Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
"... no mundo s h de verdadeiramente interessante ... In the world the only truly interesting place is
Paris..., e todo o resto paisagem." Paris, and everything else is landscape.
Ea de Queiroz, Champs-lyses, 1900 Ea de Queiroz, Champs-lyses, 1900
A nova Paris e a vida que ela engendrou estavam no centro The new Paris and the life that it engendered were a
das preocupaes artsticas dos anos 1850-1914. A cidade major focus for painters in the period from 1850 to
haussmaniana oferecia aos artistas novos motivos, 1914. The Haussmanian city offered new motifs for the
conduzindo-os em direo a outra viso da vida urbana, artists, leading them toward another view of urban life
traduzida, para os maiores deles, por meio de expresses that most of them conveyed through entirely new
pictricas inditas. O olhar e a interpretao da cidade pictorial expressions. The perception and interpretation
haviam mudado: Paris era percebida como uma entidade of the city changed: Paris was perceived as an entity in
que se movia, e os artistas passaram a deixar de lado o movement, and the artists stopped focusing on the
estudo dos monumentos ou da particularidade histrica, monuments or historical particularities, instead seeking
em busca daquele maravilhoso moderno, daquela poesia the marvelous modern, of the urban poetry heralded
urbana da qual Charles Baudelaire havia se tornado arauto. by Charles Baudelaire. The transformations the city
As transformaes que ali ocorreram delinearam as underwent brought about sweeping changes in the way
grandes alteraes no modo de vida de seus habitantes: of life of its inhabitants: cafs and concert-cafs, pubs,
cafs e cafs-concerto, cervejarias, bailes, circos, peras e ballets, circuses, operas, theaters, parks, public gardens
teatros, parques e jardins pblicos, corridas hpicas tudo and horse races everything was multiplying, and each
se multiplicava, fornecendo, cada uma dessas novidades, of these novelties furnished new themes for the artists in
novos temas aos artistas que andavam procura daquela search of that mysterious and involuntary beauty
beleza misteriosa e involuntria produzida pela vida dos produced by the life of men.
homens.
Jongkind and Lpine, Manet and Degas, Monet and
Jongkind e Lpine, Manet e Degas, Monet e Renoir, Renoir, Caillebotte and Pissarro all fell in love with the
Caillebotte e Pissarro iriam, todos eles, se apaixonar pela city and life of Paris, underscoring its modernity (as in La
cidade e pela vida de Paris, sublinhando sua modernidade Gare Saint-Lazare, by Monet). At the same time, other
(como em La gare Saint-Lazare, de Monet). Na mesma painters such as Braud, De Nittis, Boldini, Blanche,
poca, outros pintores como Braud, De Nittis, Boldini, Devambez, Steinlen and Carrire offered a counterpoint
Blanche, Devambez, Steinlen ou Carrire se constituiam to the greatest artists of the period.
num contraponto aos maiores artistas do perodo.
The same artists also felt the appeal of nature, which
Esses mesmos artistas sentiam tambm o apelo da they answered in the modern way, depicting the toil of
natureza, ao qual atendiam de forma moderna, representando the countryside, leisure at the lake and river shore,
ora o trabalho do campo, ora o lazer beira dgua, ou ainda elements of modern life like the houses, the seaside
os elementos da vida moderna, como as casas, as estaes resorts and the metallic railway bridges.
balnerias e as pontes metlicas das estradas de ferro.
Other painters dreamed of another paradise; for Van
Outros pintores sonhavam com outro paraso: para Van Gogh Gogh and Czanne, this paradise was the South of
e Czanne, esse paraso seria o sul da Frana; para Gauguin, a France; for Gauguin, it was Brittany, where he found, as
Bretanha, onde ele encontraria, como escreveu, o selvagem, he wrote, the savage, the primitive. Finally, the
o primitivo. Finalmente, o movimento dos Nabis, profetas de movement of the Nabis the prophets of a new pictorial
uma nova expresso pictrica criada na esteira de Gauguin, expression created in the wake of Gauguin chose to
optaria por se desviar das regras tradicionais da pintura e se deviate from the traditional rules of painting and to
voltaria para os vitrais medievais, as estampas japonesas, a focus on the medieval stained-glass windows, the
pintura egpcia, como escreveu o terico do movimento, Japanese prints, the Egyptian painting, as stated by
Maurice Denis, inventando, dessa forma, uma arte sonhadora, Maurice Denis, the theorist of the movement, thus
intimista, simbolista e essencialmente parisiense. inventing a dreamy, intimist, symbolist and essentially
Parisian art.
