Lesson 3 :Protocols

7/17/2010
 Objectives
• At the end of this session, you will be able to:
• Define a protocol.
• List the functions of a protocol.
• Define protocol stack
• Appreciate the benefits of binding protocol.
• List the protocol stack commonly used in
computer networks.
• List the protocols commonly used in computer
networks.
• Differentiate between connection oriented
communication and connectionless
communication.
7/17/2010
 Protocols
• Is a set of rules of information exchange
Carries out the following tasks in a sending
computer:
• Divides data into packets
• Adds addressing and control information to the
packet
• Prepares the data or actual transmission through
network adapter card
Carries out the following tasks in a receiving
computer:
• Retrieves the packets from the network cable
through the network adapter card
7/17/2010
 Protocols (contd)
• Stores packets in buffer for reassembling
• Recreates original data by reassembling the
packets in proper sequence
• Passes the data to the application
•
•

7/17/2010
 The OSI model showing the layers
of protocols
Application Layer Initiates a request or accepts a request

Presentation Layer Adds formatting, display, and encryption

information to the packet

Session Layer Adds traffic flow information to determine

when the packet gets sent

Transport Layer Adds error-handling information

Sequencing and address information

Network Layer
is added to the packet
Adds error-checking information and
Data Link Layer prepares data for going on to
the physical connection
Physical Layer Packet sent as a bit stream

7/17/2010
 Routable Protocols :
That supports multi-path LAN to LAN
communication is called a routable protocol

Three types of protocol:--

Application protocol
• which for application-to-application interaction
and data exchange

7/17/2010
 Communication tasks within the
OSI model
Application Layer

Application-level network
Presentation Layer service users

Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport services

Network Layer

Data Link Layer Network services

Physical Layer

7/17/2010
 Protocol (contd.)

Transport protocol
• which establishes communication sessions
between computers

Network protocol which handles:

• Routing
• Addressing information
• Error checking
• Retransmission requests

7/17/2010
 Standard Protocol Stacks/Suite

• Commonly used in networks are:

• The ISO/OSI protocol suite
• IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
• Digital DECnet
• Novell NetWare
• Apple AppleTalk
• The Internet protocol suite TCP/IP

7/17/2010
 Binding

• Allows the protocols to bind more than one

protocol to the same network adapter card
• Order describes the way in which various
protocols are bound to the network adapter card
• Order determines the order in which the
operating system runs the protocol

7/17/2010
 Types of Protocols

• Protocols are classified into:

TCP/IP
• Stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Is used in a computer network
• Supports routing
• Can access the Internet and its resources
• Has other protocols written specifically for it such
as
• SMTP that is used to send E-mails
7/17/2010
 Commonly Used Protocol (contd.)

• FTP— that is used to transfer files amongst

computers
• SNMP —that is used for network management

NetBEUI:
• Is an efficient transport layer protocol
• Is compatible with all Microsoft based networks
• Offers high speed on small networks
• Offers good error protection
• Is not routable
7/17/2010
 Commonly Used Protocol (contd.)
NW Link IPX/SPX:
• Is Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced
Packet Exchange Protocol
• Is used by Novel networks for information
exchange
• NW Link is Microsoft’s implementation of IPX/SPX
protocol stack used in Novel Networks
APPC:
• Stands for Advanced Program to Program
Communication
• Is IBM’s transport protocol developed as part of
its System Network Architecture(SNA)
7/17/2010
 Commonly Used Protocol (contd.)
AppleTalk:

• Is a protocol stack

• Enables Apple Macintosh computers to

share files and printers in a networked
environment

7/17/2010
 Communication

Between two computers can be:

• Connectionless communication
• Connection-oriented communication

7/17/2010
 Connectionless Communication

• The sending computer transmits the data via free

paths
• Is faster than connection oriented communication

Connection Oriented Communication

• Establishes a connection between the sending
and receiving computers to transmit data
• Ensures reliable transmission of data

7/17/2010