EXPERIMENT 2

Aim: To find out discharge coefficient Cd by using Notches.

Apparatus: Triangular Notch and Rectangular Notch.
Theory
.:
A Notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a
liquid through a small channel or a tank. It may be defined as
an opening in the side of a tank or a small channel in such a
way treat the liquid surface edge of the opening.
Here, in this experiment we will work on the rectangular and
triangular notches.
Discharge coefficient for rectangular and triangular notches:

a Rectangular notch b) Triangular notch

a Consider a rectangular notch provided in channel or tank
carrying water.
Let, H = Head of water of still or crest.
B = width of notch.
For finding the discharge of water flowing over notch,
consider an elementary horizontal strip of water of
thickness dh and length surface of water.
The area of strip = B x dh
Theoretical velocity = Vth = (2*g*H)
Discharge through strip
aQ = Cd x Area of strip x Vth
dQ = Cd .B.dh .( 2.g.H)
Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge.
the total discharge Q:
 H
Q= Cd.B.(2 g). (h dh)
0
Q=(2/3).Cd. (2.g).(H)^3/ 2
b Consider a rectangular notch provided in channel or tank
carrying water.Let H be the head above the crest of the
weir. Consider a horizontally elementary strip of thickness
h at a depth h below the water surface .
= Angle of Notch.
The width of strip is, X = 2 (H -h) tan ( /2)
The area of strip is (X*h) or {2(H-h)tan ( /2)} and the
technical velocity of the water flowing through the strip
will be (2.g.H)

Thus, if d is the discharge through the strip then,

d = Cd * 2 (H -h)* tan ( /2 )dh (2.g.H)
By integrating above equation we get,
Total discharge Q=(8/15)*Cd*(2g)* tan ( /2)*(H)^5/2
Procedure:
1. The flow in the channel having rectangular notch was
started.
2. The flow was kept constant.
3. Initially the head of water in the tank was measured.
4. Then the flow of water was increased in the interval of 5LPM
and head over the still after each interval was noted.
5. Time required to collect 2Litres of water was measured for
each reading to find out actual flow rate.
6. Same procedure is repeated for triangular notch also.
Observation Table: 1.Rectangular notch
H(cm) Time(se Actual Flow Cd
c) rate(Q)*10^(-4)
0.4 21.4 0.9345 0.665

0.5 14.6 1.369 0.697

0.6 11.8 1.694 0.6565
 0.7 10.8 1.85 0.5689
0.8 8.5 2.352 0.592
2. Triangular Notch
H(cm) Time(se Actual Flow Cd
c) rate(Q)*10^(-4)
1.9 23.3 0.858 0.8698

2.3 16.4 1.219 0.7665

2.5 12.4 1.613 0.8234

2.8 11 1.818 0.699

2.9 9.3 2.15 0.7573

Result:
1) Discharge Coefficient for triangular notch is 0.7832
2) Discharge Coefficient for rectangular notch is 0.6358
Conclusion:
1) Discharge Coefficient for triangular and rectangular
notches has been determined.
2) The graph between the Head (H) and discharge coefficient
(Cd) was plotted.
Precautions:
1) Flow of the water in the tank must be constant.
2) Head of the water surface should be measured with
accuracy.