CMPE 150 Winter 2009

Lecture 3

Januaryy 13,, 2009

P.E. Mantey
 CMPE 150 -- Introduction to
Computer Networks
Instructor: Patrick Mantey
mantey@soe.ucsc.edu
htt //
http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~mantey/
d / t /
Office: Engr. 2 Room 595J
Office hours: Tuesday 3-5 PM
TA: Anselm Kia akia@soe.ucsc.edu
Web site: http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe150/Winter09/
Text: Tannenbaum: Computer p Networks
(4th edition available in bookstore, etc. )
Syllabus
Todays Agenda
Standards
Layered Network Architecture - review
Networks and History
Physical
h l Layer
Signals and Systems
Fourier Analysis
Communication Theory
 Standards
Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment
Advantages
Ensures a large
g market for equipment
q p and
software
Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
Disadvantages
g
Freeze technology
May be multiple standards for the same thing
Standards Organizations
IEEE
ANSI
Internet Society
ISO
ITU-T (formally CCITT)
ATM forum
 Network Standardization

Whos Who in the

Telecommunications World
Whos Who in the International
Standards World
Whoss Who in the Internet Standards
Who
World
 ITU
Main sectors
Radiocommunications
Telecommunications Standardization
Development

Classes of Members
National governments
Sector members
Associate members
Regulatory agencies
IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 workingg ggroups.

p The important
p ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with are
hibernating. The one marked with gave up.
Metric Units

The p
principal
p metric prefixes.
p
Reference Models

The TCP/IP reference model.

 Reference Models

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially

initially.
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
Models
Concepts central to the
OSI model
Services

Interfaces

Protocols
 A Critique of the OSI Model and
Protocols
Why OSI did not take over
the world
Bad timing

Bad
B d ttechnology
h l
Bad implementations

Bad politics
p
 Bad Timing

The apocalypse of the two elephants

elephants.
 A Critique
q of the TCP/IP
/
Reference Model
Problems:
P bl
Service, interface, and protocol not
distinguished
Not a ggeneral model
Host-to-network layer not really a layer
No mention of physical and data link
layers
Mi
Minor protocols
t l deeply
d l entrenched,
t h d hard
h d
to replace
 Hybrid Model

The hybrid reference model used by Tannenbaum

 Internet Layering
Level 5 -- Application Layer
(rlogin, ftp, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTP..)
Level 4 -- Transport Layer(a.k.a Host-to-Host)
(TCP, UDP, ARP, ICMP, etc.)
Level 3 -- Network Layer (a.k.a.
(a k a Internet) (IP)
Level 2 -- (Data) Link Layer / MAC sub-layer
(a.k.a.
(a k a Network Interface or
Network Access Layer)
Level 1 -- Physical Layer
 Example Networks
The Internet
Connection-Oriented Networks:

X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

Ethernet

Wireless LANs: 802:11

Architecture of the Internet
 TCP/IP Reference Model

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.

 Characteristics
Internet Layer
Connectionless

Internet Protocoll (IP)

( )
Task is to deliver packets to destination

Transport Layer
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection
Connection-oriented
oriented
Reliable

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Connectionless

Unreliable
 TELCO Networks
Connection-Oriented Networks
X.25
X 25
Frame Relay

ATM

Fixed Route (set up at start of call)

Quality of Service
Billing for connection time
 Ts and Ds

http://www netstreamsol com au/networking/notes/general/t1 e1 t3 e3 ds0 ds1 ds3 html

http://www.netstreamsol.com.au/networking/notes/general/t1_e1_t3_e3_ds0_ds1_ds3.html
 T1

Time-division multiplexed stream of 24

telephone
p channels
The basic technology upon which all T-carrier
facilities are based
Uses a full-duplex digital signal over two wire
pairs.
pairs
Bandwidth of 1.544 Mbps through telephone-
switching
it hi network
t k
Uses AMI or B8ZS coding.
Os
Os
 SONET

