GASCalc 5.

0 Calculation Reference
Bending Stress For Spans
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Background Information
Equations
Example Calculation
General Calculation Procedures
Notes & Considerations
Screen Description
See Also

General Calculation Procedures

To calculate the various values associated with the bending stress calculation, complete the following steps:

! Select the Bending Stress - Span menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Bending Stress For Spans
calculation screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button to set all of the values to an empty (null) value.

! Click on the red label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is underlined.

! Click on the blue label associated with the item to be calculated (the unknown) until the label is
underlined.

! Select the desired dimensional units for all of the data items.

! Enter a value for all known data items.

! Select the Calculate command button.

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Example Calculation

Calculate the bending stress and percent specified minimum yield strength associated with the following pipe values
and conditions:

Pipe Data = 6 Inch standard wall steel, API 5L - Grade B

Span Length = 24 Feet [7.5 Metres]
No additional uniform load.
No point load.

The pipe is supported by an abutment penetration on one end and a vertical pipe hanger on the other end.

To perform the calculation, complete the following steps.

! Select the Bending Stress - Span menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Bending Stress For Spans
calculation screen will be displayed.

! Select the Clear command button.

! In the Pipe Stress section, click on the Bending Stress label until it is underlined, and click on the Percent
SMYS label until it is underlined.

! In the Pipe Data section:

! From the Outside Diameter list, select 6S-STD Inches [Millimeter]. The Wall Thickness value
will automatically be entered.

! For the Length, enter 24 Feet [7.5 Metres].

! From the Material Density dimensional units list, select Lbf/cf [N/m3].

! Select the ? command button next to the Material Density label. The Material Weight Density
screen will be displayed.

! Select Steel, Carbon from the data list. A value will automatically be entered for the
Selected Value.

! Select the Apply command button to close the screen and assign the value.

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! In the Loading Data section:

! For the Uniform Load, enter 0 Lbf/ft [0 N/m].

! For the Point Load, enter 0 Lbf [0 N].

! For the Location, enter 0 Feet [0 Metres].

! In the End Conditions section:

! From the Support Style A list, select Fixed - Anchored With No Movement.

! From the Support Style B list, select Pinned - No Movement With Rotation.

! In the Pipe Stress section:

! From the Modulus of Elasticity dimensional units list, select Ksi [MPa].

! Select the ? command button next to the Modulus of Elasticity label. The Modulus of Elasticity
screen will be displayed.

! Select Steel, Carbon from the data list. A value will automatically be entered for the
Selected Value.

! Select the Apply command button to close the screen and assign the value.

! From the Specified Minimum Yield Strength dimensional units list, select Psi [kPa].

! Select the ? command button next to the Specified Minimum Yield Strength label. The Specified
Minimum Yield Strength screen will be displayed.

! Select API 5L (B) from the data list. A value will automatically be entered for the
Selected Value.

! Select the Apply command button to close the screen and assign the value.

! In the Calculated Values section:

! From the Maximum Deflection dimensional units list, select Inches [Millimeter].

! Select the Calculate command button.

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Results - The results should be similar to the following:

Reaction At End A: 285.35 Lbf [1301.41 N]

Moment At End A: 1369.66 Ft-lbf [1952.22 N-m]
Reaction At End B: 171.21 Lbf [780.85 N]
Moment At End B: 0 Ft-lbf [0 N-m]

Bending Stress: 1934.6 Psi [14022.5 kPa]

Percent SMYS: 5.53 [5.81]

Maximum Deflection: 0.070 Inches [1.964 Millimeter]

Maximum Moment: 1369.66 Ft-lbf [1952.22 N-m]
Max(imum) Shear Stress: 51.13 Psi [361.42 kPa]

Pipe Weight: 456.56 Lbf - 19.02 Lbf/ft

[2082.26 N - 277.62 N/m]

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Screen Description

The various stress and load values associated with a pipe span may be calculated using the Bending Stress calculation
routine. To perform a calculation, select the Bending Stress - Span menu item from the Pipe menu list. The Bending
Stress For Spans screen will be displayed. The features associated with the screen are described as follows.

Data Items

Bending Stress - A data field used to enter or display the maximum bending stress associated with the pipe span.
If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit.

Length - A data field used to enter or display the length of the pipe span between supporting ends. If the value is
known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.

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Location - A data field used to enter the distance of the point load (if any) from end A. If a point load is present,
enter the appropriate location by typing it into the data field. If no point load is present, enter a zero (0) for the
location value. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit.

