Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
April 1984
7.~//'j/- "j
F~}A ANAUGH~
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~ t:f:.t..u-r . . I rR~A~ ~-
PAUL
Colon~ .Corps of Engineers
Chief of Staff
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-3-137
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-3-137 9 April 1984
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
Types of bituminous-stabilized
soils .......................... . 6-1 6-1
i
EM 1110-3-137
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Paragraph
LIST OF TABLES
1.1
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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1-1. Purpose and scope. This manual presents criteria for improving
the structural quality and workability of soils used for base courses,
subbase courses, select materials, and subgrades for pavements. It is
applicable to all elements responsible for Army pavement construction
at mobilization facilities.
1-1
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1-2
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CHAPTER 2
PURPOSE OF STABILIZATION
2-1
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2-2
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LEGEND
2-3
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Restriction
Type of on Percent
Soils Stabilizing Restriction on LL Passing
Area Class.a Additive Recommended and PI of Soil No. 200 Sieve a Remarks
1A SW or SP (1) Bituminous
(2) Portland Cement
(3) Lime-Cement-Fly Ash PI not to exceed 25
1B SW-SM or (1) Bituminous PI not to exceed 10
SP-SM or (2) Portland Cement PI not to exceed 30
sw-sc or (3) Lime PI not less than 12
SP-SC (4) Lime-Cement-Fly Ash PI not to exceed 25
1C SM or SC (1) Bituminous PI not to exceed 10 Not to exceed
or SM-SC 30 percent by
weight
(2) Portland Cement ----b
(3) Lime PI not less than 12
(4) Lime-Cement-Fly Ash PI not to exceed 25
2A GW or GP (1) Bituminous Well-graded material only
(2) Portland Cement Material should contain at least
45 percent by weight of material
passing No. 4 sieve
3 CH or CL (1) Portland Cement LL less than 40 and Organic and strongly acid soils
or MH or PI less than 20 falling within this area are not
ML or OH susceptible to stabilization by
or OL or ordinary means
ML-CL (2) Lime PI not less than 12
a Soil classification corresponds to MIL-STD-619. Restriction on liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI)
in accordance with Method 103 in MIL-STD-621.
bPI 20 + 50 - percent passing No. 200 sieve
4
2-4
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2-5
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CHAPTER 3
A = 100Bc
where:
3-1
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3-2
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GW-SW 5
MH, OH 11
CH 10
3-3
Table 3-3. Average Cement Requirements for Granular and Sandy Soils ~tn
;J>:s:
Material "dl-'
li ......
Material Smaller ......
00 0
Retained on Than Cement Content, Percent by Weight .f:::.l
CN
No. 4 Sieve 0.05 mm Maximum Dry Density, pcf (Treated Material) I
......
percent percent 116-120 121-126 127-131 132-137 138-142 143 or more CN
"'-l
0-19 10 9 8 7 6 5
0-14 20-39 9 8 7 7 5 5
40-50 11 10 9 8 6 5
0-19 10 9 8 6 5 5
15-29 20-39 9 8 7 6 6 5
40-50 12 10 9 8 7 6
0-19 10 8 7 6 5 5
30-45 20-39 11 9 8 7 6 5
40-50 12 11 10 9 8 6
w
I
~ Note: Base course goes to 70 percent retained on the No. 4 sieve.
Material
Between
0.05
and Cement Content, Percent by Weight
Group 0.005 mm Maximum Dry Density, J2Cf (Treated Material)
Index a percent 99-104 105-109 ll0-ll5 116-120 121-126 127-131 132 or more
0-19 12 11 10 8 8 7 7
0-3 20-39 12 11 10 9 8 8 7
40-59 13 12 11 9 9 8 8
60 or more
0-19 13 12 ll 9 8 7 7
3-7 20-39 13 12 ll 10 9 8 8
40-59 14 13 12 10 10 9 8
60 or more 15 14 12 11 10 9 9
.....; 0-19 14 13 11 10 9 8 8
I
'-...~,
7-ll 20-39 15 14 11 10 9 9 9
40-59 16 14 12 11 10 10 9
60 or more 17 15 13 11 10 10 10
0-19 15 14 13 12 11 9 9
ll- 15 20-39 16 15 13 12 1l 10 10
40-59 l7 16 14 12 12 11 10
60 or more 18 16 14 13 12 11 11
0-19 17 16 14 13 12 11 10
15-20 20-39 18 17 15 14 u 11 11
40-59 19 18 15 14 14 12 12 m
60 or more 20 19 16 15 14 u 12 3:
......
......
aT a ken from figure 3-1 '.0 -
0
)> I
'":) (.N
..
..... .;::
~ .. A..:""n::r : . , :-::5 -- ::.:1 ~f.-::::-: :'3 '"i
:)0
I
(.N
~"'
EM 1110-3-137
9 Apr 84
II
10
.1:1
)(
8
"'z
Q
7
.,
)(
~ 6 1---+--:::!lk-~~~:-A
~
75 65 5!5 4!5 35
OR MORE PERCENT PASSING NO. 200 OR LESS
3-6
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Silt 8
Clays 6
3-7
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CHAPTER 4
4-1
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:::;:
0:::
c
Ct:...
c
~ ~ 70r1------t-------~~-------t--f4r-f+----~~----,l--~_,_______+---~
WE-
:z<:
c.
f;J ~ 60 H-----f-----------1+---_;~---ll
:::;: ......
