cycle- It is a cyclic process of 28/29 days by which one ovum is released.
The 1st menstruation of a female begins at puberty is called a menarche. The phrases of
menstruation cycle are- menstruation, follicular phase, luteal phase. Secretion of
gonodotrophins increases gradually during follicular phase. LH and FSH attain a pick
level at the middle of the cycle. Rapid secretion of LH induces ovulation and is followed by
luteal phase in which corpus luteum is formed. Menstrual cycles ceases completely around
50 years of age called menopause.
39. What is the advantage of the secondary oocyte retaining the bulk of nutrient rich
cytoplasm of the primary oocyte?
Ans. Nourish the embryo till implantation.
40.Name the membrane covering formed around the secondary oocyte.
Ans. Zona pellucida
41.What is meant by gestation period?
Ans. The time period between implantation and parturition.
42. What is placenta?
Ans. Structural & functional unit formed by the fetus & partly by the uterus
43. Define parturition.
Ans. The process of delivery of the fully developed fetus.
44. Name the two hormones that control parturition.
Ans. Relaxin & oxytocin
45. What is foetal ejection reflex?
Ans. Initial mild contractions of the uterus, initiated by the fully developed foetus & the
placental hormone.
46.What is lactation?
Ans. Process of feeding the new born baby with the milk secreted by the mammary
gland.
47.Define fertilization.
Ans. Fusion of male gamete with female gamete.
48. Name Primary female sex organs.
Ans. Ovaries
49. Which uterine layer undergoes changes during menstrual cycle?
Ans. Endometrium
50. What is hymen?
Ans. A partial membrane covering the Vaginal opening
51. During coitus, how many sperms are ejaculated?
Ans. 200 to 300 million sperms of which 60% of sperms have normal shape & 40% have
vigorous motility.
52. What is menarche?
Ans. First menstruation at puberty.
53. Which hormone maintain endometrium?
Ans. Progesterone
54. What is the initial symptoms of pregnancy?
Ans. All events of menstrual cycle stops, So no menstruation.
55. Why only one sperm can fertilize an ovum?
Ans. Because once a sperm fertilize it leads to change in membrane of ovum so that other
sperms are avoided.
56.When do zygote starts dividing ?
Ans. When mitotic divisions starts before the implantation of blastocyst into uterus.
57. Why hormone levels increase many folds during pregnancy?
Ans. To support foetal growth, metabolic changes in mother & maintain pregnancy.
58.Which cells of embryo have potency to give rise to all tissues & organs?
Ans.Stem cells of inner cell mass.
1.Why are testis of human males considered extra-abdominal? What is the significance
of this condition?
Ans. Testis located outside in the scrotum. Scrotum provides 2-3 degree less temperature
than internal body temperature necessary for spermatogenesis.
2.Differenciate between vasa-differentia & vas-efferentia.
Ans. Any two diff.
3.What are primary sex organs? Name them in a human male & female respectively?
Ans.Organ which produce gametes & secrete sex hormones. Tetis in male & ovary in
female.
4. Where are laydeig cells present? What is their role in reproduction?
Ans. Interstitial space in testis. They secrete androgen mainly testosteron.
5.Name the two type of cells present in the inner lining of seminiferous tubules. What
are their functions?
Ans.Spermatogonia-produce male gamete
Sertoli cells- provide nutrition to the developing spermatozoans.
6.Differentiate between endometrium & myometrium.
Ans,Any two diff.
7.Write two major function, each of testis & ovary.
Ans. Testis-produces spermatozoa & secrete male sex hormone androgen.
Ovary-Produces female gamete & secretes female sex hormone estrogen &
progesterone.
8.What is seminal plasma? Mention its component.
Ans.Secretion of male reproductive glands like seminal vescicle , prostrate & cowpers
glands. It consist of fructose ,calcium & certain enzymes.
9.Where are fimbriae present in human female reproductive system? Give their
function.
Ans. Free edges of the infundibulum of the fallopian tube.They capture ova during
ovulation.
10.Differentiate between spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis.
Ans. Any two.
11.Name the hormones involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis .
Ans. GnRH ,FSH ,LH ,Testosteron like androgens.
12.Why is it considered that presence or absence of hymen is not an indicator of
virginity?
