INTRODUCTION

Adequate nutrition provides the basic for development of all tissues and structures of the body
including those in the oral cavity. Because it is unethical to cause malnutrition purposefully in
humans to study developmental effects, most of the human research has been epidemiological in
nature. The more definitive clinical studies have been conducted on animals, and the results have
been used to suggest possible human effects as well.
This chapter highlights and summarizes the state of our knowledge about nutrition and oral
development.

Pendahuluan
Nutrisi yang cukup dapat memberikan dasar bagi perkembangan semua jaringan dan struktur
tubuh termasuk di rongga mulut.
COMPOSITION OF ORAL TISSUES AND STRUCTURES
A variety of cells, tissues, and fluids compose the oral cavity. These include soft tissues
(oral mucosa, salivary glands), mineralized tissues (alveolar bone, teeth), and fluid secretion
(saliva, gingival sulcular fluid).
Rongga mulut tersusun atas berbagai sel, jaringan, dan cairan. Rongga mulut terdiri atas
jaringan lunak (mukosa mulut, kelenjar saliva), jaringan mineralisasi ( tulang alveolar, gigi), dan
sekresi cairan mulut (saliva, cairan sulkus gingival).

The tooth (including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp) are unique among body
tissues. Enamel is the most highly mineralized of the bodys tissues. It is composed about 96%
mineral, 3% water, and 1% organic material (as compared to bone, which is only about 60%
mineral) (Wefel, Dodds, 1999). Enamel is primarily composed of crystalline structure,
hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-. The major chemical constituents of enamel are calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, and carbonate. Enamel is much like bone in structure, but enamel
crystals are larger and more densely packed than bone crystals, consequently teeth are harder
than bone. Enamel is unique to mineralized tissues as it is relatively inert. Unlike bone, it does
not remodel. Despite this fact, enamel is affected by topical demineralization and
remineralization activity. Enamel can be destroyed by organic acids, such as those involved in
the production of dental caries and other types of demineralization.
Gigi (enamel, dentin, sementum dan pulpa) memiliki karakteristik yang unik diantara
jaringan tubuh lain. Enamel merupakan jaringan tubuh yang tinggi akan mineral. Kandungan
enamel terdiri dari 96% mineral, 3% air, dan 1% bahan organic (dibandingkan dengan tulang
yang hanya memiliki 60% mineral) (Wefel, Dodds, 1999). Enamel tersusun atas kristal
hidroksiapatit Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-. Enamel memiliki kandungan kimia yang besar yang terdiri dari
kalsium, fosfor, magnesium dan karbonat.
Ionic exchanges can take place between the environtment and enamel crystal at the
surface of the crystal, within the crystal body or in the water space between crystals. Elements
such as fluoride, zinc, lead, iron, silver, manganese, silicon, and rin can be found concentrated in
external layers of enamel. Carbonate, sodium, and magnesium are in the subsurface. Other trace
elements suchas strontium can be evenly distributed in both. Only about 0,6% of enamel organic
and is made up of keratin, mucoprotein, collagen, peptide, citrate, phospholipid, and cholesterol.
Dentin is only about 70% mineralized, 20% organic (primarily collagen), and 10% water.
Dentin is closer in composition to bone than enamel, and has less calcium and phosphorus and
more magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride than enamel. Collagen accounts for about 18% of the
organic matter in dentin. The remainder consists of lipid, mucopolysaccharides, and protein.
Cementum is similar in composition to bone and dentin.
Pulp is primarily organic material and water, with much higher amounts of calcium,
phosphorus, and fluoride than other