Com a nova Paris, toda uma srie de atividades With the new Paris, an entire series of leisure
de lazer, divertimentos e prazeres, e os novos activities, entertainments, pleasures, and new
espaos de vida propcios observao living spaces allowing for observation
transformavam a cidade: eram avenidas, grandes transformed the city: avenues, large retail stores,
magazines, vitrines, iluminao a gs ou eltrica, shop windows, gas or electric street lighting, train
estaes, jardins pblicos, grandes mercados stations, public gardens, large covered markets
cobertos e feiras, cafs, teatros e peras, circos, and fairs, cafs, theaters, operas, circuses and
corridas, sem contar os bailes e as reunies races, not to mention the dances and social
sociais. O espetculo, o mundo do artifcio, get-togethers. The spectacle, a world of artifice,
encantava os artistas, a comear por Degas, que charmed the artists; beginning with Degas, who
durante um quarto de sculo frequentou o teatro for a quarter of a century frequented the Paris
da pera de Paris sempre procurava ficar na Opera, always seeking to stay at the door of
porta de comunicao que separa a plateia do communication that separates the audience from
palco, dando acesso s coxias, e sobretudo na sala the stage, giving access to the backstage and
dos bailarinos, mesmo durante a apresentao. especially the room of the dancers, even during the
Seus temas favoritos os msicos e a dana presentation. His favorite themes, musicians and
surgiram no fim dos anos 1860. O teatro atraiu dancing, arose in the late 1860s. The theater also
tambm os pintores Nabis, como Flix Vallonton, attracted the painters of the Nabis group, like
o Nabi suo, que retratou burgueses endom- Flix Vallonton, the Swiss Nabi, who depicted
ingados, um soldado cochilando, ... Andr the well-dressed bourgeoisie, a soldier napping
Devambez apreendeu o conjunto dos espectado- Andr Devambez painted the set of spectators,
res, fundidos em um grupo nico, reunido pelo melded into a single group, brought together by
puro prazer artstico. Bailes e cafs-concerto pure artistic pleasure. Dances and concert-cafs
estavam na moda e permitiam que as classes were in fashion and allowed the social classes to
sociais se misturassem; o Moulin-Rouge era um mix; the Moulin-Rouge was one of the most
dos mais famosos locais de diverso, e o italiano famous ones, and the Italian of Paris, Giovanni
de Paris, Giovanni Boldini, observava sua Boldini, observed its amalgamated crowd. Manet
multido amalgamada. Manet encontrou nos cafs found some of his most beautiful themes in the
e cervejarias alguns de seus mais belos temas. cafs and pubs.
Os artistas da primeira metade do sculo XIX, The artists of the first half of the 19th century,
que to intensamente sentiram o chamado da who intensely felt the call of nature, left Paris
natureza, deixaram de lado Paris, para depois aside. The rehabilitation of this theme sprang
reassumi-la como um tema renovado os from the renewal of the theme of the city; the
artistas da nova pintura, reunidos em torno de artists of the new painting gathered around
Manet (Monet, Pissarro), identificavam-se Manet (Monet, Pissarro) identified with the
com a vida urbana, dinmica e movimentada, dynamic and bustling urban life, and were
e mostravam-se fascinados por essa cidade fascinated by this city in transformation that
em transformao, que exibiria, at o fim dos continued, up to the end of the 1880s, to exhibit
anos 1880, as paredes rachadas e as ruas ainda cracked walls and streets still under construc-
em construo. O espetculo da rua continu- tion. For many years, the spectacle of the street
aria sendo, por muitos anos, um dos temas continued to be one of the favorite themes of the
favoritos dos pintores que, dessa forma, painters who in this way observed contempo-
observavam a vida contempornea, privilegi- rary life, emphasizing the atmosphere and the
ando a atmosfera e o movimento. A potncia e movement. For many artists, the power and
a magia do mundo industrial estavam, para magic of the industrial world were linked to
muitos artistas, ligadas estao Saint- Saint-Lazare Station. Monet dedicated seven
Lazare. Monet a ela dedicou sete telas, canvases to it, focusing his attention on the
dirigindo sua ateno ao carter areo de seu aerial character of its framework, and
vigamento e, sobretudo, beleza ainda nova especially on the novel beauty of the locomo-
das locomotivas, afogadas, perdidas em tives, stifled and lost among turbulent white
turbilhes de fumaa branca e azul. and blue clouds of steam.