Synchronous Optical NETwork

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Europe
Internet for CARRIERS
Worldwide standard
Multiplex multiple digital channels
Management
g support
pp for
Operations
Administration
d s a o
Maintenance
 X 25 and Frame Relay
X.25
X.25 -- First Public Data Network 1970s
Call and connect Data Terminal Equipment
Simple packet structure
Implemented virtual circuit connections
Flow control, hop-by-hop
hop by hop error control
Multiplexing up to 4095 circuits at a time
Frame Relay 1980s (up to 2Mbps)
Limited error control, flow control
VC based packet switching --wide area LAN
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Vintage mid -1980s
G l to
Goal t unify
if voice
i networks
t k and d data
d t networks
t k
Packet Switching with virtual circuits (channels)
Fixed-length packets (cells) - @ 53 bytes
5 byte header, 48 byte payload
Virtual channel header (VCI)
No retransmission link-by-link
link by link
Error correction codes only
Envisioned to reach the end user
Used widely today for backbones
ATM Virtual Circuits

A virtual circuit.
ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
An ATM cell.
The ATM Reference Model
The ATM reference model.
 The ATM Reference Model (2)

The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions

 Ethernet

Architecture of the original Ethernet.

 Wireless LANs

( ) Wireless networking
(a) g with a base
station.
(b) Ad hoc networking.
 Wireless LANs (2)

The range of a single radio may not cover

the entire system.
Wireless LANs (3)

A multicell 802.11 network.

 The ARPANET

(a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Barans proposed distributed switching
system.
 The ARPANET (2)

The original ARPANET design.

IMP = Interface Message Processor (Honeywell

DDP-316)
 The ARPANET (3)

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969.

(b) July 1970.(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972.
(e) September 1972.
 NSFNET

The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

http://www.internet2.edu/pubs/networkmap.pdf
p p pp
http://www.nlr.net/services/map/
UC CENIC January 2009

http://doc.cenic.org/tools/topology_map.pl?network=uc
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?

Signal: time varying function

produced by physical device
(voltage, current, etc.)
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?

Signal: time varying function

produced by physical device
(voltage, current, etc.)

System: device or process (algorithm)

having signals as input and output

Input x(t) output y(t)

SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
ax(t) ay(t)

a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t) a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)

Superposition
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)

Frequency = 1/ Period
(cycles / sec. = Hertz (Hz)

f 0 = 1/ T0
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)

Frequency = 1/ Period
(cycles / sec. = Hertz (Hz)
Radian frequency:
= 2 f (radians/sec )
(radians/sec.)
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

Reference: Signals, Systems and Tranforms

Leland B. Jackson
Addison Wesley
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

100MHz square wave

What bandwidth required for transmission?

SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

Periodic Signal --- Composed of sinusoids

MATLAB Demo
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS

Periodic Signal --- Composed of sinusoids

Fourier Series
N
1
x(t ) = a0 + an cos(2 nf0t ) + bi sin(2 nfnt )
2 n=1
2
1
an =
x (t ) cos(2 nf t ) d ( t )
0
0 0

2
1
bn =
x (t ) sin(2 nf t ) d ( t )
0
0 0

1
f0 = is the fundamental frequency
T0
0 t = 2 f 0 t
1 2
d ( 0 t ) = 2 f 0 d t = 2 dt = dt
T0 T0
Fourier Series
N
1
x (t ) = a0 + an cos(2
(2 nff 0t ) + bi sin(2
i (2 nff n t )
2 n =1

Integration limits: when 0t = 2 , then

2 2 1
t= = =
0 2 / T0 T0
so we get:
T0
2
an =
T0 x ( t ) co s(( 2 n f
0
0 t )dt

T0
2
bn =
T0 x ( t ) sin
0
i ( 2 n f 0 t )dt
Fourier Series
N
1
x (t ) = a0 + an cos(2
(2 nff 0t ) + bi sin(2
i (2 nff n t )
2 n =1

x(t ) = ce
n=
n
jn 2 f 0t

x(t ) = ce
n =
i
jn 2 f 0t

Euler:

j 2 fit
e (2 fit) + j sin(2
= cos(2 i (2 fit)
Fourier Series

x(t ) = ce
n =
n
jn 2 f 0t

T0
2
1

jn0 t
cn = x (t ) e dt
T0 T0

2

We can show cn = a + b 2
n
2
n ; = tan (bn / an )
1

recall that
b
a cos( ) + b sin( ) = a + b cos( tan ( ))2 2 1

a
Phasors:

b
a +b
2 2

Phasors
References
Stallings, W. Data and Computer Communications
(7th edition), Prentice Hall 2004 chapter 1
Web site for Stallings book
http://williamstallings.com/DCC/DCC7e.html

Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T,

ITU T, ISO
Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
Usenet News groups
comp.dcom.*

comp.protocols.tcp-ip