Ans. Hymen is the membrane that partially cover the vaginal opening which torn during
first coitus. But it can be torn by active participation in horse riding , cycling or by
sudden fall or jolt.
13.Describe different parts of fallopian tube of a human female .
Ans. It is 10-12cm long . Infundibulum,fimbriae,ampulla,isthmus.
14.Differentiate between spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
Ans Any two diff. .
15. Differentiate between primary Follicle& secondary follicle.
Ans. Any two diff.
14. Explain the roles of ovarian hormones in inducing changes in the uterus during
menstrual cycle.What triggers release of oxytocin at the time of parturition.
Ans. Estrogen Influences the uterus in follicular phase, regenerate endometrium
Progesterone Endometrium becomes thickened and vascularised.
Foetal ejection reflex triggers release of oxytocin.
15. Enumerate the events that take place during fertilization in human beings.
Ans. Refer text book
16. Draw a labeled diagram showing a human foetus developing within the uterus.
Ans. Label any six part.
17. How many eggs are released by a human ovary in a month? How many eggs do
you think would have been released if the mother gave birth to identical twins? Would
your answer change if the twins born were fraternal?
Ans. One egg is released in a month. One egg ; the fertilized egg divides into two
separate cells each of which produces an individual. Two eggs.
18.Differentiate between sperm & ovum.
Ans. Any three difference
19.What is spermatogenesis? Explain.
Ans. Refer text book
20. What is the Significance of gametogenesis?
Ans.(i) Maintainance of chromosome number (ii) Variation (iii) Basic relation
8.Study the following chart . Name the hormone involved in each stage. Explain their
function. Hypothalamus pituitary testis sperms.
Ans. Refer text book.
9. Study the following chart . Name the hormone involved in each stage. Explain their
function. Hypothalamus pituitary ovary pregnancy.
Ans. Refer text book.
10.When & how does placenta develop in human female ? How is placenta connected
to the embryo? Placenta acts as an endocrine glands. Explain.
Ans. After implantation , chorionic villi develop on the tropoblast & the uterine tissue
form the placenta . placenta connected to embryo through umbilical cord. Placenta
secretes hCG, hPL , Esterogen & progesterone.
15. Explain any two method of ART that has helped childless couples to bear child .
Ans. Explain GIFT & ICSI. ( or any two)
16. Give reasons why family planning techniques are not adopted by all in our country.
Ans. People are not fully aware of the method, fear for some ill effects, Emotional &
social factors, Religious beliefs.
17.How do pills act as contraceptives in female?
Ans. Pills contain progestogens or Progestogen-estrogen combinations.
Inhibit ovulation & implantation, Alter the quality of cervical mucus and retard the
entry of sperms into cervix.
18. How do surgical procedures prevent conception in humans. Mention the way it is
achieved in human males.
Ans. Surgical procedures block the transport of gametes & achieve contraception.
Explain vasectomy in male.
19. Expand IUD. Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive to
space children?
Ans. Intra Uterine Device. It make the uterus unsuitable for implantation make the cervic
hostile to sperms, Increase the phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
20. How does CuT act as an effective contraceptive for human females?
Ans. CuT is an IUD. The copper ion releasing Suppress sperm mobility & the fertilizing
capacity of sperms, it increases phogocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
21. Is the use of contraceptive justified. Give reasons.
Ans. It is justified. There will be increase in the STDs. The population growth rate
increases.
22. Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our society . Is this ban
necessary?
Ans. As it is misused for female foeticide it is necessary but by banning this the
advantage of finding out chromosomal disorders of the foetus is lost. So it should be
legalized with some strict condition to avoid its misuse.
23. Is sex education is necessary in school. Why?
Ans. It is necessary. It avoids myths & misconceptions about sex related aspects, about
reproductive organs & adolescences related changes, about sex & hygienic sexual
practices, About STDs.
24. What are test tube babies?
Ans. The fusion of sperm & ovum is formed outside the womens body to form a zygote
in the laboratory. The embryo is then implanted in uterus where it develops into a foetus.
25. What is infertility? Why it is an important aspects of reproductive health?
Ans. Un ability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual co habition. Large
number the peoples all over the world are infertile due to physical, cogenial diseases or
immunological or physiological reasons