Ainda rural em 1860, Montmartre era um dos Still rural in 1860, Montmartre was a key
locais privilegiados da mitologia parisiense do location of 19th-century Parisian mythology.
sculo XIX. Stanislas Lpine, pintor Stanislas Lpine, a pre-impressionist painter,
pr-impressionista, retratou a calma da vida shows the tranquility of a provincial life, while
provinciana, ao passo que, no fim do sculo, at the end of the century Santiago Rusinol and
Santiago Rusiol e Albert Andr atestaram a Albert Andr attest to the urbanization of the
urbanizao que ali se originou da construo place, linked to the construction of the
da baslica de Sacr-Coeur. Sacr-Coeur Basilica.
Paris parecia, na poca, a rainha dos In this era, Paris was considered the
mundos; os artistas se interessavam por queen of the worlds, and the artists
todos os aspectos da vida na cidade, were interested in all aspects of Parisian
realizavam retratos de austeras famlias life; portraits of austere bourgeois
burguesas (Fantin-Latour), ou retratos de families (Fantin-Latour), the portrait of
uma burguesia mais elegante que a more elegant bourgeoise, that
frequentava os lugares da moda e de frequents the fashionable places
interiores mostrando as atividades (Renoir), and portraits in interiors,
reservadas s moas da boa sociedade, que showing the activities reserved for girls
tocavam piano (Renoir). A vida de artista of good society, who play piano (Renoir).
concentrava-se nos atelis; na falta de The artists life was concentrated in the
recursos para pagar modelos, o autorre- studio; in the lack of resources to pay
trato sempre era uma prtica soluo. models, the self-portrait was always a
Coubert, Bonnat e Czanne interrogavam practical solution. Coubert, Bonnat, and
seus prprios rostos... Os artistas se Czanne interrogated their own faces
conheciam e se estimavam: Manet The artists met each other and regarded
respeitava muito o talento de Jean Braud one another with mutual esteem: Manet
ou de Carolus-Duran, pintores mais had the greatest respect for the talent of
tradicionais. Pelas ruas perambulavam as Jean Braud or Carolus-Duran, more
mulheres da vida, as prostitutas nas traditional painters. The prostitutes,
caladas, sobre as quais artistas como also known as women of life, stroll
Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec ou Steinlen along the sidewalks, depicted by artists
pousavam um olhar desprovido de like Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec or
qualquer julgamento moralista ou at Steinlen through a perspective lacking
mesmo carregado de empatia como no any moralist judgment and even as in
caso de Toulouse-Lautrec, que com elas the case Toulouse-Lautrec, who lived
convivia, perseguindo a beleza escondida with them in search of sordid beauty
no srdido. with empathy.
A origem do movimento remonta a outubro The origin of the movement dates back to
de 1888, quando Srusier pintava em October 1888, with the painting by
Pont-Aven, inspirado por Gauguin: Como Srusier of the scene in Pont-Aven,
voc v essa rvore? Ela verde? Coloque, inspired by Gauguin: How do you see
portanto, o verde mais bonito da sua paleta. E that tree? Is it green? Then put the most
essa sombra? Azul, talvez? No tenha medo beautiful green on your palate. And that
de pint-la to azul quanto possvel. Sua shadow? Blue, perhaps? Dont be afraid
deslumbrante paisagem Le Talisman [O to paint it as blue as possible. This
talism] (Muse dOrsay) foi uma revelao dazzling landscape, The Talisman
para Ranson, Denis, Bonnard, Vuillard e (Muse dOrsay), was a revelation for
Roussel. Esses jovens artistas se reuniram em Ranson, Dennis, Bonnard, Vuillard and
uma espcie de confraria a que chamaram de Roussel. These young artists got together
os Nabis (profetas, em hebraico e em rabe); in a sort of brotherhood which they called
unidos pela amizade e por uma aspirao the Nabis (prophets, in Hebrew and
comum de criar uma nova expresso Arabic); united by friendship and by the
pictrica, constituram a vanguarda da pintura common aspiration to create a new
parisiense na virada do sculo. Optaram por pictorial expression, they constituted the
abandonar as regras tradicionais da pintura e vanguard of Parisian painting at the turn
se voltar para os vitrais medievais, as of the century. They chose to abandon the
estampas japonesas ou a pintura egpcia. traditional rules of painting to focus on
Lricas, intimistas, tingidas de humor, as telas the medieval stained-glass windows, the
desses artistas tratavam, frequentemente, de Japanese prints, the Egyptian painting.
