Electromagnetism

2. Two parallel current carrying wires with current in the same direction will attract each
other.
3. Increase the number of coils per unit length in the solenoid. Increase the current flowing in
the circuit.
4. When there is a sudden surge in current the solenoid becomes strong solenoid and
attracts the soft iron latch, releasing the spring which pushes safety bar outwards.
The interrupt point is now open and circuit is switched off.
The circuit can be reset by pushing in the button.
Diagram:

5. When the switch is pressed, it completes the circuit, current flows through the
electromagnet and electromagnet produces strong magnetic field.
The soft iron armature is then attracted towards the electromagnet and hammer hits the
gong.
This movement breaks the circuit at the contacts, so that current stops flowing and hence
switches off the electromagnet.
Diagram

6. Thumb represent: Force , First Finger: Magnetic Field and second finger: Current
8. A current-carrying wire generates its own magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic
field ( produced by current ) and the magnetic field produces a resultant force exerting on the
wire.

9. Diagram:
The current flows from AB to CD in the coil through the commutator at X. The side AB of the
coil moves downwards and side CD moves upwards.

After the coil rotates 90 degrees the contact between the commutator and the carbon brush
is broken. Hence there is no current flowing in the loop and hence no turning effect is
produced.

However, the inertia of the coil causes the coil to rotate and there is contact between the
commutator and the carbon brush.

Now current is flowing from CD to AB and thus side CD moves downwards and AB moves
upwards. Thus, the commutator reverses direction of the current in the coil every half a turn.
The cycle repeats and dc motor completes one full cycle.

10. Split ring commutator is to change direction of the current every half a turn so that coil
continues to flow in the same direction.

11. Carbon brush is to make contact with the commutator such that electric current can flow
from the external circuit to the coil.

12. Using stronger permanent magnet

Increasing the size of the current in the coil

Increasing the number of turns per unit length of the wire in the coil

Winding the coil around a soft iron cylinder. This is to increase the strength of
electromagnetism and to make the coil rotate smoothly.

13. Prepare a dc circuit with a bulb wire and battery. Place the wire between the two
permanent magnets placed in opposite poles. The wire is seen to move downwards.

When magnetic field is reversed the direction of movement of wire also changes to move
upwards.

N S

Current flow

Induction and CRO

1. Faradays law of EMI states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux linkage in the circuit.

2. Lenzs law states that the direction of the induced current is such that its magnetic effect
always opposes the change producing it.
4. Increase the number of the turns per unit length of the solenoid. Increase the strength of
magnetic field of the magnet. Increase the speed of the magnetic flux linkage by moving the
magnet at a higher speed.

4. Thumb: Force 1st Finger: Magnetic field 2nd Finger : Current

5. Diagram :

When side AB of the coil moves down and side CD moves up, the coil cuts the magnetic
field of the permanent magnet. Hence there is an induced current and an induced emf.

The induced current from side DC to side BA ( using Fleming right hand ). It leaves the coil
to the external circuit through the slip ring X and enters the coil through slip ring Y.

After the coil rotates 90 degrees side CD and AB are in vertical position. There is no induced
current as the coil is not cutting the magnetic field of the permanent magnet.

When the coil continues to move downwards side CD of coil moves down and side AB now
moves upwards and the coil cuts the magnetic field again. The induced emf and induced
current increases as the coil rotates to horizontal position. Now the induced current flow from
AB to side CD. Hence the direction of current flow in external circuit is now reversed. The
coil rotates to a new vertical position.

A new cycle of rotation begins when the coil continues to rotate.

8. Slip ring commutator is to ensure that the rectangular coil always rotate in the same
direction and allow the induced current to flow in different directions in the external circuit.

9. Speed of coil rotation, Strength of magnetic field and number of turns per unit length of
the coil.

11. It can produce current and emf without using external items.

It can vary the amount of emf and current by changing speed of coil

It does not require a power supply.

12. Diagram
It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction by changing the magnetic field using
the turns in the coil. One coil is connected to the input voltage and another coil to the output
voltage and we can increase or decrease voltage by increasing the number of turns or
decreasing the turns at the coils

13. Heating effect due to the resistance of the transmission cables that causes the loss of
electrical energy as heat energy.

The flux produced by the primary coil may not be all linked to the secondary coil if the design
of the core is bad.

Eddy currents.

14. Laminated means 'made up of insulated layers of iron 'glued' together' rather than being
in a single solid 'lump'. The soft iron core is laminated to reduce eddy currents can cause
heat to be generated thus reducing power loss.

15.

17. P = I2R

18.CRO is an instrument to provide accurate time and amplitude measurements accurately

of voltage signal over a wide range of frequencies. There are two types of CRO namely the
time base CRO and Y-gain CRO which represents amplitude and frequency respectively.

20.

Apparatus: Solenoid, Galvanometer and strong permanent magnet.

Using a coil of solenoid connect it to a galvanometer. Move a magnet towards the solenoid
and the galvanometer shows a momentary deflection. This experiment demonstrates
Faradays law of EMI.

Move the magnet faster towards the solenoid and the deflection of galvanometer is greater.
Thus experiment demonstrates Lenz law.