IE-
O:::Z
~-<
ZE-
50Hr----~r--------r-r----+---~+---~--~~--~~----~---------b---~
,.._. z PERCENT HYDRATED LIME*
Q:::l ::::;; BASED ON DRY WEIGHT
'-' ~ 40 1-----fl-----,1----1-~'---J.~-----~(..._~e::..j---- OF SOIL
'--'<
0
Cf)Z
<
~ E- 30r---~~r----,~--~~~~~--~--~-----1----------~----------r---~
wz
uw
o:::u
~ ~ 20r-~----r--.~--~-b~~~~~+----------1-----------r----------r---__,
0..
C/)
~ 10 r-------LL--~~~LL~~~----~--------J----------~----------~----;
E-
w *EXCLUDED BINDER AREASElLE SECTION, MATERIALS a TEST DIVISION,
C/) TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPT.
~ 03~-----1~0~-------=20~------~3~0--------~4~0~-------;5A0--------,6~0~--~
0:::
P.l.- WET METHOD
EXA1'1PLE
1. Enter plot with Pl on top scale.
2. Follow curved line down to percent soil binder
(o/o passing No. 40).
3. At intersection with percent soil binder, move
verticallv upward to the 100 percent soil binder line.
4. Read the percent lime represented at the intersection
with rhe 100 percent soil binder line.
5. For soil having a Pl of 3q and 55 percent soil binder,
the lime required is 4 - l/4 percent.
(2) Step 2. After the initial lime content has been estimated,
conduct a moisture-density test with the lime-soil mixture following
the procedures for soil-cement in ASTM D 558, except that the mixture
should be allowed to cure no less than 1 hour and no more than 2 hours
in a sealed container before molding. Compaction will be accomplished
in accordance with MIL-STD-621, Method 100, Compaction Effort
Designation CE-55. The moisture-density should be determined at lime
contents equal to design plus 2 and plus 4 percent for the preferred
method and at design plus or minus 2 percent for the alternate method.
In frost areas, cured specimens should be subjected to ASTM D 560 (but
omitting wire-brushing) or other applicable freeze-thaw procedures,
followed by frost susceptibility determinations in standard laboratory
freezing tests (EM 1110-3-138). For mobilization, the use of ASTM D
560 may be altered to 6 cycles of 6 hours of freeze/wet - 6 hour
thaw/dry. Percentages of stabilizer selected for use may be based on
local performance history in lieu of these tests. For lime-stabilized
or lime-modified soil used in lower layers of the base course, the
frost susceptibility, determined after freeze-thaw cycling, should meet
the requirements set forth for the base course (EM 1110-3-138). If
lime-stabilized or lime-modified soil is used as the subgrade, its
frost susceptibility, determined after freeze-thaw cycling, should be
used as the basis of the pavement thickness design if the reduced
subgrade strength design method is applied.
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CHAPTER 5
5-3. LCF content. ASTM C 593 should be used for the determination of
mix proportions of the LCF except that in addition to lime and fly ash
as indicated in the procedure, about 1 percent portland cement should
also be added for strength. Minimum unconfined compressive strength
requirements are indicated in table 2-l. If test specimens do not then
meet strength requirements, add cement in increments of 1/2 percent
until strengths are adequate. The total quantity of additives should
not exceed 15 percent by weight. In frost areas, the LCF mixture
should meet the weight loss criteria specified for cement-stabilized
soils. ASTM D 560 should be followed except that the specimens should
be compacted in accordance with the procedure described in MIL-STD-621,
Method 100, Compaction Effort Designation CE-55. For mobilization, the
use of ASTM D 560 may be altered to 6 cycles of 6 hours of freeze/wet -
6 hour thaw/dry. Percentages of stabilizer selected for use may be
based on local performance history in lieu of these tests.
5-l
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CHAPTER 6
3 inch 100
No. 4 50-100
No. 30 38-100
No. 200 2-30
6-1
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1-1/2-inch 100
l-inch 84 + 9 100
3/4-inch 76 + 9 83 + 9 100
-
1/ 2-inch 66 + 9 73 + 9 82 + 9 100
3/8-inch 59 + 9 64 + 9 72 + 9 83 + 9
No. 4 45 + 9 48 + 9 54 + 9 62 + 9
No. 8 35 + 9 37 + 9 41 + 9 47 + 9
No. 16 27 + 9 28 + 9 32 + 9 36 + 9
No. 30 20 + 9 21 + 9 24 + 9 28 + 9
-
No. 50 14 + 7 16 + 7 17 + 7 20 + 7
- - -
No. 100 5 11 + 5 12 + 5 14 + 5
9
-+ -
No. 200 5 + 2 5 + 2 5 + 2 5 + 2
- -
u.s. Army Corps of Engineers
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liquid asphalts, i.e., cutbacks and emulsions, are used. Emulsions are
preferred over cutbacks because of energy constraints and pollution
control efforts. The specific type and grade of bitumen will depend on
the.characteristics of the aggregate, the type of construction
equipment, and climatic conditions. Generally, the following types of
bituminous materials will be used for the soil gradation indicated:.
a. Open-graded aggregate.
(1) Rapid- and medium-curing liquid asphalts RC- and MC~70, 250,
and 800, and MC-3000.
6-3
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where:
6-4
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Table 6-3. Emulsified Asphalt Requirements
Percent
Passing Pounds of Emulsified Asphalt per 100 Pounds of Dry Aggregate
No. 200 at Percent Passing No. 10 Sieve
Sieve 50 60 70 80 90 100
6-5
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APPENDIX A
A-2. Apparatus.
e. Balance.
f. Oven.
g. Moisture cans.
A-3. Procedure.
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A-2
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APPENDIX B
REFERENCES
Government Publications.
Department of Defense.
Nongovernment Publications.
B-1
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B-2