delicadas cenas de interior. A tcnica era Lyrical, intimist, and touched with
muito particular: tudo era trazido para a humor, the canvases of these artists
superfcie da tela personagens e ambientes frequently depict delicate interior scenes.
eram intimamente misturados. Essas obras The technique is very particular: every-
atestam tambm vnculos com a pintura do thing is brought to the surface of the
Pr-Renascimento italiano e correspondn- canvas, characters and environments are
cias com a msica e a poesia simbolista da intimately blended. These works also
poca, tal como em Le menuet de La princesse evidence links with pre-Renaissance
Maleine [O minueto da princesa Maleine], de Italian painting and a correspondence
Maurice Denis. with the symbolist music and poetry of
that era, as in Princess Maleines Minuet,
by Maurice Denis.
Edouard Vuillard Le Placard linge, aprox. 1893.
RMN (Muse d'Orsay) / Droits rservs
Convite viagem Na Bretanha Invitation to a Journey In Brittany
Amo a Bretanha, nela eu encontro o selvagem, o I love Brittany, he said. I find there the
primitivo. Quando meus tamancos ressoam savage, the primitive; when my clogs resound
neste cho de granito, ouo o som surdo, on the granite soil, I hear the muffled, dull,
compacto e potente que procuro na pintura, powerful tone that I seek in my painting,
escreveu Paul Gauguin em Pont-Aven, em wrote Paul Gauguin in Pont-Aven in February
fevereiro de 1888. A Bretanha havia permane- 1888. Brittany had for long time remained in
cido por muito tempo em extremo isolamento e extreme isolation, conserving a way of life that
conservado uma vida como que fora do tempo, was outside time, protected from the effects of
protegida dos efeitos da civilizao industrial. industrial civilization. Its austere, ardent and
Seu carter austero, ardente e melanclico, seu melancholic character, its worship of secrets
culto ao segredo e lenda, seu fervor mstico, sua and legend, its mystic fervor, its simultane-
natureza ao mesmo tempo violenta e encanta- ously violent and charming nature struck
dora agiam sobre Gauguin e seus amigos como Gauguin and his friends as a revelation.
um revelador. Pont-Aven viu acontecer uma Pont-Aven was the setting of a true aesthetic
verdadeira revoluo esttica: ali Gauguin revolution; there Gauguin met mile Bernard,
encontrou mile Bernard, com quem elaborou with whom he elaborated a new pictorial,
uma nova viso pictrica, sinttica e simpli- synthetic and simplified view, aiming to
ficada, que visava a eliminar os detalhes para eliminate the details in order to maintain only
manter apenas a forma essencial, circunscrita the essential form, surrounded by a black line
por um trao negro que lembrava os chumbos that recalls the lead dividers in stained-glass
dos vitrais, de cores compactas sobre superfcies windows, with compact colors on flat,
chapadas, arbitrrias, simblicas. Ali Paul arbitrary and symbolic surfaces. There,
Srusier pintou, inspirado por Gauguin, uma inspired by Gauguin, Paul Srusier painted
paisagem deslumbrante Le Talisman [O The Talisman (Muse dOrsay); it conveys the
talism] (Muse dOrsay); e foi ali que transmi- legacy of Gauguin to his young friends at
tiu o legado de Gauguin aos seus jovens amigos Acadmie Julian Ranson, Maurice Denis,
da Acadmie Julian Ranson, Maurice Denis, Bonnard, Vuillard and Roussel who a short
Bonnard, Vuillard e Roussel , que pouco depois time later would form the Nabis group.
formariam o grupo dos Nabis.