Material Density - A data field used to enter or select the density of the pipe material. Either enter a value by typing
it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a value using the associated screen. Ensure the value
is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Modulus Of Elasticity - A data field used to enter or select the modulus of elasticity of the pipe material. Either
enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a value using the associated
screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Outside Diameter - A data list used to enter or select the outside diameter of the pipe segment. Either select an item
from the list, enter a value by typing it into the data field, or select the ? command button to select a size using the
Pipe Selection screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit.

Percent SMYS - A data field used to enter or display the ratio of the bending stress to the specified minimum yield
strength. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. The value must be expressed as a
percentage.

Point Load - A data field used to enter or display a point load (if any) located along the pipe span. The location of
the point load is specified by the value of the Location item. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the
data field. If no point load is present, enter a zero (0) for the value. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the
assigned dimensional unit. Note that the weight of the pipe itself is automatically applied during the calculation.

Specified Minimum Yield Strength - A data field used to enter, select, or display the specified minimum yield
strength of the pipe material. If the value is known, either enter a value by typing it into the data field or select the
? command button to select a value using the associated screen. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected
dimensional unit.

Support Style - A pair of drop-down lists used to select the style of the associated end support. The two pipe ends
are referred to as A and B. End A can be thought of as the left end, and end B as the right end. The location
of the point load is the distance from end A. Select an item from the list.

Uniform Load - A data field used to enter or display the uniform load (if any), in excess of the weight of the pipe
material. If the value is known, enter a value by typing it into the data field. If no additional uniform load is present,
enter a zero (0) for the value. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the selected dimensional unit. Note that the
weight of the pipe itself is automatically applied during the calculation.

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Wall Thickness - A data field used to enter or display the wall thickness of the pipe. If the value is known, enter a
value by typing it into the data field. Ensure the value is expressed in terms of the assigned dimensional unit. If the
outside diameter is set by selecting a size from the pipe list, the Wall Thickness value will automatically be set. The
Outside Diameter value must be manually entered (not selected) if the Wall Thickness is manually entered.

Calculated Values

Maximum Deflection - Displays the calculated maximum deflection along the span.

Maximum Moment - Displays the calculated maximum moment along the span.

Maximum Shear Stress - Displays the calculated maximum shear stress along the span.

Moment - Displays the calculated moment on the pipe and reactive moment of the support at the span ends.

Reaction - Displays the calculated vertical reaction force on the support at the span ends.

Pipe Weight - Displays the calculated total pipe weight and the weight per unit length of the span.

Command Buttons

? - A command button used to display a data selection screen for the associated item. Use the various data lists on
the screen to select a value, then select the Apply command button to assign the selected value and return to the
calculation screen.

i - A command button used to display information about the associated item. The contents of the information screen
generally reflects the various data values contained in the associated Property Table. Select the Close command
button to return to the calculation screen.

Calculate - A command button used to calculate the value of the unknown (underlined) parameter.

Cancel - A command button used to close the screen without saving any changes.

Clear - A command button used to set all of the data items to blank (null) values.

Close - A command button used to close the screen and save the current data values.

Help - A command button used to display this Calculation Reference.

Notes - A command button used to display the Calculation Notes editor screen for the current calculation.

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Open - A command button used to open a previously saved calculation file. When selected, the File Selection screen
will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Open command button.

Print - A command button used to print the contents of the calculation screen. When selected, the Print Settings
screen will be displayed. Make any desired changes to the printer settings, then select the Print command button.

Save - A command button used to save the contents of the calculation screen to a calculation file. When selected,
the File Selection screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired File name, then select the Save command
button.

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Notes & Considerations

! The Calculation Notes editor screen allows the User to add a specific title and/or notes to the current calculation
values.

! The red colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined (selected) label identifies the item
to be calculated as unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! The blue colored labels indicate which items may be calculated. An underlined label identifies it as the item for
which the value is unknown. Only one item at a time may be selected to be calculated, the remaining items must be
known. To identify which item to calculate, click on the label associated with the desired item until the label is
underlined.

! When the pipe outside diameter value is set by selecting a size/type code from the Outside Diameter list, the
appropriate outside diameter and wall thickness values will be read from the Pipe Property Table and used as required
by the calculation.

! The values calculated by this method are only valid for circular pipe.

! The weight of the pipe material is automatically included when the calculation is performed. The pipe weight is
calculated by multiplying the pipes material volume by the weight diameter of the selected material.

! The supported end conditions are described below.

Fixed - This condition assumes that the end is completely fixed. The end is not allowed to move or rotate.

Free - This condition assumes that there is no end support. The end is completely free to move or rotate.
This condition may only be used when the other end is fixed. When the fixed and free conditions are
specified, the span represents a cantilever span.

Pinned - This condition assumes that the end is allowed to rotate but not move horizontally or vertically.

! Depending on the applicable regulatory code, the bending and shear stress values will be limited to some certain
value. Some codes require that these span related stresses be combined with other stresses occurring on the pipe, such
as the hoop stress or stress from thermal expansion, to compute a total combined stress. The code may establish a
specific limit for the combined stress value. These additional stresses may be calculated using other calculation
routines supported by GASCalc.

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! To specify the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal indicator, double-click in the associated data
field. The Decimal Specifications screen will be displayed. Enter or select the desired number of digits, then select
the Apply command button to save and apply any changes.

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Background Information

When a pipe segment is subjected to a free span that is only supported on its ends, the pipe naturally deflects due to
the weight of the pipe. If additional loads are applied, for example a point load like a valve, or a uniform load like
pipe insulation or a wind or snow load, additional deflection occurs. Depending on the support style at the ends of
the span, these load conditions will result in various stresses on the pipe. Depending on the applicable regulatory
code, these stress values will be limited to some certain value. Some codes require that the shear and bending stress
be combined with other stresses occurring on the pipe, such as the hoop stress or stress from thermal expansion, to
compute a total combined stress. The code may establish a specific limit for the combined stress value.

With respect to the pipe end supports, consider the case of a pipe span supported under a highway bridge. The total
spans can be thought of as a series of sub-spans. The total span enters and exits the span through the bridge
abutments. At these locations the pipe is usually fixed or anchored from moving by the soil behind the abutment and
the abutment penetration - the support style at these locations is considered to be fixed. Between the abutments the
pipe is supported by vertical pipe hangers at spaced increments - the support style at these locations is considered
to be pinned, the pipe cannot move vertically, but can rotate about the horizontal axis of the support. To calculate
the stresses on the pipe, the stress associated with each span must be analyzed. For example, the stress on the sub-
span of pipe between the entrance abutment penetration and the first pipe hanger should be calculated, the stress on
the sub-span of the pipe between the pipe hangers should be calculated, and the stress on the sub-span of the pipe
between the last hanger and the exit abutment penetration should be calculated. If the sub-span lengths are similar
on each end or between hangers, only one calculation needs to be performed per similar sub-span. If the sub-spans
are different, the calculation for the worst span might only be performed and if it is acceptable, the remaining spans
can be concluded to also be acceptable. If the worst span calculation is not acceptable, then the other spans would
need to be analyzed further, or it can be assumed that the entire span is unacceptable.

In the previous example, a pipe spanning under a highway bridge was considered, if the route of the span is essential
straight from end to end, an additional compressive or tensile stress may occur due to thermal expansion and/or
contraction if the pipe is completely restrained. This value can be estimated using the Thermal Expansion calculation
routine. If the span route is arced, the pipe will move or expand from side to side as it experiences temperature
changes. This movement may not cause additional stress on the pipe, because it is allowed to flex, however it may
cause issues that need to be considered on the pipe hangers.

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Equations

The GASCalc bending stress calculation routine requires the use of several equations to compute the resulting
stresses and reactions on a pipe span. The equation definitions vary depending on the loading and end support type.
The equations are described on the following pages.

Bending Moment

The bending moment values calculated along the pipe span are calculated using standard beam formulas for the
various end conditions. These formulas are too extensive to reproduce here. The formulas are taking from the cited
References 1 and 2.

Bending Stress

The bending stress values are calculated based on the calculated moment and section modulus values using the
following equation.

Reference 1

Cross Sectional Area

The shear stress values calculated by GASCalc require the use of the pipe cross sectional area. The value is calculated
using the following equation. The equation is only valid for circular steel pipe.

Reference 3

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Reaction Force

The reaction forces at the pipe ends are calculated using standard beam formulas for the various end conditions.
These formulas are too extensive to reproduce here. The formulas are taking from the cited References 1 and 2.

Section Modulus

The section modulus is calculated using the following equation.

Reference 1

Shear Stress

The shear stress value is calculated based on the calculated reactive force and pipe cross sectional area using the
following equation.

Reference 1

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Pipe Weight

The total pipe weight and weight per unit length is calculated using the material density and material volume of the
pipe span using the following formula.

Reference 3

Material Volume

The material volume of a the pipe span is calculated using the following formula.

Reference 1

References

1. American Institute Of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel Construction, Eighth Edition, 1981.
2. The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Design Of Welded Structures, Blodgett, 1966.
3. None - Derived.

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See Also

Hoop Stress Calculation Reference

Thermal Expansion Calculation Reference

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